TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND - The road to net zero - Addleshaw Goddard LLP
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TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND The road to net zero
CONTENTS ABOUT
ABOUT ADDLESHAW GODDARD 1
ADDLESHAW GODDARD
WORKING ACROSS THE TRANSPORT SECTOR 1
FOREWORD 2 IMAGINATIVE SOLUTIONS TO PIVOTAL BUSINESS PROBLEMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
TECHNOLOGY 6 Good business depends on good advice. Which, ultimately, comes down to four words. Yes. No. Stop. Go. Many
of the world’s most recognised and respected businesses – including 43 FTSE100 clients in the last two years
INVESTMENT 10 – come to Addleshaw Goddard to deliver just that kind of simple answer. They rely on our lawyers around the
world to find imaginative solutions to their pivotal business problems, and to get things done.
POLICY FRAMEWORK 12
SOCIAL CHANGE 14
CONCLUSION
CURRENT EMISSIONS
16
18 WORKING ACROSS THE
THE AMBITION
EMMISIONS GRAPHS
19
20
TRANSPORT SECTOR
The Addleshaw Goddard Transport practice is widely Our clients include many of the primary industry
regarded as among the leading practices in the UK stakeholders, across both the public and private
and we are proud of the breadth of expertise. sector, and our work covers major projects across the
transport sector.
We have a large, expanding team of sector specialist
lawyers working regularly on a wide range of matters,
and have indepth and current knowledge of the
regulatory, contractual, operational and commercial
aspects of the industry.
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
Rail Shipping
Light rail Transport Logistics
THANK YOU TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS:
AGS Airports Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Scottish Enterprise
Airports Bus
CMAL Glasgow City Council South East of Scotland Transport
Partnership
Committee for Climate Change Hitachi Rail
Stagecoach
Edinburgh Airport HIAL
Aviation Tram
Strathclyde Partnership for
Edinburgh City Council Loganair
Transport
Eversholt Rail Midlothian Council
Transport Scotland
Forth Ports Network Rail
Ports Electric Vehicles
Fraser of Allander Professor David Begg
1
FOREWORD
The Committee on Climate Change progress report to the On the flipside, there is also huge
Scottish Government, published in December 2019, called optimism among those in senior
positions in Scotland’s transport
setting a net zero greenhouse gas emissions target for 2045
industry and a will to recognise the
‘a step change in ambition for Scotland’. It also noted the enormous economic opportunity
need for ‘urgent action’ if the country is to meet this target, that net zero offers. Several people
and ahead of it, the ‘extremely challenging’ 75 per cent interviewed raised opportunities
reduction target by 2030, a deadline that is now under 10 to reskill existing workforces,
years away. to promote international
investment into carbon reduction
The scale of the challenge is With the Scottish Government technology and infrastructure in
underlined by the fact that surface calling climate change a ‘national Scotland, to redeploy Scotland’s
transport emissions have risen for emergency’ there seems to have already significant experience in
the fourth consecutive year and been a very tangible shift in engineering, onshore and offshore
fuel extraction and renewables into
PAUL HIRST have increased by 9 per cent since both corporate and public sector
2012. When including aviation and mindsets recently when it comes to the development of new clean fuels,
Head of Transport shipping, transport is the highest setting all strategy for the future. mass hydrogen production and the
paul.hirst@addleshawgoddard.com emitting sector in Scotland, at 37 During the evidence gathering development of battery storage
per cent of total carbon emissions. for this report, one person went technology.
so far as to say: ‘Since the climate In this report, we considered just
Across the rail, road, shipping and
emergency was declared, all policy four of the many facets of change
aviation sectors, all contributors to
is seen through the prism of how and focus that will be needed if
this report agreed there is an urgent
we reduce carbon emissions. That is we are to meet Scotland’s net zero
need for a co-ordinated policy
very new.’ targets: technology, investment,
framework that considers not only
the decarbonisation of each sector Whilst the political and social will public policy and social change. We
individually, but also reviews how is now largely there to drive the spoke to a wide range of experts
transport provision interacts today change needed to hit net zero with various perspectives on the
and how these interrelationships targets, it was noted by several transport sector and public sector
should be improved to provide a contributors to this report, that supporting the road to net zero. We
more efficient integrated transport the Scottish elections are set for are thankful for their considered
system. 2021 and another referendum on and insightful input.
independence remains firmly in COP26, the United Nations climate
Much of the challenge must be
the SNP’s plans. The will to make change negotiation conference,
about agreeing what modal shifts
socially unpopular legislative is being held in Glasgow on the
are desirable as well as what
changes may therefore be River Clyde in November this year.
blend of technology and access to
dampened in the immediate future This is a very real and imminent
transport is suited to local social
at the very point at which tough opportunity to showcase what
and economic needs.
choices need to be made to deliver Scottish policy makers have done,
the radical changes required to and are committed to doing, to
deliver the net zero promises. support real action to decarbonise
the transport sector.
2 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Set out below is a summary of the key insights and proposals arising from our
discussions with a panel of industry experts.
z Interconnectivity between different modes of z Net zero offers a huge economic development
transport is critical opportunity
z A politically independent and international z Scotland should develop a skills centre to
body is needed with sufficient powers to push upskill its existing workforce to deliver the
through radical change – akin to the World change needed
Bank
z Environmental visas akin to Tier One Investor
z There is still some hesitation among private visas could be introduced to encourage
companies to commit sufficient investment international investment into businesses and
into the development of new technologies, technology that helps to deliver net zero
fuel sources etc at the scale required and fast
z Much more data is needed to support business
enough
cases to invest: Government must work with
z Hindering this investment is a lack of clarity academia and business to model forward how
on specific infrastructure plans including different strategic approaches and technology
questions such as the extent to which the will impact society, the economy and the
railways can be electrified, the extent to which environment
electric vehicle charging points will be installed
z Britain’s flight paths are outdated and unfit for
and how the grid is to be upgraded sufficiently
delivering more carbon efficient travel. This
to support the transition of air, shipping,
must be reviewed and flight paths changed
rail and road vehicles to battery power for
urgently using bold legislation to overcome
example
local objections
z There has to be a balance of incentives to
z Councils and regional partnerships will need
change behaviour and penalties for failing
to work together much more closely than
to comply: these include the introduction
has previously been the case to co-ordinate
of low emissions zones, workplace parking
connections across the country
charges, potentially banning private car
use from congested areas, taxing road use z All sectors would welcome better cross-sector
more aggressively and introducing better communication and data sharing
interconnectivity of ticketing for all forms of
public transport to make journeys easier and
potentially cheaper
z A review is needed of the taxation regimes
across all modes of transport; currently and
historically tax has encouraged certain modes
– principally private car use. This must change
to create a bias towards public transport and
active modes of transport including walking
and cycling
4 5
TECHNOLOGY
“
Electric vehicles, hydrogen trains and buses, battery-powered Two projects are currently running The challenge of infrastructure
planes and ferries are all technologies that exist today. Nearly looking at the feasibility of using charging was a point raised
There is a real need hydrogen-powered vessels in the across sectors. Ferry operators
everyone interviewed was optimistic about the rollout of
to promote and Orkney Isles and Western Isles. in the Highlands and Islands were
clean transport across Scotland and the UK, with various particularly interested in how
possibly mandate Ports reported a good level of
pilot projects already underway to build test cases. the grid could be extended to
data sharing decarbonising technology has
across all logistics support more remote ports and
Edinburgh and Glasgow airports Last year saw British Airways and already been deployed with
platforms. harbours to allow for recharging.
have made leaps forward to reduce Shell plan Europe’s first commercial battery-powered and hybrid
The rail sector also raised concerns
surface emissions by replacing waste to jet fuel plant, a further step technology used to power ship to
about the continuity of supply
combustion engine vehicles towards transitioning to cleaner shore gantry cranes and straddle
generated from renewable sources
with EVs on site. Surface access fuel, yet contributors highlighted carriers as well as surface vehicles
if electrification of the railways
connections remain an issue for concern that without significant being switched to electric.
nationwide is desired, referencing
aviation – how people travel to public funding and incentives, the Port operators also indicated
the outages experienced in 2019
and from the airport. In Edinburgh cost of this fuel is prohibitively that pressure is being put on
and consequent disruption to
there is the tram link; in Glasgow high and production scale too low. plant equipment providers to
services as a major economic and
there is no alternative to access by One person spoken to suggested decarbonise as well. One operator
social consideration that has to be
road. Plans to extend the rail link incentives should be offered to cited Brodick on Arran as an
accounted for.
were marked as fundamental to the reskill many of those working in the example of a port using biomass
airport’s ability to reduce carbon petrochemical industry to develop heating and solar panels, but said The cost of electric technology has
emissions. bio-fuels in Scotland, with this most port infrastructure needs also been prohibitive for private
type of technology fundamental to major improvement. The long- companies looking at switching
All contributors raised offsetting term lifespan of vessels was also fleets of buses, ferries or trains
decarbonising aviation long term.
as a possible problem area. Easyjet cited as a challenge to upgrading over. Currently too little practical
He also confirmed that without
recently announced it will offset sufficiently quickly. financial support has been given to
scale investment in this, offsetting
carbon emissions from the fuel used public funding that would subsidise
would dominate the drive to net One key discussion around the
on all of its flights, making it the this transition and rebalance the
zero in this sector. bus sector pointed to the massive
first major airline to operate net- economics of that decision to align
zero carbon emission flights across In shipping, contributors reported investment already made by bus
with environmental priorities.
its fleet. a shift away from heavy fuel oil companies in Scotland to upgrade
in new build vessels to liquid buses to Euro 6 ‘clean diesel’, which This also applies to individuals:
The technology to support purely reduces emissions by 90 per cent according to the Committee for
natural gas. Battery technology for
battery-powered aircraft on any compared to Euro 3 standards. One Climate Change, the typical cost
passenger ferries is also possible,
but the shortest haul flights does major transport operator, which has for a home charge point and
though range remains an issue. One
not yet exist. Commercial short- the biggest fleet of electric buses installation is approximately £1,000
contributor also indicated that the
haul flights between Orkney in the UK, has already invested but this is expected to fall by
lack of financial incentives to ports
Islands are planned by 2022 with £1billion in switching to cleaner 2030. The Scottish Government is
to invest in the ‘massive’ charging
an eight-seater battery-powered technology over the past 10 years, already supporting the roll-out of
infrastructure needed to support
plane currently in production indicated a desire to move its fleet private charging points through the
the recharging of electric vessels,
and testing planned for 2021. to electric eventually, but raised Energy Saving Trust, which provides
including cruise ships with up to
Charging of this plane using entirely the massive challenge of ensuring grants of up to £300 through its
4,000 passenger capacity, conflicts
renewable sources is also intended, there is a sufficient charging EV Homecharge scheme on top
with environmental targets.
though due to battery and weight infrastructure in place to support of funding from the UK Office for
That said, Scotland does have a
constraints, currently this type of this transition. Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV), and
number of hybrid vessels already in
aircraft can fly only very short hops almost 90 per cent of EV owners in
operation, reliant on both battery
of 12 to 18 minutes. Scotland also have home charging
technology and engines that can
burn both liquid natural gas and points.
6 7
diesel.TECHNOLOGY
In October 2019, Scotland had It is also a more practical fuel for
over 3,600 public charging points, HGVs and heavy vehicles, at least
around 50 of which were ultra- until battery technology has been ELECTRIFICATION OF RAIL
rapid chargers. By 2030, 4240 developed sufficiently to produce
fast chargers (22 kW), 2800 rapid smaller, lighter batteries with higher The Scottish Government has a rolling All rail sector interviewees agreed that this
chargers (43 kW), 900 ultra-rapid capacity. programme of electrification which forms part programme of electrification should continue
chargers at 150 kW and 55 ultra- of a wider £5billion investment package for at pace as the fastest and most cost effective
If this is to occur however, there Scotland’s railway infrastructure. Of the 2,776 means to reduce carbon emissions from rail in
rapid chargers at 350 kW will be
needs to be significant investment km of rail track in Scotland, approximately one the immediate future.
required for public charging across
in the clean production of quarter is electrified. The Scottish Government
Scotland.
hydrogen fuel and its distribution has pledged to fully decarbonise all passenger
One contributor raised the potential and availability around the UK is rail by 2035.
for unintended consequences by imperative and presents another
encouraging homes to have private major area of infrastructure
charge points, however, arguing investment and development. COMPLETED ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS
that public transport transition had
to be the priority. Public charge
points at work and the supermarket, DATA SHARING
for example, were also given
credence as a better strategy than More than one of our experts
encouraging home-based charging. raised the importance of sharing
This could also alleviate spikes in data between all transport sectors,
demand on the grid. arguing there is a real need to
promote and possibly mandate data Airdrie to Bathgate Railway Cumbernauld electrification Edinburgh to Glasgow
sharing across all logistics platforms project via Falkirk line
HYDROGEN including HGV, vans, rail, shipping
and aviation in order to understand
The other major technology in how distribution can be streamlined
development is hydrogen, with and decarbonised most cost-
some buses in Aberdeen already effectively.
running on this new fuel. Germany
Rail network operators and service
runs several hydrogen trains and
operators also raised the need to
more than one contributor to this
share data nationally much more
report expressed real excitement £12 million Paisley Canal Stirling, Alloa, Dunblane lines Shotts line between
effectively and indicated that
about investing in hydrogen trains electrification project Holytown Junction and
legislation is required to enforce a
for Scotland, something that is Midcalder Junction
wholesale move to cleaner rolling
likely in the imminent future.
stock, as well as understanding how
The advantage of hydrogen is that the rail network interconnects with
it has the potential to replace petrol roads and where upgrades should
and diesel in more remote areas be focused to deliver the maximum
of Scotland where electrification efficiencies possible.
is prohibitively expensive or
unfeasible. This is true of both rail
and ferries and has the potential to
open up the Highlands and Islands.
8 9INVESTMENT
“
The overwhelming reaction from all contributors to this Modes of transport and their
report was that billions of pounds would be needed to cost is another area that several
contributors raised as key. Driving EXISTING FUNDING
More tangible deliver net zero by the targets set by both the Scottish and
understanding of is the cheapest mode of transport
the UK Governments. The public sector argued that private for long distances. How freight z Scotland already has launched calls to bid for a £3billion green
how to balance the
companies would need to ‘put their hands in their pockets’ distribution is taxed is not equal investment portfolio
country’s economic
with its environment while the private sector argued that much more public in shipping, road, rail and air. The z Scotland’s ‘Growth Accelerator’ programme has been
needs is urgently funding was needed. whole structure of how fiscal policy extended to a ‘Green Growth Accelerator’ that allows local
required. affects private sector choices in authorities to invest in low-carbon infrastructure
All agree a combination of both This, they argued, must be done modes of transport needs major
review with a joined up approach
z A £500million fund to improve bus services across Scotland
private and public money would immediately with Government
across the entire transport sector in has been confirmed
be fundamental to delivering net urged to commission this work
zero, but almost all raised genuine from independent sources. A more order to encourage the behavioural z £17million available for zero interest loans to support the
concern as to whether there is tangible understanding of how to change needed to deliver net zero. purchase of ultra-low emission vehicles
enough available to support the balance the country’s economic The Government’s priority must be
to redress this balance using all of
z £7.5million of private and public funding for expanding public
scale of investment required. with its environment needs is
the tools at its disposal. charging infrastructure and electricity networks
urgently required.
Several people raised the lack of
z Two significant decarbonisation funds for capital expenditure
practical academic and financial In terms of practical investment,
were announced in the past year: the £315million Industrial
modelling and analysis that had areas of priority included upgrading
Energy Transformation Fund (IEFT) and the £170million
been undertaken to assess the the grid as number one, to support
Industrial Decarbonisation programme delivered through the
economic impact of delivering the massive rise in demand for
Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF)
net zero. The cost of regulation, electricity that would result in a
supervision, practical delivery wholesale move to electric trains,
costs, the infrastructure required, planes, ferries, buses, cars, vans,
reskilling the workforce among heavy goods vehicles and bikes.
many other considerations must be
Another call that many repeated
looked at.
was public support to make the
One area of economic concern commercial case for investing
raised, for example, was the impact in cleaner technology more
of discouraging international aligned with the environmental
flights in Scotland on the Scottish case. Electric buses and trains
economy. This comes down not are currently far more expensive
just to passenger traffic but than diesel, hybrid aircraft and
also Scottish airports’ hubbing clean sustainable fuel production
potential and international freight for planes are disproportionately
distribution. Assessing the expensive compared to diesel.
economic impact of discouraging Older cars and petrol and diesel are
this type of transport must also cheaper than a brand new electric
consider what other countries car.
are doing so as to account for
Scotland’s competitiveness in
the UK, European and global
economies.
10 11POLICY
FRAMEWORK
“
Scottish Government has set itself a series of highly
ambitious targets, from ending the sale of petrol and diesel
Since the climate cars and vans in the next 12 years to decarbonising all
emergency was passenger rail services by 2035 and flights within Scotland
declared, all policy
between two Scottish airports by 2040.
is seen through the
prism of how Contributors to this report raised One discussion explored ‘mobility
we reduce carbon the potential challenge for the as a service’ as a successful model
emissions. That is Scottish Government of achieving to encourage households to give
very new. this given its lack of control over up private vehicle ownership
fiscal levers including vehicle and altogether. Pilots are already
fuel taxation, excise duty and being run - however this should
company car tax. However, it is be extended nationwide to allow
likely to use congestion charging, for practical usage by individuals
workplace parking levies, public needing to travel longer distances The Committee on Climate Change While the UK government has Bus lane priority was also raised as
transport and EV priority on the by car. warned in its December report that committed to addressing this, a key driver of behaviour change.
roads to influence behaviour. there is limited power at Scottish hard decisions must be taken, Transponders that prioritise buses,
How regional partnerships are Government level in aviation. even where new flight paths over enabling faster more efficient
Penalties imposed on companies
awarded status to make decisions However, there are significant residential areas create obstruction. journeys are already in use in Perth
that fail to upgrade fleets should
about how and where to invest challenges that must be met to A balance must be struck between city centre and must be rolled out
also be considered.
in local infrastructure is also a reduce carbon emissions from air environmental priorities and social on a national basis, argued one
It is also within the Scottish hotchpotch currently. This needs travel. According to one expert in ones. contributor. Broadening out bus
Government’s gift to offer urgent review to award local public this area, Britain’s flight paths are lanes was also encouraged, though
scrappage schemes and other sector bodies the ability to make We found there was a distinct call
outdated and unfit for delivering one person labelled the policy
forms of financial support to decisions and take action to deliver for support from the government
more carbon efficient travel. debate around this ‘all a bit ad
those wishing to switch to electric on their own net zero targets. to upscale the development and
Existing flight paths were designed hoc’ and warned that not enough
vehicles. One such scheme is production of sustainable aviation
in the 1960s for aircraft designed thought had gone into how bus
already in place with interest-free fuels, airspace modernisation and
60 years ago using ground-based lanes would affect local business
loans of up to £35,000 currently infrastructure support for surface
beacons to navigate. This results deliveries for example.
offered by Transport Scotland and access.
in congestion, aircraft having
the Energy Savings Trust, on top of Several public sector contributors
to remain in the air longer than
grants from OLEV. indicated that road prioritisation
needed and has not evolved to
would change significantly
Transport Scotland also currently reflect satellite navigation and the
with cyclists given top priority,
provides funding for housing efficiencies that offers.
pavements widened to promote
associations to provide electric walking, more investment in trams
vehicles as part of a car club, and metro systems and bus lane
widening access to the benefits extensions.
of driving electric vehicles.
12 13SOCIAL CHANGE
“ “
The Scottish Household Survey We were pointed to figures that The financial impact of forcing How easy using public transport is
2018 confirmed that people in showed passenger numbers rising change using low emissions zones for individuals is going to be critical.
The public must Scotland are more concerned by 25 per cent between 2010 and 2016, on households is still poorly Schemes to introduce single fare
We are getting
be engaged in the climate change than ever before while aviation emissions rose just 5 understood, though it seems passes and charging structures
much more efficient,
challenge and policy but research from online investment per cent over the same period. ‘We logical that poorer households will that allow passengers to move
aircraft are using
should be designed platform Charles Stanley Direct are getting much more efficient, be disproportionately hit where seamlessly from one operator
much cleaner,
to put people at the recently suggested that just 5 per aircraft are using much cleaner, Government does not devise to another without the need for
greener technology
heart of it. cent of UK adults have changed greener technology and fuels and grant schemes to support the separate tickets are needed. They
and fuels and
their day-to-day behaviour as a surface emissions have come down technological upgrades that are have been trialled in some parts
surface emissions
result of the global climate strike significantly. We haven’t been required to millions of homes and of the country, but there is a need
have come down
campaign led by Greta Thunberg. great at communicating this as an cars across the country. In Scotland, to roll this out on a co-ordinated
significantly. We
industry though.’ and its major cities particularly, national scale, which will require
However, the move towards flight- haven’t been great
these schemes and incentives centralised administration by an
shaming, spearheaded by Greta The Committee on Climate at communicating
must be considered, agreed and independent party. Transport
Thunberg has already impacted Change progress report to the this as an industry
delivered very quickly if they are Scotland is cognisant of this
on usage in her home country. Scottish Government, published though.
to filter into a manageable rate of and seems minded to support
The number of passengers flying in December 2019, advised that
changeover. integrated ticketing.
through Swedish airports dropped ‘the public must be engaged in
4 per cent in 2019, according the challenge and policy should be There is broad agreement amongst Active travel – walking and
to Swedish state-owned airport designed to put people at the heart the sector that dependence on the cycling – need to become more
operator Swedavia, led by a decline of it’. The shift in lifestyles that will road network in Scotland should be commonplace as do electric bikes.
in domestic traffic. be needed if we are to hit net zero reduced, with priority on the roads But despite policies such as Smarter
are enormous. How we travel is just given to public modes of transport Choices Smarter Places and the
Britain, an island nation, has no
as important a consideration in this including both buses and trams. Cycling Action Plan, there has been
land link and just one rail link to
transition as what we travel in. no significant behavioural shift
the continent and therefore has Bill Reeve, of Transport Scotland,
away from cars towards public
fewer options when it comes to Currently, the public consensus sees told us that a priority for them is
transport, walking and cycling in
international travel. a shift from privately owned cars now ‘how to persuade passengers
Scotland in the last decade.
with combustion engines towards out of their cars and freight
The point was raised during one
privately owned electric vehicles. customers out of HGVs and onto
of the discussions on this sector:
But who pays for this remains a railways’ indicating that policy
‘People are questioning the
tricky subject. At the moment already supports this shift. He also
merits of flying ethically but we
individuals are largely footing the suggested that the management
in the aviation industry feel we
bill but it was felt that there needs of Network Rail in Scotland needs
have been on top of reducing our
to be a debate about whether or to be devolved to the Scottish
environmental impact for a while.
not a form of scrappage scheme Government to facilitate the
£15billion has been invested by
should be introduced and funded upgrades needed.
airlines and the aerospace industry
publicly in order to encourage
a year and aviation now accounts
individuals to switch to cleaner cars.
for just 2 per cent of global carbon
emissions.’
14 15CONCLUSION
“
Contributors to the report were on Experts in the aviation sector felt
balance, hugely optimistic about broadly that they had already
Concerted, committing to decarbonising invested heavily in carbon reduction
coordinated Scotland’s transport sector. technologies and strategies but
and well-funded had failed to communicate their
Delivering the required reduction
action is required successes to the public. Flight paths
in carbon emissions in the desired
now. to improve fuel consumption and
timeframe elicited a more mixed
efficiency, was singled out as a
response. Dependent on sector,
priority for governments.
there was a varying degree
of pessimism that the level of The question of offsetting emissions
investment in infrastructure would was raised frequently, pointing out
be sufficient to meet targets. that while the majority of industry’s
focus must be on carbon emission
‘The money just isn’t there,’ said one
reduction, true zero emissions are
executive.
further off than 2045 in Scotland.
Broadly speaking, those operating There needs to be some agreement
bus companies and ferry operators on acceptable levels of offsetting
were most positive about their / phased reduction in offsetting
ability to meet targets. allowances.
Rail operators had more mixed Time was the biggest concern
views – some rolling stock providers for all parties, with the consensus
displayed real excitement to invest being that ambitious deadlines
privately into developing battery were needed to create impetus for
operated trains, hybrid trains action but scepticism expressed on
powered by a mix of battery and how realistic delivery would be in
hydrogen and pure hydrogen- practice. Concerted, coordinated
powered trains. Government and well-funded action is required
contracts, rolling stock lifespans now.
and renewal timeframes require
review however if operators are
to be incentivised or forced to
replace entire fleets quickly enough.
There will be a commercial cost
to be borne: whether government
provides scrappage schemes or
simply legislates will have an effect
on the cost of rail travel ultimately
passed to passengers.
16 17CURRENT EMISSIONS THE AMBITION
Surface transport emissions Emissions from surface Cars, vans and heavy goods The Climate Change According to the Committee Scottish Government has
increased by 3 per cent in transport in Scotland were vehicles (HGVs) account for (Emissions Reduction on Climate Change, emissions also pledged to decarbonise
2017, the fourth consecutive 12 per cent higher in 2017 65 per cent of total Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019 will need to fall by an average passenger rail services by
annual increase, to than in 1990, and were just 1 transport emissions in Scotland (“2019 Act”) introduced new of 1.8 MtCO2e each year 2035, and all flights between
10.5 MtCO2e per cent lower than the peak emissions reduction targets between now and 2050, Scottish airports by 2040
in 2007 for 2020, 2030 and 2040 equivalent to 3.6 per cent of
of 56 per cent, 75 per cent emissions in 2017
and 90 per cent respectively
against 1990 levels.
The total distance travelled Car traffic has increased by Vehicle ownership in the
by road vehicles in Scotland 5 per cent since 2007, Highlands and Islands
has increased steadily since broadly in line with the increase Transport Partnership region
2011 at an average rate of seen in car travel for the UK is 18 per cent higher, and
1.7 per cent per year as a whole average distances travelled Scotland will consult on zero-
by road are estimated to be or ultra-low-emission city
around 20 per cent higher centres by 2030, and aims to
than the Scottish average end the need for new petrol
or diesel cars in the public
sector fleet by 2025
The distance travelled by The distance travelled by HGVs Aviation emissions grew
vans has increased by over fell from 2007 to a low in 2012, 6 per cent in 2017 to 2.1 MtCO2e
30 per cent in the past though it has since risen at an and are now 56 per cent
ten years average of around 1 per cent higher than 1990 levels The cities of Glasgow and
per year for the past five years largely due to an increase Edinburgh have both set
in emissions from themselves even more
international flights ambitious targets of reaching
net zero carbon emissions by
2030.
Emissions from domestic Shipping emissions fell by Domestic shipping was the
flights increased by 2 per 5 per cent in 2017 to 2.3 major source of shipping
cent to 0.6 MtCO2e, and MtCO2e, following three emissions in Scotland,
were 27 per cent below successive annual increases responsible for more than
1990 levels from 2013 to 2016, and are now five times the greenhouse
44 per cent below 1990 levels gas emissions than from
international shipping
18 19CHANGE IN EMISSIONS
20%
0%
-20%
-40%
-60%
-80% Source: The Committee on Climate
Change progress report to the Scottish
-100% Government, published in December 2019
Power
Waste
Agriculture &
LULUCF
Buildings
F-gases
Industry
Shipping
Surface
transport
Aviation
EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND (1990-2017)
12
Source: The Committee on Climate
10
Change progress report to the
Scottish Government, published in
8
December 2019
MtCO2e
6
Notes: No emissions data
Surface
4 are available for devolved
transport
administrations for 1991-1994 or
2 Shipping 1996-1997. Includes Scotland’s share
of emissions from international
0 Aviation aviation and shipping
1990
2010
1994
1996
1998
2014
2016
1992
2012
2000
2004
2006
2008
2002
EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND (1990-2017)
7
6
5 Cars
Heavy goods vehicles
MtCO2e
4
3 Light goods vehicles
2
Busses and coaches
1
Rail
Motorcycles
0
Other Source: NAEI (2019)
1990
2010
1994
1996
1998
2014
2016
1992
2012
2000
2004
2006
2008
2002
20 21PROBLEMS. POSSIBILITIES. COMPLEXITY. CLARITY. OBSTACLES. OPPORTUNITIES. THE DIFFERENCE IS IMAGINATION. THE DIFFERENCE IS AG. addleshawgoddard.com © 2020 Addleshaw Goddard LLP. All rights reserved. Extracts may be copied with prior permission and provided their source is acknowledged. This document is for general information only. It is not legal advice and should not be acted or relied on as being so, accordingly Addleshaw Goddard disclaims any responsibility. It does not create a solicitor-client relationship between Addleshaw Goddard and any other person. Legal advice should be taken before applying any information in this document to any facts and circumstances. Addleshaw Goddard is an international legal practice carried on by Addleshaw Goddard LLP (a limited liability partnership registered in England & Wales and authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority and the Law Society of Scotland) and its affiliated undertakings. Addleshaw Goddard operates in the Dubai International Financial Centre through Addleshaw Goddard (Middle East) LLP (registered with and regulated by the DFSA), in the Qatar Financial Centre through Addleshaw Goddard (GCC) LLP (licensed by the QFCA), in Oman through Addleshaw Goddard (Middle East) LLP in association with Nasser Al Habsi & Saif Al Mamari Law Firm (licensed by the Oman Ministry of Justice), in Hamburg through Addleshaw Goddard (Germany) LLP (a limited liability partnership registered in England & Wales) and in Hong Kong through Addleshaw Goddard (Hong Kong) LLP, a Hong Kong limited liability partnership pursuant to the Legal Practitioners Ordinance and regulated by the Law Society of Hong Kong. In Tokyo, legal services are offered through Addleshaw Goddard’s formal alliance with Hashidate Law Office. A list of members/principals for each firm will be provided upon request. The term partner refers to any individual who is a member of any Addleshaw Goddard entity or association or an employee or consultant with equivalent standing and qualifications. ADD.GOD.643 02/20
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