Harvard Style Guide IN-TEXT REFERENCES, REFERENCE LISTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES - www.swinburne.edu.au/lib
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Information Resources Library Harvard Style Guide IN-TEXT REFERENCES, REFERENCE LISTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES www.swinburne.edu.au/lib
Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
1. The purpose of Harvard Style For example, consider this sentence from a book: Volunteer programmes are successful when
Harvard Style is an academic citation system that allows you to use and then acknowledge volunteers are working in positions they look forward to undertaking and want to fill.
other people’s information and ideas in your own work. Using Harvard Style ensures that If you copy it from the book and insert it into your work, the in-text reference should look
people who read your work can locate and read the same sources you used; using it also like this:
reduces the risk of being accused of plagiarism.
“Volunteer programmes are successful when volunteers are working in positions they look
Using Harvard Style means acknowledging the author of an information source and the forward to undertaking and want to fill” (McCurley, Lynch & Jackson 2012, p. 78).
date the source was published by inserting the author’s family name/surname and year of
publication in the body of your work each time you use their information and ideas. These
author and date details, together with all other identifying details (such as the title of an Authors’ surnames Year of publication Page number
information source – known as bibliographic details), are also listed at the end of your work.
If you use more than one information source, arrange the sources in a list at the end of your If you paraphrase it by rewriting the information using your own words, the sentence and
work alphabetically by author surname. the in-text reference could look like this:
Always be consistent when using Harvard Style. All information sources of the same type If the volunteers are employed in roles that they want to do, then the volunteer programmes will
should be treated in the same way. perform well (McCurley, Lynch & Jackson 2012, p. 78).
Students are advised to check with their school, department or faculty which citation
style guide is required, as not everyone in the University uses this style guide.
Authors’ surnames Year of publication Page number
2. Acknowledging sources in the body of your work; to paraphrase and to quote
The two most important details to acknowledge whenever you use someone’s information If the author of the work is very well known in their subject field, you may want to state
are: a) the name(s) of the author, authors or organisation who created it, and b) the year their name as part of your writing. If you do so, you must still include the year of publication
they created it. You must insert them each time you use their information in your own work. (and the page number too, if you are quoting or paraphrasing them). For example:
The details are usually placed at the end of the sentence and are called ‘in-text references’, Dawkins (2012, p. 226) states that the universe cannot do good or bad things to humans
as you are placing them in the text (the body) of your work. because it is not a sentient force.
The two main ways of using an information source are to paraphrase it or quote from it. If a source does not have a page number (some sources, such as webpages and YouTube
To paraphrase is to look at someone’s information and then write it using your own words. videos, do not), simply insert the author’s name and year of publication. If a source has
To quote is to copy exactly what someone has written and insert it into your work. You section numbers instead of page numbers (eg. some ebooks; legislation), use ‘s’ instead of
should only quote when you feel that the author’s words are perfect and that trying to ‘p’ and list the section number in the in-text reference.
paraphrase them would weaken their message and power. When you paraphrase or quote,
You can still provide an in-text reference even if an information source doesn’t have an
always include the page number or page numbers in the in-text reference, placed after
author (check carefully first, though). The author detail is replaced by the title of the
the year it was published. When you quote a sentence, enclose the text in double quotation
information source, and the title is italicised. Year of publication and page number remain
marks: “ ”. If you quote more than one sentence, then do not use double quotation marks –
unchanged. For example:
instead, place the quoted material on a new line, indent the quote and finish with the in-text
reference. New text after that quote should commence on a new line and not be indented. Decapsulation of brine shrimp cysts is not necessary but has been carried out by dedicated
aquarists for many years as they claim it improves hatching rates (Hatching and raising brine
shrimp 2010, p. 2).
2Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
3. Your Reference List or Bibliography 5. Articles from newspapers, magazines and journals (except those freely
Each time you find a useful information source, keep a record of all its bibliographic details. available on official newspaper, magazine or journal web sites): bibliographic
As well as author and year, other bibliographic details might include the name of the details required
company who published the source; the state, town or suburb the source was published Many students obtain newspaper, magazine and journal articles via Swinburne Library
in; what edition number the source is (if not the first); the web address for the source (if databases. The details required for those and for articles found in print sources
you found it on the web); the date that you first found it (if you found it on the web); and (eg. a newspaper purchased in a shop) are:
other details depending on the type of source. These details all help someone locate and
1. Author(s) – if given.
read the same information source you used. These bibliographic details, when arranged
in the correct order, are called an entry. Entries are arranged in a single alphabetical list, 2. Year of publication.
alphabetically by author surname/family name. This list is either a Reference List or a 3. Title of article – enclose in single quotation marks.
Bibliography and it is placed at the end of your work. 4. Title of newspaper/magazine/journal. Title should be italicised.
A Reference List is a list of all the information sources you refer to in your work. 5. Volume and/or issue number. Volume number is given a prefix of ‘vol.’, issue number
A Bibliography is a list of all the information sources you refer to in your work as well a prefix of ‘no.’.
as all other sources you have looked at while preparing your work, but did not actually 6. Day and month, or season – if volume and/or issue number are not provided,
use in it. Ask your course convenor which one they require. or if needed to precisely identify an article.
7. Page number(s), if they are included. Note: this is not an estimate of how many
4. Books: bibliographic details required
printed pages would result from printing the article, but the page numbers given
For books, the details you must include in the entry are as follows and must be presented in the database.
in this order:
For example:
1. Author(s) – either a person(s) or an organisation – or editor(s). Names are presented
surname first, initial(s) next. Authors’ surnames Year of publication Title of article
and initials
2. Year of publication.
3. Title – plus the subtitle, if there is one. Place a colon between the title and subtitle.
Both are italicised. Fei, W & Wu, B 2011, ‘Equal-area theorem based direct digital sinusoidal pulse-width
4. Title of series and volume number, if applicable. modulation method for multilevel voltage inverters’, Australian Journal of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 129-136.
5. Edition – only if this is not the first edition of the book. Edition is abbreviated in the
entry as ‘edn’.
6. Publisher. Title of newspaper/ Volume and/or issue Page numbers
magazine/journal number details
7. Place of publication – state or city or suburb. Extra information may be provided if
there is more than one place with the same name.
6. Information from the web: recommendation
For example:
Information sources found on the web can sometimes be the most difficult information
Authors’ surnames Year of publication Title Edition Publisher sources to acknowledge and create entries for. Please carefully examine the guidelines
and initials and examples at the Harvard Style webpage (www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/studyhelp/
harvard_style.html) – you may find an example there that matches what you are trying to
Rosen, MR & Kunjappu, JT 2012, Surfactants and interfacial phenomena, 4th edn, John Wiley acknowledge. If you cannot, you can build an entry by combining the guidelines for books
& Sons, Hoboken, NJ. and for other sources; the result is a hybrid entry. For more information about hybrid
Place of publication entries and an example of one, see Section 8.
3Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
7. Information from the web: bibliographic details required Organisation’s Date of Short descriptive Year(s) Name of the host
Include as many of the following details in the entry as possible: name publication title covered of the webpage
1. Author(s) or organisation responsible for the webpage – if given. If there is no clearly
identifiable author, do not use the name of the Copyright owner or website host/website Bass Strait Oil Company Limited 2012, Annual Report 2012, Bass Strait Oil Company Ltd, viewed
sponsor, as they may not be the same organisation. If no author can be identified or 31 December 2012, .
URL
2. Year the information was created or year of the most recent update. Use the Date the webpage
Copyright date of a webpage if there is no date of creation. If a range of dates was first viewed
is given (e.g. © 2010 – 2012), use the latest date indicated.
9. More examples, more guidelines and getting help with Harvard Style
3. Title of the webpage/document. The page title is usually shown at or near the top of The Harvard Style webpage includes:
the page.
• a PDF version of this guide called Harvard Quick Guide
4. Name of the organisation hosting the webpage on their website or the name of the • a comprehensive guide to Harvard Style, with many more examples and also more
sponsor of the webpage. Do not confuse a group hosting or sponsoring a webpage guidelines for more information resource types.
with the author, unless they clearly are the same.
Please see www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/studyhelp/harvard_style.html
5. Date that you first viewed the webpage, in this order: day, month and year. Precede the or scan this code to access them:
date with the word ‘viewed’.
6. URL. The URL (website address) should be enclosed in angle brackets: < > . The URLs
should not be active/live links; please deactivate URLs before enclosing them.
Example of an entry for a web page from an organisation:
Author’s Year the webpage was Name of the host Date the webpage
Title
name created/updated of the webpage was first viewed
AusIndustry 2013, Certain inputs to manufacture (CIM), AusIndustry, viewed 21 January 2013,
.
Need help with Harvard Style? Visit us at a campus library, or contact us:
URL
8. Hybrid entries • Email: library@swin.edu.au
If you need to blend guidelines to create a hybrid entry for an unusual information source, • Telephone: (03) 9214 8330 (International: +61 3 9214 8330)
remember: always be consistent in the application of Harvard Style throughout your work.
Here are the steps showing how to create a hybrid entry, in this instance an entry for an
Annual Report found on a company website:
The details required by the guidelines for Annual Reports (Name of organisation, Year of
publication, Short descriptive title (italicised), and Year(s) covered) are collected, and then
some of the guidelines for web sources (Name of the group hosting the webpage, Date that
you first viewed the webpage, and URL) are collected. The two are then blended together to
make the following hybrid entry: Version: 6 Jan 2014
4Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
Information source In-text (paraphrase) In-text (direct quotation) Reference List or Bibliography entry
Book with one author The universe cannot do good or bad things to humans “The universe has no mind, no feelings and no Dawkins, R 2012, The magic of reality, Black Swan,
because it is not a sentient force (Dawkins 2012, personality, so it doesn’t do things in order to hurt London.
p. 226). or please you” (Dawkins 2012, p. 226), which leaves
us having to examine other reasons for why events
happen.
Book with two authors A government minister’s performance will be Tiernan and Weller (2010, p. 299) state that there are four Tiernan, A & Weller, P 2010, Learning to be a Minister:
influenced and affected by four factors: their factors that will determine a minister’s performance: heroic expectations, practical realities, Melbourne
personality; the government’s requirements; “their personality, the requirements of the government, University Press, Carlton.
the portfolio and lastly their circumstances the expectations of their portfolio and the political
(Tiernan & Weller 2010, p. 299). circumstances in which they find themselves”.
Book with three authors. If the volunteers are employed in roles that they want “Volunteer programmes are successful when McCurley, S, Lynch, R & Jackson, R 2012, The complete
Also, Book that is not the to do, then the volunteer programmes will perform volunteers are working in positions they look forward volunteer management handbook, 3rd edn, Directory of
first edition well (McCurley, Lynch & Jackson 2012, p. 78). to undertaking and want to fill” (McCurley, Lynch & Social Change, London.
Jackson 2012, p. 78).
Book with more than One way to visualise this is to see the citizens wanting Baldino et al. (2011, p. 137) see two agencies Baldino, D, Lundberg, D, Pietch, J & Rees, J 2011,
three authors. Also, book wider and freer access to information on one side struggling: “The perpetual tension remains between Contemporary challenges to Australian security,
is part of a series and the whilst the state wants to control it (for both its own the rights of citizens to advance their interests and the Assessing the evidence, Palgrave Macmillan, South
series is unnumbered benefit and also for those of other citizens) on the interests of the state to protect itself (and the citizens Yarra.
other (Baldino et al. 2011, p. 137). it is ideally designed to serve)”.
Book with two editors and While they may enforce regulations and create new This is an incorrect assumption: “States have Connell, D 2012, ‘Flailing about in the Murray-Darling
the contributing writers ones, state governments do not have unlimited funds substantial direct regulatory power but limited funds” basin’, in K Crowley & KJ Walker (eds), Environmental
are identifiable to do so (Connell 2012, p. 80). (Connell 2012, p. 80). policy failure: the Australian story, Tilde University
Press, Prahran, pp. 74-87.
Book where an A seller only needs a minimum level of insurance The buyer cannot expect the seller to pay a premium International Chamber of Commerce 2010, Incoterms
organisation is the author when CIF is used (International Chamber of level; “under CIF the seller is required to obtain 2010: ICC rules for the use of domestic and international
Commerce 2010, p. 105). insurance only on minimum cover” (International trade terms, ICC Services, Paris.
Chamber of Commerce 2010, p. 105).
5Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
Information source In-text (paraphrase) In-text (direct quotation) Reference List or Bibliography entry
Conference paper, Heat transfer coefficient values can only be This cannot always be precise: “However, heat Wu, CK & Makhlouf, MM 2011, ‘Predicting the
published as a book approximately calculated because they are transfer coefficients are very much dependent on part response of Aluminium casting alloys to heat
determined by the three factors of (a) quenching geometry, quenching medium and quenching process treatment’, Light Metals 2011: Proceedings of the
medium, (b) quenching process, and (c) part and this makes their determination difficult and the technical sessions presented by the TMS Aluminium
geometry (Wu & Makhlouf 2011, p. 836). values obtained are approximate at best” Committee at the TMS 2011 Annual Meeting & Exhibition,
(Wu & Makhlouf 2011, p. 836). San Diego, California, USA, February 27 – March 3, 2011,
Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
One author referring to a Another perspective is that of Vargo and Lusch (cited Monetary value is not the true value of a purchased Graham, G 2011, ‘Interaction space’, Workshop
work by two authors. in Graham 2011, p. 145), who propose that it is the item – Vargo and Lusch (cited in Graham 2011, p. 145) proceedings of the 7th international conference on
Also, this is a conference purchaser that gives a purchased item its value. “introduced the idea that value can only be created intelligent environments, IOS Press, EBSCOhost eBook
paper published in ebook and acknowledged by the consumer in the act of Collection, pp. 145-154.
format consumption”.
DVD Effective communication in a workplace can end if a In other words, “Refusing to address the issues Don’t hesitate, communicate! Effective communication
problem is not dealt with (Don’t hesitate, communicate! is one way to kill communication” (Don’t hesitate, in the office 2010 [DVD], Video Education Australasia,
Effective communication in the office 2010). communicate! Effective communication in the office Bendigo.
2010).
DVD – feature film In this instance, a blank scroll is used as a metaphor The passing down from generation to generation Kung Fu panda 2008 [DVD], Dreamworks Animation,
for non-existent knowledge (Kung Fu panda 2008). of a chef’s skills is humorously summed up by this USA. Distributed in Australia by Paramount Home
statement from Po’s adopted father: “We are noodle Entertainment.
folk – broth runs through our veins!” (Kung Fu panda
2008).
Ebooks – with page Tanaka (2012, p. 19) asserts that coastal nations, Tanaka (2012, p. 19) notes this shift in law as being due Tanaka, Y 2012, The International Law of the Sea,
numbers (or numbered wanting to obtain and secure offshore deposits of to offshore exploration and drilling: “After World War Cambridge University Press, EBL Ebook Library.
sections) natural resources for their own use, expanded their II, however, coastal states increasingly extended their
jurisdictional reach into the high seas. jurisdiction toward the high seas in order to control
offshore resources”.
Ebooks – no page numbers; ASEAN has given Malaysia ‘middle income country’ “Malaysia is one of ASEAN’s more successful Bhasin, BB 2010, Doing business in the ASEAN
chapter and section details status (Bhasin 2010, ch. 6: Malaysia: Economic economies and has been declared a middle income countries, Business Expert Press, Books 24x7.
only (chapter is abbreviated system). country” (Bhasin 2010, ch. 6: Malaysia: Economic
as ‘ch.’) system).
6Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
Information source In-text (paraphrase) In-text (direct quotation) Reference List or Bibliography entry
Newspaper, magazine It is much simpler to manage an optical network that Argibay-losada et al. (2010, p. 263) identify that “The Argibay-losada, P, Suarez-Gonzalez, A, Lopez-Garcia,
and journal articles with has been arranged in a ring (Argibay-losada et al. main reason to use ring topologies is not a high C & Fernandez-Veiga, M 2010, ‘Flow splitting for
an author (in print, or not 2010, p. 263). degree of connectivity or route diversity, but the end-to-end proportional QoS in OBS networks’,
from official web site) opposite, namely simplicity of management (static IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 1,
routing and automatic recovery, for example)”. pp. 257-269.
Newspaper, magazine and A charge of Trespass can be made once the defendant Even going near a plantation can get you into trouble ‘Trespass laws tighten’ 2013, Herald Sun, 18 January,
journal articles without is 150m or closer to a timber harvesting site (Trespass now, because “Anyone caught going within 150m of a p. 15.
an author (in print, or not laws tighten 2013, p. 15). harvesting site will be charged with trespassing, after
from official web site) the State Government brought in new “public safety
zones”” (Trespass laws tighten 2013, p. 15).
Industry and market This commodity has been affected by government fees Australian governments took advantage of this – Williams, M 2012, Gold ore mining in Australia,
reports from Library (Williams 2012, p. 5). “The industry has also faced higher government IBISWorld, B1314.
databases charges” (Williams 2012, p. 5).
Australian Standards It is permissible to simply identify multivalve model by The rule from Standards Australia (2009, p. 23) is: “An Standards Australia 2009, LP Gas fuel vessels for
Online affixing an adhesive label to the gas bottle (Standards adhesive label is an acceptable means of identifying automotive use, (AS/NZS 3509:2009), SAI Global
Australia 2009, p. 23). the model of multivalve”. Limited.
Learning material in There are usually two types of systems: natural “Systems can be natural or artificial, eg. The Tipping, R 2010, ‘Lecture 1’, HIT3423/8423 Enterprise
Blackboard – in this systems and artificial systems (Tipping 2010). solar system; Australia; Swinburne University of system management, Learning materials on
example, Powerpoint Technology; a bicycle” (Tipping 2010). Blackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, 10
slides of a lecture August, viewed 16 August 2010.
Webpage with an author Differences of behaviour between various species Rowley (2013) is one Australian biologist researching Rowley, J 2013, Home, Jodi Rowley, viewed 18 January
of frog may affect the possibility of some species “how interspecific differences in behaviour relate 2013, .
becoming extinct (Rowley 2013). to vulnerability to extinction due to threats such as
disease, habitat modification and over-harvesting”.
Webpage without an Cells that produce hormones comprise the endocrine A simple explanation of the endocrine system is that Neuroendocrine Tumor 2012, Cancer.Net, viewed 18
author system (Neuroendocrine Tumor 2012). “The endocrine system consists of cells that make January 2013, .
Webpage of a company or Haigh’s see their company as being involved in Haigh’s mission is to be “Delivering a world class Haigh’s Chocolates 2013, Vision and values, Haigh’s
organisation consumer experiences (Haigh’s Chocolates 2013). chocolate experience every time” to their consumers Chocolates, viewed 21 January 2013, .
7Swinburne University of Technology Library – Harvard Style Guide
Information source In-text (paraphrase) In-text (direct quotation) Reference List or Bibliography entry
YouTube video Tropical Telecom opted to immediately make use of Chris Taylor, the CEO of Tropical Telecom, decided INSEADofficial 2010, Social responsibility in business
their network free to anyone (INSEADofficial 2010). immediately to be altruistic: “We reacted by opening today, 14 June, viewed 13 November 2012,
up our network; making it free for everyone” .
(INSEADofficial 2010).
Tables, graphs and (Queensland Museum 2013) Adult Paralysis tick engorged with blood: ‘Adult Paralysis tick engorged with blood’
images from a webpage [image], in Queensland Museum 2013,
(Queensland Museum 2013)
Paralysis tick, Queensland Museum, viewed
21 January 2013, .
Article from a newspaper It's possible the legendary Kraken was derived from It is evident that ancient mythologies of sea monsters AFP 2013, ‘‘Shining and so beautiful’: giant squid
website sightings of these giant squids (AFP 2013). may have been inspired by truisms: “The creature captured on film for the first time’, The Age, 8 January,
is thought to be the genesis of the Nordic legend of viewed 21 January 2013, .
Article from an open A user may not know that their computer has become “Once a user’s machine is infected and part of a botnet, Maurushat, A 2012, ‘The role of Internet Service
access online journal. part of a botnet (Maurushat 2012, p. 61.6). they are likely to be unaware that their computer has Providers in combating botnets: an examination of
Note: in this example, been compromised” (Maurushat 2012, p. 61.6), so recent Australian initiatives and legislative reform’,
page number format is prevention via firewalls and detection and removal Telecommunications Journal of Australia, vol. 62, no. 4,
not standard using antivirus programs are first lines of defence. pp. 61.1-61.18, viewed 21 January 2013, .
Blog entry The issue of sustainability in architecture can be One way of including sustainability in architecture is katzsj 2009, ‘Water bottles as a design tool’, Sara’s
addressed by using recycled materials (katzsj 2009). “to use recycled products and objects in creative and blog, 11 February, viewed 9 December 2010,
innovative ways” (katzsj 2009). .
Blog entry on a newspaper Even having a busy life does not automatically entail “The vast majority of us have perfectly robust immune Newsome, B 2011, ‘Immune to science’, Sceptic
website (Note: this is not taking an additive to boost one’s immune system systems, and the notion that having a busy, modern Science, 10 March, viewed 21 January 2013, .
for Blogs, available on the required to overcome this fact.
Harvard Style webpage)
SP0065-13-0513
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