ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives

 
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ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives
DEVELOPMENT
ALTERNATIVES
               MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS
ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives
Report by                   :              TARA, Development Alternatives Group
                                           B-32, Tara Crescent, Qutub Institutional Area
                                           New Delhi 110016, India
                                           Tel: +91-11-2654-4100, 2654-4200, Fax: +91-11-2685-1158
                                           Email: mail@devalt.org, Website: www.devalt.org

Author(s)                   :              Afreen Faridi, Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University
                                           Anshul Bhamra, Manager, Development Alternatives
                                           Kavya Arora, Deputy Manager, Development Alternatives

Contributor(s)              :              Gitika Goswami, Programme Director, Development Alternatives
                                           Syed Farhan, Deputy Manager, Development Alternatives

Guide                       :              Zeenat Niazi, Vice President, Development Alternatives

Editor(s)                   :              Parul Goel, Pravara Amreliya, Prerna Sodhi, Development Alternatives

Photo Credits               :
                          Cover photo: 14 December 2013, Rajasthan - Women employed by
                          MGNREGA in Rajasthan. [Photo: Shashank Jayaprasad/UNDP India]
© 2017 Development Alternatives

About Development Alternatives Group (DA)
Development Alternatives (DA), the world's first social enterprise dedicated to sustainable development, is a research and action
organisation striving to deliver socially equitable, environmentally sound and economically scalable development outcomes. DA's
green technology innovations for habitat, water, energy and waste management, which deliver basic needs and generate sustainable
livelihoods, have reduced poverty and rejuvenated natural ecosystems in the most backward regions of India.

About GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is an international agency for sustainable development. GIZ
India, as mandated by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) has been implementing a bi-
lateral project, ‘Environmental benefits of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)’ in partnership
with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India since 2013. The objective of the project is to augment the
environmental benefits from enhanced natural resource management focus within MGNREGA activities, to help secure the
livelihoods of the rural poor and to protect them against the effects of climate change.

DISCLAIMER
This document is an outcome of a project titled, “NREGS and SDGS”. The Report is intended for use by policy-makers, academics, media, government,
non-government organisations and general public for guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. The opinions
contained in this document are those of the authors only. However, the decision and responsibility to use the information contained in this Policy
Paper lies solely with the reader. The author(s) and the publisher(s) are not liable for any consequences as a result of use or application of this
document. Content may be used/quoted with due acknowledgement to Development Alternatives.

                                                                    2
ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives
Table of Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4

Chapter 1 :
About the Study .................................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 2:
Tracking MGNREGS contribution to SDGs............................................................................. 12

Chapter 3:
Cases in Perspective ............................................................................................................ 24

Chapter 4:
Action Plan for Ministry of Rural Development .................................................................... 28

Annex A:
Goals of MGNREGS and Outcome Indicators ........................................................................ 37

Annex B:
Sustainable Development Goals: Links to MGNREGS ............................................................ 46

                                                                    3
ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of SDGs indicators to track NREGS ................................................................. 13

Table 2: Report at HLPF on targets and indicators where data is readily available ..................... 31

Table 3: Targets and indicators that can be reported at HLPF following given action ................ 32

Table 4: List of Empirical Studies to be conducted for MGNREGS contribution to SDGs ............. 34

Table 5: List of Data Studies to be conducted for MGNREGS contribution to SDGs .................... 35

Table 6: List of targets where links with MGNREGS can be explored .......................................... 36

Table 7: List of Goals of MGNREGS ............................................................................................... 37

Table 8: Summary of MGNREGS Goals, Indicators and Data Points required and available ....... 40

Table 9: List of Sustainable Development Goals........................................................................... 46

Table 10: Category 1 of SDGs - Targets that are directly linked with MGNREGS ......................... 48

Table 11: Category 2 of SDGs - Targets that are indirectly linked with MGNREGS ...................... 50

Table 12: Category 3 of SDGs - SDGs where linkages with MGNREGS can be explored .............. 57

                                                                 4
List of Abbreviations

BRGF      Backward Regions Grant Fund
GDP       Gross Domestic Product
GP        Gram Panchayat
GS        Gram Sabha
ILO       International Labour Organization
INDC      Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
IWMP      Integrated Watershed Management Programme
MGNREGA   Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act
MoSPI     Ministry of Statistics Planning and Programme Implementation
NAP       National Afforestation Programme
NDC       Nationally Determined Contribution
NER       Net Enrolment Ratio
NHM       National Horticulture Mission
PO        Programme Officer
PMKSY     Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
SDG       Sustainable Development Goal
SoR       Schedule of Rates
TOF       Trees Outside Forest
UN-IAEG   United Nations – Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDGs Indicators
VNR       Voluntary National Review
WHO       World Health Organization
WPR       Workforce Participation Ratio

                                   5
Abstract
In 2015, world leaders from the 193 UN member states came together to adopt a set of 17
Goals and 169 targets aimed to achieve sustainability in development practices. The agenda
looks beyond the Millennium Development Agenda, and sets a post 2015 UN Sustainable
Development Agenda framework. The UN Sustainable Development Agenda provides an
opportunity to renew and integrate efforts in order to meet, to a significant degree, national
and global aspirations for sustainable living in a defined time frame. As signatory to the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, India has committed to participate in the successful
implementation and international review of progress of SDGs on a regular basis, towards which
the Voluntary National Review (VNR) was brought out this year.

The NITI Aayog entrusts the Ministry of Rural Development as the nodal agency for
implementing SDG 1 (No poverty), and mentions MGNREGA as a ‘core of the core’ scheme
integral to achieve the goal, since the MGNREGA features as a flagship scheme for ensuring
social protection in rural India. The Scheme currently reports its contribution to benefit women
(SDG 5), vulnerable and poor sections (SDG 10), and employment benefits (SDG 8).
The study was initiated with the hypothesis that there are many other potential links of
MGNREGS of its contribution in achieving SDGs, given its unique design of creating employment
opportunities, and creating infrastructure and economic utilities for better livelihoods.

The aim of the study is to support the Ministry of Rural Development, India, in implementing,
tracking and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The study maps and tracks the current
potential of MGNREGS and its contribution towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
The study undertakes a comprehensive assessment of the scope of MGNREGS’ contribution in
achieving SDGs, and provides an action plan for the government to make its reporting to VNR
more effective. According to the study, MGNREGS contributes to 13 Goals and 27 targets of
Sustainable Development Goals. There are 32 indicators identified by the study that MGNREGS
should measure in order to track its contribution in achieving SDGs. A phase-wise action plan
for the Ministry of Rural Development is also developed in order to start collecting and tracking
data on all these parameters. The overall objective is to map the holistic impact of MGNREGS
on achieving SDGs.

This study must be interpreted as a foundational study to build a framework for tracking
national flagship programmes on SDGs. There are some identified limitations to the study. It
has currently used publicly available data on MGNREGS. However, there are certain data points
that are understood to be available with the Ministry of Rural Development, but are currently
not identified in the study. The study has identified some targets in potential links category; but
some targets are not assessed completely due to inability to find relevant data or appropriate
methodologies. However, it is suspected that relevant data and methodologies do exist, or can
be developed by those with greater understanding of the sector. It is hoped that further studies
will build on the framework, add more indicators, fill data gaps, and benchmark the indicators
identified in the current study.

                                                6
CHAPTER 1
About the Study
Background
India’s Development Context
India’s had a remarkable economic growth rate of 8.7 per cent per annum between 2004-05
and 2009-10. Prospects in terms of the growth rate look promising; the World Bank has
predicted a growth rate of 8 per cent for India by 2017. (Press Trust of India, 2015) The paradox
of India’s story is that the economic growth has not translated into fully solving the most
pertinent problems of the nation and some of the rudimentary needs of its people.
In 2014, a report by the Indian Government Planning Commission estimated that 363 million
Indians, making up 29.5% of the total population, were living below the poverty line in 2011-12
(Katyal, 2015), while one per cent of the Indian populace controlled 50 per cent of the nation’s
total wealth. The concern is that high growth rate had an inadequate impact on job generation.
Financial Times (as cited in Bhaduri, 2008) reported that TATA steel plant in Jamshedpur, from
1991 to 2005, increased its steel production by a factor of five, while the employment dropped
to half. The Economic Survey 2013 has cautioned that by 2020, India could face 16.7 million
‘missing jobs’. (Mathew, 2014) The Indian population has a long way to go to achieve basic
living standards. India had a 20.6 per cent share of the world's poorest in 2011. (Donnan,
2014) India stands low on rank 135 among 187 countries on the Human Development Index,
with 58% of the population lacking means to meet essential needs. The environment has been
exploited massively in the last few decades. According to the Global Footprint Network in 2012,
India’s ecological footprint exceeded its bio-capacity by 160%. With 70 per cent of surface
water polluted, and 60 per cent of ground water sources expected to be in critical state by next
decade, the impending water crisis is at India’s door steps. (Asia Development Bank Institute,
2012)
India is confronted with the challenge of sustaining development amidst the threat of climate
change. India stands 18th in the world on the Climate Risk Index, with a score of 38.50 (Kreft &
Eckstein, 2013), indicating the high level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme events.
Evidence has shown that impacts of climate change will be felt most acutely by the people
whose livelihoods are most dependent on natural systems, estimated around 700 million in
India. (Satapathy, et al., 2011) Furthermore, being the third largest carbon emitter in the world,
India will also have to devise ways to reduce its carbon emissions while choosing its
development options. Achievement of India’s vital development goals related to other systems
such as habitats, health and energy demand, and infrastructure would impact, as well as be
impacted by, climate change. (Planning Commission, 2011)

                                                7
India’s Global Commitments
The year 2015 witnessed the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the world
leaders at the 70th UN Summit. The SDGs, officially known as “Transforming Our World: The
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, are an intergovernmental set of 17 aspirational
Goals with 169 targets, committed by the 193 member states of the United Nations. India is
one of the nations that signed the adoption of post 2015 development agenda, and in principle
aimed to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The post 2015 UN
Sustainable Development Agenda framework provides an opportunity to renew and integrate
efforts in order to meet, to a significant degree, national and global aspirations in a defined
time frame.
The UNFCCC Conference of Parties in December 2015 adopted the Paris Agreement, which
provides a multilateral framework for low-carbon transformation of the world economy. In
order to reach a global climate agreement to reduce emissions, so that the world stays below
the 2 degree target, countries publicly outlined the climate actions they intend to take after
2020, known as their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), at COP21, the
Paris Agreement. At COP 21, India also committed to transition to low carbon economy, with
specific targets on climate mitigation and adaptation.
As signatory to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, India has committed to
participate in the successful implementation and international review of progress of SDGs on a
regular basis, towards which the Voluntary National Review (VNR) was brought out this year.
The VNR has been useful for both general public and institutional bodies - allowing for a
reorientation towards existent policies, especially those requiring stringent implementation and
those which need increased focus. In the High Level Political Forum 2017, India has reported on
its detailed three year action plan/agenda to align with the SDG targets.

At the HLPF 2017, India reported on Goals 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 14 and 17. NITI Aayog, the premier think
tank of the Government of India, has recently released a draft Three-Year Action Agenda
covering years 2017-18 to 2019-20. In parallel, work on a 15-year vision and 7-year strategy
document is in its advanced stages. Reflecting the country’s long-standing federal tradition,
these documents are being prepared with active participation of the sub-national governments.
(Government of India, 2017)

                                               8
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

Source: Development Alternatives

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Act, 2005) is a flagship
programme of the Department of Rural Development under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural
Development. The programme was first implemented in February 2006, and aims to strengthen
the livelihood security and resource base of the country’s poor, by guaranteeing hundred days
of wage employment in a financial year to rural households. (Ministry of Rural Development,
2013)

The benefits of MGNREGS are delivered across 685 districts in the country (Ministry of Rural
Development, 2017), and nearly 251 million beneficiaries are enrolled as active workers
(MGNREGS- At a Glance page). The programme has numerous positive implications and tries to
address a wide spectrum of issues, vis-à-vis, mandating inclusion of women as one-third of the
beneficiaries (gender equality); inclusion of SC/ST workers (social equality); implementing
works on agriculture, watershed management and forest fire prevention (natural resource
management and conservation); and construction of houses and sanitation facilities (basic
needs fulfilment).

A study was carried out by Institute of Economic Growth to assess the impact of works under
MGNREGS on sustainable livelihoods. According to the study, income of poor households rose
by 11 per cent, and farm productivity by up to 32 per cent, due to various works carried out
under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). The
income mentioned in the findings of the study is other than the wages given for works carried
out under MGNREGS. (PTI, 2017)

                                              9
An indicative document by the NITI Aayog entrusts the Ministry of Rural Development as the
nodal agency for implementing SDG 1 (No Poverty), and mentions MGNREGS as a ‘core of the
core’ scheme integral to achieve the goal. The MGNREGS features as an important social
protection scheme. It is structured to benefit women (SDG 5) and the disadvantaged sections of
the society (SDG 10). Innovations in the use of MGNREGS funds have also holistically
contributed to attributes of SDG 2 (Sustainable Agriculture), SDG 6 and 15 (Conserving Water
Systems), and SDG 13 (Climate Change Adaptation).
MGNREGS has been reported in the Voluntary National Review Report 2017 by the
Government of India, in its contribution for achieving SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 8 and SDG 10. Under
SDG 1, Ending Poverty in all forms, MGNREGS is seen as an important strategy for achieving this
goal. It focuses on generating meaningful employment by developing agricultural
infrastructure, productive assets and entrepreneurship-based livelihood opportunities.
MGNREGS’s contribution as the world’s largest cash transfer programme is recognised under
SDG 8 which says, “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all”. MGNREGS has generated over 2 billion
person-days of employment during the last year. It has helped reduce extreme poverty, as well
as enhance the infrastructure and purchasing power in rural areas. The benefits have largely
been reaped by women and the disadvantaged sections of the society, thereby contributing to
SDG 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls) and SDG 10 (Reduce
inequalities within and among countries), respectively. For raising the level of female labour
force participation, a number of initiatives are being implemented, including Stand-up India and
MGNREGS. (Government of India, 2017)

Scope of the study
Objectives
The aim of the study is to support the Ministry of Rural Development, India, in implementing,
tracking and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. MGNREGS is the flagship
programme of the ministry. The study aims to map and track the current and potential
contribution of MGNREGS to the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the study is to
make a comprehensive assessment of the scope of MGNREGS’s contribution in achieving SDGs.
The two specific objectives of the study are:
 To map the scope of MGNREGS in achieving SDGs
    The study matches the current activities undertaken under MGNREGS with the actions
    required under various SDGs targets. This exercise maps the SDGs related to MGNREGS.
 To develop a phase-wise action plan for execution
    The study proposes an action plan to the Ministry of Rural Development to implement
    tracking of MGNREGS on the identified SDGs, and therefore track the true impact of
    MGNREGS, beyond only employment days that are generated. The action plan includes –

                                              10
new data, revisions in data points, methodologies of data collection, and phase wise plan to
   scale up at the national level.

Approach
The study has taken the following steps for achieving its objectives:
 STEP 1: Map goals under MGNREGS and indicators to track the progress of the goals
   As a first step, suitable indicators are identified against the goals of MGNREGS. Since the
   goals and work categories are not aligned as one-to-one in the scheme, the study has
   identified parameters in cognizance, and clubbed them under different goals of MGNREGS.
   The source of data for the indicator is also identified. In cases where data is not available for
   the indicator, the available set of data is mentioned along with the gap of information in
   finding the indicator value.
 STEP 2: Map SDG targets & indicators in relation to the goals of MGNREGS
   SDG targets are mapped against the links it has with MGNREGS goals. The study has
   classified the 169 targets into three categories:
   - Targets that are directly linked: These targets will have an impact of the work under
       MGNREGS, as per the current design, goals and work categories of the MGNREGS.
   - Targets that are indirectly linked: These targets are not in the mandate of MGNREGS,
       but have an indirect effect, as corroborated by studies and research.
   - Targets that are potentially linked: These targets have unexplored links with MGNREGS,
       which may have manifested in some states, as a part of the approach/strategy taken at
       the state level.
   - Targets that are not considered in the study.
   The study maps the first two categories of the targets and their indicators against
   MGNREGS goals and indicators, to explore the potential of tracking MGNREGS on various
   SDGs, beyond the current scope of mapping it for employment creation and social
   protection for the poor. The indicators used for this assessment are based on the most
   revised version of UN-IAEG’s green listed indicators and indicators developed by the
   Ministry of Statistics of Planning and Implementation.
 STEP 3: Indicator Matrix of MGNREGS over SDGs
   A matrix is developed that overlays SDG targets and indicators over goals and indicators of
   MGNREGS. The matrix classifies indicators on the basis of whether data is available,
   whether data can be derived and whether data is currently not tracked.
 STEP 4: Phase wise action plan for execution
   A phase wise plan for the Ministry of Rural Development will be developed. The purpose is
   to move towards a more holistic tracking of MGNREGS by measuring its scope and potential
   of achieving the 17 SDGs. This will include – identification of data gaps in MIS data, testing
   of data methodologies, pilots of data collection, phase wise scaling up of data derivations
   and including it in MIS systems of MGNREGS.

                                                11
CHAPTER 2

Tracking MGNREGS’ contribution to SDGs
According to the study, MGNREGS contributes to 13 Goals and 27 Targets of Sustainable
Development Goals. There are 42 Indicators identified by the study that MGNREGS should
measure in order to track its contribution in achieving SDGs. Out of 42 indicators, data for 15
indicators is available, partial data for 17 indicators, and no data for 10 indicators.

The table below summarises the Sustainable Development Goals, targets and indicators that
are relevant to MGNREGS. The table also maps the SDG targets to its possible contribution in
MGNREGS and possible indicators that MGNREGS can track against the given SDG indicator. The
table further identifies data availability of the indicator mapped for tracking MGNREGS on
SDGs.

Following are keys to study the table:
 Targets are colour coded in two categories:

                           Targets that are directly linked to MGNREGS - Targets of the SDGs
           Target X        that are aligned to overall objective of MGNREGS, as reported to
                           Voluntary National Reporting by India.

                           Targets that are indirectly linked to MGNREGS -: These comprise of
           Target Y        targets that are in the goals of MGNREGS, but currently not tracked
                           as outcomes or impact by MGNREGS in national reporting by MoRD.

   Indicators are classified into three categories:

         Indicator A       Green indicators identified by UN-IAEG

                           Indicators that are in the UN-IAEG list and are also found in the list of
         Indicator B       SDG indicators developed by the Ministry of Statistics, Planning and
                           Implementation (MoSPI), India

         Indicator C       Indicators only in the list that MoSPI developed for tracking SDGs

   Data is marked available, partially available or not available based on whether data for all
    the measures in the indicators are available, some data is available (partial), or no data is
    available.
Table 1: Summary of SDGs indicators to track MGNREGS
                                                                                          MGNREGS                 MGNREGS                Data        Avai-
             SDGs                           Global/National Indicators                                                                                              Observations
                                                                                         Contribution             Indicator             Source      lability
GOAL 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
                                                                                                              Percent of total                                 Study annual trends in
                                    1.1.1 Proportion of population below the            MGNREGS is part       annual budget                                    budget allocation at the
1.1 By 2030, eradicate                                                                                                                MoRD            Yes
                                    international poverty line, by sex, age,            of the resources      allocated to                                     national level to gauge
extreme poverty for all people                                                                                                        and
                                    employment status and geographical location         allocated by          MGNREGS                                          MGNREGS’s expansion and
everywhere, currently                                                                                                                 Press
                                    Percentage of resource allocated by the             government            Percent of total                                 efficiency, and also as
measured as people living on                                                                                                          Information
                                    government directly to poverty reduction            directly to poverty   poverty alleviation                              proportion of total budget
less than $1.25 a day                                                                                                                 Bureau          Yes
                                    programme                                           reduction             budget allocated to                              for poverty alleviation in
                                                                                                              MGNREGS                                          the country
                                    1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the                                                                            Study annual trends in
                                                                                                              Percent of total
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least        national poverty line, by sex and age               MGNREGS is part                                                        budget allocation at the
                                                                                                              budget allocated to     MoRD            Yes
by half the proportion of men,      1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of      of the resources                                                       nNational level to gauge
                                                                                                              MGNREGS                 and
women and children of all           all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions    allocated by                                                           MGNREGS’s expansion and
                                                                                                                                      Press
ages living in poverty in all its   according to national definitions                   government            Percent of total                                 efficiency, and also as
                                                                                                                                      Information
dimensions according to             Percentage of resource allocated by the             directly to poverty   poverty alleviation                              proportion of total budget
                                                                                                                                      Bureau          Yes
national definitions                government directly to poverty reduction            reduction             budget allocated to                              for poverty alleviation in
                                    programme                                                                 MGNREGS                                          the country
                                    1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social
1.3 Implement nationally            protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing   MGNREGS is a
                                                                                                              Population covered      Total
appropriate social protection       children, unemployed persons, older persons,        social protection                                                      Categories of individuals in
                                                                                                              by MGNREGS              Individuals
systems and measures for all,       persons with disabilities, pregnant women, new      scheme, and all                                                        MGNREGS include women,
                                                                                                              classified in           Employed:       Yes
and by 2030 achieve                 borns, work-injury victims and the poor and the     covered under                                                          SC/ST and disabled
                                                                                                              categories of UN-       MGNREGS
substantial coverage of the         vulnerable                                          MGNREGS add to                                                         workers
                                                                                                              IAEG indicator          website
poor and the vulnerable             Percentage change in ST students under post         this indicator
                                    matric scholarship
                                    1.4.1 Proportion of population living in                                                                                   Data on total number of
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all        households with access to basic services                                                          Bank and                 accounts opened till date
                                                                                                              Number of accounts
men and women, in particular        1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with     MGNREGS wages                                 post office              is available; there is also
                                                                                                              opened for
the poor and the vulnerable,        secure tenure rights to land, and who perceive      come directly in                              accounts:       Yes      data on total wages
                                                                                                              MGNREGS wage
have equal rights to economic       their rights to land as secure, by sex, type of     your bank account                             MGNREGS                  disbursed in a year, and
                                                                                                              disbursal
resources, as well as access to     tenure                                              without any in-                               Website                  those disbursed through
basic services, ownership and       No of accounts opened under PMJDY by                cash payments;                                                         bank accounts
control over land and other         Rural/Urban                                         this has led to                               Bank/Post
forms of property,                  No of a/c’s with zero balance under PMJDY           wage employees                                                         Aadhaar seeding is also a
                                                                                                                                      Office
inheritance, natural                Number of beneficiaries from housing loans          opening bank          Percent of MGNREGS                               mandate for ensuring
                                                                                                                                      Accounts
resources, appropriate new          Number of beneficiaries for Bank loan for           accounts,             wage workers                                     financial inclusion and
                                                                                                                                      Opened and
technology, and financial           purchasing motor vehicles and other durable         contributing to the   financially linked to                   Yes      reducing leakage of funds
                                                                                                                                      Amount
services, including micro           goods                                               indicator             bank/post office                                 to ensure equal rights to
                                                                                                                                      Disbursed
finance                             Number of enterprises getting loan from banks                             accounts                                         economic resources for
                                                                                                                                      on NREGA
                                                                                                                                                               the poor
                                                                                                                                      Portal
MGNREGS         MGNREGS           Data                                 Avai-
              SDGs                      Global/National Indicators                                                                                          Observations
                                                                Contribution      Indicator        Source                               lability
GOAL 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and                                                                                                                        Change in prevalence of
                                     2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment       Higher income due       Prevalence of
ensure access by all people, in                                                                                                                    undernourishment in families
                                     2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or            to wage                 undernourishme
particular the poor and people in                                                                                          Not                     employed under MGNREGS can be
                                     severe food insecurity in the              employment can          nt in MGNREGS                     No
vulnerable situations, including                                                                                           collected               found by assessing correlation
                                     population, based on the Food              translate into better   families
infants, to safe, nutritious and                                                                                                                   between the two (Empirical
                                     Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)         dietary choices         (households)
sufficient food all year round                                                                                                                     studies required)
                                     2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for
                                     age +2 or
MGNREGS                                       MGNREGS                                       Avai-
    SDGs                           Global/National Indicators                                                                       Data Source                                Observations
                                                                Contribution                                   Indicator                                    lability
GOAL 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
                                                                                                               Mortality
                      3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and
                                                                                                               rate
                      ambient air pollution                                                                                       Individual
                                                                                                               attributed to
                      3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe                                                     Household
                                                                                                               unsafe water,
                      sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe                                                          Latrines:
                                                                                                               unsafe
                      Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)                                                      MGNREGS
                                                                                                               sanitation
                      3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional                                                            website1
                                                                                                               and lack of                                              Impact on mortality rates due
                      poisoning                                                                                                   Total rural drinking
                                                                                                               hygiene                                                  to sanitation works under
                      Percentage of women aged 15-49 years with a live birth                                                      water works:               Partial
                                                                                                               (exposure to                                             MGNREGS can be found by
                      in a given time who received antenatal care, four times                                                     MGNREGS website
                                                                                                               unsafe                                                   conducting empirical studies
3.9 By 2030,          or more                                                                                                     MGNREGS website
                                                                                                               Water,
substantially         Percentage of children aged 12-23 months who                       Water and                                (convergence)
                                                                                                               Sanitation
reduce the            received the three doses of pentavalent vaccine before             sanitation                               Rural sanitation
                                                                                                               and Hygiene
number of             their first birthday                                               facilities                               infrastructure
                                                                                                               for All
deaths and            Percentage of children under 5 years with suspected                constructed                              MGNREGS website
                                                                                                               (WASH)
illnesses from        pneumonia in two weeks preceeding the survey who                   under
                                                                                                               services)
hazardous             sought care from appropriate health facility or provider           MGNREGS
                                                                                                                                                                        Studies are required to derive
chemicals and         Percentage of TB cases successfully treated                        enable access
                                                                                                                                  Individual                            data on – percent of
air, water and        Percentage of people living with HIV currently receiving           to sanitation,
                                                                                                               Percentage         Household                             population with access to
soil pollution        ART                                                                thus impacting
                                                                                                               population         Latrines:                             drinking water and sanitation
and                   Percentage population in malaria-endemic areas who                 mortality rates
                                                                                                               using safely       MGNREGS                               services under MGNREGS;
contamination         slept under an ITN the previous night
                                                                                                               managed            website2                              Currently, data available is on
                      Percentage population using safely managed drinking
                                                                                                               drinking           Total rural drinking                  total number of such works
                      water services and using safely managed sanitation
                                                                                                               water              water works:               Partial    completed;
                      services
                                                                                                               services and       MGNREGS website                       For the purpose of scope of
                      Proportion of population aged 18 years and older who
                                                                                                               using safely       MGNREGS website                       MGNREGS in sanitation,
                      are currently taking antihypertensive medication
                                                                                                               managed            (convergence)                         percent of financial
                      among number of adults 18 years and older
                                                                                                               sanitation         Rural sanitation                      contribution of MGNREGS in
                      Number of outpatient department visit per person per
                                                                                                               services           infrastructure                        the total funds utilised by
                      year and hospital(inpatient) admission per 100
                                                                                                                                  MGNREGS website                       Swachch Bharat Mission funds
                      population per year
                                                                                                                                                                        can be derived

     1   This data is available and can be calculated by data points available in the MGNREGS database: HH provided with sanitation facilities; public toilets built.
     2   This data is available and can be calculated by data points available in the MGNREGS database: HH provided with sanitation facilities; public toilets built.

                                                                                                     15
MGNREGS              MGNREGS           Data          Avai-
           SDGs                    Global/National Indicators                                                                                      Observations
                                                                             Contribution          Indicator        Source        lability
GOAL 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

                              4.1.1 Proportion of children and young
4.1 By 2030, ensure                                                                                                                          The possible link between
                              people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of
that all girls and boys                                                                          Net Enrolment                               retention of MGNREGS
                              primary; and (c) at the end of lower          Wage employment
complete free,                                                                                   of children of                              workers’ children in schools
                              secondary achieving at least a minimum        through MGNREGS
equitable and quality                                                                            MGNREGS                                     and reduced migration due to
                              proficiency level in (i)reading and (ii)      may allow parents                     Not available     No
primary and secondary                                                                            workers in                                  decent wage employment
                              mathematics, by sex                           to send their
education leading to                                                                             educational                                 provided by MGNREGS can be
                              Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) at Primary/         children to school
relevant and effective                                                                           institutions                                explored through empirical
                              Upper-Primary/ Secondary/ Senior
learning outcomes                                                                                                                            studies
                              Secondary levels

GOAL 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

                                                                                                                                             MGNREGS’ role in providing
                                                                                                                                             decent work opportunities to
5.1 End all forms of          5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are     MGNREGS
                                                                                                 % of women                                  women, and change in
discrimination against        in place to promote, enforce and monitor      mandates 1/3rd of                     MGNREGS
                                                                                                 employed under                     Yes      women participation, as
all women and girls           equality and non-discrimination on the        the work to be                        website3
                                                                                                 MGNREGS                                     informal labour may be
everywhere                    basis of sex                                  given to women
                                                                                                                                             explored through empirical
                                                                                                                                             studies.

   3   Women person days as percentage of total
                                                                                       16
Global/National          MGNREGS            MGNREGS                                                                  Avai-
        SDGs                                                                                                          Data Source                                  Observations
                            Indicators           Contribution         Indicator                                                              lability
GOAL 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
                                                            MGNREGS builds
                                                                                                                                                         Information on rural drinking
6.1 By 2030, achieve                                        drinking water                                         Convergence:
                         6.1.1 Proportion of                                                                                                             water works (convergence
universal and                                               facilities in              Percent of HH/people        MGNREGS website4
                         population using safely                                                                                                         schemes and otherwise) is
equitable access to                                         convergence with           provided with drinking      Total rural drinking       Partial
                         managed drinking water                                                                                                          available and number of people
safe and affordable                                         other rural                water facilities            water works:
                         services                                                                                                                        accessing the facilities can be
drinking water for all                                      development schemes                                    MGNREGS website
                                                                                                                                                         derived
                                                            as a part of its goals
6.2 By 2030, achieve
access to adequate                                                                                                                                       Information on rural sanitation
                                                                                                                   Individual Household
and equitable                                                                                                                                            works (convergence, individual
                         6.2.1 Proportion of                                                                       Toilets: MGNREGS
sanitation and hygiene                                      As a part of work,                                                                           and overall) is available and
                         population using safely                                       Percent of HH/people        website6
for all and end open                                        MGNREGS builds                                                                               number of people accessing the
                         managed sanitation services,                                  provided with                                            Yes
defecation, paying                                          water & sanitation                                                                           facilities can be derived;
                         including a hand-washing                                      sanitation facilities5      Rural sanitation
special attention to                                        facilities (Goal 4)                                                                          this may also be substantiated
                         facility with soap and water                                                              works:
the needs of women                                                                                                                                       qualitatively with case studies
                                                                                                                   MGNREGS website
and girls and those in                                                                                                                                   and examples
vulnerable situations
                         6.5.1 Degree of integrated
                                                            MGNREGS contributes
                         water resources
                                                            to water resource          Percentage financial
6.5 By 2030,             management
                                                            management, such as        contribution of             Expenditure on water                  The contribution by MGNREGS
implement integrated     implementation (0–100)
                                                            by works under the         MGNREGS in water            related (harvesting                   can be derived from total
water resources          6.5.2 Proportion of trans-
                                                            Natural Resource           management and              and conservation,                     expenditure on water
management at all        boundary basin area with an
                                                            Management category        conservation works (as      and traditional water      Partial    management and conservation
levels, including        operational arrangement for
                                                            (water harvesting and      mentioned in the            bodies’ renovation                    works (resourced directly by
through trans-           water cooperation
                                                            conservation works;        Mission Water               works): MGNREGS                       MGNREGS and in synergy with
boundary cooperation     Percentage of River basins
                                                            works on renovation        Conservation                website8                              Mission Water Conservation)
as appropriate           brought under Integrated
                                                            of traditional water       framework7)
                         Water Resource
                                                            bodies etc.)
                         Management

       4 The data does not track HH with drinking water facilities, but tracks drinking water structures built.
       5
         Structures such as soak-pits, trenches and drainage lines, etc.
       6 This needs to be derived against total number of households.
       7
         Mission Water Conservation is an initiative of the Ministry of Rural Development, and looks at synergies between MGNREGS, Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
       and Pradhan Mantra Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), with respect to their water resource management and conservation works. We assume that all synergistic water related works
       done under MGNREGS after release of the framework feed into Mission Water Conservation. A distinction in the data based on synergies is not clear on the portal.
       8
         Geo-tagging of water management structures can enable complete data availability for Target 6.5. Convergence data under Mission Water Conservation not available, only budget
       allocations have been mentioned in newspaper articles.
                                                                                              17
MGNREGS         MGNREGS           Data     Avai-
      SDGs                  Global/National Indicators                                                                 Observations
                                                        Contribution       Indicator     Source    lability
GOAL 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
                      8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and                           Wages earned       Notification
                      male employees, by occupation, age and                                                                         Data is available on state wise wage rates;
                                                                                            by male-female     for Revised
                      persons with disabilities                                                                                      wages earned can be derived from wage
                                                                                            in regular/        Wage Rate       Yes
                      8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age,                                                                          rates and total individuals employed, for
                                                                                            casual             on NREGA
                      persons with disabilities                                                                                      number of days
                                                                                            employment         Portal
8.5 By 2030,          Workforce participation Ratio (WPR) of                                Existence of       Page 16 of
achieve full and      women, youth, persons with disabilities          MGNREGS impact       legal protection   MGNREGA               As per MGNREGA (2005), all workers are
productive            Wages earned by male-female in regular /         the wage rates in    system - equal     Operational     Yes   entitled to the notified wage rate and equal
employment and        casual employment                                the region,          pay for equal      Guidelines,           pay for men and women
decent work for all   Existence of legal protection system- equal      gender               work               2013
women and men,        pay for equal work                               differentiation in
including for young   Average income of workers (indicator for         wage rates and       Employment/        Disabled
                                                                                                                                     As per MGNREGS Operational Guidelines,
people and            decent work)                                     access to wages      social             persons
                                                                                                                                     2013, Section 9.3, Page 78, MGNREGS
persons with          Employment/social protection for persons         by the most          protection for     employed        Yes
                                                                                                                                     creates special conditions to facilitate
disabilities, and     with disabilities                                vulnerable in the    persons with       under
                                                                                                                                     inclusion of disabled persons in the scheme
equal pay for work    Labour productivity growth (percentage)          region.              disabilities       MGNREGS
of equal value        Annual increase in minimum real wages
                                                                                            Share of                                 Number of people employed for the first
                      Share of unemployed persons in population
                                                                                            unemployed                               time in MGNREGS can be derived to trace
                      aged 15-24
                                                                                            persons in         Not collected   No    the impact of MGNREGS in reducing
                      A measurement of decent work/quality of
                                                                                            population                               unemployment; need to device data
                      life of workers (as per Ministry's vision - to
                                                                                            aged 15-24                               methodology study
                      be proposed by the Ministry)
                                                                                                                                     The Operational Guidelines 2013 allow for
                      8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal                          Frequency rates
8.8 Protect labour                                                                                                                   Administrative Expenditure to ensure
                      occupational injuries, by sex and migrant                             of fatal, non-
rights and promote                                                     As MGNREGS is a                                               worksite facilities for emergency treatment
                      status                                                                fatal
safe and secure                                                        mass                                                          of minor injuries, medical treatment and
                      8.8.2 Level of national compliance with                               occupational       Not collected   No
working                                                                employment                                                    hospitalisation in case of fatal injury to
                      labour rights (freedom of association and                             injuries, by sex
environments for                                                       guarantee                                                     workers while working under the scheme;
                      collective bargaining) based on International                         and migrant
all workers,                                                           scheme, labour                                                micro data can be available on number of
                      Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources                             status
including migrant                                                      standards under                                               such cases
                      Proportion of workers covered under ESI Act
workers, in                                                            the scheme                                                    Rate of growth of employment under
                      Proportion of workers covered under health                                               Total
particular women                                                       contribute to        Employment                               MGNREGS can be studied in proportion to
                      insurance                                                                                Individuals
migrants, and                                                          achieving the        generated                                the rate of total employment growth in the
                      Accommodation in working women’s hostel                                                  employed on     Yes
those in precarious                                                    target               under                                    country to calculate the contribution of
                      Number of migrants workers                                                               MGNREGS
employment                                                                                  MGNREGA                                  MGNREGS in employment generation in
                      Employment generated under MGNREGA                                                       website
                                                                                                                                     the country, per year

                                                                                            18
Global/National       MGNREGS           MGNREGS                                Avai-
            SDGs                                                                           Data Source                                                                   Observations
                                 Indicators        Contribution        Indicator                            lability
GOAL 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation
9.1 Develop quality, reliable,     9.1.1 Proportion of the
                                                                   Under Goal 4,                                                                           There is data on length of roads built
sustainable and resilient          rural population who live
                                                                   Road and             Proportion of the rural     Length of all-season                   under MGNREGS; need to derive data on
infrastructure, to support         within 2 km of an all-
                                                                   infrastructure is    population who live         roads built – Rural                    increase in population with access to all-
economic development and           season road                                                                                                  Partial
                                                                   developed            within 2 km of an all-      connectivity work                      season roads built under MGNREGS;
human well-being, with a           9.1.2 Passenger and
                                                                   under                season road                 under MGNREGS                          need a study to devise clear
focus on affordable and            freight volumes, by mode
                                                                   MGNREGS                                                                                 methodology
equitable access for all.          of transport
GOAL 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
                                                                                                                                                           Data for the indicator can be derived by
                                                                                        Increase in income of
                                                                                                                    Wage data from MIS                     total wages disbursed to BPL households
                                                                                        population enrolled in
                                                                                                                    data on MGNREGS             Partial    under MGNREGS adjusting to average
                                                                                        MGNREGS through
                                                                                                                    website9                               income of BPL; need a study to devise
                                                                                        Wage Employment
                                                                                                                                                           clear methodology
                                                                   MGNREGS              Increase in income of                                              The Assets created are grouped into
10.1 By 2030, progressively        10.1.1 Growth rates of                                                           MIS data on Assets
                                                                   wage benefits        population enrolled in                                             Assets that improve livelihood in rural
achieve and sustain income         household expenditure or                                                         Created for
                                                                   and self-            MGNREGS through                                         Partial    areas; expected increase in income due
growth of the bottom 40 per        income per capita among                                                          Vulnerable Section
                                                                   employment           Self-employment after                                              to these assets can only be derived
cent of the population at a        the bottom 40 per cent of                                                        under MGNREGS
                                                                   activities           the Creation of Assets                                             through empirical studies
rate higher than the national      the population and the
                                                                   contribute in                                    People skilled                         Data is available on various skills
average                            total population                                     Increase in income of
                                                                   HH income                                        through BFT, CFT,                      programmes and initiatives under
                                                                                        population enrolled in
                                                                                                                    LIFE programmes10,                     MGNREGS; however, increase in income
                                                                                        MGNREGS who gained
                                                                                                                    Skilled for wages, for      Partial    after skill enhancement will require
                                                                                        regular employment
                                                                                                                    self-employment and                    empirical studies to be conducted;
                                                                                        after Skill
                                                                                                                    for livelihood                         registered staff of MGNREGS also
                                                                                        Enhancement
                                                                                                                    upgradation11                          contributes to employment by scheme
10.4 Adopt policies,                                                                                                                                       Data is available on total expenditure on
                                   10.4.1 Labour share of          MGNREGS is a         Labour share of GDP,        NREGA Portal for
especially wages & social                                                                                                                                  wages under MGNREGS; using the GDP
                                   GDP, comprising wages           social               comprising wages and        disaggregated data
protection policies, &                                                                                                                            Yes      of the country, this can be computed;
                                   and social protection           protection           social protection           on Labour Budget12
progressively achieve greater                                                                                                                              need a study to devise clear
                                   transfers                       transfer.            transfers                   NITI Aayog Statistics
equality                                                                                                                                                   methodology

        9
          The MIS data on MGNREGS website does not disaggregate wages for individuals based on their BPL status. However, as per MGNREGA Operational Guidelines, 2013, the entry of
        registration details in MGNREGA Soft includes the BPL status of the household
        10
           Data is also available on the demand of skilling, sector wise, based on LIFE survey conducted. It also includes survey of those who completed 100 days of employment and are interest
        and not interested in livelihoods.
        11
           There is data available on whether skilling of MGNREGS workers under SRLM and SNSM is being done, perhaps based on Life survey results.
        12
           Data disaggregated on National, State, District, Block and Panchayat Level
                                                                                                   19
MGNREGS                                   MGNREGS                                Avai-
         SDGs                     Global/National Indicators                                                          Data Source                                     Observations
                                                        Contribution                                Indicator                             lability
GOAL 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
                             13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing                                                         Drought                          The drought-proofing works, flood-control
                             persons and directly affected persons                                  Climate           proofing, flood                  works and water harvesting and
                             attributed to disasters per 100,000                                    resilient         control and                      conservation infrastructure built by
                                                                             MGNREGS
                             population                                                             infrastructure    water                            MGNREGS have a climate resilience
                                                                             focuses on                                                    Partial
                             13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt                                  investments       conservation                     purpose and related co-benefits; this link
                                                                             building resilient
                             and implement national disaster risk                                   under             works:                           needs to be explored by studies and
13.1 Strengthen                                                              infrastructure,
                             reduction strategies in line with the                                  MGNREGS           MGNREGS                          obtaining work-level data determining the
resilience and adaptive                                                      providing secure,
                             Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk                                                       website13                        type of works/activities
capacity to climate-                                                         extra wage
                             Reduction 2015–2030
related hazards and                                                          employment post
                             13.1.3 Proportion of local governments
natural disasters in all                                                     disasters and          Investments
                             that adopt and implement local disaster                                                                                   MGNREGS also contributes to recovery by
countries                                                                    reconstruction of      by MGNREGS        Extra wage
                             risk reduction strategies in line with                                                                                    providing extra wage days in certain
                                                                             structures             during post       days:
                             national disaster risk reduction                                                                              Partial     circumstances; specific data on post-
                                                                             required post          disaster          MGNREGS
                             strategies                                                                                                                disaster infrastructure isn’t available in
                                                                             disasters.             recovery          website
                             Number of states with strategies for                                                                                      public domain
                                                                                                    phase
                             enhancing adaptive capacity and dealing
                             with climate extreme weather events.
                             13.2.1 Number of countries that have
                             communicated the establishment or
                             operationalization of an integrated                                                                                       Identifying climate vulnerabilities and
                                                                             As per the Goals       Number of
                             policy/strategy/plan which increases                                                                                      stress of an area, and using the same while
                                                                             and work               States that
                             their ability to adapt to the adverse                                                                                     planning for MGNREGS works can integrate
                                                                             categories of          have
13.2 Integrate climate       impacts of climate change, and foster                                                                                     climate action in MGNREGS, thereby
                                                                             MGNREGS, the           integrated
change measures into         climate resilience and low greenhouse                                                                                     moving beyond co-benefits to climate from
                                                                             infrastructure         climate           Not collected          No
national policies,           gas emissions development in a manner                                                                                     MGNREGS; in order to track this indicator,
                                                                             built has to be in     change in
strategies and planning      that does not threaten food production                                                                                    a frame for climate adaptive planning
                                                                             line with climate      planning of
                             Pre-2020 action Achievements of pre-                                                                                      under MGNREGS will have to be developed
                                                                             resilience             MGNREGS
                             2020 goals as per countries' priorities                                                                                   and states will have to be evaluated on the
                                                                             attributes             activities
                             Achievement of Nationally Determined                                                                                      given basis
                             Contribution (NDC) goals in post-2020
                             period.

         13 Expenditure on water harvesting and conservation, flood proofing and drought control (relation to climate change) MGNREGS also is used by many states to work for rebuilding and
         stressed livelihood support during post disaster recovery phase.
                                                                                                  20
MGNREGS              MGNREGS                                 Avai-
         SDGs                       Global/National Indicators                                                             Data Source                                   Observations
                                                                                  Contribution          Indicator                              lability
GOAL 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
                                13.3.1 Number of countries that have
                                integrated mitigation, adaptation,
                                impact reduction and early warning into
                                primary, secondary and tertiary                                         Number of
13.3 Improve education,                                                                                                                                     MGNREGS has an elaborate
                                curricula                                                               states where
awareness-raising and                                                           MGNREGS in their                                                            communication and outreach programme;
                                13.3.2 Number of countries that have                                    MGNREGS
human and institutional                                                         outreach                                                                    integrating climate change vulnerabilities
                                communicated the strengthening of                                       integrated
capacity on climate                                                             programmes                                                                  and information into the outreach plans
                                institutional, systemic and individual                                  climate                                   No
change mitigation,                                                              acknowledging                                                               can contribute to the given indicator; this
                                capacity-building to implement                                          mitigation
adaptation, impact                                                              the impact of CC                                                            can be done by assessing the outreach
                                adaptation, mitigation and technology                                   and adaption
reduction and early                                                             in rural areas                                                              module of MGNREGS at the state level;
                                transfer, and development actions                                       in outreach
warning                                                                                                                                                     require assessment studies
                                Number of States that have integrated                                   programmes
                                climate mitigation and adaption in
                                education curricula and outreach
                                programs
GOAL 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.2 By 2020,                                                                                           Proportion of
sustainably manage and                                                                                  national
protect marine and                                                                                      exclusive
                                                                                                                                                            Collation and aggregation of individual
coastal ecosystems to                                                                                   economic
                                14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive         Managing coastal                                                            work-level data on specific works done
avoid significant adverse                                                                               zones
                                economic zones managed using                    ecosystem is one                                                            under the master-work category ‘Coastal
impacts, including by                                                                                   managed              MGNREGS
                                ecosystem-based approaches                      of the work                                                     Partial     Areas’ to ascertain MGNREGS’ contribution
strengthening their                                                                                     using                website14
                                Percentage change in area under                 categories under                                                            to marine ecosystem conservation; this will
resilience, and take                                                                                    ecosystem-
                                mangroves                                       MGNREGS                                                                     also require data methodology studies in
action for their                                                                                        based
                                                                                                                                                            order to derive the given indicator
restoration in order to                                                                                 approaches
achieve healthy and                                                                                     under
productive oceans                                                                                       MGNREGS

        14   MGNREGS has a category for maintaining coastal areas, and it tracks expenditure on the same category. It is not clear if these are conservation efforts.
                                                                                                       21
MGNREGS         MGNREGS                            Avai-
            SDGs                      Global/National Indicators                               Data Source                       Observation
                                                             Contribution      Indicator                        lability
GOAL 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss
                                                                                                                               Length of roads lined:                   Collation and aggregation of
15.1 By 2020, ensure the
                                                                                                                               MGNREGS website                          work-level data on specific works
conservation, restoration and      15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of          Afforestation and
                                                                                                         Percentage of                                                  done under land development,
sustainable use of terrestrial     total land area                                roadside tree
                                                                                                         contribution by       Length of road                           afforestation and plantation
and inland freshwater              15.1.2 Percentage of Tree outside              plantations are
                                                                                                         MGNREGS to            plantations                              categories; this will also require
ecosystems and their services,     forest (TOF) in total forest cover.            identified work
                                                                                                         trees outside         maintained:                  Partial     data methodology studies in
in particular forests,             Proportion of important sites for              categories for
                                                                                                         forest in total       MGNREGS website15                        order to derive the given
wetlands, mountains and dry        terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity        achieving one of
                                                                                                         forest cover                                                   indicator, i.e., conversion of
lands, in line with obligations    that are covered by protected areas,           the goals of
                                                                                                                               Total plantation                         plantation done to equivalent
under international                by ecosystem type                              MGNREGS
                                                                                                                               related works:                           proportion of tree cover outside
agreements
                                                                                                                               MGNREGS website                          forests
                                                                                                                               Length of road lined:                    Collation and aggregation of
                                   15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable
15.2 By 2020, promote the                                                                                                      MGNREGS website                          work-level data on specific works
                                   forest management
implementation of                                                                 Afforestation and      MGNREGS’s                                                      done under land development,
                                   Percent change in Forest Area
sustainable management of                                                         roadside tree          contribution to       Length of road                           afforestation and plantation
                                   coverage
all types of forests, halt                                                        plantations are        tree cover            plantations                              categories; this will also require
                                   Area covered under afforestation
deforestation, restore                                                            identified work        achieved              maintained:                  Partial     data methodology studies in
                                   scheme
degraded forests and increase                                                     categories for         outside forest        MGNREGS website16                        order to derive the given
                                   Tree cover achieved outside forest
afforestation and                                                                 achieving Goal 3       area                                                           indicator, i.e., conversion of
                                   area
reforestation by [x] per cent                                                     of MGNREGS                                   Total plantation                         plantation done to equivalent
                                   Number of Nagar vans and School
globally                                                                                                                       related works:                           proportion of tree cover outside
                                   Nurseries created.
                                                                                                                               MGNREGS website                          forests
15.3 By 2020, combat                                                                                     Per cent of                                                    The indicator can be
                                   15.3.1 Proportion of land that is
desertification, restore                                                          Land                   restoration of                                                 substantiated with collation of
                                   degraded over total land area
degraded land and soil,                                                           development            degraded land                                                  data from work-level entries into
                                   % of restoration of degraded area
including land a effected by                                                      activities are a       under                                                          all categories of activities
                                   Increasing Tree cover in degraded                                                           MGNREGS website17            Partial
desertification, drought and                                                      part of Goal 3 on      MGNREGS of                                                     permissible under land
                                   area
floods, and strive to achieve a                                                   natural resource       the total                                                      restoration works; this will help
                                   Percentage of net sown area
land- degradation-neutral                                                         base                   degraded land                                                  us ascertain the total area of
                                   increased.
world                                                                                                    restored                                                       land restored by specific works

       15 The overall category of work is Afforestation and Plantation related works, but the portal tracks data specifically on roadside lined with trees and managed, and total number of
       completed plantation related works. Data on number of trees in the latter could not be found on the portal.
       16 The overall category of work is Afforestation and Plantation related works, but the portal tracks data specifically on roadside lined with trees and managed, and total number of

       completed plantation related works. Data on number of trees in the latter could not be found on the portal.
       17
          MGNREGS portal tracks overall expenditure on land development, not specifying works and activities. This data may be available at individual work level and can be collated.
                                                                                                   22
MGNREGS                                                           Avai-
        SDGs          Global/National Indicators                     MGNREGS Indicator         Data Source                          Observations
                                                 Contribution                                                      lability
GOAL 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable
and inclusive institutions at all levels
                                                                                                                                                  The data from social audit
                                                                                                                                                  currently does not track
                                                                                 Proportion of population
                                                                                                                   Overall Status                 satisfaction; need a study to
                                                                                 satisfied with their last
                                                                                                                   Report for Social     No       devise clear data points from
                                                                                 experience of public services
                                                                                                                   Audit                          the social audit reports and
                                                                                 (Data from social audit)
                                                                                                                                                  suggest additions on format
                      16.6.1 Primary government                                                                                                   of social audit, if required
16.6 Develop          expenditures as a proportion of                                                                                             MGNREGS is tracked in the
effective,            original approved budget, by        Degree of                                                                               Central Public Grievance
accountable and       sector (or by budget codes or       transparency and                                         Government                     Redress and Monitoring
                                                                                 Number of Resolved Cases of
transparent           similar)                            accountability of                                        Grievance portal:     No       system; data on cases filed
                                                                                 Grievances
institutions at all   16.6.2 Proportion of population     MGNREGS                                                  CPGRAMS                        and resolved is not available
levels                satisfied with their last                                                                                                   in public domain, but may be
                      experience of public services                                                                                               available to MoRD
                                                                                                                                                  This is a feature that can be
                                                                                 Updation of information, and                                     highlighted as instrument for
                                                                                 geo-tagging of works                                             transparency, once 100%
                                                                                                                   GeoMGNREGA            Yes
                                                                                 completed and in progress                                        tagging of all works – phase
                                                                                                                   website and portal
                                                                                 under MGNREGS                                                    wise – started, under progress
                                                                                                                                                  and completed is done
                      16.7.1 Proportions of positions                                                                                             Decentralised planning and
                      (by sex, age, persons with                                                                                                  developing of labour budget is
                      disabilities and population                                Proportion of population who                                     a part of the Operational
16.7 Ensure           groups) in public institutions                             believe decision-making is                                       Guidelines 2013; the labour
responsive,           (national and local legislatures,                          inclusive and responsive, by                                     budget is planned in
                                                          Decentralisation                                         Section 2.1.4 of
inclusive,            public service, and judiciary)                             sex, age, disability and                                         consultation with the
                                                          and inclusive nature                                     MGNREGS
participatory and     compared to national                                       population group                                       Partial   beneficiaries in the Gram
                                                          of decision making                                       Operational
representative        distributions                                              (Extent of decentralised                                         Panchayat, to follow a
                                                          under MGNREGS                                            Guidelines, 2013
decision making at    16.7.2 Proportion of population                            decision making for planning of                                  systematic and participatory
all levels            who believe decision-making is                             labour budget and works in the                                   planning process
                      inclusive and responsive, by sex,                          Gram Panchayat)                                                  Extent of decentralisation can
                      age, disability and population                                                                                              be found through series of
                      group                                                                                                                       empirical studies

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