Case Report Clinical, Parasitological, and Serological Follow-Up of Dogs with Sarcoptic Mange Treated Orally with Lotilaner
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Hindawi
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
Volume 2021, Article ID 6639017, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639017
Case Report
Clinical, Parasitological, and Serological Follow-Up of Dogs with
Sarcoptic Mange Treated Orally with Lotilaner
F. Moog ,1 J. Brun ,1 P. Bourdeau ,2 and M. C. Cadiergues 1,3
1
Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
2
LUNAM, University-ONIRIS-DPMA Unit/NP3 Unit, Nantes, France
3
INFINITY, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
Correspondence should be addressed to M. C. Cadiergues; marie-christine.cadiergues@envt.fr
Received 19 November 2020; Revised 12 January 2021; Accepted 12 January 2021; Published 27 January 2021
Academic Editor: Katerina K. Adamama Moraitou
Copyright © 2021 F. Moog et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Canine sarcoptic mange is a highly pruritic and contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. This case
series describes the clinical, parasitological, and serological follow-up of a cohort of eight adult Saint Bernard dogs with
confirmed sarcoptic mange, treated orally with lotilaner. Dogs were evaluated initially and after 14 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
months for skin lesions, pruritus severity, presence of parasites, and Sarcoptes-IgG levels. A serological indoor allergy panel
(IgE) was obtained for seven dogs at day 0 and repeated 12 months later in five dogs to assess potential cross-reactivity between
S. scabiei and environmental allergens. Lotilaner was administered to each dog according to the manufacturer’s instructions and
was repeated after one and two months without any concurrent therapeutic measure or modification of the husbandry
conditions. Pruritus ceased after two weeks. The cutaneous score was reduced by 47%, and skin scrapings were negative for all
but three animals. All skin scrapings were negative after one month. Lesions were absent after two months. Serological levels
decreased gradually, but more slowly than the skin lesions, and two dogs out of six remained positive in the absence of skin
lesions or symptoms. All dogs initially tested positive for dust mites and/or storage mites. The IgE titres remained unchanged 12
months later in the five tested dogs. This case report demonstrates the efficacy of lotilaner on scabies in a cohort of infested dogs
under natural conditions and the potential antigenic cross-reaction of S. scabiei with house dust and storage mites.
1. Introduction 2. Case Description
Canine sarcoptic mange is a highly pruritic and contagious Nine adult Saint Bernard dogs living in the south of France
skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and belonging to the same owner were referred for intense
[1]. Diagnosis is ideally confirmed by multiple superficial pruritus of several weeks’ duration. The animals were part
skin scrapings showing the presence of mites, positive serol- of a professional breeding program and were born and raised
ogy [2], and/or response to a specific therapy. Cross- on the property, in a rural environment. They all lived in the
sensitisation with house dust mites has been documented same enclosure, with built-in concrete semi-individual hous-
[3, 4]. Treatment is based on administration of an acaricide ing and a natural grass exercise area.
to the affected dog and all canine in-contacts. Amongst the The mean age of the dogs was 4.3 years (range 2-7). The
different groups of acaricidals, the recently developed isoxa- cohort included 2 males and 7 females, all intact. The mean
zolines have produced good results [5–9]. weight was 55.3 kg with individual weights below their nor-
This case series describes the clinical, parasitological, and mal values [10] as a result of weight loss since the onset of
serological follow-up of a cohort of nine adult Saint Bernard clinical signs (Table 1). A thorough clinical history was
dogs with sarcoptic mange, treated orally with lotilaner. obtained from the owner and referring veterinarian. The der-
2 Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
Table 1: Description of the canine cohort on initial presentation.
Dog no. Gender Age (years) Weight (kg) Body condition score [10] DS PS IgG titre (%)
1 F 3 49.3 2/9 257 8.2
2 F 3 38.8 2/9 247 8.1 100
3 M 6 60.0 3/9 178 3.9 63.4
4 F 2 47.7 2/9 256 9.1 98.9
5 F 7 51.0 4/9 231 6.0 112
6 F 6 46.0 3/9 91 2.0 40.6
7 F 4 63.7 4/9 92 8.3 43.4
8 M 4 71.2 4/9 169 8.0 69.5
9 F 4 69.8 5/9 135 9.2 57.1
F: female; M: male; DS: dermatological score; PS: pruritus score.
matological issue had started four months earlier, with one ner of 24.5 mg/kg. Second and third courses of treatment
dog initially affected. Prior to this episode, none of the dogs were given by the owner one and two months later, according
had ever presented any skin problem. The main sign reported to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Thus, each animal
by the owner was pruritus localised on the ears and flanks. was treated three times at one-month intervals. No concur-
This was followed by focal alopecia, with crusts and scaling rent treatment or modification of husbandry conditions was
observed on and around the pruritic areas. Other animals implemented.
became affected within a few days, and after a week, all ani-
mals exhibited similar clinical signs. All the dogs were treated
2.1. Follow-Up Schedule. Four parameters were used to mon-
with antiseptic/antifungal shampoos (Malaseb®, Dechra vet-
itor the dogs: scoring of symptoms and lesions, microscopical
erinary products), and some of them received a systemic anti-
search of mites on skin scrapings, and serology tests to
biotic therapy (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 15 mg/kg twice
quantify IgG antibodies against S. scabiei. The dogs were
daily orally) for about three weeks without success and were
examined eight times, initially before the administration of
then referred for further investigation. On presentation, all
lotilaner (day 0) and after two weeks and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6
dogs, although underweight, were otherwise healthy. All gen-
months.
eral physical parameters were normal.
A previously used cutaneous scoring system [8] was
Dermatological examination revealed similar cutaneous
adopted, based on seven criteria (alopecia, crusts, papules,
signs on all animals, albeit at different levels of severity. Signs
pustules, scaling, lichenification, and erythema) scored out
included regional alopecia, diffuse erythema, papules, crusts,
of 6 (0 = no lesion, 1 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 6 = severe)
and scaling localised mainly on the convex aspect of the pin-
over 14 body regions (periocular region, head, neck, ears,
nae, lateral aspect of the elbows, ventral and lateral thorax,
sternum, chest, flanks, abdomen, tail, perineum, back, axilla,
limbs, and abdomen (Figure 1).
and thoracic and pelvic limbs). The maximum score was 588.
Due to the sudden onset of pruritus with a progressive
Superficial skin scrapes were obtained from four areas of
number of animals affected along with the clinical signs and
lesions on each dog and examined microscopically by the
lesion pattern, sarcoptic mange was highly suspected. On fur-
same trained dermatologist. Pruritus was assessed by the
ther questioning, the owner revealed that, a few weeks earlier,
owner using a modified visual analogue scale out of 10 [12].
a dead red fox had been found lying against the dogs’ metal
Serological testing was performed using a commercial immu-
enclosure and that the dogs had been in contact with the
noassay (Sarcoptes-ELISA 2001®, AFOSA GmbH) on day 0
body through the small holes in the fence. The owner also
and subsequently 2, 3, 4, and 6 months later.
mentioned that she had been intensively pruritic herself since
A serological allergy panel (IgE) against 11 indoor aller-
shampooing the dogs.
gens was obtained on day 0 (GREER® Aller-g-complete®,
Superficial skin scrapings were obtained from the affected
Idexx, France) to assess potential cross-reactivity between S.
areas and revealed the presence of numerous live S. scabiei
scabiei and other common canine aeroallergens.
mites on all dogs.
A final examination was implemented one year later
Lotilaner (Credelio®, Elanco GmbH) was selected as the
when all parameters except skin scrapings were evaluated.
sole acaricidal treatment [11], based on the activity of the iso-
xazoline group against sarcoptic mange [5–9]. As lotilaner is
not specifically licensed for sarcoptic mange treatment, writ- 2.2. Results after Treatment (Figures 2–4). On day 0, the mean
ten consent was obtained from the dogs’ owner prior to dermatological score was 174:9 ± 66 out of 558 (min 91, max
beginning the therapeutic procedure and follow-up. 257). At least one area on each dog was positive for either
The appropriate dose of lotilaner was administered to adult or immature stages of Sarcoptes mites or eggs, and the
each dog by the owner, according to the manufacturer’s label average level of pruritus was 6.82 out of 10. IgG levels against
prescription, to attain the recommended dose of 20- S. scabiei tested strongly positive against the reference value
43 mg/kg. A suitable combination of 450 mg tablets was (mean 73%, min 40.6%, max 112%; reference positive
administered to each dog to ensure an average dose of lotila- value: 20%).
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 3
(a) (b)
(c) (d) (e)
Figure 1: Initial physical examination. Extensive alopecia and poor body condition (a); close view of the head: alopecia, erythema, crusts, and
scaling localised mainly on the convex aspect of the pinna and muzzle (b). Self-inflicted lesions associated with alopecia, papules, and thick
crusts on the shoulder and elbow (c). Alopecia, erythema, and thick scaling/crusting on the distal part of a hind leg (d). Least-affected dogs
only showed alopecia on the pinnae and face (e).
Two weeks later, the cutaneous score was 92.5 on average with a score of 31.1 after 1 month, 13.6 at 2 months, 1.1 at
(min 37, max 146), corresponding to a decrease of 47% as 4 months, and 0 after 6 months which corresponded to a
compared to day 0. Skin scrapings were negative for all but decrease of 82%, 85%, 99%, and 100% compared to day 0,
three animals. Three dead adult mites were found on two respectively.
dogs, and a single egg was observed on the third dog. The The allergy panel yielded results for 7 of the 9 dogs. The
pruritus score was nil and subsequently remained as such. serum of the remaining two dogs could not be tested due to
One month after the first dosing, all skin scrapings were technical issues (Figure 4). The results showed that 4 of these
negative (eight dogs). When the dogs were reexamined 2, 3, 7 dogs tested very strongly positive (>2400 EAU) against
4, and 6 months after the initial treatment, no active lesions Dermatophagoides farinae and Acarus siro whereas the other
could be found and so no skin scrapings were performed. A three dogs tested either moderately (601-1200 EAU) or
decrease in serology levels was recorded over time with an strongly positive (1201-2400 EAU) against these mites.
average value of 38.5% after 2 months, 27.3% at 3 months, Against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, two dogs tested very
and 21.8% at 6 months. This corresponded to a 47% reduc- strongly positive, two dogs strongly positive, and two dogs
tion rate for month 2, a 63% reduction rate for month 3, moderately positive. Against D. pteronyssinus, one dog tested
and 70% for month 6 compared to day 0. However, a mild strongly positive, four dogs weakly positive (301-600 EAU),
transient rise in serology levels was observed in three dogs and two dogs were borderline (151-300 EAU). Against Lepi-
for month 4 (37.3% positive value) compared to month 2. doglyphus destructor, two dogs tested moderately positive,
The cutaneous score also decreased steadily and regularly one weakly positive, three borderline, and one below the
4 Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
300
1 4
250 2
5
200
Dermatological score
3
8
150 2 9
9
1
5
100 4
67
3 7 2
8 2
50
6 45 9
37 5
6 8 9
3 4 678 2345 678 9 2345 6789 2345 6789 45 678
9
0
Day 0 2 weeks 1 month 2 months 3 months 4 months 6 months 12 months
Figure 2: Progression of the dermatological score for the dogs over time after treatment with lotilaner on day 0, 1 month, and 2 months. Each
dog is represented by its number (1-9). The black line represents the average value.
120
5
100 4 2 5
80
5
IgG titre (%)
8
3 5
60 9
2 2 4
4 5 4
7
40 6 5
3 2 4
4
7 89 3 3 2 3
50 8 9 7
6 7 9 6 9
7 9 7 8
68 6 6
8
0
Day 0 2 months 3 months 4 months 6 months 12 months
Figure 3: Progression of the Sarcoptes-IgG titre of the dogs over time after treatment with lotilaner on day 0, 1 month, and 2 months. Each
dog is represented by its number (1-9). The black line represents the average value.
threshold. Fleas gave mixed results with two dogs testing No adverse effect was reported or observed that could be
strongly positive, one dog weakly positive, one dog border- attributed to the administered product.
line, and one dog below the threshold. As expected, the Dog #1 died following gastric dilatation volvulus three
results against moulds remained low or borderline, except weeks after initial presentation.
for Alternaria alternata, for which one dog tested strongly
positive, two dogs moderately positive, two dogs weakly pos- 2.3. Final Examination at 12 Months (Figure 5). By twelve
itive, and two dogs borderline or below the threshold. months after the initial presentation, dogs #2 and #3 had
The weights of all animals increased steadily during the been euthanized due to complications following caesarean
treatment, eventually attaining the values recorded before section and acute renal failure, respectively. No further anti-
disease development. parasitic treatment was suggested after the initial three
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 5
Dog Cockroa
fleas D. f D. p T. p L. d A. s A. a C. h A. f P. n
no. ches
2 1091 2016 174 841 112 1183 3 164 446 255 1064
3 133 2336 306 1045 2380 2193 0 378 200 185 188
4 1521 716 385 259 211 502 156 667 178 203 269
5 1763 3483 2269 3604 1674 3356 137 329 256 246 278
6 124 3226 423 1578 202 2760 0 1197 213 198 290
7 201 3360 525 1895 433 2912 7 1432 232 285 401
8 341 3360 231 3227 170 3315 42 147 131 253 172
Dogs 1 and 9: insufficient volume of serum. D. f: Dermatophagoïdes farinae ; D. p: Dermatophagoïdes
pteronyssinus ; T. p:Tyrophagus putrescentiae; L. d: Lepidoglyphus destructor; A. s:Acarus siro; A.a: Altermaria
alternate; C. h: Cladosporium herbarum ; A. f: Aspergillus fumigatus; P. n: Penicillium notatum . EAU: ELISA
absorbance unit.
0 No antibodies present (0 -150 EAU)
1 Equivocal (151 -300 EAU)
2 Low concentration of antibodies (301 -600 EAU)
3 Moderate concentration of antibodies (601 -1200 EAU)
4 High concentration of antibodies (1201 -2400 EAU)
5 Very high concentration of antibodies (> 2400 EAU)
Figure 4: Specific allergen IgE serology (indoor panel) results on initial presentation.
Dog Cockroa
fleas D. f D. p T. p L. d A. s A. a C. h A. f P. n
no. ches
4 3314 560 361 575 447 371 1217 209 155 155 227
5 1260 3763 1900 3953 1883 3544 94 200 170 130 143
6 89 3187 382 3752 238 3026 52 500 244 258 174
7 64 2185 273 2472 126 2028 17 94 141 111 61
8 114 3567 299 2884 94 3454 33 116 96 169 96
9 137 3675 2038 3847 483 3480 52 302 136 262 107
D. f: Dermatophagoïdes farinae ; D. p: Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus ; T. p: Tyrophagus putrescentiae ; L. d:
Lepidoglypus destructor;A. s: Acarus siro; A.a: Altermaria alternate ; C. h: Cladosporium herbarum ; A. f:
Aspergillus fumigatus; P. n: Penicillium notatum. EAU: ELISA absorbance unit.
0 No antibodies present (0 -150 EAU)
1 Equivocal (151 -300 EAU)
2 Low concentration of antibodies (301 -600 EAU)
3 Moderate concentration of antibodies (601 -1200 EAU)
4 High concentration of antibodies (1201 -2400 EAU)
5 Very high concentration of antibodies (> 2400 EAU)
Figure 5: Specific allergen IgE serology (indoor panel) results 12 months after initial presentation.
months. Dog # 8 had a pruritus score of 5/10 due to pyotrau- 3. Discussion
matic dermatitis likely due to mechanical trauma, whereas all
the other dogs had a 0/10 pruritus score. The average cutane- The clinical signs, in this cohort of dogs affected by sar-
ous score was 1.6 out of 558, and the average IgG level against coptic mange, were compatible with those described in
S. scabiei was 24.8% (13 to 45%). Dogs #4 and #5 still had the literature [1, 13–17]. It is likely that direct contact with
relatively high values (41 and 45%, respectively) without dis- the deceased red fox had initiated the process as S. scabiei
playing any pruritus or lesions from month 3 to month 12. are endemic in red foxes in Europe and can act as a
Dogs #2 and #3 had tested negative during their last control source of infestation for domestic animals [18, 19]. The
at six months. Specific IgE titres remained relatively highly contagious aspect of the disease was clearly appar-
unchanged 12 months later in the five dogs previously tested ent with all the animals progressively and rapidly becom-
(Figure 5). ing affected, as well as the transmission to humans with6 Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
the development of transient cutaneous signs on the and low level of circulating antibodies to S. scabiei and dust
owner [1, 20]. mites may already have been present. However, it has been
Affected dogs are reported to show seroconversion 3 to 5 shown experimentally that these antibody levels, even if pres-
weeks after the initial infestation and 1 to 3 weeks after the ent initially, became much higher following infestation by
development of clinical signs [21]. The serological values mite [22]. This observation reinforces the need for the prac-
are gradually reduced by progressive elimination of the anti- titioner to adopt a rigorous diagnostic approach in pruritic
bodies present and the cessation of new synthesis. This indi- dogs. Atopic dermatitis diagnosis is strictly clinical and
cates a real disappearance of antigenic stimulation, and thus requires the elimination of other causes of pruritus, particu-
of the actual parasites, that the negative values of the scrap- larly parasites and infections. The allergological investigation
ings are unable to demonstrate. The persistence of positive is only undertaken as a second step [29].
values in two dogs despite the absence of symptoms and Interestingly, a transient rise in S. scabiei antibodies was
lesions remains unusual although antibodies can be main- observed four months after the initial treatment. A similar
tained for several months [2, 22] and up to 6 months in the observation had already been reported, and it was hypothe-
laboratory according to one of the authors (PB). Interest- sized that the mites induced the greatest amount of antigens
ingly, the three dogs with the highest initial ELISA values while they were decomposing in the skin [22].
were also those with a persistently high clinical score and a Due to the low sensitivity of the skin scraping technique,
higher titre than the positive value of 20-25%, at the one- a few mites or eggs may have been missed at the one-month
year evaluation. This underlines the importance of perform- examination, and it was decided to continue the administra-
ing the serological test before and after the treatment to obtain tion of lotilaner at monthly intervals as a licensed flea and
a kinetic evaluation. A single isolated test after the treatment tick preventative [11].
cannot be interpreted unless the values are clearly negative. Despite the small number of dogs, the results of this study
Previous studies have suggested that a hypersensitivity are consistent with reports describing the efficacy of other
reaction is involved in the pathogenesis of scabies as the isoxazoline molecules such as afoxolaner [5], fluralaner [6,
pruritus is out of proportion to the low number of mites, 8], and sarolaner [7] against S. scabiei in dogs. All three mol-
and the superficial eosinophilic and mastocytic perivascular ecules are registered in several countries for the treatment of
dermatitis present in sarcoptic mange is similar to many sarcoptic mange in dogs. Lotilaner has previously been
hypersensitivity-mediated dermatoses [1, 22, 23]. shown to be an effective and safe treatment against fleas
Cross-antigenicity between S. scabiei and the dust mite D. and ticks [30–34] and is licensed solely for that purpose. How-
farinae has been demonstrated in dogs and humans. Animals ever, it has already been demonstrated to possess broader
affected by sarcoptic mange test positive for D. farinae either potent acaricidal properties against mites such as Demodex
by intradermal or serological tests [22, 23]. This was con- canis [35]. As a hypersensitivity reaction is involved in the
firmed in the present cohort with four dogs reacting very mechanisms of pruritus induction in sarcoptic mange, the
strongly, two dogs strongly, and one moderately to this house presence of dead mites after treatment may cause pruritus in
dust mite. D. farinae is commonly involved in canine atopic dogs several weeks after parasitological cure [1, 2, 36]. The fact
dermatitis [24] and gave the highest number of positive reac- that no living mite was found after two weeks and that no pru-
tions in atopic dogs in one study [25]. However, it is also ritus was detected at that time in any of the dogs suggests that
important to note that a high percentage of healthy dogs lotilaner exhibits rapid miticidal activity.
can demonstrate hypersensitivity reactions when tested [26]. In summary, this report describes a cohort of adult dogs
Cross-reactivity has been thought to be higher between from the same household naturally affected by sarcoptic
D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus than between storage and mange. The serology correlated with the clinical diagnosis
house dust mites [27]. However, in this cohort, the mean and partial cross-sensitisation with house and storage mites
serology levels were higher for D. farinae, Tyrophagus was observed, although all dogs could not be tested. The
putrescentiae, and Acarus siro than for D. pteronyssinus. This novel isoxazoline lotilaner was used at monthly intervals to
correlates partially with a previous in vitro study that demon- treat the condition and confirmed its broad acaricidal prop-
strated extensive cross-reactivity not only between D. farinae erties by allowing a rapid and effective elimination of the
and the storage mites T. putrescentiae and A. siro but also mites and resolution of clinical signs.
between D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus [27].
Despite this cross-reactivity, the sensitisation to dust
mites caused by sarcoptic mange does not seem to lead to Data Availability
the development of atopic dermatitis [23]. In this cohort of
dogs, none had a history of skin problem prior to this episode The data generated and/or used during the workup of this
and all animals returned to normal and never developed case series cannot be made publicly available in the interests
signs of atopic dermatitis. The serology levels for moulds of retaining patient confidentiality but are available from the
and fungi remained low. corresponding author on reasonable request.
One limit of this report is that dust mite-specific IgE have
been shown to be naturally present in a high number of
nonatopic dogs [28]. Due to the nature of this case report, Conflicts of Interest
circulating antibodies could not be measured before the
development of sarcoptic mange, and the cross-sensitisation The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 7
Acknowledgments [14] C. F. Curtis, “Canine sarcoptic mange (sarcoptic acariasis,
canine scabies),” Companion Animal, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 32–
The authors thank the dogs’ owner for her involvement in the 36, 2012.
study. They are grateful to Diana Warwick for English [15] D. E. Jacobs et al., Principles of veterinary parasitology, Chich-
language editing. This work was integrally supported by the ester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016.
Dermatology Unit of the Toulouse Veterinary School [16] P. Bourdeau, L. Armando, and A. Marchand, “P-23 clinical
(ENVT), Université de Toulouse, France. and epidemiological characteristics of 153 cases of Sarcoptic
acariosis in dogs,” Veterinary Dermatology, vol. 15, Supple-
ment 1, pp. 48–48, 2004.
References [17] P. Bourdeau et al., “Detailed characterization of pruritus in
sarcoptic acariosis,” in Abstracts from the 8th World Congress
[1] W. H. Miller Jr., C. E. Griffin, and K. L. Campbell, “Parasitic of Veterinary Dermatology, Bordeaux, France, 2016.
skin disease,” in Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology,
[18] S. Borstein, “Experimental infection of dogs with Sarcoptes
E. Mosby, Ed., pp. 284–342, Saunders, St Louis, 2012.
scabiei derived from naturally infected wild red foxes (Vulpes
[2] K. S. Lower, L. M. Medleau, K. Hnilica, and B. Bigler, “Evalu- vulpes): clinical observations,” Veterinary Dermatology,
ation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 151–159, 1991.
the serological diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in dogs,” Veteri-
[19] S. R. R. Pisano, F. Zimmermann, L. Rossi et al., “Spatiotempo-
nary Dermatology, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 315–320, 2001.
ral spread of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in
[3] E. H. Moustafa, M. A. el-Kadi, A. H. al-Zeftawy, H. M. Singer, Switzerland over more than 60 years: lessons learnt from com-
and K. A. Khalil, “The relation between scabies and hypersen- parative analysis of multiple surveillance tools,” Parasites &
sitivity to antigens of house dust mites and storage mites,” Vectors, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 521, 2019.
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, vol. 28, no. 3,
pp. 777–787, 1998. [20] L. G. Arlian and M. S. Morgan, “A review of Sarcoptes scabiei:
past, present and future,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10, no. 1,
[4] L. G. Arlian, D. L. Vyszenski-Moher, and A. M. Gilmore,
p. 297, 2017.
“Cross-antigenicity between Sarcoptes scabiei and the house
dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Sarcoptidae and [21] S. Bornstein and G. Zakrisson, “Humoral antibody response to
Pyroglyphidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology, vol. 25, experimental Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes infection in the
no. 4, pp. 240–247, 1988. dog,” Veterinary Dermatology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 107–110, 1993.
[5] F. Beugnet, C. de Vos, J. Liebenberg, L. Halos, D. Larsen, and [22] L. G. Arlian and M. S. Morgan, “Serum antibody to _Sarcoptes
J. Fourie, “Efficacy of afoxolaner in a clinical field study in dogs scabiei_ and house dust mite prior to and during infestation
naturally infested withSarcoptes scabiei,” Parasite, vol. 23, with _S. scabiei_,” Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 90, no. 4,
p. 26, 2016. pp. 315–326, 2000.
[6] J. Taenzler, J. Liebenberg, R. K. A. Roepke, R. Frénais, and [23] P. Prélaud and E. Guaguère, “Sensitisation to the house dust
A. R. Heckeroth, “Efficacy of fluralaner administered either mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, in dogs with sarcoptic
orally or topically for the treatment of naturally acquired mange,” Veterinary Dermatology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 205–209,
Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis infestation in dogs,” Parasites & 1995.
Vectors, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 392, 2016. [24] R. S. Mueller, J. Janda, E. Jensen-Jarolim, C. Rhyner, and
[7] C. Becskei, F. de Bock, J. Illambas et al., “Efficacy and safety of a E. Marti, “Allergens in veterinary medicine,” Allergy, vol. 71,
novel oral isoxazoline, sarolaner (Simparica™), for the treat- no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2016.
ment of sarcoptic mange in dogs,” Veterinary Parasitology, [25] E. Bensignor and D. N. Carlotti, “Sensitivity patterns to house
vol. 222, pp. 56–61, 2016. dust mites and forage mites in atopic dogs: 150 cases,” Veteri-
[8] C. Romero, R. Heredia, J. Pineda et al., “Efficacy of fluralaner nary Dermatology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2002.
in 17 dogs with sarcoptic mange,” Veterinary Dermatology, [26] P. Bourdeau, P. Blumstein, and R. Guenoden, “Positive skin
vol. 27, no. 5, p. 353, 2016. reactions to allergenic challenge in healthy dogs: part 1- intra-
[9] V. Hampel, M. Knaus, J. Schäfer, F. Beugnet, and S. Rehbein, dermal skin testing,” in Advances in Veterinary Dermatology,
“Treatment of canine sarcoptic mange with afoxolaner W. T. K. KW and C. Tscharner, Eds., vol. 444-445, Butter-
(NexGard®) and afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard worth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1998.
Spectra®) chewable tablets: efficacy under field conditions in [27] M. N. Saridomichelakis, R. Marsella, K. W. Lee, R. E. Esch,
Portugal and Germany,” Parasite, vol. 25, p. 63, 2018. R. Farmaki, and A. F. Koutinas, “Assessment of cross-
[10] WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force reactivity among five species of house dust and storage mites,”
Members, L. Freeman, I. Becvarova et al., “WSAVA Nutri- Veterinary Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 67–76, 2008.
tional Assessment Guidelines,” The Journal of Small Animal [28] T. M. Lian and R. E. W. Halliwell, “Allergen-specific IgE and
Practice, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 385–396, 2011. IgGd antibodies in atopic and normal dogs,” Veterinary
[11] S. E. Little, “Lotilaner - a novel systemic tick and flea control Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 66, no. 3-4,
product for dogs,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 539, pp. 203–223, 1998.
2017. [29] P. Hensel, D. Santoro, C. Favrot, P. Hill, and C. Griffin, “Canine
[12] P. B. Hill, P. Lau, and J. Rybnicek, “Development of an owner- atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen
assessed scale to measure the severity of pruritus in dogs,” identification,” BMC Veterinary Research, vol. 11, no. 1,
Veterinary Dermatology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 301–308, 2007. p. 196, 2015.
[13] L. G. Arlian, M. S. Morgan, C. M. Rapp, and D. L. Vyszenski- [30] D. Cavalleri, M. Murphy, W. Seewald, J. Drake, and
Moher, “Some effects of sarcoptic mange on dogs,” The Jour- S. Nanchen, “A randomised, blinded, controlled field study
nal of Parasitology, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 698–702, 1995. to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner tablets (Credelio)8 Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine
in controlling fleas in client-owned dogs in European coun-
tries,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 526, 2017.
[31] D. Karadzovska, K. Chappell, S. Coble et al., “A randomized,
controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotila-
ner flavored chewable tablets (Credelio) in eliminating fleas in
client-owned dogs in the USA,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10,
no. 1, p. 528, 2017.
[32] L. Young, D. Karadzovska, S. Wiseman, and R. Helbig, “Effi-
cacy of lotilaner (Credelio) against the adult cat flea, Ctenoce-
phalides felis and flea eggs following oral administration to
dogs,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 25, 2020.
[33] D. Cavalleri, M. Murphy, W. Seewald, J. Drake, and
S. Nanchen, “A randomized, controlled study to assess the effi-
cacy and safety of lotilaner (Credelio) in controlling ticks in
client-owned dogs in Europe,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10,
no. 1, p. 531, 2017.
[34] E. A. Kuntz and S. Kammanadiminti, “Safety evaluation of
lotilaner in dogs after oral administration as flavoured chew-
able tablets (Credelio),” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10, no. 1,
p. 538, 2017.
[35] D. E. Snyder, S. Wiseman, and J. E. Liebenberg, “Efficacy of
lotilaner (Credelio), a novel oral isoxazoline against naturally
occurring mange mite infestations in dogs caused by Demodex
spp,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 532, 2017.
[36] K. Krieger, J. Heine, P. Dumont, and K. Hellmann, “Efficacy
and safety of imidacloprid 10% plus moxidectin 2.5% spot-
on in the treatment of sarcoptic mange and otoacariosis in
dogs: results af a European field study,” Parasitol Res, vol. 97,
no. S1, Supplement 1, pp. S81–S88, 2005.You can also read
