The Status of the DUNE Experiment - Tingjun Yang (Fermilab) for the DUNE Collaboration Fermilab Users Meeting 2020

The Status of the DUNE Experiment
Tingjun Yang (Fermilab) for the DUNE Collaboration
Fermilab Users Meeting
2020

Neutrinos are abundant
Solar neutrinos Atmospheric neutrinos High energy
 Supernova neutrinos Cosmic ray neutrino astronomy
 p

 p+/-, K+/-
 µ
 nµ
 e nµ
 ne

 6 8 9 10 13 15 16 18 19 20
 10 107 10 10 10 1011 1012 10 1014 10 10 1017 10 10 10 1021
 MeV GeV TeV PeV EeV Energy (eV)

 Reactor neutrinos Accelerator neutrinos
 2 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

1000+ collaborators from 200+
 institutions in 30+ nations

 Neutrinos oscillations: CP violation. Are neutrinos the reason
 the world is made of matter?
 Supernova burst neutrinos: neutron star and black hole
 formation
 Beyond standard model processes: nucleon decay, sterile
 neutrinos, etc.

3 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillations

 nµ nµ
 nµ nµ
 nµ nt
 nµ ne
 nµ nt

• Primary physics goal is to measure neutrino oscillations
 - Intense beams: Required to produce and detect ghostly neutrinos
 - Long-baseline: Matches the physics goals of oscillations
 - Liquid argon: Capable of revealing exquisite detail of n interactions
 - Deep underground: Reduced backgrounds for n’s and other science

4 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

LBNF Neutrino Beam
 • Proton Improvement Plan – II (PIP-II)
 Booster
 - 1.2 MW beam power,
 South
 Dakota Linac upgradeable to 2.4 MW
 - beamline optimized for CP
 violation sensitivity

 Main Injector Lidija Kokoska: PIP-II

5 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

DUNE Near Detector Design
 ND-LAr and ND-GAr move
 off-axis to receive different
 beam fluxes for flux and cross
 secOons disentangling
 (DUNE-PRISM)

 beam
 direction
 SAND
 ND-GAr ND-LAr
• Measure neutrino flux, background in oscillation
 analysis
 ND hall locaOon:
 - ND-LAr: Modular, pixelized liquid argon TPC • 574 m from LBNF target
 - ND-Gar: High pressure gaseous argon TPC + • ~60 m underground
 ECAL + magnet
 - SAND: Scintillator trackers + ECAL + magnet

 6 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Site Preparation Work at Fermilab

Installation of new power and communications duct bank Installation of Indian Creek culvert reroute

 • Site preparation at Fermilab has worked to clear the site
 where the future beamline facility will be installed

 7 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

DUNE Far Detector
• Sanford Underground Research
 Facility (SURF), Lead, SD
 1.5 km
• 1.5 km underground
• Four 17-kt modules
• Single- and dual-phase detectors
 being prototyped
 - First module will be a single
 phase LArTPC

 45m
 1

8 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Progress at SURF
• Construction work at SURF
 started in November 2018,
 and has focused on
 - creating the pathway for rock
 removal and excavation from
 4850L to the final disposition
 location (Open Cut)
 - establishing initial ventilation
 needed for excavation
 underground
 - installing power needed for
 LBNF and DUNE at the 4850L
 - Pre-excavation will complete in Terminus of 4,200LF Rock Conveyor to deposit
 early 2021, at which time main excavated rock into the Open Cut in Lead, SD
 excavation will begin.

 9 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber

• Detector technology for DUNE.
 - Provide high resolution images.

 - Excellent spatial and calorimetric resolutions.

• Massive LArTPCs for DUNE far detector (10 kt fiducial mass).

10 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Single-Phase and Dual-Phase LArTPCs

 =500 V/cm

 500 V/cm

• Single phase: liquid argon
• Dual phase: liquid argon + gaseous argon
 - Amplification of signal in gas phase by LEM

11 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

ProtoDUNEs
 ProtoDUNE-DP
 Dual Phase ProtoDUNE TPC • Two ~1kt LArTPC prototypes for the
 DUNE far detector at CERN
 6m* 6m*
 • Test of component installation,
 commissioning, and performance
 6m*drij*

 • ProtoDUNE-SP operating since 2018;
 PMTs*
 ProtoDUNE-DP since 2019
 ProtoDUNE-SP
 Single Phase ProtoDUNE TPC
 27 Aug.18, 2017 | Thomas Kutter | ProtoDUNEs at CERN

 Detector*compon
 are*same*as*for*D
 far*detector*
 *
 *6.9*m*
 Keep*op4on*to*re
 drij*distance*to*2
 (reduced*space*c
 6*m* effects)*
 *
 Expected*cosmic
 »*10*kHz*
 3.6m* "useful*for*dete
 performance*stu
 *
 3.6m* *

 21 Aug.18, 2017 | Thomas Kutter | ProtoDUNEs at CERN

12 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

ProtoDUNE-SP Events

 6 GeV/c electron 6 GeV/c pion
 6 GeV/c kaon
• Exposed to test beams of pions, protons, kaons and electrons
 between 0.3 and 7 GeV/c.
 - Study detector response and measure hadron-Ar cross sections

• Excellent signal-to-noise ratio
 - S/N ratio > 20 in all 3 wire planes (> 40 for collection plane)

13 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

ProtoDUNE-SP Performance Paper DUNE:ProtoDUNE-SP
 0.10
 µ+
• First DUNE physics results! 0.08
 Proton (Data)
 Muon (Data)

 Relative Frequency
• Over 600 days of stable running 0.06 p
 MC

 conditions 0.04

• Excellent TPC and photon 0.02 TPC
 detector responses 0.00
 0 2 4 6 8 10
 dE/dx [MeV/cm]
• ProtoDUNE-SP performance DUNE:ProtoDUNE-SP ARAPUCA

 meets or largely exceeds the 800
 Electrons
 Detected photons
 requirements for DUNE Far Linear Fit
 600 c2 / ndf 3.14 / 5
 Detector.

 á NPh ñdetected
 Prob 0.68
 p - 8.4 ± 1.4
 0
 p 102.1 ± 1.5
 400 1

 arXiv:2007.06722: First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid
 argon Fme projecFon chamber performance from a beam 200

 test at the CERN Neutrino PlaLorm Photon Detector
 0
 0 2 4 6 8
 á Ee ñ [GeV]
 beam

14 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

DUNE Physics Goals

15 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

power of ∼1.2 MW from Fermilab, a 40-kton fiducial volume liquid argon time-p
 far detector ∼1,450 m underground at Sanford Underground Research Laboratory
 Dakota, and a high-resolution near detector (145). Its baseline (93, 144) is ∼1,300 km
 Neutrino Oscillations
 a b
 Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 66 47 • dCP: CP violating phase in the
 0.15 νµ flux (AU) neutrino mixing matrix. νµ flux (AU)
 0.15

 δCP = 0°, NH • Neutrino mass ordering: δCP = 0°, NH

 δCP = 0°, IH δCP = 0°, IH
 Normal Ordering Inverted Ordering
 0.10 δCP = 90°, NH 0.10 δCP = 90°, NH
P(νµ → νe)

 P(νµ → νe)
 δCP = 270°, NH δCP = 270°, N

 0.05 0.05

 0.00 0.00
 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 Eν (GeV) Eν (GeV)

 To
Figure 9 measure dCP and neutrino mass ordering
P (νµ →• νe )Select nµaand
 plotted as ne events
 function of energyinfor
 the FarkmDetector
 1,300 and 295 km, with the neutrino spectra designed for (a) DUNE and
 • Compare
Kamiokande in arbitraryenergy spectra
 units (AU). with predicOons
 The probability using
 for antineutrinos different
 will parameters
 be modified by approximately δC P → −δC P and N
The antineutrino spectrum shapes are approximately the same. Abbreviations: IH, inverted hierarchy; NH, normal hierarchy

 16 8/13/2020 66 T. Yang | The
 Diwan et al.Status of the DUNE Experiment

Event Classification
DUNE-MC DUNE-MC DUNE-MC
 p0

 e-
 µ-
 nµ CC ne CC NC

 • Developed a convolutional visual ne nµ
 network (CVN) to select nµ CC Efficiency 85% 90%
 and ne CC signal and reject NC Purity 91% 90%
 background.
 (Assuming FHC, NH, dCP=0)

 arXiv:2006.15052: Neutrino interaction classification with a
 convolutional neural network in the DUNE far detector

 17 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

FD Selected Spectra
 Neutrino Mode Antineutrino Mode
 e
ne appearance

 ͞e ~1000 e/ ͞e events
 in 7 years
 nµ Disappearance

 ~10,000 µ/ ͞ events
 ͞ in 7 years

 NOvA: ~60 e/ ͞e ~200 µ/ ͞ 
 PRL 123 (2019) 15, 151803

18 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Mass Ordering Sensitivity

• Unambiguous determination of neutrino mass ordering within first few years.

 19 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

CP Violation Sensitivity

• Significant CP violation discovery potential over wide range of true dCP
 values in 7-10 years (staged)
 arXiv:2006.16043: Long-baseline neutrino oscillaFon physics
 potenFal of the DUNE experiment

20 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

15
 1053 about
 10
 1054 3/0.11
 5 1055 ume t

 Core-Collapse Supernovae
 0
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
 1056 while
 Neutrino energy (MeV)
 1057 Th
 1058 of sup
 40 kton argon, 10 kpc
 40 kton argon, 10 kpc 1059 At 20
 Events per bin

 80 neutri
 Infall Neutronization Accretion Cooling 40
 ES (Elas&c Sca*ering) 1060
 40
 70 35
 νe Ar 1061 sumed
 No oscillations 40
 Normal ordering
 νe Ar 1062 modul
 60 30
 Inverted ordering photon

 Events per 0.5 MeV
 1063

 50 25 1064 trigger
 40 20 ~1000 events 1065

 1066
 where
 Th
 30 15
 1067 pernov
 20 10 1068 photon
 10 5 1069 study)
 1070 of mul
 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0
 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
 1071 10 sec
 Time (seconds) Observed energy (MeV)
 1072 ure 13
 Expected event rates as a function of time for the electron-capture model in [8] for 40 kton of argon during early stages 1073 in this
 • Supernova neutrinos shed light on the astrophysics of core collapse as
vent – the neutronization burst and early accretion phases, for which self-induced e↵ects are unlikely to Fig.
are: the event rate for the unrealistic case of no flavor transitions (blue) and the event rates includingtrino
 10 Top: Spectrum as a function of interacted neu-
 be important.
 energy
 the e↵ect of computed with SNOwGLoBES in 40 kton of liq-1074 bursts
 well as the properties of neutrinos. uidbins.
transitions for the normal (red) and inverted (green) orderings. Error bars are statistical, in unequal time argon for the electron-capture supernova [8] (“Garching”1075
 model) at 10 kpc, integrated over time, and indicating the 1076
 Fig. 1.
 by a m
 contributions from di↵erent interaction channels. No oscilla-
 • Unique opportunities for DUNE tions are assumed. Bottom: expected measured spectrum as
 a function of observed energy, after detector response.
 1077

 1078
 charge
 ing a t
 low-lev
 - Low threshold to detect MeV neutrinos
 1079

 1080 be cor
 either TPC or photon detection system information. In1081 higher
 - Most sensitive to νe: complementary to water
 1028
 Cherenkov
 both detectors
 cases, the trigger (e.g.
 scheme exploits Hyper-
 the time
 1029 coinci- 1082 ger ca
 K, IceCube), which are most sensitive to ν̅e dence of multiple signals over a timescale matching the1083
 1030 positio
 1031 supernova luminosity evolution. Development of such a1084 subseq
 1032 data acquisition and triggering scheme is a major activ-1085 ger. Si
 In preparaFon: Supernova Neutrino Burst1033
 DetecFon
 ity within with
 DUNEthe andDeep
 will be the topic of future dedi-1086 efficien
 Underground Neutrino Experiment 1034 cated publications. Both TPC and PD information can1087 interac
 1035 be used for triggering, for both SP and DP. Here are1088 ever, a
 1036 described two concrete examples of preliminary trigger1089 integra
 21 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment1037 design studies. 1090 tegrat
 1091 the ga

BSM Physics and Prospects in DUNE
 STERILE NEUTRINO MIXING
 • Non-standard short-baseline and long-
 11
 Sterile neutrinos
 baseline oscillation phenomena: 102

 Sterile
 mixing (right-handed) neutrinos
 with sterile are a non-
 neutrinos, prediction of WORK IN
 many BSM models
 standard explaining
 neutrino the origin non-
 interactions, of neutrino 10
 PROGRESS
 masses.
 unitarity of the mixing matrix, CPT 1 DUNE
 Active-to-sterile
 violation. neutrino mixing distorts the Simulation

 Δm241 (eV2)
 standard oscillation probabilities. DUNE will be 10−1
 DUNE ND+FD 90% C.L.

 •sensitive
 Searchesto thisfor new
 effect phenomena
 through at the
 the combined
 DUNE FD-Only 90% C.L.
 Kopp et al. (2013)

 FD benefitting
 analysis of the !μ andfrom its large
 !e spectra mass
 from both and
 the near 10−2
 Gariazzo et al. (2016)
 LSND 90% C.L.

 and far detectors.boosted dark matter, nucleon
 resolution: MiniBooNE 90% C.L.
 NOMAD 90% C.L.

 decay. DUNE could look as well for non- 10−3 KARMEN2 90% C.L.

 Potentially, MINOS and Daya Bay/Bugey-3 90% C.L.

 •standard !# appearance
 for new or use the atmospheric
 SBND + MicroBooNE + T600 90% C.L.

 Searches 10−4
 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1
 sample from the far detector. 1
 phenomena/particles at the ND related 2
 sin 2θµe = 4|Ue4| |Uµ4| 2 2

 to the beam and its interactions with
 Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV) Neutrino Energy (GeV)
 102
 1.2 the detector: trident interactions, heavy
 10 1 10-1 102 10 1 10-1 102
 1.2
 10 1 10-1 102 10 1 10-1 In preparaFon:
 10
 1.2
 10 Prospects
 1 10 for
 10 Beyond
 2
 10 1the 10 -1 2 -1

 ND FD ND FD Standard Model Physics Searches at the
 ND FD
 1 neutral leptons, low- mass dark matter. 1 1
 Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
 0.8 0.8 0.8
Probability

 Probability

 Probability

 Δm241 =
 50.00 eV 2
 Δm241 =
 0.50 eV 2
 Δm241 = 0.05 eV2
 0.6 0.6 0.6
 Std. Osc. P(νµ→νµ) Std. Osc. P(νµ→νµ) Std. Osc. P(νµ→νµ)
 22 8/13/2020
 P(νµ→νe) T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment P(νµ→νe) P(νµ→νe)
 0.4 P(νµ→νµ) 0.4 P(νµ→νµ) 0.4 P(νµ→νµ)

Summary
• DUNE making good progress toward enabling high-precision
 neutrino measurements in next decade
 - Exciting physics program including neutrino oscillations, detection
 of MeV neutrinos, and many BSM searches
• Technical milestones:
 - Technical Design Report for DUNE FD complete
 • arXiv:2002.02967, arXiv:2002.03005, arXiv:2002.03008,
 arXiv:2002.03010
 - ProtoDUNEs successfully operating at CERN with first results
 • arXiv:2007.06722

 - Conceptual Design Report for DUNE ND under review
• Start of exciting physics in the second half of the decade

23 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Thank you!

24 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Neutrino Flux
 Neutrino Mode: Antineutrino Mode:
 1011 1011
n's/m2/GeV (1.1 ´ 10 21 POT)

 n's/m2/GeV (1.1 ´ 10 21 POT)
 DUNE Simulation DUNE Simulation
 nµ nµ nµ nµ
 ne ne ne ne
 1010 1010

 109 109

 108 108

 107 107
 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
 Neutrino energy (GeV) Neutrino energy (GeV)

• The beam is wideband and dominated by nµ flux.
• Neutrino beam line design optimized for CP violation sensitivity

25 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

of the fabrication, assembly, installation, commissioning, and operations phases [11].

 Table 6: ProtoDUNE-SP performance for main parameters and corresponding DUNE specifica-
Excellent Detector Performance
 tions.

 Detector parameter ProtoDUNE-SP performance DUNE specification
 Average drift electric field 500 V/cm 250 V/cm (min)
 500 V/cm (nominal)
 LAr e-lifetime > 20 ms > 3 ms
 TPC+CE
 Noise (C) 550 e, (I) 650 e ENC (raw) < 1000 e ENC
 Signal-to-noise hSNRi (C) 48.7, (I) 21.2 (w/CNR)
 CE dead channels 0.2% < 1%
 PDS light yield 1.9 photons/MeV > 0.5 photons/MeV
 (@ 3.3 m distance) (@ cathode distance - 3.6 m)
 PDS time resolution 14 ns < 100 ns

• ProtoDUNE-SP
 The electric field in the performance
 TPC drift volume wasmeets
 stable at the
 or nominal
 largelylevelexceeds
 of 500 V/cm the
 with
 requirements for DUNE Far Detector.
• ProtoDUNE II is scheduled to start data-taking in 2022
 – 88 –
 - Full characterization of “Module 0” for DUNE Far Detector

26 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Other Parameters
 Octant determinaOon Dm232 vs sin2q23

• Significant improvement in precision measurement of atmospheric mixing parameters
• arXiv:2006.16043: Long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics potential of the DUNE
 experiment

 27 8/13/2020 T. Yang | The Status of the DUNE Experiment

Solar Neutrinos
 Neutrons and Solar Neutrinos
 Phys. Rev. Lea. 123, 131803 (2019)
 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 123, 131803 (2019)
 10 10
 Present Future
 Reactor
 (KamLAND)
 8 8
 Reactor
∆m221 [ 10-5 eV2 ]

 ∆m221 [ 10-5 eV2 ]
 (JUNO)
 (n,g)
 6 6

 Solar Solar

 (a,g)
 (All) (DUNE)
 4 4
 2s 5.6 s
 Evis (MeV)
 2 2
 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4
 sin 2θ12 sin 2θ12
 DUNE is considering the potential sensitivity to solar neutrinos.
FIG. 1. Present measurements (1, 2, and 3σ) of neutrino mixing FIG. 2. Future precision of neutrino mixing with solar (DUNE
with solar [1–6] and reactor [15] neutrinos.
 • Tension between This depends on the ability and to trigger neutrino
 alone; 1, 2, and 3σ) and reactor (JUNO alone; 3σ [18,22])
 Solar neutrino reactor on very small energy
 neutrinos, using present best-fit points and 100 kton-yr for each.

 depositions,
 of two liquid-argonand rejection ofwillbackgrounds due to NEUTRONS
 Solar neutrinos: Status and obstacles.—The fundamen-

mixing effects measurements.
tal challenge in solar neutrinos is disentangling neutrino- (LAr) modules (eventually four)
 and source properties. Super-Kamiokande have a fiducial mass of 10 kton, surrounded by ∼1 m LAr
(Super-K) and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) shielding (details depend on single or dual phase).
measurements of B neutrinos dominate the precision
 8
 Readout is by the time-projection technique—here, drifting
 • DUNE is considering the potential sensitivity to solar neutrinos.
of solar determinations of sin2 θ12 and Δm 221 , as well as
ϕð8BÞ, the total 8B flux [5,6,12,40,41]. The hep flux,
 charge deposited in the volume onto wire planes at the
 boundaries—plus prompt detection of scintillation light
ϕðhepÞ ∼ 10−3 ϕð8BÞ, has not been detected [42,43].
 This depends on the ability to trigger on very small energyYou Inst Logo
 Super-K and SNO measurements are consistent with an
energy-independent νe survival probability Pee ≃ sin
 [31–33,53].
 DUNE can simultaneously measure neutrino-mixing
 9 θ12 ; 2019/12/2
 2
 parameters andR.Svoboda
 solar neutrino| fluxes.
 B.A.D.Here,
 Ass.we first state
 depositions, and rejection of backgrounds due to neutrons and a.
the lack of an observed upturn in Pee at low energies sets a
weak upper limit on Δm 221 [5,6]. Within the theoretical
 our underlying ideas and simple estimates.
 (a) The degeneracy between sin2 θ12 and ϕð8BÞ can be
framework of matter-affected neutrino mixing [44–49], broken using two detection channels:
these results are consistent with lower-energy solar neutrino
data [1–4]. Two other results were key. νe þ 40Ar → e− þ 40K$ ; ð1Þ
 (1) SNO28 separately measured
 8/13/2020 ϕð 8
 BÞ and
 T. sin 2
 Yang θ 12 using
 | The Status of the DUNE Experiment
two channels: νe;μ;τ þ d → νe;μ;τ þ p þ n, which is equally
 where the rate RAr ∝ ϕð8BÞ sin2 θ12 , and