A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN BAHASA INDONESIA AND ENGLISH IN KATE CHOPIN'S A STORY OF AN HOUR
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Journal of English Teaching and Applied Linguistic
http://jurnal.stkippgribl.ac.id/index.php/jeta
A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN BAHASA INDONESIA AND ENGLISH IN
KATE CHOPIN’S A STORY OF AN HOUR
Galuh Dwi Ajeng
Assistant Professor, STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
Ph.D. Scholar, University of Lucknow, India
fgaluhajeng@gmail.com / galuh_dwi_ajeng@stkippgribl.ac.id
Abstract: Communication is not just that one person is speaking and the other is listening.
In doing its duty as a means of communication, the language in each country has different
characteristics. The use of language here is to show the identity of each country. In
education area, learning a language as second language sometimes creates a problem. The
problem deals with the difficulties in learning second language and some error that is done
by learners in learning second language. Hence, this study is aimed to find the differences
and the similarity between Bahasa Indonesia and English through a short story titled “A
Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin translated by Desi Ilham Sianturi. To deal with the purpose
of this study the writer uses contrastive analysis method.
Keywords: contrastive analysis, A Story of an Hour, Bahasa Indonesia, English
INTRODUCTION process is various. There are verbal and
nonverbal, formal and informal, and also
In our everyday life, people are talking, oral and written.
shouting, and whispering to show their In doing its duty as a means of
emotion about what they feel. They need communication, the language in each
something to be a means to transfer their country has different characteristics. The
information. Here the use of a language is use of language here is to show the identity
important to help people in expressing of each country. The example is in
their emotions and their idea. Language is Indonesia and English. They have a
an arbitrary system from arbitrary signs different type of language based on the
which is produced by a human by using feature of the language. In education area,
organ of speech to have communication learning a language as second language
with others. Language is also a means of sometimes creates a problem. The problem
communication. deals with the difficulties in learning
We know that communication is second language and some error that is
not just one person is speaking and the done by learners in learning second
other is listening. According to Maximilian language.
and Ajeng (3), “we must realize that most By looking at those problems, the
people communicate in order to send their contrastive analysis emerges to find some
meaning by saying the form of language”. It errors and difficulties in learning second
is also known that a human communication language. Hence, this study is aimed to find
28Galuh Dwi Ajeng
Journal of English Teaching and Applied Linguistic, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2020) 28-36
the differences and the similarity between BAHASA INDONESIA
Bahasa Indonesia and English through a
short story titled “A Story of an Hour” by Indonesia is an archipelago country that
Kate Chopin translated by Desi Ilham consists of more than thirteen thousand
Sianturi. To deal with the purpose of this islands. Every area in Indonesia has their
study the writer uses contrastive analysis own culture that brings disparity in the
method. production of languages. This condition
Contrastive analysis is used to creates so many kinds of language. There
show the differences and similarities in are more than hundreds of types of
comparing languages by observing those traditional languages but only one official
languages. Further, this study will only language called Bahasa Indonesia. People
focus on pure contrastive analysis that is in this country use Bahasa Indonesia in
aimed to study some parts of language their daily life commonly in a formal
typology such as tenses, plural, and gender situation. However, people, sometimes, mix
orientation. between Bahasa Indonesia and their
traditional languages to communicate with
RESEARCH QUESTION others who came from the same group of
them.
In this study, the writer wants to explore a Bahasa Indonesia is a standardized
question: form of Malay. In 1928, the youth of
What are the differences and the Indonesia declared that Bahasa Indonesia
similarities between Bahasa Indonesia and is the only national language in Indonesia.
English in A Story of an Hour by looking at They chose Malay because it is one of the
plural, sentence structure, and gender most widely-spoken languages in the
orientation? Austronesian language family. As a result,
this language directly becomes a unitary
THE AIM OF THE STUDY language that ties people in this
archipelago country.
This study is aimed at finding the finding As a national language, Bahasa
the differences and the similarity between Indonesia has characteristics in forming a
Bahasa Indonesia and English through a sentence. The basic structure of a sentence
short story titled A Story of an Hour by in Bahasa Indonesia is Subjek + Predikat or
Kate Chopin translated by Desi Ilham Subject + Verb. There is only one type of
Sianturi. Verb. It is the main verb. However, in
forming a sentence the use of adverb of
METHOD time and affixes can help the reader to
understand that the action which is
In conducting this study, there is a primary expressed from the sentence happens in
source that will be used to collect the data. certain time.
A short story titled A Story of an Hour is
used as the primary source. Moreover, a ENGLISH
contrastive analysis is conducted to
explore the differences and the similarities The end of the Second World War in 1945
between Bahasa Indonesia and English there is unprecedented expansion in
finding in the primary source. To do so, scientific, technical and economic activity
there are four steps in doing this study. on an international scale. This expansion is
Those are (1) collecting data, (2) finding dominated by technology and commerce.
the comparison in the same units of the This situation then becomes a demand for
two languages, (3) identifying the existing an international language that can be used
variations, (4) formulating the contrasts as a tool to spread information around the
that are found in the rule. world. It is also known that at that time, the
economic power is handled by the United
States in the post-war world. The national
29A Contrastive Analysis Between Bahasa Indonesia and English in Kate Chopin’s A Story of An
Hour
language that is used by the US is English. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN
As a result, most of the society at that time BAHASA INDONESIA AND ENGLISH
chose English as an international language.
The other reasons for choosing English as PLURAL
an international language is because at that In fact, there is no exact form in Bahasa
time there are so many books in all fields, Indonesia to form plural but sometimes,
e.g. technology, economic, science, the idea of plural is reduplicating a Noun.
education and so on, available in English. Whereas in English, the idea of plural is
Just like other languages, English making a new diction of a word and also
has own characteristics. This language has using the appropriate form of –s and –es
ruled in formulating the words and for Noun and Verb. To make it clear, here
pattern. For example, there is a certain way are the examples:
in making plural such as by adding –s at the
end of Noun which functions as a free No English Bahasa Indonesia
morpheme. Moreover, in formulating the
1. as many women Seperti kebanyakan
pattern of this language, there are tenses as
have heard the wanita yang telah
a representation of one’s action in certain
same mendengar hal yang
time. The example is simple present tense.
sama
One of the uses of this tense is representing
one’s habitual action in present time. One 2. the tops of trees puncak-puncak pohon
of the formulas is S+V+Adv.
3. the notes of a not-not
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS distant song darisebuahlagu di
kejauhan
The contrastive analysis appears because 4. countless ratusanburung pipit
there are some problems faced by sparrows
pedagogical area. The problems faced in
learning a second language and some error 5. patches of blue petak- petaklangitbiru
findings in learning a second language sky
become strong reasons in the emerged of
contrastive analysis. As times goes by, the 6. a dull stare in tatapan menjemukan
contrastive analysis is beneficially used in her eyes di matanya
language teaching area. "Contrastive 7. the sounds, the suara, aroma, warna
analysis was developed and practiced in scents, the color
the 1950s and 1960s as application of
structural linguistics to language teaching" 8. a long sebuah
(Richards, Platt & Platt 83). According to procession of prosesisepanjangtahun
them, contrastive analysis comes from a years
word contrast which means to set in
9. her arms Keduatangannya
opposition and to compare by observing
differences. They also explain that the aim 10. her lips Bibirnya
of contrastive analysis is to show the
differences and comparing languages by 11. spring days and hari-hari di musim
observing those languages. In addition, summer days semi, dan musim panas
contrastive analysis is an analysis that
investigates two languages based on the
Those examples can clearly give a
similarity and the differences between the
picture of the form of plural in Bahasa
languages. In this occasion, the writer will
Indonesia and English. The form of Bahasa
analyze some linguistics aspects such as
Indonesia in plural is various. It is based on
plural, gender differences, and the form of
the need of the sentence. For example, we
sentence based on time which appears in
can use some additional words before
this short story.
Noun to create the form of plural such as
30Galuh Dwi Ajeng
Journal of English Teaching and Applied Linguistic, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2020) 28-36
semua, banyak, ke-, numbers, and dan. In short story. Those are simple present
this short story, the plural form only adds tense, present continuous tense, future
some forms like ke-, number such as tense, simple past tense, past perfect tense,
kebanyakan and kedua. Moreover, the past continuous tense and past future
reduplication of the word sometimes is tense. The writer will analyze only the
also used to create plural form. Here, in active sentence based on time differences.
this story, the reduplication can be found in
some words such as puncak-puncak, not- No English Basic Bahasa Basic
not, petak-petak and hari-hari. Structure Indonesia Struc
Further, in English, there are exact ture
forms in forming plural. One of them is
1. Body Simple Tubuh S+V
adding –s and –es placed at the end of the
and soul present: dan jiwa
word such as arms and patches. The other
free! S+V1 bebas!
is by creating a new word to represent
plural, for example, men and women. By 2. You will Present Kau bisa S+V
looking at those examples, it can be make future: membuat
concluded that Bahasa Indonesia and yourself dirimu
English do not have similarity in forming ill. S+will+V1 sakit.
the plural of language. They have their own
feature in creating the form to make a 3. I am not Present Saya tidak S+V
differentiation between singular and plural making continuou akansakit.
form. myself s: S+to
ill. be+not+Vi
SENTENCE STRUCTURE ng
Every language has a sentence structure. 4. She sat Simple Dia duduk S+V
Both of Bahasa Indonesia and English also with her Past: dengan
have sentence structure. This structure head kepalanya
helps the speaker to transfer their idea in thrown S+V2 bersandar
the right meaning in order to make the back pada
listener catches the same information as upon the bantal
what the speaker means. The basic cushion kursi...
structure of Bahasa Indonesia is; of the
Subject+Verb+Object/ Adjective/ Adverb. chair...
Commonly, in the syntactical term, we call
Subject as Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb as 5. There Simple Ada S+Ad
Verb Phrase (VP). Yet in many cases, the was a Past: tatapan v of
order can be put in various ways, e.g. a dull menjemuk place
stare in S+ an di
sentence may come from NP.VP, or NP.NP, was/were
or NP.AP or NP.PP. This dynamic her matanya...
equivalence is used by the translator to eyes...
make the reader easy to understand the 6. She Past Dia tidak S+V
story without changing the messages of the would Future: ingin satu
story. Nida (166-171) said that the have no orangpun
dynamic equivalence is focused on the one S+ mengikuti
direct messages that are going to transfer follow would+V1 nya.
to the reader. Further, the examples of the her.
dynamic equivalence will be explored more
by analyzing the translating text. In other 7. He had Past Dia perlu S+V
hands, the order of forming a sentence in only perfect: waktu
English strictly lies on S = NP.VP taken untuk
the time S+had+V3 meyakink
(sometimes VP with to be or linking verb).
In this occasion, the study will be to assure an dirinya
focused on the tenses which appear in that himself... sendiri...
31A Contrastive Analysis Between Bahasa Indonesia and English in Kate Chopin’s A Story of An
Hour
8. She was Past Dia mulai S+V continuous tense are different. It is based
beginnin continuou menyadar on the planning action which will be done
g to s: i hal yang by the Subject or and an action that will be
recogniz mendekat done by the Subject. In this case, Bahasa
e this S+was/we untuk Indonesia is different. The use of the word
thing re+Ving merasukin akan is enough to explain a future action
that was ya ini... without wondering whether this action is
approac planned or not.
hing to If we look further, the unique of
possess both languages is seen clearly from the rest
her... of the examples. The use of different time
in forming English cannot be found in
forming Bahasa Indonesia. Again, in Bahasa
By looking at the data, it can be
Indonesia, in understanding when the
concluded that Bahasa Indonesia and
activity happens, we have to see from the
English has similarity and differences in
context when the transmitter transmits
forming a sentence. The similarity can be
her/ his information to the receiver in
seen by looking at the way how both
order to explain the time and the action of
languages put Verb after Subject. They
information taken from the sentence.
have the same way in forming the basic
Example number four is one of the
structure of the languages. However, the
examples of the past sentence. The English
differences in forming those languages are
sentence pictures that the action happens
also appeared by pointing at the changing
in the past by giving a symbol that is the
of the Verb based on the time differences.
changing of V1 (sit) into V2 (sat). On the
The changing Verb of Bahasa Indonesia is
contrary, Bahasa Indonesia does not have a
pointed on the affixes added in a Verb. On
form like English. If we see the sentence dia
the other hand, the changing of the Verb in
duduk dengan kepalanya bersandar pada
English is pointed on the irregular Verb
bantalkursi, this sentence does not give a
and regular Verb of English.
picture about the action that is happened
Here, in the first example, the
in the past. This sentence is only telling
sentence is a direct sentence in a form of
that the Subject does an action which is
simple present tense. Both in Bahasa
called sit, at that time, when the story
Indonesia and English, the use of base Verb
happens. So, in Bahasa Indonesia usually,
(free and bebas) is needed. In the second
the reader is directly aware that the use of
example, the sentence is in present future.
Bahasa Indonesia sentence in a story will
In English to form a present future tense
represent something happens in a certain
the Verb is formed by adding the word will
time. Commonly, to strengthen that the
in front of the base Verb. Whereas in
action happened in a certain time, the
Bahasa Indonesia, the use of the word akan
writer adds adverb of time to make the
identifies an action which will happen in
whole story clear.
the future. Here, the translator uses the
Moreover, the fifth example also
word bisa to replace the word akan. If we
shows an action that happens in the past
see the context of the whole paragraph, the
just like the fourth sentence. The difference
word bisa can represent a condition where
is that this sentence does not have Verb. It
the action is not yet done. The use of the
only has to be that is was. In English, there
word bisa is chosen in order to make the
is a role in making a sentence that does not
reader easy to understand the message
have Verb because it is believed that a
from the story without changing the
sentence must have at minimum S and V. In
meaning of the word from the original text.
case that there is no Verb, to be must be
Moreover, the use of the word akan can
put after the S, there was a dull stare in her
also explain present continuous tense. We
eyes. This sentence is translated into ada
can see from the third sentence. In English,
tatapan menjemukan di matanya. There
the use of present future tense and present
32Galuh Dwi Ajeng
Journal of English Teaching and Applied Linguistic, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2020) 28-36
was is translated into ada. Actually this is Here, was beginning is originally translated
not a formal language in Bahasa Indonesia by sedang memulai but in this case, by
but still, it is accepted as a communicative looking at the context of the sentence, it is
language that is used by the translator to better to use the word mulai. The phrase
make the reader easy to understand the sedang memulai cannot be used in this
story without changing the messages of the sentence because if we look at the whole
story. translating sentence, it is weird in Bahasa
Example number six gives a Indonesia to say Diasedang memulai
different issue. This past continuous menyadari rather than saying dia mulai
sentence is translated by choosing words menyadari.
that are seen as words which can represent
the exact message from the sentence. The GENDER ORIENTATION
words would have no are translated by
tidak ingin. Tidak ingin means does not Bahasa Indonesia has a different way to
want. Originally, the words would have no classify a gender in a sentence. Bahasa
translate as akan tidak memiliki. These Indonesia usually uses a name to
words look weird if we see from the differentiate a gender orientation. There is
context. As a result, the words tidak ingin no exact term of gender orientation in
are chosen in order to keep the message of Bahasa Indonesia. In contrast, English
the story while it is translated. However, concerns on this matter. English uses a
the meaning of the sentence is not pronoun to say gender orientations for
changing. examples are she and he. She is to call a
Further, in English, the example woman. He is to call a man. The term of
number seven is past perfect. The changing both two languages in showing the gender
of V1 into had+V3 also happens as a sign orientation is not the same. Both two
that it is past perfect. In Bahasa Indonesia, languages have their own way in
there is no changing Verb in translating describing a gender. For example, in
this tense. The same issue with the Bahasa Indonesia the use of the word dia is
previous one is also brought in this describing gender, man and woman. This is
sentence. The appropriate word perlu is because the characteristic of Bahasa
chosen in translating VP had only taken Indonesia is not differentiating gender.
rather than translating word by word Whereas in English, the word she and he
(hanya sudah mengambil).This VP is are used to differentiate gender. Here is the
translated by the word perlu in order to example. The usage of different words in
keep the message of this sentence. In English such sister and brother can also be
Bahasa Indonesia hanya sudah mengambil said to show different gender. On the other
waktu is just the same meaning with perlu hand, in some cases in Bahasa Indonesia,
waktu. the words sister and brother can only be
The last sentence is indicated an replaced by the word saudara. For clear
action that was in the process or was still understanding, here are some examples
happening in the past. In English, it is about gender orientation that can be found
called past continuous sentence by forming clearly in some sentences of A Story of an
words into an order S+was+Ving. Still in Hour.
Bahasa Indonesia there is no specific order
in picturing this tense except using No English Bahasa Indonesia
additional words sedang before Verb even 1. Her husband’s death Kematian suaminya
though the word sedang, sometimes in
some translation, is disappeared in order 2. Her sister Josephine Saudaranya Josephine
who told her yang mengatakannya
to keep the meaning of the text and to kepadanya
make the sentence easy to understand.
This English sentence is translated into 3. It was he Dialah
Bahasa Indonesia by choosing a Verb that 4. His wares Barang daganganya
has equal meaning with the original Verb.
33A Contrastive Analysis Between Bahasa Indonesia and English in Kate Chopin’s A Story of An
Hour
5. To screen him Untuk menutupinya STUDENTS’ANXIETY IN SPEAKING
6. She did not hear Dia tidakmendengar IMPROMPTU
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From those examples, it can be
seen clearly that the characteristics of Ajeng, Galuh Dwi. "THE CORRELATION
Bahasa Indonesia and English in gender BETWEEN
orientation is different. In example number STUDENTS’VOCABULARY
1, 2, 4 and 5, the words her, his and him MASTERY AND THEIR ABILITY IN
can simply be replaced by the word –nya. WRITING HORTATORY
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replaced by the word dia. Ilmiah Kependidikan 2 (2017): 93-
99.
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concluded that Bahasa Indonesia and INDONESIAN EFL
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Ajeng, Galuh Dwi. ED BOONE’S MOTIVES
orientation, only English that concerns
FOR KILLING THE DOG IN MARK
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HADDON’S THE CURIOUS INCIDENT
the opposite. Finally, it is also clear that in
OF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME.
translating this story, the translator uses
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35A Contrastive Analysis Between Bahasa Indonesia and English in Kate Chopin’s A Story of An Hour 36
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