A The political and social path of the Baukultur Report - Bundesstiftung Baukultur
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2A
The political and
social path of the Baukultur
Report 2020/21 Baukultur Convention
Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2020 May 2021
Public presentation and Distribution
debates from June 2020 • at events of the Federal Foundation
onwards and its partners
• to planners in different disciplines
• to municipalities
Distribution to cities • to the real estate and housing industries
and municipalities • at trade fairs
• to those interested in Baukultur
• as a download on the website of
Baukultur Report
Communication the Federal Foundation
Professional /
Research
general public
Preparation
Surveys Baukultur Report Preparation
Baukultur Report
Forums 2020/21 2022/23
Completion
Spring 2020
Events
Political Process
Expert discussions
Parliamentary debate Ministers of Construction Conference
Cabinet deliberations Resolution proposal
Bundestag Committee for Building, Housing,
Urban Development and Local Government
Committee Meeting
Bundestag Committee for Building, Housing,
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes Urban Development and Local GovernmentPublic spaces of the
Baukultur Report
Federal Foundation of Baukultur on the basis of
PlanSinn 2019
Publicly
accessible
interior spaces
for instance
shopping centres
or railway stations
Crossings
Passageways Publicly
Underpasses accessible
(open) spaces
of buildings
Public
squares
Publicly
accessible
Streetscapes
Parks, gardens, open spaces
playgrounds, and
sports areas
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesLiving in more space
Development of living area per person
Source: Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2014;
Destatis 2012 + 2019
m 2 per
person 46.7
2018
41.9
40 2007
36.7
34.4 1995
1986
30 28.8
1975
22.3
20
1965
14.0
1950
1960 1980 2000 2020
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesResidential housing
stock and vacancy rate
in Germany
Source: BBSR 2019; Destatis 2019;
2.1 M 36.9 M the federal government 2020
1.5 M vacant occupied
new apartments apartments ** apartments
in planning *
2018–2021
285,900
apartments
completed
(2018)
*Federal government target **Status: 2017, estimate of the BBSR © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesUnequal developments
Source: Destatis 2019; IÖR 2019;
Federal Environment Agency 2019
%
120
Settlement areas and
traffic infrastructure
49,254 km2
43,939 km2 Inhabitants
83.0 M
100
82.3 M
Open areas*
89.7 % 87.9 %
80
2000 2005 2010 2015 2018
* Agricultural areas, forest and wooded areas,
uncultivated plots of land, mining and tailings pile areas,
and bodies of water
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesHow much is being built
in Germany?
Construction volumes in Germany Construction volumes for
2019 compared
€430.2 M Source: BMF 2019; BMWi 2017; DAT 2020;
DIW 2020
Total government expenditure
in Germany 2019
€356.4 M
Revenue from the new car market
in Germany 2019
Revenue from the tourism industry €121.1 M
in Germany 2015
€287.2 M © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesThe doughnut effect Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2016 Dying municipalities Vital municipalities (doughnut effect) (filled doughnut effect) © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes
Circular economy:
construction
Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2019
Raw material extraction
Primary raw material Construction
Building material
and building
component production
Use and
Emissions
operation
Completion
Maintenance
Renovation
End of life
Planning
Conversion planning
Return to the
materials cycle Dismantling
Partial deconstruction
Recycling
Reuse Deconstruction
Processing Reprocessing Demolition
Downcycling Landfilling
Incineration
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesEmployers: construction
Total workforce in selected
290,355 professions relating to planning
Rental and leasing
and construction in Germany
Source: Federal Employment Agency 2019;
220,388
Federal Chamber of Architects 2019;
Sales and
Federal Chamber of Engineers 2018; DV, gif, IW 2017
management
16,496 12,430
Real estate Investment
business companies
539,669 34,934 642,032
Property and Property developers Construction materials industry
housing sector
256,689
Trade in building
66,000 materials
Building 39,000 161,787
industry Services for Real estate
22,000 financing
companies Public
administration
17,000
Other
4.22 M
Employees
144,000 in the German
Structural building sector
engineers
116,703
138,031
Architects and
Structural
planners
architects
7,872
Landscape
6,909
Urban
6,547
Interior
174,803
Gardening and
architects planners architects
landscaping
914,936 1,211,986
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes Main construction sector Building finishing sectorHistorical structures in urban planning Source: OpenStreetMap contributors 2019 Medieval old town and cathedral (Freiburg im Breisgau) Wilhelmine-era perimeter block development (Helmholtzplatz, Berlin) Large housing estate of post-war modernism (Steilshoop, Hamburg) 0 500 m © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes
Urban tourism is booming
Overnight stays in selected cities
and in Germany as a whole
Source: www.hotel.de 2019; TourMis 2019
+70%
+29%
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Selected cities: Augsburg, Berlin,
Bremen, Dresden, Hamburg, Hannover,
Heidelberg, Cologne, Leipzig, Marburg,
Nuremberg, Regensburg, Stuttgart,
Würzburg
Germany as a whole
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesCommerce needs public spaces
Source: IHK survey for the Baukultur Report 2020/21
For what sectors are public
spaces important?
Commerce
98 %
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes431A
Pricey pavement
Annual costs for residential parking
compared with the theoretical
purchase price for a parking space
based on the value of the ground
of neighbouring parcels
Sources: North Rhine-Westphalia 2019; Düsseldorf 2019;
Frankfurt am Main 2019; Hamburg 2019; Berlin 2019
Theoretical Resident parking
purchase price permit per year
15 m2 parking
space
€540,000
€25
Düsseldorf – Königstraße
€255,000
€25
Frankfurt am Main – Neue Mainzer Straße
€229,620 €25
Hamburg – Altstädter Straße
€225,000 €10.20
Berlin – Kurfürstendamm
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesPublic spaces in the centre
of Cologne
Central Station In his plan of Rome published in 1748,
Giambattista Nolli also presented the
interiors of churches and important
palaces as public spaces. Applying his
principle to the centre of Cologne
shows how important public spaces –
shown in blue – are for our cities.
Source: Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2019;
basic map of Cologne: North Rhine-Westphalia 2019
Cologne Cathedral
Museum Ludwig
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesPublic Spaces
Source: Bavarian State Office for Statistics 2019; North Rhine-Westphalia 2018; Frankfurt am Main 2018;
Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office 2018; State Statistical Office of Saxony 2019
24.8 % 22.8 % 11.8 % 16.9 % 17.9 %
Streets, pavements, squares 19.5 % 26.5 %
Parks, green spaces 7.9% 7.5%
22.5 %
15.9%
Other sports, leisure time, 6.9 % 7.6% 3.9 %
18.5% 16.9 %
and recreation areas, 2.1 % 2.1 % 1.4 %
without allotment gardens 6.6% 4.8 % e areas are
to half of th
Cemeteries One third hip
al owners
in municip
Forests and wooded areas
Watercourses, harbor basins,
Berlin Cologne Frankfurt a. M. Dresden Munich Hamburg Leipzig
and standing waters
49.9 % 44.5 % 36.7 % 36.4 % 34.8 % 32.4 % 29.3 %
Publicly accessible
A broader look at spaces, areas, and elements of daily use
provides a comprehensive picture: Public spaces are diverse,
interior spaces
varied, and more plentiful than generally thought. They
have an indirectly or directly formative influence on people.
Conversely, people shape public spaces by means of
their formative influence on the built surroundings and the
appreciation or rejection that they show for them by
means of their user behaviour.
Railway stations
Crossings, passageways,
underpasses
Street spaces
Ground floors
Play and
sports areas
Public squares
Publicly accessible
open spaces
Parks and
green spaces
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesNoise exposure in Germany
Source: Federal Environment Agency 2019
In the past twelve months, to what
degree have you felt personally disturbed
or annoyed by the following things?
Street noise
75 %
Neighbourhood noise
60 %
Industrial / commercial noise
42 %
Air transport noise
42 %
Train noise
35 %
0 20 40 60 80 100 %
extremely very moderately
somewhat not at all don't know
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesEndurance resulting from
attractive surroundings
Attractive surroundings increase
acceptance of longer walks by
up to 70%.
Source: H. Knoflacher 1995
+70%
0 200 m 400 m 600 m
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesClimate change is already
noticeable
The municipalities surveyed confirm
the following occurrences today
Source: Municipal survey for the Baukultur Report
2020/21
Heavy rains
70%
Droughts
69 %
Heat stress
57%
Storms
46 %
High water / flooding
41 %
Has your municipality already
adopted measures to adapt to
climate change?
Source: Municipal survey for the Baukultur Report
2020/21
No
15 %
Yes
85%
The following precautions have
already been taken or are planned:
Flood protection systems
72 % 28 %
Seepage options
71 % 29 %
Tree planting
69 % 31 %
Rainwater usage
67 % 33 %
Roof and façade greening
52 % 48 %
Ground coverings to counteract overheating
28 % 72 %
extant in planning
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesAdded value through urban
greenspace
Source: Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2019; ARUP 2014
€
€ Economic added value
+ Increase in retail sales
Social and ecological added value
€
€
+ Tourism and local recreation infrastructure
+ Increase in land value
+ Increase in real estate value
+ Cooling + Increase in prestige €
+ Fresh air production + Energy cost reduction
+ Wind protection + Sound insulation
+ Biodiversity + Heat insulation
+ Mental health
+ Physical health
+ Rainwater retention
+ Wellbeing
+ Communal area
+ Sense of responsibility
+ Water management /
reduction of the effects
of heavy rain events
+ Structure /
design of traffic zones
+ Noise reduction
+ Increase in
productivity
€
+ Social solidarity and identity + Clean water
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesReal instead of virtual spaces
Source: Martini, Future Lab 2019; University of Pittsburgh
Center for Research on Media Technology and Health 2017
> 2 hours/day social networks
= twice as high a risk of social
isolation compared to moderate
use (0.5 hours/day)
55% of adults wish for more
time with their friends
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesPopulation development
scenarios until 2060
Moderate growth until 2030,
then a continuous decline
Source: Destatis 2019: 14th coordinated population
forecast – lowest, moderate, and highest development
Inhabitants
(in millions)
90 87.5
moderate
increase 78.2
80
83 (2060)
(2018)
70
71
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Prognose bei unterschiedlicher Entwicklung von Geburten-
häufigkeit, Lebenserwartung und Wanderungssaldo.
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesPopulation forecast for
the year 2060
Source: Destatis 2019: 14th coordinated population
forecast for Germany – moderate development of birth
rate, life expectancy and net migration
100
95
90
27%
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40 56%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
16%
0
400 200 0 0 200 400
Men Women (in thousand)
Age Million Percentage
67+ 21.4 27%
18–66 44.1 56%Dense city centres in Europe © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes
Population density in city centres
(inh./km2)
Source: AfS BB 2019; cbs 2019; Insee 2019;
Munich 2019; ONS 2019; Frankfurt 2019; Statistics
Austria 2019; Northern Statistical Office 2019
Inh./km2
13,241
10,844
6,698 6,570
5,417 5,273
4,468
3,002
Paris Berlin Munich Rotterdam Vienna Frankfurt a. M. Hamburg LondonCities with green lungs
Source: Interactive team of the Berliner Morgenpost 2016
Percentage of public and private urban
greenspace in German metropolises of
500,000 inhabitants or more*
Hamburg
Dortmund
approx. Stuttgart
70 % Dresden
Bremen
Percentage of public and private urban
greenspace in all big German cities*
Siegen
Göttingen
approx. Bergisch Gladbach
85 % Salzgitter
Pforzheim
* Assessed on the basis of
185 satellite images
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesRelevance of urban trees
Source: Municipal survey for the Baukultur Report 2020/21
80% of municipalities perceive
trees as formative for the
appearance of cities.
In every 2nd municipality , trees
74% of municipalities have
have been removed as a precaution
tree preservation statutes.
in order to prevent tree failures.
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesComparative growth
of Germany
Development of the total area
of factory outlet centres in m2
2010–2018
Source: ecostra basic research; trade data 2019
Germany
+176 %
78,000 215,050
Poland
+119 %
91,840 201,500
The Netherlands
+35 %
62,100 84,000
Austria
+13 %
65,300 74,000
Denmark
+59 % 2010
12,580 – 20,000 2018
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesBuilding activities in objects
with the label 'district'
Source: Bulwiengesa AG 2020
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
0 400 800 1,200
Thous. m 2 multi-family buildings
Residential Commercial (offices, retail,
hotels, other)
Assessment based on the object database of
Bulwiengesa AG; no claim to completeness
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes3.3.2.A
Perceiving public spaces © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes
Federal Foundation of Baukultur as per Jan Gehl 2010
Above 100 metres
50–70 metres
22–25 metres
1–7 metres
Baukultur Baukultur Baukultur Baukultur
Details like windows, doors, and Façades, balconies, and Buildings, volumes, structure Ensemble, urban development
façade elements ground floors
People People People People
All senses are active and details are Recognizing emotions like facial Typical movements and charac- People's movements and
perceived. Exchange and conversation expressions and feelings is teristics like gender, age, and hair body language are perceived
are possible. The smaller the distance facilitated. Slightly raised voices colour are recognizable and loud indistinctly.
is, the more intensively communication can be heard. calls for help can be heard.
can take place.Presence of advertising spaces
No municipality without advertising
spaces, despite an adverse effect
on appearance
Source: Municipal survey for the Baukultur Report
2020/21
96% of municipalities
lease advertising spaces in
public spaces.
€
96% of municipalities perceive
private advertising systems as
having an adverse effect.
33% (very) frequently
63% in individual cases
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesIncrease in new registrations
of SUVs and caravans
Source: Federal Motor Transport Authority 2010–2020;
Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2019
SUVs
+282%
Caravans
+197 %
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Greater space requirements
and restricted views
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesBetter on foot
En route from Wenigermarkt to
Domplatz in Erfurt: faster arrival
and more impressions of the city
Source: Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy 2019
9 min
750 m
13 min 3.7 km
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesDevelopment of playground
areas per inhabitant and number
of private vehicles in Berlin
Source: Office for Statistics Berlin-Brandenburg
2008–2018; Senate Department for Health, the
Environment, and Consumer Protection Berlin 2019
Number of vehicles
+12%
Playground
area per inh.
±0%
The number of inhabitants increased
by 11% in the same period.
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes'Stronger, faster, © Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes
heavier, bigger'
Source: Federal Motor Transport Authority 2019
1974 1997 2019
VW Golf I VW Golf IV 1050 VW Golf VIII 1205
790
1.43 1.45
50 PS 1.39 75 PS 85 PS
3.70 1.61 4.14 1.73 4.20 1.8Twice as wide, three times as good
Source: FSV, RVS 2012; Vienna 2011
2m
As of 400 Confined foot traffic.
Conflicts hard to avoid
persons /
hour
4m
Up to 1,500 More comfortable foot
persons / traffic. Barely any to
few conflicts between
hour pedestrians
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesDesire for better traffic
infrastructure
Source: Population Survey for the
Baukultur Report 2020/21
Traffic participants wish for:
improved condition of streets
and cycling and foot paths
67 %
better coordinated public transport services
57 %
more frequent public transport connections
53 %
more cycling paths
50 %
more parking options for cars
45 %
more pedestrian-friendly pavements
37 %
better traffic management
36 %
more parking spaces for bicycles
30 %
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesModal split
All trips in selected cities in per cent
for the year 2017
Source: BMVI 2018; Deloitte City Mobility Index 2018;
Mobilitätsagentur Wien GmbH; Copenhagen 2017
Copenhagen
19
34
29
18
Amsterdam
29 22
17
32
Freiburg
27
34
7
22
17
Karlsruhe
24
38
23
15
Berlin
27 33
15
25
Munich
24
34
18
24
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesTruck traffic in public spaces
Source: Allianz pro Schiene 2018, 2019;
BMVI 2019; Deutsche Bahn 2019
Freight transport in Germany 2017
Long-distance
Inland oil pipelines
vessels
2.6%
8%
Rail freight
18.7 % 696B
tonne-kilo-
metres
Truck traffic
70.7 %
Federal per capita investment 2018
Tracks
€77
Roads
€89
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesDouble the budget!
Source: Population and municipal surveys for the
Baukultur Report 2020/21
Complaints about the
condition of …
Streets Squares Parks
74 % 62% 44 %
€
63% of surveyed municipalities
find the maintenance budget /
standard rates for park maintenance
and path cleaning insufficient.
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesResponsibility and maintenance
Source: Population and municipal surveys for the
Baukultur Report 2020/21
89 % consider the condition People are less / not at all
of public spaces (very) satisfied with the …
important
55 %
43%
40%
36%
26 %
Range of Development Attractiveness Design of Condition of
public facilities, and condition of city / town buildings, streets, parks and
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + Schwantes e.g. WCs of roads centres squares green spacesEvery second person is annoyed
by the state of public sanitary
facilities
Source: Blue Responsibility / GfK 2017
Railway station
58 %
City toilets
51 %
Motorway service areas
48 %
Event and concert halls
39.8 %
Who is less satisfied?
53.1 % 43.1 %
Women Men
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesBaukultur enhances rural life
Public spaces for vital town centres
Source: Berlin Institute for Population and Development
2019
Multi-generation
• Analyse and serve needs houses
• Promote old rather than new buildings Local community
• Advertise vacancies building
Mobility options
• Promote shops in the town centre
rather than supermarkets on the
such as civic buses
periphery
• Village beautification strategy Multi-functional
• Full-time contact person for Baukultur village shops
• Name successful models from other
regions Playgrounds
• Regular town meetings and citizen and sports areas
consultations
• Advice for new residents Attractive public squares
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesIncreasing use of public spaces
for demonstrations
Increase in demonstrations and rallies
from 2008 to 2018
Source: rbb – Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg 2018
Stuttgart
+207 %
Cologne
More
+140 % demo than 12
nstra
Frankfurt per d tions
ay!
+134 %
Berlin
+90 %
Dresden
+76 %
Munich
+47 %
Düsseldorf
+35 %
Demos/year 2,000 4,000
2008 2018
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesMeeting places for youth
Source: Population survey for the
Baukultur Report 2020/21
14- to 17-year-olds find the
following public places suitable
for spending time together
Leisure time and sports facilities
67 %
Parks and green spaces
64 %
Gastronomic offers
Street cafés, kiosks, beer gardens, etc.
63 %
Football fields
53 %
Playgrounds
44 %
Skate parks
29 %
Benches and street furniture
22 %
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesLand policy instruments
The following instruments are actively
used by the municipalities surveyed
Source: Municipal survey for the
Baukultur Report 2020/21
Sales
77 %
Business development
consulting
73 %
Purchases
70 %
Leasing
58 %
Concept processes
47 %
Rentals
30 %
Revolving funds
5%
None
7%
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesOvercoming sectoral thinking
Coordinating responsibilties in public
space across sectors
Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2020
Urban lighting
Façades
Roadside and balconies
greenery
Pavements and Private transport Stationary
ground floors vehicles
Public transport Urban furniture
Supply and disposal,
telecommunications
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesProject levels Phase Zero
and Phase Ten
Federal Foundation of Baukultur 2020
with reference to HOAI's service phases 1–9
Phase Ten
operation,
management,
maintenance
Service
phases 6–9
implementation
Service
phases 1–5
planning
Phase Zero
preliminary investigations,
pre-planning, project definition,
participation, negotiation
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesThere is great citizen engagement
for Baukultur
Associations, initiatives, calendar, and
excursions for Baukultur in Germany
Source: Förderverein Bundesstiftung Baukultur e.V. 2019
1
2–5
6 or more
© Bundesstiftung Baukultur, Design: Heimann + SchwantesYou can also read
