Report on Switzerland - Global Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2020 / 2021
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Global
Acknowledgments
Entrepreneurship
Global Monitor
Entrepreneurship
Monitor 2020 / 2021
2018 / 2019
For a study of this scope, an extra- elements of this report are based
ordinary contribution on the part of on the results of the global report
many individuals is necessary. Most written by Niels Bosma, Stephen
Report on Switzerland
importantly, the authors would like Hill, Aileen Ionescu-Somers, Donna
to thank Project Managers, Raphaël Kelley, Jonathan Levie, and Anna
Gaudart and Gabriel Simonet, for Tarnawa of the Global Entrepreneur-
their efficient and effective coordi- ship Research Association GERA –
nation at the School of Management Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Fribourg (HEG-FR). 2019 / 20 Global Report.
The authors are also grateful to The report is available online at
GEM project’s coordination team, www.gemconsortium.org and at
in particular, Chris Aylett, Jonathan www.heg-fr.ch/GEM. All data used
Carmona, Alicia Coduras, Slavica in this report are collected and pro-
Singer and Forrest Wright, as well cessed centrally by the GEM con-
as the sponsors of the GEM project sortium. The authors have exclusive
at Babson College, Babson Park, responsibility for evaluating and in-
MA (USA) and the Korea Entrepre- terpreting the data.
neurship Foundation, Korea. Some
1Management
Management Summary
Summary//Key
Key Results
Results
The
The School
School of of Management
Management FribourgFribourg perception
perception of of capabilities
capabilities than
than in
in
(HEG-FR),
(HEG-FR), member
member of of the
the University
University the
the previous
previous years
years (2018:
(2018: 36.3
36.3%;
%;
of
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciencesand andArtsArtsWestern
Western 2017:
2017: 42.1
42.1%)
%) but
but Switzerland’s
Switzerland’s per-
per-
Switzerland
Switzerland(HES-SO),
(HES-SO),collected
collecteddata
data ception
ception ofof capabilities
capabilities isis below
below the
the
for
forthe
theinternational
internationalGlobalGlobalEntrepre-
Entrepre- European
European benchmark,
benchmark, and and clearly
clearly
neurship
neurship Monitor
Monitor (GEM).
(GEM). 20152015 tele-
tele- behind
behind thethe very
very strong
strong belief
belief of
of
phone
phone interviews
interviews and and 36 36 talks
talks with
with Americans
Americans in in their
their own
own capacity
capacity to
to
experts
experts revealed
revealed entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial start
start aa business
business (65.5
(65.5%).
%). The
The same
same
attitudes,
attitudes, activities
activities andand aspirations,
aspirations, is
istrue
trueof
ofpeople
peoplein inSlovenia,
Slovenia,Canada,
Canada,
and
and identified
identified thethe factors
factors influenc-
influenc- Australia,
Australia,and
andUK.UK.
ing
ing the
the type
type and
and extent
extent of of the
the entre-
entre-
preneurial
preneurial activities.
activities.TheThe 2019
2019//2020
2020 The
The entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial intentions
intentions of of
Global
Global Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship Monitor Monitor Swiss
Swiss inhabitants
inhabitants are are higher
higher thanthan
Report
Reporton onSwitzerland
Switzerlandillustrates
illustratesna-na- in
in previous
previous years,
years, but
but still
still below
below thethe
tional
tional differences
differences in in entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial average
average of of high-income
high-income economies,
economies,
activity
activity11 between
between economies,
economies, reveal-
reveal- contrasting
contrastingsharply
sharplywithwithpeople
peoplein inIs-
Is-
ing
ing the
the factors
factors that
that determine
determine the the rael
raelororRepublic
Republicof ofKorea.
Korea.Perceptions
Perceptions
nature
natureandandlevel
levelofofnational
nationalentrepre-
entrepre- and
and intentions
intentions are are combined,
combined, with with
neurial
neurialactivity,
activity,and
andidentifying
identifyingpolicy
policy the
the challenge
challenge being
being toto see
see entrepre-
entrepre-
implications
implications for for enhancing
enhancing entrepre-
entrepre- neurship
neurship as as aa good
good career
career choice.
choice.
neurship
neurshipin inSwitzerland.
Switzerland. Only
Only 40.2
40.2% % view
view entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship
as
as anan interesting
interesting pathway
pathway for for one’s
one’s
Self-perception
Self-perceptionabout
about professional
professional future future compared
compared to to
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship 85.8
85.8% % in in Netherlands
Netherlands or or 69.2
69.2% % inin
Perception
Perception of of opportunities
opportunities isis at
at aa Canada.
Canada. On On the
the other
other side,
side, the
the sta-
sta-
low
low level,
level, with
with those
those interviewed
interviewed inin tus
tusofofaasuccessful
successfulentrepreneur
entrepreneurand and
Spain
Spain recognizing
recognizing the
the fewest
fewest entre-
entre- media
media attention
attention for for entreprenership
entreprenership
preneurial
preneurial opportunities.
opportunities. Switzer-
Switzer- are
areatataagood
goodlevel,
level,and
andfear
fearof offailure
failure
land
land shows,
shows, with
with 49.2
49.2%,
%, aa higher
higher is
islower
lowerthanthanininprevious
previousyears.
years.
© Copyright 2021
11
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipisn’t
isn’tonly
onlyabout
aboutfocusing
focusingon
onthe
thestart-up
start-upphase,
phase,but
butalso
alsoabout
aboutbeing
beingseen
seenas
asaa
R. Baldegger, R. Gaudart and P. Wild
mindset
mindsetin
inyoung,
young,growing,
growing,mature
maturecompanies,
companies,or
orcompanies
companiesgoing
goingthrough
throughchange.
change.
266Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Foraaastudy
For
For studyof
study ofthis
of thisscope,
this scope,an
scope, anextra-
an extra-
extra- elements
The reportofofisthis
elements this report are
available
report are based
based
online at
ordinarycontribution
ordinary
ordinary contribution
contributionon on the
ofthethe part
partGEMofof onthetheresults
resultsofofthe
www.gemconsortium.org
on theglobal
global
and report
at
report
manyindividuals
individuals
Switzerland
many teamisisandnecessary. Most
our partners,
necessary. Most written by by Niels
www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.
written Niels Bosma,
Bosma, Stephen
All data used
Stephen
importantly,
Impact Hub the
importantly, theauthors
authorswould
Switzerland, wouldEco-
Swiss like
like inHill,
this
Hill, Aileen Ionescu-Somers,
reportIonescu-Somers,
Aileen are collected and Donna
pro-
Donna
totothank
thank
nomic Project
Forum
Project Managers,
and Raphaël
Swiss Raphaël
Managers, start-up Kelley, Jonathan
cessed
Kelley, Jonathanby
centrally Levie, and Anna
the and
Levie, GEM Anna
con-
Gaudartisand
Factory
Gaudart and Gabriel
the focus
Gabriel Simonet,
of this report.for
Simonet, for TarnawaThe
sortium.
Tarnawa ofofthe
the Globalhave
authors
Global Entrepreneur-
exclusive
Entrepreneur-
their efficient
their efficient and
and effective
effective coordi-
coordi- shipResearch
ResearchAssociation
responsibility
ship Association
for GERA
evaluating
GERA ––
and
The
nation authors
nation atatthe are
theSchoolalsoofof
School grateful
Management
Management to the Global Entrepreneurship
interpreting
Global Entrepreneurship
the data. Monitor
Monitor
GEM
Fribourgproject`s
Fribourg (HEG-FR).coordination team: in
(HEG-FR). 2019/ /20
2019 20Global
GlobalReport.
Report.
particular, Francis Carmona, Alicia
Coduras
The authors
The and are
authors Forrest
are also Wright.
also Some
grateful
grateful toto The report
The report isis available
available online
online atat
elements
GEM of thiscoordination
GEM project’s
project’s report are based
coordination on
team,
team, www.gemconsortium.org and
www.gemconsortium.org and atat
the
in results ofChris
inparticular,
particular, the
Chrisglobal report,
Aylett,
Aylett, writ-
Jonathan
Jonathan www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.All
www.heg-fr.ch/GEM. All data
data used
used
ten by Niels
Carmona,
Carmona, Bosma,
Alicia
Alicia Stephen
Coduras,
Coduras, Hill,
Slavica
Slavica ininthis
thisreport
reportarearecollected
collectedand
andpro-
pro-
Aileen
Singer Ionescu-Somers,
Singer and
and Forrest
Forrest Wright, Donna
Wright, as Kel-
as well
well cessed centrally
cessed centrally byby the
the GEM
GEM con-
con-
ley,
asastheMaribel
the sponsors
sponsors Guerrero,
ofofthe and
GEMThomas
theGEM project
project sortium.The
sortium. Theauthors
authorshave
haveexclusive
exclusive
Schott
atat Babsonof the
Babson Global Babson
College,
College, Entrepreneur-
Babson Park, Park, responsibilityfor
responsibility forevaluating
evaluatingand
andin-
in-
ship
MA Research
MA (USA)
(USA) and the
and Association
the GERA
Korea Entrepre-
Korea Entrepre- terpretingthe
terpreting thedata.
data.
–neurship
Global Foundation,
neurship Entrepreneurship
Foundation, Korea.
Korea. Monitor
Some
Some
2020/21 Global Report.
131About the Authors
Management
Management Summary
Summary//Key
Key Results
Results
Rico
The J. Baldegger
The School
School of
of Management
Management Fribourg Fribourg Raphaël
perception
perception Gaudart
of
of capabilities
capabilities than than in in
As Professor
(HEG-FR),
(HEG-FR), memberof Strategy,
member of the Innovation
of the University
University AstheAssociate
the previous Professor
previous years
years (2018: and 36.3
(2018: Board
36.3 %;
%;
and
of Entrepreneurship
ofApplied
Applied Sciences
Sciencesand andatArts
theWestern
Arts School
Western Member
2017:
2017: 42.1 of the
42.1 %) School
%) but of Management
but Switzerland’s
Switzerland’s per-
per-
of Management
Switzerland
Switzerland Fribourg
(HES-SO),
(HES-SO), (member
collected
collected of
data
data Fribourg
ception
ception of (member
of of the
capabilities
capabilities is University
is below
below the the
the
for University
forthe
theinternational of Applied
international Sciences
Global
Global and
Entrepre-
Entrepre- of Applied Sciences
European
European benchmark,
benchmark, andand Arts clearly
and West-
clearly
Arts Western
neurship
neurship MonitorSwitzerland
Monitor (GEM).
(GEM). 2015[HES-SO]),
2015 tele-
tele- ern
behindSwitzerland
behind the
the very
very[HES-SO]),
strong
strong beliefRaphaël
belief of
of
Rico
phone
phone J. interviews
Baldegger
interviews and directs
and 36 36the
talksSchool
talks with
with Gaudart
Americans
Americans leadsin the
in their
theirMaster
own of Science
own capacity
capacity to
to
of Management
experts
experts revealed
revealed Fribourg (HEG-FR).
entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial in Business
start
start aa businessAdministration,
business (65.5
(65.5%). TheMajor
%). The same
same
He graduated
attitudes,
attitudes, from the
activities
activities andUniversity
and aspirations,
aspirations, of inisEntrepreneurship
is true
trueofofpeople
peoplein ProgramCanada,
inSlovenia,
Slovenia, at the
Canada,
St.
andGallen
and identified
identifiedand theobtained
the factors
factors hisinfluenc-
doctor-
influenc- School
Australia,
Australia, ofandManagement
and UK.
UK. Fribourg
ate
ing from
ing the
the type theand
type University
and extent
extent of ofthe
of Fribourg.
the entre-
entre- (HEG-FR). He teaches undergradu-
He is the author
preneurial
preneurial activities.
activities.of numerous
The
The 2019 pub-
2019//2020
2020 ates
The &entrepreneurial
The graduates withinintentions
entrepreneurial his research
intentions of
of
lications
Global on entrepreneurship
Global Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship and
Monitor
Monitor interests
Swiss around Entrepreneurship
Swiss inhabitants
inhabitants are
are higher
higher thanthan
innovation,
Report
Reporton internationalization
onSwitzerland
Switzerland illustrates
illustratesna- of
na- and
in Innovation,
in previous
previous years,and
years, but coaches
but still
still belowdif-
below the
the
SMEs,
tional and entrepreneurship
tional differences
differences in educa-
in entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial ferent
average
average Student
of Start-ups.
of high-income
high-income Raphaël
economies,
economies,
tion. Moreover,
activity
activity 11
between
between he is a serial entrepre-
economies,
economies, reveal-
reveal- holds an MSc,
contrasting
contrasting BA Major
sharply
sharply within
with Entrepre-
people
people in
inIs-
Is-
neur,
ing
ing theas is
the demonstrated
factors
factors that by the many
that determine
determine the
the neurship,
rael
raelor MIT Executive
orRepublic
Republic of
ofKorea. Certificate
Korea.Perceptions
Perceptions
companies
nature
natureand he has
andlevel
level of created,entrepre-
ofnational
national but also
entrepre- in
and
andStrategy
intentions
intentions& Innovation,
are
are combined,
combined,and with
has
with
by his activities
neurial
neurial activity,
activity,andas
and aidentifying
business
identifyingangel.
policy
policy 10+
the years of industry
the challenge
challenge being
being to toexperience
see
see entrepre-
entrepre- in
implications
implications for
for enhancing
enhancing entrepre-
entrepre- various
neurship
neurship companies,
as goodfrom
as aa good career
career start-ups
choice.
choice.
neurship
neurshipininSwitzerland.
Switzerland. to international
Only
Only 40.2
40.2% % viewones.
view entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship
as
as an
an interesting
interesting pathway
pathway forfor one’s
one’s
Self-perception
Self-perceptionabout
about professional
professional futurefuture compared
compared to to
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship 85.8
85.8% % inin Netherlands
Netherlands or or 69.2
69.2% % inin
Perception
Perception of of opportunities
opportunities isis at
at aa Canada.
Canada. On On the
the other
other side,
side, the
the sta-
sta-
low
low level,
level, with
with those
those interviewed
interviewed inin tus
tusofofaasuccessful
successfulentrepreneur
entrepreneurand and
Spain
Spain recognizing
recognizing the
the fewest
fewest entre-
entre- media
media attention
attention forfor entreprenership
entreprenership
preneurial
preneurial opportunities.
opportunities. Switzer-
Switzer- are
areatataagood
goodlevel,
level,and
andfear
fearofoffailure
failure
land
land shows,
shows, with
with 49.2
49.2%,
%, aa higher
higher is
islower
lowerthan
thanininprevious
previousyears.
years.
11
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipisn’t
isn’tonly
onlyabout
aboutfocusing
focusingon
onthe
thestart-up
start-upphase,
phase,but
butalso
alsoabout
aboutbeing
beingseen
seenas
asaa
mindset
mindsetin
inyoung,
young,growing,
growing,mature
maturecompanies,
companies,or
orcompanies
companiesgoing
goingthrough
throughchange.
change.
466Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Pascal
For Wildofofthis
Foraastudy
study thisscope,
scope,an anextra-
extra- elements ofof this
elements this report
report are
are based
based
As an associate
ordinary
ordinary contribution
contribution professor
onthe
on at
partthe
thepart ofof onthe
on theresults
resultsofofthe
theglobal
globalreport
report
School
many of Management
manyindividuals
individuals in Fribourg
isisnecessary.
necessary. Most
Most written by
written by Niels
Niels Bosma,
Bosma, Stephen
Stephen
(University
importantly,of
importantly, theApplied
the authors
authors Sciences
would and
wouldlikelike Hill,Aileen
Hill, AileenIonescu-Somers,
Ionescu-Somers,DonnaDonna
Arts
to Western
tothank
thank Project
Project Switzerland),
Managers,Raphaël
Managers, Pascal
Raphaël Kelley, Jonathan
Kelley, Jonathan Levie,
Levie, and
and Anna
Anna
Wild
Gaudart conducts
Gaudart and and collaborates
and Gabriel
Gabriel Simonet, for
Simonet, in
for Tarnawaofofthe
Tarnawa theGlobal
GlobalEntrepreneur-
Entrepreneur-
various
their appliedand
their efficient
efficient research
and effectiveprojects
effective coordi-
coordi- in shipResearch
ship ResearchAssociation
AssociationGERA
GERA ––
the
nationarea
nation of School
atatthe
the international entrepre-
SchoolofofManagement
Management Global Entrepreneurship
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Monitor
neurship,
Fribourg emerging and develop-
Fribourg(HEG-FR).
(HEG-FR). 2019/ /20
2019 20Global
GlobalReport.
Report.
ing markets. Additionally, he teach-
es
The graduate
The authors are
authors andalso
are undergraduate
also grateful toto
grateful The report
The report isis available
available online
online atat
students.
GEM project’s
GEM He has
project’s been part of
coordination
coordination the
team,
team, www.gemconsortium.org and
www.gemconsortium.org and atat
GEM
in team Switzerland
inparticular,
particular, ChrisAylett,
Chris since
Aylett, 2011,
Jonathan
Jonathan www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.All
www.heg-fr.ch/GEM. All data
data used
used
where
Carmona,
Carmona, he coordinates
Alicia Coduras,
Alicia the data
Coduras, col-
Slavica
Slavica ininthis
thisreport
reportarearecollected
collectedand
andpro-
pro-
lection
Singer of
Singer andandtheForrest
adult population
Forrest Wright,as
Wright, survey
as well
well cessed centrally
cessed centrally byby the
the GEM
GEM con-
con-
(APS)
as theand
asthe sponsorsconducts
sponsors ofofthe in-depth
the GEMproject
GEM anal-
project sortium.The
sortium. Theauthors
authorshave
haveexclusive
exclusive
yses
at regarding
at Babson
Babson regional
College,
College, Babson
Babson differenc-
Park,
Park, responsibilityfor
responsibility forevaluating
evaluatingand
andin-
in-
es,
MA diversity
MA (USA)
(USA) and and entrepreneurship
the Korea
the Korea Entrepre- and
Entrepre- terpretingthe
terpreting thedata.
data.
the impact
neurship
neurship of economic
Foundation,
Foundation, cycles
Korea.
Korea. Some
Some on
entrepreneurship. He earned his PhD
in Socioeconomics at the University
of Geneva and holds a Master
of Science in Entrepreneurship from
the University of Applied Scienc-
es Fribourg. He publishes regularly
in scientific journals and contrib-
utes to a variety of books. Besides
the GEM Study on Switzerland, he
co-authors the Swiss Internation-
al Entrepreneurship Survey (SIES),
a major survey in the field of SME
internationalization.
151TABLE OF CONTENTS
Management
Management Summary
Summary//Key
Key Results
Results
Acknowledgments
The
The School
School of . . . . . . . . . . . Fribourg
of Management
Management .Fribourg
. . . . . . . . . . . . .perception
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .of
perception . . . capabilities
of .capabilities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .than . . . .. in
than 3in
(HEG-FR),
(HEG-FR),
About member
member. ..
the Authors ofof. .the. . . .University
.the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .the
University . . . . .previous
the . . . . . . . . . . .years
.previous . . . . . . . (2018:
years . . . . . . . .36.3
.(2018: . . . . %;
.36.3 %;
4
of
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciencesand andArts ArtsWestern
Western 2017: 2017: 42.1 42.1%) %) but but Switzerland’s
Switzerland’s per- per-
Management Summary / Key Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
Switzerland
Switzerland(HES-SO),
(HES-SO),collectedcollecteddata data ception ception of of capabilities
capabilities is is belowbelow the the
for
forthe
theinternational
internationalGlobal GlobalEntrepre- Entrepre- European European benchmark, benchmark, and and clearly clearly
neurship
1neurship Monitor
Monitor (GEM).
Recommendations (GEM). for 2015
2015
Policy tele-
tele-
and Practice behind
behind. . the . . . . .very
.the . . . . . .strong
.very . . . . . . . . .belief
strong belief
. . . . . . 15 ofof
phone
phone interviews
interviews andand 36 36 talks
talks with with Americans Americans in in their their own own capacity capacity to to
experts
experts revealed
revealed entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial start start aa business business (65.5 (65.5%). %). The The same same
2attitudes,
Entrepreneurial
attitudes, activities
activities and Attitudes
and aspirations,
aspirations, and Perception. is
istruetrueof .of
. .people
.people
. . . . . . . in .in. .Slovenia,
.Slovenia,
. . . . . . . . . .Canada,. . . . . 18
Canada,
and
and identified
identified
2.1 the
the factors
Entrepreneurialfactors influenc-
influenc-
Attitudes .. . . . . . . . Australia,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . and
.Australia, . . . . . UK.
.and . UK.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ing
ing the2.2type
the type and
and extent
extent of
Self-perception ofand the entre-
theentrepreneurial
entre- talent.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
preneurial
preneurial activities.
activities.The The 2019 2019//2020 2020 The The entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial intentions intentions of of
Global
Global Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship Monitor Monitor Swiss Swiss inhabitants inhabitants are are higher higher than than
3Report
Report Why onDo
on People Start
Switzerland
Switzerland or Run ana-
illustrates
illustrates Business?.
na- in
in previous . . . . . . . .years,
previous .years,
. . . . . . but.but
. . . .still
.still
. . . .below
.below
. . . . . . the 24
the
tional
tional differences
differences in in entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial average average of of high-income
high-income economies, economies,
activity
activity11 between
between economies,
economies, reveal- reveal- contrasting contrastingsharply sharplywith withpeople peoplein inIs-Is-
4 Entrepreneurial Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ing
ing the
the factors
factors that
that determine
determine the the rael raelor orRepublic
Republicof ofKorea.
Korea.Perceptions Perceptions
nature 4.1 Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
natureand andlevel
levelofofnational
nationalentrepre- entrepre- and and intentions intentions are are combined,combined, with with
neurial
neurial4.2activity,
Established
activity,and Businesspolicy
andidentifying
identifying Ownership
policy the
the .. . .challenge
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .being
challenge .being . . . . . . . .to
. . . .see
to see . . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . .entrepre-
entrepre-
implications for
for enhancing
4.3 Industry
implications entrepre-
entrepre- .. . . neurship
Sector Participation
enhancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as
.neurship . . . .a
.as .a. . good
. . . . . . . . career
.good . . . . . . . . . . choice.
.career . . . . . 32
.choice.
neurship
4.4 in
neurship inSwitzerland.
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Only
Discontinuance . . . . . . . 40.2
.Only . . . . . . .%
. 40.2 . . . . view
% . . . . . . . entrepreneurship
.view . entrepreneurship
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
as
as an an interesting
interesting pathway pathway for for one’s one’s
Self-perception
Self-perceptionabout about professional
professional future future compared compared to to
5 Diversity
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship. . . . . . .
85.8
85.8%. . . . .
% in . . . . . . .
in Netherlands. . .
Netherlands or. . . . . . . . . . . . .
or 69.2. . .
69.2% . . . .
% in35
in
Perception
Perception of of opportunities
opportunities is is at at aa Canada. Canada. On On the the other other side, side, the the sta- sta-
low
low level,
level, with
with those
those interviewed
interviewed in in tus tusof ofaasuccessful
successfulentrepreneur entrepreneurand and
6 Effects of Entrepreneurial Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Spain
Spain recognizing
recognizing thethe fewest
fewest entre- entre- media media attention attention for for entreprenership
entreprenership
6.1
preneurial Entrepreneurial employee activity and sponsored
preneurial opportunities.
opportunities. Switzer-Switzer- are areat ataagood goodlevel, level,and andfear fearof offailure
failure
entrepreneurship
land
land shows,
shows, with
with 49.2
49.2%,
%, . a.a. . .higher
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . is
higher .is . . lower
. . . . . . . . . than
lower .than . . . . . . .in
. . .previous
in . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . years.
previous .years.
6.2 Informal Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.3 Job growth expectations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
11
6.4 Innovative
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship isn’t Orientation
isn’tonly
onlyabout
aboutfocusing
. . . . on
focusing . . .the
. on . . . .start-up
the . . . . . . . . . phase,
start-up . . . . . . .but
.phase, . . .also
.but . . . . about
.also . . . . . .being
.about . . . . . seen
.being . . . . .as
.seen . . a.a. .
.as 44
mindset
mindsetin
inyoung,
young,growing,
growing,mature
maturecompanies,
companies,or
orcompanies
companiesgoing
goingthrough
throughchange.
change.
6.5 International Orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
666Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
7ForaaEntrepreneurship
For studyofofthis
study thisscope,scope,Context an anextra-Switzerland
extra- . . . . . . . . .of
elements
elements .of
. .this
.this
. . . . .report
.report
. . . . . . .are .are
. . . .based
.based
. . 48
ordinary
ordinary contribution
7.1 contribution
Entrepreneurship ononthe the partofof Conditions
part
Framework ononthe theresults
results
– EFC. of . .of .the
. . .the . global
. . . . .global . .report
. . . . . . . . . report
. . . 48
many7.2
many individuals
individuals isisnecessary.
NECI – National necessary. Most written
Most
Entrepreneurship written
Context bybyIndex Niels
Niels Bosma, . Stephen
. . . .Bosma,
. . . . . . . . . . . . .Stephen
. . . . . . . 54
importantly,the
importantly, theauthors
authorswould wouldlike like Hill, Hill,AileenAileenIonescu-Somers,
Ionescu-Somers,Donna Donna
totothank
thankProject
ProjectManagers,
Managers,Raphaël Raphaël Kelley, Kelley, Jonathan Jonathan Levie, Levie, and and Anna Anna
8Gaudart
GaudartCOVID-19 ..Gabriel
. . . . . . . . Simonet,
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. . . . . . . . . . . 56
their efficient
their efficient and
and effective
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ResearchAssociation AssociationGERA GERA ––
nationatatthe
nation theSchool
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Entrepreneurship Monitor Monitor
9 Literature.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Fribourg(HEG-FR).
Fribourg (HEG-FR). 2019/ /20
2019 20Global
GlobalReport. Report.
The authors
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. . . . . . 62 atat
GEM project’s
GEM project’s coordination
coordination team, team, www.gemconsortium.org
www.gemconsortium.org and and atat
The GEM Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ininparticular,
particular,ChrisChrisAylett, Aylett,Jonathan Jonathan www.heg-fr.ch/GEM. www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.All All data data used used
How GEM Measures Entrepreneurship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Carmona, Alicia
Carmona, Alicia Coduras, Coduras, Slavica Slavica ininthis thisreport reportare arecollectedcollectedand andpro- pro-
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67
MAMA (USA)
(USA) and
and the the Korea Korea Entrepre- Entrepre- terpreting terpretingthe thedata. data.
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neurship Foundation,
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GEM Team Switzerland . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
171Management
Management Summary KeyResults
Summary//Key
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TheGlobal
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of Management
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Fribourg ing the type of
perception
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going
through through
throughchange.
change. change.
866Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Impact
Foraastudy
For of the
study ofofCovid-19
thisscope,
this Pandemic
scope, anextra-
an extra- ability.
elements
elements Moreover,
ofof this cooperation
this report
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Bosma, Stephen
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would
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Hill,
Hill, as positively
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www.gemconsortium.org
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Aylett,
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www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.
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terpreting
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thedata.
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neurshipyear.
neurship Foundation, Korea.
Foundation, Korea. Some
Some figure is typically between 35% and
just below 50%. Since 2011, Oppor-
However, it is also evident that the tunity Recognition had never fallen
crisis was perceived as an opportu- below 40%. This decrease is main-
nity. The start-up rate, the “Total En- ly due to the surveyed individuals in
trepreneurial Activity” (TEA), was only German-speaking Switzerland. In the
slightly lower at 9.24% compared to French- and Italian-speaking parts
2019 (9.77%). The experts gave top of the country, the change from the
marks to entrepreneurs for adapt- previous year was not significant.
2
High Income economies: Austria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait,
Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Panama, Poland, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republic of Korea,
Saudi Arabia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates,
United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay.
191Management
Management
Around Summary
Summary
one-third (33.5%) //Key
Key Results
Results
of those entrepreneurship as a good career
who reported recognizing business choice. Only 49.3% view entrepre-
opportunities are prevented from ac- neurship as an interesting pathway
tually
The implementing
The School
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entrepreneurial
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com-
policy icans
the in their own
the challenge
challenge capacity
being
being to
to see to start a
see entrepre-
entrepre-
bined, with the
implications
implications forchallenge
for enhancing
enhancing being to see
entrepre-
entrepre- business
neurship(64.0%).
neurship as
as aa good
good career
career choice.
choice.
neurship
neurshipin
inSwitzerland.
Switzerland. Only
Only 40.2
40.2% % view
view entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship
as
as an
an interesting
interesting pathway
pathway forfor one’s
one’s
Self-perception
Self-perceptionabout
about professional
professional futurefuture compared
compared to to
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship 85.8
85.8% % inin Netherlands
Netherlands or or 69.2
69.2% % inin
Perception
Perception of of opportunities
opportunities isis at
at aa Canada.
Canada. On On the
the other
other side,
side, the
the sta-
sta-
low
low level,
level, with
with those
those interviewed
interviewed inin tus
tusofofaasuccessful
successfulentrepreneur
entrepreneurand and
Spain
Spain recognizing
recognizing the
the fewest
fewest entre-
entre- media
media attention
attention forfor entreprenership
entreprenership
preneurial
preneurial opportunities.
opportunities. Switzer-
Switzer- are
areatataagood
goodlevel,
level,and
andfear
fearofoffailure
failure
land
land shows,
shows, with
with 49.2
49.2%,
%, aa higher
higher is
islower
lowerthan
thanininprevious
previousyears.
years.
11
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipisn’t
isn’tonly
onlyabout
aboutfocusing
focusingon
onthe
thestart-up
start-upphase,
phase,but
butalso
alsoabout
aboutbeing
beingseen
seenas
asaa
mindset
mindsetin
inyoung,
young,growing,
growing,mature
maturecompanies,
companies,or
orcompanies
companiesgoing
goingthrough
throughchange.
change.
1066Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Gender Equality: fewer differences entrepreneurship ratio was 5 to 10.
between men and women The gender gap has narrowed in
A greater proportion of men than Switzerland in the last two year. In
Foraastudy
women
For study ofofthis
typically thisengage
scope,an
scope, an extra-
inextra-
Total 2020, thereofof
elements
elements are 9 report
this
this women entrepre-
report are
are based
based
ordinarycontribution
Entrepreneurial
ordinary contribution
Activity onthe
on thepart
(TEA) part ofof
over- neurs
onthe
on forresults
the every
results 10ofof
maletheentrepreneurs.
the globalreport
global report
all.
many
many Inindividuals
2018, theisisnecessary.
individuals female
necessary.to Most
male
Most written by
written by Niels
Niels Bosma,
Bosma, Stephen
Stephen
importantly,the
importantly, theauthors
authorswould wouldlikelike Hill,Aileen
Hill, AileenIonescu-Somers,
Ionescu-Somers,DonnaDonna
Table 1: Gender differences regarding activity
totothank
thankProject
ProjectManagers,
Managers,Raphaël Raphaël Kelley, Jonathan
Kelley, Jonathan Levie,
Levie, and
and Anna
Anna
Gaudart and
Gaudart and Gabriel
Gabriel Simonet,
Simonet,
% Adults for
for Tarnawaofofthe
Tarnawa
Rank/50 theFemale
% GlobalEntrepreneur-
Global Entrepreneur-
% Male
their
their efficient
Totalefficient
early-stage and effective
and effective coordi-
coordi-
9.2 ship
ship ResearchAssociation
25Research AssociationGERA
8.7 GERA ––
9.8
nation
nation atatthe
theSchool
Entrepreneurial School ofofManagement
Activity Management Global Entrepreneurship
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Monitor
Fribourg(HEG-FR).
Fribourg (HEG-FR). 2019/ /20
2019 20Global
GlobalReport.
Report.
Established Business 6.7 20 5.3 8.2
Ownership rate
The authors
The authors are are also
also grateful
grateful toto The report
The report isis available
available online
online atat
GEMEntrepreneurial
GEM project’s coordination 5.2
project’s coordination team,
team, 12 4.2
www.gemconsortium.org
www.gemconsortium.org 6.1
and atat
and
Employee
inin particular,
particular, Activity
ChrisAylett,
Chris Aylett,Jonathan
Jonathan www.heg-fr.ch/GEM.All
www.heg-fr.ch/GEM. All data
data used
used
Carmona, Alicia
Carmona, Alicia Coduras,
Coduras, Slavica
Slavica ininthis
thisreport
reportarearecollected
collectedandandpro-
pro-
Singer and
Singer and Forrest
Forrest Wright,
Wright,as as well
well cessed centrally
cessed centrally by by the
the GEM
GEM con-
con-
The
asasthe motivation
the sponsorsprofile
sponsors theis
ofofthe slightly
GEM
GEM dif-
project
project men involved
sortium.
sortium. Thein
The the early
authors
authors stages
have
have of an
exclusive
exclusive
ferent
atat Babsonfor female
Babson College,founders
College, Babson compared
Babson Park,
Park, entrepreneurial
responsibilityfor
responsibility activity
for are motivat-
evaluating
evaluating andin-
and in-
to
MAMAthat(USA)
(USA) of and
male
and thefounders.
KoreaThis
the Korea is es-
Entrepre-
Entrepre- ed “to earnthe
terpreting
terpreting a
theliving”.
data.In contrast, only
data.
pecially
neurshiptrue
neurship in relation
Foundation,
Foundation, to the
Korea.
Korea. mo-
Some
Some 41.9% of the women entrepreneurs
tivation “to earn a living”: 60.9% of mentioned this motivation.
Table 2: Gender differences regarding motivation
% TEA % Female % Male
TEA TEA
To make a difference 42.5 44.2 41.1
To build great wealth/high income 32.5 29.9 34.7
To continue the family tradition 20.1 16.9 22.9
To earn a living 52.0 41.9 60.9
11
11Management
Management
The Summary
Summary
Effects of Entrepreneurial //Key Results
Keyinvestment.
Informal Results Investment by
Activity friends, family, neighbor, etc., plays an
Job growth expectations. High job important role in Switzerland. In 2020,
growth
The
The School expectations
School of
of Management
Management are indicated
Fribourg
Fribourg 82 individuals
perception
perception offrom
of the APS than
capabilities
capabilities report-
than in in
through
(HEG-FR),
(HEG-FR), anmember
expected
member ofjob
of thecreation
the University
Universityof edthehaving
the provided
previous
previous years
years funds
(2018:
(2018:in order
36.3
36.3%;to
%;
6ofor
of moreSciences
Applied
Applied new jobsand
Sciences in Arts
and the
Artsnext five
Western
Western support
2017:
2017: 42.1entrepreneurial
42.1 %)
%) but projects.
but Switzerland’s
Switzerland’s In
per-
per-
years.
SwitzerlandYoung(HES-SO),
Switzerland companies
(HES-SO), that have
collected
collected data
data many
ception
ceptioncases,
of the investment
of capabilities
capabilities is amount
is below
below the
the
already
for
forthe been founded
theinternational
international haveEntrepre-
Global
Global naturally
Entrepre- is not disclosed.
European
European Across the
benchmark,
benchmark, andlastclearly
and three
clearly
felt the effects
neurship
neurship Monitor
Monitor of (GEM).
the
(GEM). Corona
2015crisis.
2015 tele-
tele- years,
behindthethe
behind GEM
the very
veryAPS study belief
strong
strong counted
belief of
of
In particular,
phone
phone interviewsthe proportion
interviews and
and 36 of young
36 talks
talks with
with 66 individuals
Americans
Americans in who own
in their
their reported
own capacity having
capacity to
to
companies
experts
experts revealedwith fast and
revealed high growth
entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial invested
start an average
start aa business
business of 46’860
(65.5
(65.5 %).
%). The
TheUSD
same
samein
prospects
attitudes, has
attitudes, activities decreased
activities and drastically.
and aspirations,
aspirations, entrepreneurial
is
istrue
trueof peopleprojects.
ofpeople in
inSlovenia, Switzerland
Slovenia, Canada,
Canada,
In
and
andtheidentified
2019 survey,
identified the one
the factorsfifthinfluenc-
factors of start-
influenc- is one of the
Australia,
Australia, and
andcountries
UK.
UK. with the high-
ups
ing (21.98%)
ing the
the type
type andwhose
and extentcompanies
extent of
of the were
the entre-
entre- est informal investments, just behind
no older than
preneurial
preneurial 42 months
activities.
activities. Thestill
The 2019
2019 expect-
//2020
2020 the
TheUnited
The States (56’553
entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial USD on av-
intentions
intentions of
of
ed to create
Global
Global more than 10 jobs
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship and to
Monitor
Monitor erage),
Swiss and
Swiss Luxembourg
inhabitants
inhabitants are (49’542
are higher USD
higher than
than
generate
Report
Reporton onover 50% of illustrates
Switzerland
Switzerland turnover
illustrates from
na-
na- on
in average).
in previous
previous years,
years, butbut still
still below
below thethe
foreign
tional countries within
tional differences
differences in five years. In
in entrepreneurial
entrepreneurial average
average of of high-income
high-income economies, economies,
the early
activity
activity 11 summer of 2020, one out of
between
between economies,
economies, reveal-reveal- International
contrasting
contrastingsharply orientation.
sharply with
withpeople
people Swiss
in
inIs-
Is-
12
ingstartups
ing the
the factorsalone
factors (i.e.determine
that
that 8%) assumes
determine the
the early-stage
rael
raelor
orRepublic firms
Republic of appear
ofKorea. to have a
Korea.Perceptions
Perceptions
that
nature
nature this
andwould
and levelbe
level ofthe
of case.entrepre-
national
national entrepre- very
and strong
and intentionsinternational
intentions are
are combined, orientation.
combined, with
with
neurial
neurialactivity,
activity,and
andidentifying
identifyingpolicy
policy Two-thirds
the
the challenge
challenge of the newly
being
being totofounded
see start-
see entrepre-
entrepre-
In Switzerland,
implications
implications for the percentage
for enhancing
enhancing entrepre-
entrepre- of ups in Switzerland
neurship
neurship as
as aa good
good expect to generate
career
career choice.
choice.
those
neurship
neurshipinvolved
in in TEA who expect to
inSwitzerland.
Switzerland. revenues
Only
Only 40.2
40.2 from
%
% viewforeign
view customers and
entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship
create 6 or more jobs in the next five thus
as
as an
anbelong to early
interesting
interesting internationaliz-
pathway
pathway for
for one’s
one’s
years amounts toabout
Self-perception
Self-perception 12.21%. Therefore,
about ing SMEs. Together
professional
professional future
future withcompared
Switzerland,
compared to
to
Switzerland
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipranks second last among the
85.8
85.8%Netherlands
% in in Netherlands (33.82%),
Netherlands or Sweden
or 69.2
69.2% % inin
the comparison
Perception
Perception of countries, just
of opportunities
opportunities is be-
is at
at aa (34.82%)
Canada.
Canada. On andthe
On theSlovenia
other
other side, (41.2%)
side, the all
the sta-
sta-
fore
low Austria
low level,
level, with(3.37%),
with thosebut
those behind the
interviewed
interviewed in
in rank
tus
tusofataathe
of top of theentrepreneur
successful
successful list of robustand
entrepreneur ex-
and
Netherlands
Spain
Spain recognizing (15.25%)
recognizing the and entre-
the fewest
fewest Spain
entre- port-oriented
media
media attention
attentionstart-up
for nations. In gen-
for entreprenership
entreprenership
(13.62%),
preneurial and well
preneurial opportunities. behind countries
opportunities. Switzer-
Switzer- eral,
are
areatatexport-oriented
aagood
goodlevel,
level,andandentrepreneurs
fear
fearofoffailure
failure
such
land as
land shows,the United
shows, with
with 49.2 States
49.2 %, (30.50%)
%, aa higher
higher are
is morethan
islower
lower prevalent
than in
inprevious
previousin small
years.
years. econo-
and South Korea (37.39%), who ranks mies, in particular, European ones. The
first. only exception is Canada (35.59%),
11
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipisn’t
isn’tonly
onlyabout
aboutfocusing
focusingon
onthe
thestart-up
start-upphase,
phase,but
butalso
alsoabout
aboutbeing
beingseen
seenas
asaa
mindset
mindsetin
inyoung,
young,growing,
growing,mature
maturecompanies,
companies,or
orcompanies
companiesgoing
goingthrough
throughchange.
change.
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