THE KUMAMOTO EARTHQUAKE'S CREATIVE RECONSTRUCTION EFFORT LED BY A DIVERSE RANGE OF ORGANIZATIONS - International Journal of GEOMATE
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International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.81.6211
Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment
THE KUMAMOTO EARTHQUAKE’S CREATIVE
RECONSTRUCTION EFFORT LED BY A DIVERSE RANGE OF
ORGANIZATIONS
*Reiko MACHIDA*1, Eri OTSU2 , Hiroko SHIMA2, Hitomi YAGI2 ,Katusunori MOCHIZUKI3
Junya MACHIDA4,Hijiri SHIMOJIMA1 and Naomasa HONDA1
1
Department of Regional Regeneration Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
2 Institute of GIAHS Life Aso, Japan, 3 Institute of YUHUIZUM, Japan 4 Co. Environment Design, Japan;
*Corresponding Author, Received: 15 Jun. 2020, Revised: 12 Jan. 2021, Accepted: 13 Feb. 2021
ABSTRACT: This study analyzed the creative reconstruction efforts led by a diverse range of organizations
after the Kumamoto earthquake in the Aso region, Kyushu, Japan. In addition, this study clarifies the efforts
of the residents and communities of the Aso region ranging from disaster relief to redevelopment of tourism
and various reconstructive activities. Interviews were conducted to reveal the recovery efforts of the grassland
conservation volunteers, the exchange center, and the collaboration between local residents and earthquake
volunteers. The reconstruction efforts are documented in chronological order using the following time frames:
the time to secure survival (10 days after the disaster), the time to secure living conditions (one month after the
disaster), the time to secure livelihood (three months from the time of the disaster), and the time to prepare
forecasts for the resumption of business activities. These efforts utilized the unique human networks and
organizations during the period for ensuring survival (10 days after the earthquake) and the period for securing
living conditions (1 month after the earthquake) and also provided quick support where the government could
not reach. Furthermore, this study clarified how the unique efforts undertaken by each participant have made
it possible to continue the relief effort and how they developed into tourism, exchange and disaster prevention
education programs in the affected local communities.
Keywords: Kumamoto Earthquake, Aso region, Reconstruction, Tourism
1. INTRODUCTION The grasslands of Aso were certified as Globally
Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
Aso is located in the northwestern part of Kyushu in 2013, and they were also certified as Geoparks in
(Fig.1). The main topographic feature of Aso is the 2014. The grasslands of Aso have been managed by
huge caldera. The area has a long history of volcanic local agricultural activities such as controlled
activity including pyroclastic flows [1]. The vast burning, mowing and pasturage. Tourism is one of
grassland landscape spreads over the central cone the main industries of the Aso region. The number
and the top of the caldera. In Japan, the designation of tourists who visited Aso in 2012 was 16,559,613,
of national parks started in 1929 and 5 years later which was the highest number in the whole of
Aso was designated as a national park in 1934. Kumamoto prefecture [2].
Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan was struck by two
huge earthquakes of Japanese seismic intensity
scale 7 in April2016. Most of the sediment-related
disaster in the 2016Kumamoto Earthquake occurred
near the earthquake fault, which is different from
the areas that haven’t collapsed from rainfall for
many years. [3]. The sediment disaster was further
aggravated by the subsequent torrential rainfalls
(19-25, June 2016). The sediment disaster caused
ground cracks and sediment movement cracks
across the grasslands. As a result, road and rail
transportation was shut down. Also, some tourist
facilities were closed down since the hot springs ran
dry.
Kumamoto Prefecture formulated a project for
the disaster recovery called "Build Back Better" [4]
which aimed to not only restore the area to its
former condition, but to rebuild it to a state better
than before, so that it would lead to further
Fig.1 Aso Region development in the future. Learning from the Great
86
International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
East Japan Earthquake, Yamakawa [5] points out destroyed, 2,230 partially destroyed, and 4,467
that "Build Back Better" is important not only for partially damaged. The reported damage to housing
infrastructure development, but also as support for is therefore of particularly large scale [9]. The
the affected people and the local communities. The extent of damage to agriculture and forestry in the
"Build Back Better" project of the Great East Japan Aso region was approximately 7.8 billion yen.
Earthquake supported the affected people and local Damage to the waterways caused by the cracks in
communities in Minami-sanriku Town, Miyagi the paddy fields made it difficult to secure water,
Prefecture. According to the policy report, the and consequently the resulting damage to paddy
network of people, organizations, and regions rice farming was significant [8]. According to data
before the earthquake had transformed into on the number of tourists in Japan between 2016
supporting the victims and developing tourism [6]. and 2018, the number of domestic and foreign
In Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture, various forms of tourists has not recovered to the levels prior to the
tourism utilizing resources －which will remain in Kumamoto earthquake [10].
the region after the disaster － have led to regional Notwithstanding, there are few research reports
revitalization [7]. In addition, visitors to the Sanriku that shed light on the actual reconstruction activities
Reconstruction National Park Tanesashi Coast of the local residents and various other actors [11]
Michinoku Shiokaze Trail have been effectively [12] such as NPOs, and communities in the Aso
increasing their degrees of attachment to the area. region following the Kumamoto earthquake.
Similarly, their intentions to revisit have also Therefore, the purpose of this study was to feel this
strengthened thanks to their interactions with local void by and to analyze the sequence of efforts of the
residents [8]. There has also been raised awareness local residents, communities, organizations from
and formulations of networks through volunteer the immediate support of the victims to the
tourism to the disaster-stricken areas. Even more reconstruction efforts through tourism and
importantly, new leaders of regional development exchange.
are being trained through these reconstruction
activities. 2. METHOD
The "Build Back Better" project of Kumamoto is
a creative recovery effort of a diverse group of The local residents were able to overcome after
actors which includes the Grassland Restoration the disaster by the reconstruction assistance from
Committee, grassland conservation volunteer the grassland conservation volunteers, and Support
groups, accommodation providers and residents. for infants form exchange facilities. In addition, the
The participants of the project have strived to local residents succeeded in the reconstruction and
provide disaster relief to the victims and to revive revitalization of the local community through the
the local community using the preexisting networks. individual reconstruction assistance form each
For example, the Grassland Restoration Committee group and the collaboration between the local
and the grassland conservation volunteer group residents and the Kumamoto earthquake volunteers.
"NPO Aso Greenstock" provided immediate By clarifying the reconstruction assistance of the
support to the livestock farmers by repairing the organizations that played a leading role in creative
pastures and thereby restoring their livelihoods. reconstruction in chronological order using the time
These activities then developed into various tourist frames, it is possible to clarify the efforts of
and exchange projects. The accommodation facility reconstruction support from the immediate support
"Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center", which of the victims to the reconstruction efforts through
provided environmental education programs before tourism and exchange.
the earthquake, urgently set up evacuation centers This study conducted interviews with the
and provided mental care for infants and their members of the Aso Green Stock, the Grassland
mothers. Once the support programs were no longer Restoration Committee, Namino Yasuaragi
needed, they were turned into disaster prevention Exchange Center and numerous disaster volunteers
education programs. In addition, a group of young (Table 1). The question topics were as follows: the
disaster volunteers together with local residents reconstruction assistance and the implementation
have contributed to the revitalization of the periods following the Kumamoto Earthquake, the
community by organizing sightseeing tours for support activities, methods of information
reconstruction and by opening a community cafe distribution and funding. The interviews were
called GIAHS Cafe that also functions as a shelter. conducted on May 4, 2017, September 12, and
The impact of the Kumamoto earthquake on September 13, 2017, and September 8, 2018. In
people's lives and communities in the Aso region addition, literature surveys related to the
has been deep and multifaceted ranging from reconstruction from the Kumamoto Earthquake
housing damage, agricultural damage, and damage were carried out using the written reports of Aso
to tourism. Specifically, the damage to houses in the Green Stock and the Grassland Restoration
Aso region was as follows: 1,280 completely Committee (Fig.2).
87
International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
This study analyzed the recovery efforts of the 3. RESULTS
grassland conservation volunteers, the exchange
center, and the collaboration between local 3.1 The Grassland Restoration Committee
residents and earthquake volunteers in a
chronological order using the following time frames, The Act for the Promotion of Nature Restoration
on a time series basis: the time to secure survival in 2003 established the system to restore the lost
(10 days after the disaster), the time to secure living natural environment in collaboration with various
(one month after the disaster), the time to secure
bodies. Under this law, The Grassland Restoration
livelihood (three months from the time of the
disaster), and the time to make a forecast for the Committee discusses the conservation of grasslands
business resume[13]. with various members from local people
government, volunteers and academic experts
totaling 224 members since 2015. The Grassland
Restoration Committee was established as the fund
●Aso Green Stock for the restoration of the grasslands in Aso since
The Grassland Restoration Namino Yasuragi 2011. The fund is used for the promotion of
Committee Exchange Center ●
livestock and for the restoration of grassland (Fig.3).
●
Basic Direction for the
Implementation of Nature
Restoration
Nature Conservation Committee
ＮＰＯ・Local Government ・Local People ・
GIAHS Grassland Academic Experts
Cafe （The Grassland Restoration Committee）
Crack
Sediment
area
movement
Nature Restoration Project
Fig.3 Law for the Promotion of Nature Restoration
Fig.2 Research Area
Table 1 Interview of subsequent creative reconstruction effort
Pre-earthquake Creative reconstruction
Interviewee Context
activities effort
Various members Discussions for
The Grassland (livestock farmer, restoration and The disaster support for
Restoration Committee government, volunteers conservation of the livestock farmer
and academic expert) grassland
Support the grassland ①The disaster support for
maintenance tasks such livestock farmer
Aso Green Stock NPO
as the controlled ②Plan of sightseeing
burning tours
Providing
Namino Yasuragi Accommodation and A shelter for mothers with
environmental
Exchange Center training facility infants and toddlers.
education programs
①Opening a community
cafe that also functions as
GIAHS CAFÉ Inhabitant Earthquake volunteer
a shelter
②Plan of a restaurant bus
① Participation as a
vegetable sweets pâtissier
Vegetable pastry chef in
GIAHS CAFÉ Inhabitant in a "restaurant bus”
another city
②Management of GIAHS
Cafe
88
International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
Although the improved grasslands were subjects barns and cattle sheds damaged by the earthquake.
of the National Disaster Assistance of the 3 days after the Kumamoto Earthquake, on April
Kumamoto Earthquake, the Wild grasslands mainly 19th, Aso Green Stock surveyed the area struck by
composed of Nezasa and Susuki plants which have the disaster and assessed the extent of damage to the
been managed by controlled burning, mowing and grasslands. 11 days after Kumamoto Earthquake,
pasturage were not eligible for the National Disaster the Aso Green Stock started raising funds for the
Assistance. This made it difficult for livestock affected livestock farmers. The donations have
farmers to foresee the resumption of the livestock reached approximately 2.8 million yen in four
industry. Therefore, the Grassland Restoration months. Aso Green Stock organized sightseeing
Committee conducted an emergency questionnaire tours and exchange opportunities in order to
to the livestock farmers on the disaster support, facilitate constructive participation efforts. These
immediately after the Kumamoto Earthquake. tours included grassland management experiences,
On June 15, about two months after the earthquake barbecues and visits to the local hot springs. The
the Grassland Restoration Committee has restored a tours began in Oct 2016; buses departed from the
pasturage road in Nishimura village, which was cities of Fukuoka and Kumamoto in Kyushu. In
damaged by surface ruptures. On June 17 damaged total, 119 people have participated in these events.
water wells, feeders and farm fences were repaired These creative reconstruction efforts for Aso Green
or replaced. Three months after the Kumamoto Stock were financed by donations from the Kirin
Earthquake, on July 19 new water tanks were Kizuna Project and by Coca-Cola
installed in the grasslands of Minami-Aso Village.
Also, 11 months after the Kumamoto Earthquake,
the Grassland Restoration Committee carried out
supporting activities in order to restart the fire-
controlled burning for the livestock farmers on the
grasslands where the land had been damaged by
surface ruptures. The methods of information of the
Grassland Restoration Committee was the mass
media such as the newspapers and the report of the
Grassland Restoration Committee. These creative
reconstruction efforts were financed by the fund of Fig.4 Controlled burning
the Grassland Restoration Committee [14].
3.3 Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center
3.2 Aso Green Stock
The Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center was
The decline of the livestock industry and the opened in 2002 as an accommodation and training
increasingly aging population, the landscape facility and to serve as a venue of interaction
management of grasslands has become increasingly between urban and rural areas. The Exchange
difficult. To address the shortage of manpower, the Center has also been providing environmental
volunteer activity in Aso attracted a lot of motivated education programs such as camps and nature
people outside of Aso since 1990’s. A volunteer watching programs. During times of disaster,
mothers in evacuation centers often worry about the
group was founded to support the controlled
noise of their children crying and bothering other
burning work under the name Aso Green Stock in
evacuees which causes them great stress. To tackle
1995.Also, approximately 960 volunteers carry out this problem, immediately after the Kumamoto
maintenance tasks such as the controlled burning earthquake, the Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center
together with the local inhabitants presently (Fig.4). opened up as a shelter for mothers with infants and
Aso Green Stock implemented three projects as toddlers. To support the victims, they lent the
emergency support for the livestock farmers. Firstly, facility’s baths and launderettes to families with
it supported the resumption of the fire-controlled infants. In addition, they provided updated
burning in the ruptured grassland areas. Secondly, information on baths, launderette facilities and road
it repaired the grassland roads that were damaged traffic information in Aso, based on the information
by the earthquake. Thirdly, it raised fences for published by the city.
preventing cattle and horses from slipping into the The Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center initiated
cracks across the grasslands. It also repaired the a program called: “Playing and Healing – Recovery
89International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
Starting with the Hearts of Mothers and Children”, GIAHS Cafe to function as a shelter during times of
which provided mental care. The program drew on disaster, it was equipped with a biomass toilet, a
the actual experiences gained from the earlier solar power generator, a pellet stove, and a pellet
environmental education programs. It started 5 days fired pizza kiln.
after the Kumamoto earthquake and ran for 18 days The other interviewee was working outside
between 2016, April 19 and May 8. The activities Minamiaso as a vegetable sweets pastry chef. Her
included reading sessions, hardcover and paperback opportunity to move to Minamiaso village came
rentals, creating chalk artworks, yoga, head about when she participated as a vegetable sweets
massages and chiropractic sessions for mothers. pâtissier in a "restaurant bus" ran by a female farmer
They held “Play Activities” every Saturday from in Minamiaso village in May 2017 (Fig.6). The idea
May 8th to July 2016 and they held “Healing of the restaurant bus came from female farmers and
Activities” twice a month from September 2016. young people who moved to Kumamoto after the
From May 2016 they opened a recycling shop for earthquake [15]. The restaurant bus was set up in
home appliances such as refrigerators and washing collaboration with the East Food Society and
machines, and storage furniture in collaboration WILLER Co., Ltd., which creates local attractions
with a logistics company. From July 2016 they held using the restaurant bus. The restaurant bus is an
disaster prevention workshops in collaboration with open-top double-decker bus with a kitchen on the
NPOs specializing in disaster prevention. 2 years first floor and a dining room on the second floor.
and 5 months after the earthquake, since local The course of the restaurant bus tour ran around
residents and children’s level of interest towards farmlands, sake breweries, and brewery cellars
disaster prevention was still high, they held a which were recovering from the disaster. The
disaster prevention workshop in collaboration with restaurant bus successfully connected the landscape,
universities. The workshop featured the following food and people creating local production for local
contents: introduction of the local community’s consumption in Aso. Two years since the
mutual assistance during the Kumamoto earthquake, earthquake, GIAHS Cafe is holding workshops
explanation of the characteristics of the sediment sharing life-related techniques and wisdom with
disaster in Aso, preparation of emergency food, residents.
proposed emergency action plan utilizing Aso
region’s hazard map and 3D topographic models.
The methods of information were the web site of the
Namino Yasuragi Exchange Center and social
media platforms such as Facebook. These creative
reconstruction efforts were financed by several
grants.
3.4 GIHAS Café
Fig.5 GIAHS Cafe Fig.6 Restaurant bus
GIAHS Cafe is a community cafe established by
a female farmer living in Aso who was previously
actively involved in the efforts to recognize Aso as 3-5. The Subsequent Creative Reconstruction
a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System. Effort Led by A Diverse Range of Organization
The concept of GIAHS Cafe is to serve as a hub for
local communication in daily life and to function as The following three points can be considered as
a shelter at times of disaster. results of the creative reconstruction effort led by
The interview subject is a person who the organizations (Table 2).
participated as an earthquake volunteer at the The first key to success was that each body
evacuation center immediately after the Kumamoto utilized its networks and facilities to support
earthquake, and visited Minamiaso Village. She subjects that typically lack support at times of
sympathized with the concept of the GIAHS cafe disasters such as supporting infants who are highly
and moved to Minamiaso village four months after vulnerable or supporting the grasslands that
the earthquake to open GIAHS Cafe (Fig.5). couldn’t qualify for government aid. The other
A workshop was held to remodel the venue for crucial point was taking quick action that led to the
the opening of the GIAHS Cafe. The renovation speedy recovery. They secured living conditions
workshop was attended by more than 30 people in within the first month of the earthquake and secured
their 20s and 30s who participated as volunteers. At livelihood within three months.
the renovation workshop, the walls and the ceiling Second, each body continued its activities from
of the barn were painted. In order to allow the the stages of securing survival to securing livefood.
90International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
Table 2 Subsequent creative reconstruction effort led by a diverse range of organizations
Time to secure Time to secure Time to The time until Transmission Fund
survival living secure the of
Time to Time to Time to The time Transmissio Fund
(10 days after conditions livelihood resumption of information
secure secure living secure until the n of
the disaster), (one month (three business
Interviewee Context survival conditions livelihood resumption information
after the months activities.
Interviewee Context (10 days (one month (three of business
disaster) from the
after the after the months from activities.
time of the
disaster), disaster) the time of
disaster)
the disaster)
The Various Questionnaire to Coordination Restored a Supported Newspapers Fund of the
The Various Questionnair Coordinatio Restored a Supported Newspapers Fund of the
Grassland members the livestock of disaster pasturage activities in and the report Grassland
Grassland members e to the n of disaster pasturage activities in and the Grassland
Restoration for the farmers on the support road/ order to of the Restoration
Restoration for the livestock support road/ order to report of the Restoration
Committee conservation disaster support Damaged restart the Grassland Committee
Committee conservati farmers on Damaged restart the Grassland Committee
of the water fire- Restoration
on of the the disaster water wells, fire- Restoration
grassland in wells, controlled Committee
grassland support feeders and controlled Committee
Aso feeders burning on
in Aso farm fences burning on
and farm the grasslands
were the
fences where the
repaired or grasslands
were land had been
replaced/ where the
repaired or damaged by
New water Aso land
replaced/ surface
tanks were had been
New water ruptures
installed damaged by
tanks were
surface
installed
ruptures
Aso Green NPO Survey of the Fundraising/ Restored a Sightseeing Postal mail Donations
Stock (Support the area struck by Coordination pasturage tours and and social from the
Aso Green NPOcontrolled Survey the of
disasterFundraising/
and Restored a road/Sightseeing
of disaster exchangePostal mailmediaDonations members
Stock (Support
burning withthe area
assessed the Coordinatiosupportpasturage Damaged tours andopportunities
and social platforms
from the and the
thethe local struckextent
by theof n of disaster road/ waterexchangein ordermedia to members Company
such as
controlled
inhabitants disaster and
damage to thesupport Damaged wells, opportunitie platforms
facilitate and the
Facebook
burning
by assessed the
grasslands/ water wells,feederss in orderconstructive
to such as Company
with the
volunteers) extentStarted
of raising feeders andand farmfacilitate participation
Facebook
local damage to for the
funds farm fencesfences constructive
efforts
inhabitants the affected were wereparticipation
by grasslands/
livestock repaired orrepairedefforts
or
volunteers Started farmers. replaced/ replaced/
) raising funds New Barn New Barn
for the were were
affected installed installed
Namino Accommodat livestock
Opened up as a “Playing and Opened a A disaster The website Several
Yasuragi ion and farmers.
shelter for Healing – recycling prevention of Namino grants
Exchange training mothers with Recovery shop for workshop in Yasuragi
Namino Accommo Opened up “Playing and Opened a A disaster The website Several
Cente facility infants and Starting with home collaboration Exchange
Yasuragi dation and as a shelter Healing – recycling prevention of Namino grants
toddlers/ the Hearts of appliances with Center and
Exchange training for mothers Recovery shop for workshop in Yasuragi
Lending the Mothers and universities. social media
Center facility with infants Starting with home collaboratio Exchange
facility’s baths Children”, platforms
and toddlers/ the Hearts of appliances n with Center and
and launderettes which such as
Lending the Mothers and universities. social media
to families with provided Facebook
facility’s Children”, platforms
infant/ mental care.
baths and which such as
launderettes provided Facebook
GIAHS to families
An earthquakemental care.
An earthquake A Open of the Donations
CAFÉ with volunteer
infant/ at the volunteer at workshop GIAHS café/ from the
evacuation the evacuation for the Plan of the members
GIAHS An center An center A workshop openingOpenof of the
restaurant bus Donations and the
CAFÉ earthquake earthquake for the the GIAHS from the Company
Social media
volunteer at volunteer at opening of GIAHS café/ members
platforms
Inhabitantthe the the GIAHScafe Plan of the Social media such andas the
evacuation evacuation cafe restaurantParticipation Company
platforms Facebook
Inhabitant center center bus of the such as
restaurant
Participation bus
Facebook
of the
restaurant
Table 2 The subsequent creative reconstruction effort led bybus a diverse range of organizations
91International Journal of GEOMATE, May., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 81, pp.86-92
During this process the activities have expanded Construction Materials and Environment 1, 2018,
into new forms such as tourism and disaster 18- 22.
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This study analyzed the creative reconstruction of Tourism Research Annual Conference
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efforts led by a diverse range of organizations after
[9] Kaizu Y., Empirical studies of earthquake
the Kumamoto earthquake in the Aso region, reconstruction assistance through eco-tourism in
Kyushu, Japan． Miyako city, Iwate, from over thousand years treasure
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5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Number JP17K02130 and JP19H02981, the Strategic
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