Design and Simulation of a Standalone PV System for a Mosque in NEOM City - IEOM
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
Design and Simulation of a Standalone PV
System for a Mosque in NEOM City
Amani Alzahrani, Mashael Rajeh, Shaima Banjar
Master of Energy Engineering Students, College of Engineering
Effat University
Jeddah, 22332, KSA
amaalzahrani@effat.edu.sa, marajeh@effat.edu.sa, sabanjar@effat.edu.sa
Tayeb Brahimi
Energy and Technology Lab
College of Engineering
Effat University
Jeddah 22332, KSA
tbrahimi@effatuniversity.edu.sa
Abstract
The current state and the future potentials of renewable energy have increased widely globally to reduce the usage of
other resources such as fossil fuel, which affect the environment. NEOM city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(KSA) is a case where renewable energy will count for 100% of its energy consumption. Solar energy will play a
prominent role in NEOM city. This project aims to present a design and simulation of a standalone photovoltaic
(PV) system for a mosque located in NEOM city to meet the people's need for electricity. The system harvests solar
energy and converts it into electrical energy to cover the electrical power needed for a typical mosque in NEOM.
The design and simulation have been implemented using PVsyst software, powerful software for designing,
simulating and generating PV systems reports. The designed standalone PV system could produce yearly electrical
energy of 300 MWh. This study's significance relies on initiating research and development of building PV systems
to harvest solar energy in NEOM city.
Keywords
Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Solar PV Plant, NEOM City, and PVsyst.
1. Introduction
Humankind has relied on energy for the past centuries. Our ancestors used energy in its primary forms;
animal muscles, burning wood as a biomass form (Fossil Fuels | EESI, n.d.). By the early 18th century, fossil fuels
energized the first industrial revolution (The Industrial Revolution (Article), n.d.). Fossil fuels are oil, gas, and coal,
formed from fossilized, remained organic materials (Fossil Fuels | Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d.). Fossil fuels
have fueled the global economy for the past century (Fossil Fuels | EESI, n.d.). Currently, fossil fuels are the
primary source of generating electricity (Saudi Arabia Used Less Crude Oil for Power Generation in 2018 - Today
in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), n.d.). Unfortunately, there is a considerable side effect of
utilizing fossil fuels as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted to the atmosphere in fossil fuels' burning
process. These two compounds and other chemicals negatively affect the air, water, and lands we live in (US EPA,
2013). Fossil fuels cause a global concern regarding climate change as they are responsible for around 74% of CO2
emissions (Moriarty & Honnery, 2012). These concerns are considered one reason for utilizing different energy
forms, Namely, renewable energy (Bookstore - Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization | Chapter 5. Stabilizing
Climate: Shifting to Renewable Energy: Introduction | EPI, n.d.). Renewable energy sources play a vital role in
providing the needed energy without compromising the environment. Besides the environmental aspects, other
factors necessitate shifting to renewable energy. These factors include the increased demand for electricity,
economic development, population growth, and an expected fossil fuel shortage as they are non-renewable sources
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
((17) (PDF) The Energy Shift: Towards a Renewable Future, n.d.). Even though renewable energy still represents a
minor of worldwide energy consumption, this field experiences rapid growth (Ritchie & Roser, 2017).
Saudi Arabia, which is one of the largest producers of fossil fuels, has ambitiously started implementing
renewable energy projects supported by the National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) (OPEC : Saudi Arabia,
n.d.), (Renewable Energy | King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, n.d.). Through encouraging
private investments and public-private partnerships, the NERP encourages developing the renewable energy sector.
The NERP is one of the programs that support the Kingdom's Vision 2030 (NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY
PROGRAM | KSA Climate, n.d.). Vision 2030 main goal is transforming Saudi Arabia from an oil-dependent
country by investing in other resources (Rayes, 2018). One of the initial targets of Vision 2030 is generating 9.5 GW
of renewable energy. The vision is beyond utilizing renewable energy; one goal is to localize the renewable energy
industry in all its stages, such as research and development and manufacturing (A Renewable Energy Market | Saudi
Vision 2030, n.d.). One of the cities which will be the target for renewable energy projects is NEOM (See Why
NEOM Will Be at the Forefront of Renewable Energy, n.d.). NEOM is located in northwest Saudi Arabia (“Neom”,
the future of Saudi Arabia and the vision of a young prince, n.d.). According to published plans, NEOM will have a
100% renewable energy system. By doing so, the city will establish a world-class customer experience (See Why
NEOM Will Be at the Forefront of Renewable Energy, n.d.). NEOM is a good location for renewable solar and wind
energy (NEOM - Energy, n.d.). To harness solar energy, Photovoltaic (PV) technology is used to capture sunlight
and converting it into electrical energy (Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics | Department of Energy, n.d.). A
single unit of PV device is called a cell. A group of cells forms a PV module. When several PV modules are
connected with other electrical components such as charge controllers and batteries, a PV system is developed
(Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics | Department of Energy, n.d.). Such PV systems could provide the needed
electrical power to the building it was designed for. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar PV
generation increased in 2019 by 22%. Solar PV is the global second fastest growing renewable energy source with a
slight difference from the first fastest-growing field, wind energy (Solar PV – Analysis - IEA, n.d.). However, to the
authors´ best knowledge, designing solar PV systems in NEOM has been scarcely investigated. Hence, in this paper,
the authors present a proposed design of a standalone PV system for a mosque located in NEOM city.
1.1 Objectives
• Design an off-grid PV system for a mosque located in NEOM city in KSA.
• Simulate the design using a simulation software.
2. Literature Review
The energy sources that could be quickly replenished are named renewable energy. The main factor of
differentiation between renewable and non-renewable sources is the recreation time. As the names imply, renewable
sources require less time than non-renewable to recreate. Some examples of renewable sources are solar energy,
wind energy, hydropower energy, tidal energy, and geothermal energy. It should be mentioned that renewable
sources are not necessarily sustainable sources. If a renewable source is used up faster than its regeneration, then this
source is unsustainable. On the other hand, non-renewable sources like fossil fuels could be sustainable if
moderately used (Renewable and Sustainable Energy - Energy Education, n.d.).
2.1 Shifting to Renewable Energy
The global energy market is facing a shift to more utilizing renewable energy (Renewable Energy vs. Fossil
Fuels for Electricity: Facts and Forecasts - Beachapedia, n.d.). One of the main drivers of this shift is the increasing
demand for clean energy (Renewable Energy vs. Fossil Fuels for Electricity: Facts and Forecasts - Beachapedia,
n.d.). Research published in Nature Energy indicates that renewables' carbon footprint is much lower than fossil
fuels, even counting the carbon emitted in the manufacturing and construction phases (Solar, Wind and Nuclear
Have ‘Amazingly Low’ Carbon Footprints, Study Finds, 2017). Figure 1 compares the estimated greenhouse gas
emissions between renewable electricity generation and conventional electricity generation methods (Amponsah et
al., 2014). It indicates, the life cycle emissions (CO2 emission factors) of the traditional methods is higher than
renewables except for bioenergy (waste treatment and dedicated biomass) (Amponsah et al., 2014).
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
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Figure 1. Maximum GHG emission levels of electricity generation methods (Amponsah et al., 2014)
Besides the lower negative impact on the environment, renewables cost decreases over the years, making
renewable sources more cost-effective for generating power. Figure 2 shows that the cost of wind and solar energy
is dramatically reducing (Chart of the Day, n.d.). These two sources are considered as the highest share of renewable
sources (Renewables – Global Energy Review 2020 – Analysis, n.d.).
Figure 2. Falling in cost of power generated from solar and wind energy (Chart of the Day, n.d.)
For the mentioned reasons, countries are taking serious steps in utilizing renewables. Figure 3 illustrates the annual
change of renewable energy generation from 1966 to 2019 for some countries, including Saudi Arabia. The
renewable sources include hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, wave and tidal, and bioenergy. As can be seen, the
general trend is increasing in the usage of renewables. Saudi Arabia has only recently utilized renewable energy
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Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
compared to China, which started using renewable sources a long time ago (Annual Change in Renewable Energy
Generation, n.d.).
Figure 3. Annual change in renewable energy generation (Annual Change in Renewable Energy Generation, n.d.)
It should be mentioned, however, that the world will not completely shift to renewable energy. Usage of fossil
fuels will continue to at least 2050 (New Energy Outlook 2020 | BloombergNEF, n.d.). According to Bloomberg
New Energy Outlook 2020, utilizing renewables is expected to increase until 2050 without ultimately shifting to
renewables (New Energy Outlook 2020 | BloombergNEF, n.d.). Figure 4 represents the past and future global power
generation mix in percentage (New Energy Outlook 2020 | BloombergNEF, n.d.).
Figure 4. Global electricity generation mix (New Energy Outlook 2020 | BloombergNEF, n.d.)
2.2 Renewables Projects in Saudi Arabia
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
In 2016, the foundation of Vision 2030 was announced (Roadmap | Saudi Vision 2030, n.d.). Vision 2030 has
three themes: creating a more diverse and sustainable economy (The Vision Themes | Saudi Vision 2030, n.d.). Many
programs have been initiated to achieve the stated themes. One of which is The National Renewable Energy
Program (NREP) (NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM | KSA Climate, n.d.). On February 1, 2017,
Saudi Arabia announced renewable energy tenders’ dates (National Renewable Energy Program EProcurement
Portal, n.d.). On April 10, 2017, the Renewable Energy Project Development Office (REPDO, has stated the
companies qualified, in the first round, to build e 300 MW solar PV project in Sakaka and a 400 MW wind farm
project in Dumat Al-Jandal (National Renewable Energy Program EProcurement Portal, n.d.). On August 08, 2019,
it was announced that Dumat Al Jandal 400 MW wind farm project has successfully broken the world record of the
lowest Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) (National Renewable Energy Program EProcurement Portal, n.d.). This
project is expected to operate in 2022 [30] commercially. At the end of 2019, it was announced that Sakaka solar
photovoltaic (PV) project was successfully connected to the national electricity grid (ACWA Power Connects the
First Renewable Energy Project, n.d.). The Sakaka project is the first renewable plant in Saudi Arabia. The plant
covers an area of 6 km (ACWA Power Connects the First Renewable Energy Project, n.d.). Figure 5 shows part of
the Sakaka solar PV plant (ACWA Power Connects the First Renewable Energy Project, n.d.).
Figure 5. 300MW solar PV plant in Sakaka (ACWA Power Connects the First Renewable Energy Project, n.d.)
There are other renewable energy projects, including King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center
(KAPSRC) Solar Park, Princess Noura Bint Abul Rahman University’s (PNBARU) solar thermal plant, Saudi
Aramco Solar Car Park, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Solar Park which has
a capacity of 2 MW ([PDF] Study of NEOM City Renewable Energy Mix and Balance Problem | Semantic Scholar,
n.d.).
NEOM is a Saudi city that will build up a 100% renewable energy system (NEOM - Energy, n.d.). This city is a
crucial element in Vision 2030 (‘Saudi Arabia to Export Renewable Energy Using Green Ammonia’, n.d.). It is
located in the northeast region. It is a good location for solar and wind energy plants (‘Saudi Arabia to Export
Renewable Energy Using Green Ammonia’, n.d.). On January 29, 2020, NEOM and UK-based Solar Water Limited
signed an agreement to build a solar plant (NEOM Announces Construction of First Desalination Plant with Solar
Dome Technology The Official Saudi Press Agency, n.d.). This project is considered the first solar project in NEOM
(NEOM Announces Construction of First Desalination Plant with Solar Dome Technology The Official Saudi Press
Agency, n.d.).
2.3 Photovoltaic (PV) System
A group of PV panels, combined with other electrical components, form a PV system (Photovoltaic System - Energy
Education, n.d.). This system is used to capture solar energy and convert it into electricity (Photovoltaic System -
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
Energy Education, n.d.). PV systems could be grouped into two categories; standalone systems (off-grid) and
connected systems (on-grid) (On-Grid VS Off-Grid, n.d.). Standalone systems are not connected to the formal grid
(usually the national electricity grid). These systems include batteries to store the panel's energy for later usage as
needed (On-Grid VS Off-Grid, n.d.).
On the other hand, on-grid systems are connected to the grid, as the name implies (On-Grid VS Off-Grid,
n.d.). When the power generated by the PV panels is low, the load can use the electricity drawn from the grid (On-
Grid VS Off-Grid, n.d.). When the power generated by the PV panels exceeds the needed load’s power, this access
amount could be sent back to the grid so the owner of this on-grid system credit it for future usage (On-Grid VS Off-
Grid, n.d.). Figure 6 shows a graphical representation of the main components used in off-grid and on-grid systems
(‘Difference Between Off-Grid and On-Grid Solar Power Systems’, 2020).
Figure 6. Off-grid and on-grid main components (‘Difference Between Off-Grid and On-Grid Solar Power
Systems’, 2020)
One of the main components of PV systems is the solar panel (Solar Panel - Energy Education, n.d.). This panel
is a collection of solar cells made of semiconductors such as silicon (Solar Panels, n.d.). These semiconductors have
weakly bounded electrons to their atoms. When the photons of the sunlight hit the surface of a material made up of
these semiconductors, the electrons break free, and thus, an electric current is generated (Solar Panels, n.d.).
3. Methods
The authors aim to design and simulate a standalone PV system for a mosque located in NOEM city, Saudi Arabia.
The authors used a simulation method using PVsyst software.
4. Data Collection
4.1 Site Information
The mosque is located in NEOM city, situated in Tabuk province in northwestern Saudi Arabia (NEOM, n.d.).
Figure 7 illustrates the general information of NEOM city.
Figure 7. NEOM information
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
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4.2 Load Information
To design a standalone (off-grid) PV system, it is essential to know the load needed to be powered in advance.
Notably, the appliances used in the mosque and how much electrical power it consumes. To obtain such data, Effat
University’s mosque was used as a reference. Figure 8 shows the rooftop of Effat’s mosque, which is used as a
prototype reference. Figure 9 shows the appliances and the energy consumed per day.
Figure 8. Rooftop of Effat University mosque.
Figure 9. Appliances and the consumed power
4.3 Software Simulation
The mentioned data in Figure 9 were used as an input to PVsyst software. The seventh version of the software was
used. PVsyst enables the user to study, estimate the size, and analyze PV systems (Overview > General Description
of the PVsyst Software, n.d.). PVsyst allows the user to design his PV system, and the result will be simulated in a
report with graphs, tables, and numerical data (PVsyst – Logiciel Photovoltaïque, n.d.).
4.4 Components Selections
Figure 10 shows a graphical procedure for designing a standalone PV system that is to be placed on the rooftop of a
building.
Figure 10. The general design of a standalone PV system
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Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
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4.4.1 PV Modules
Solar cells are the building block of PV systems. Limited voltage and current values are provided by these cells.
These cells are fragile and non-isolated. Solar cells are assembled to form a PV module. This module is a
manageable structure compared to the solar cells it is composed of ([PDF] Study of NEOM City Renewable Energy
Mix and Balance Problem | Semantic Scholar, n.d.). Figure 11 shows a picture of the selected module in this design,
Poly 80 Wp (ENF Ltd., n.d.).
Figure 11. Poly 80 Wp PV module (ENF Ltd., n.d.)
The technical specifications of the PV module are represented in Table 1 (ENF Ltd., n.d.).
Table 1. Technical specifications of the PV module [43]
Parameter Value
Maximum power (Pmax) 80 Wp
The voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17.4 V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 4.6 A
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 21.5 V
Short-circuit current (Isc) 4.9 A
Figure 12 shows more information about the PV module usage in the design. This information includes the number
of modules and the connection type.
Figure 12. PV module information
4.4.2 Battery
Batteries (Table 2) are used as energy storage. They store electrical energy to be used in the absence of sunlight. The
stored energy is as Direct Current (DC) then, the current will be fed to the inverter (Rahman & Abdelmoniem,
2017).
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Table 2. Technical specifications of the batteries
Parameter Value
Type Lithium-ion
Nominal
4858 Ah
Capacity
No. of Units 96 in parallel
Voltage 384 V
Stored Energy 1678.8 kWh
4.4.3 Inverter
The inverter is an electrical device that converts the Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC). The current
generated by the modules is in the DC form. This current is fed to the inverter to convert it. This conversion is
crucial as most of the electric appliances operate in the AC mode (Photovoltaic System - Energy Education, n.d.).
Figure 13 shows the inverter (in yellow) near the solar panels to convert its DC (Photovoltaic System - Energy
Education, n.d.). In this design, the inverters used are from Maxi and EURO manufacturers with 97% and 95%
efficiencies.
Figure 13. The inverter device (in yellow) (Photovoltaic System - Energy Education, n.d.)
4.4.4 Charge Controller
The charge controller, or the photovoltaic controller, the primary function is to ensure not to over-charge or over-
discharge the batteries. This is important as over-charging a battery can lead to its destruction, and over-discharging
a battery reduces its lifetime. The controller's other function is to prevent the reverse current from flowing from the
battery to the system. There are two types of the charge controller. The first type is the Pulse width modulation
(PWM) controller, and the other type is the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller. In this design, the
second type is used. MPPT has better efficiency than PWM. It helps to get a charging power at any given point in
time ((PDF) Design of an Off-Grid Solar PV System for a Rural Shelter, n.d.).
5. Results and Discussion
5.1 Numerical Results
This section analyzes the simulation results obtained by PVsyst. The proposed design produces 288 MWh per year.
Figure 14 shows missing, supplied, needed, unused, and available energy in kWh for each month of the year.
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Figure 14. Balance and main results
The Performance Ratio (PR) of the design is 73.9%. This ratio describes the relationship between the system's
produced power to the rated power capacity (Rubí, 2018). This percentage is an essential metric in the PV industry
(Project Design > Results > Performance Ratio PR, n.d.). PR cannot reach 100% because of the losses in the
system. Typically, the PR is around 80%, and the closer PR to 80%, the more efficient the PV system (Ahmed,
2020). Hence, the authors claim that a PR of around 74% is good PR.
5.2 Graphical Results
The losses that cause the reduction of PR include optical losses, PV array (PV modules) losses, system losses
(inverter, battery...) (Project Design > Results > Performance Ratio PR, n.d.). Figure 15 shows the losses in the
system.
© IEOM Society International 643Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
Figure 15. Loss diagram of the system
5.3 Proposed Improvements
The design could be further improved by taking into consideration the cost analysis of the system. Also, the designer
could perform a comparison analysis before selecting the electrical components.
6. Conclusion
Increased energy utilization and global pollution awareness have made green/renewable energy more and more
valuable recently. In this paper, renewable energy has been briefly explored and solar energy has been highlighted.
From previous chapters, it is concluded that among several renewable energy resources, the photovoltaic (PV) effect
is the most fundamental and feasible way because of the abundance and easy access to solar radiant energy. Saudi
Arabia has great opportunities to diversify its power system due to an abundance of potential solar and wind energy
resources, solar in specific. Thus, NEOM city was chosen for the simulation of a PV system as it is planned to be
100% operating from renewable energy, and it is a major project in 2030 Saudi Arabia vision. An off-grid
standalone rooftop solar PV system has been designed and simulated using PVsyst software. The following
conclusions are drawn from the study:
• The design of a stand-alone system has been simulated successfully by using PVsyst.
• The Performance Ratio (PR) of the design was found to be 73.9%, which is considered to be relatively
good.
• The proposed design produces 288 MWh per year which is fairly adequate.
© IEOM Society International 644Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
• The rooftop assessment of this study was limited to Effat University mosque while there is a chance to
extend the study to other buildings in NEOM city for further exploration.
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Biographies
Dr. Tayeb Brahimi Dr. Tayeb Brahimi, Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering (ECE), at Effat University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, received his Ph.D. (1992) and Master
Degree (1987) from Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal, Canada. He has worked as Research Scientist
under Bombardier Chair/Canadair from 1992 to 1998. In 1998, he joined Jeppesen DataPlan in California, then
Peregrine System (acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2005), as a Technical Support Analyst in Concord (CA). Then, as
Quality Assurance Engineer and Consultant for Electronic data interchange (EDI) commercial software in Dallas,
Texas. Among other activities, Dr. Tayeb Brahimi is a reviewer for many international journals, invited speaker by
the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering, Japan Turbomachinery Association (Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy
Industries, Tokyo), The Gulf Educational Conference as well as the International Conference on Engineering
Education & Research (FICEER2015), and participated in Public Debate on Energy organized by the Government
of Quebec, Canada (Public Debate on Energy). Current research interest relates to renewable energy, including wind
© IEOM Society International 648Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management
Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
and solar energy, enhanced oil recovery simulation, thermodynamic of McVittie, and the use of technology to
support learning, Engineering education, accreditation, student outcomes, and collaborative and project-based
learning in Engineering education.
Eng. Amani Alzahrani earned B.S with a first honor degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2020 from
King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah. She trained as a Computer Engineer in the Procter & Gamble (P&G)
plant and the Deanship of Information Technology in KAU. She has participated in the 9th Annual Undergraduate
Poster Competition with the capstone project. Namely, KAU Aero 01 Flying Wing UAV Flight Controller.
Currently, she is a master's student in the Energy Engineering program at Effat University, Jeddah.
Eng. Mashael A. Rajeh is a master of Energy Engineering student and Electrical and Computer Engineer. She
received her bachelor’s degree from Effat University with a second honor degree in 2019. she worked as a field
professional reservoir evaluation engineer at Halliburton in 2019-2020. She finished her internships in two different
companies at Saudi Aramco, Dahran, Eastern Province, as an Electrical Engineer, in 2018. At General Electrical,
Dammam, Eastern Province as a Maintenance Engineer, in 2017. she did a capstone project about a (Hybrid wind
and solar power system) at Effat University in 2019. She participated in Arab Remotely Operation vehicle
computation. She is an active IEEE member. She Participated in Saudi Arabia smart grid Conference (SASG2018)
with a poster about Hybrid wind and solar power systems. She participated in Saudi Arabia smart grid Conference
(SASG2017) with a poster about Solar Roadways.
Eng. Shaima Banjar is an architect at Holy Makkah Municipality and a master student in Energy Engineering in
renewable energy at Effat University, Jeddah. She earned B.S in architecture and design in 2019 from Effat
University, Jeddah, with a first honor degree. She had her internship at Aramco, Dharan, in-office planning
department. She has participated in Memariyat international conference with a paper interested in LEED, green
buildings, and sustainability.
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