Learning, Social Technology, and Healthy Behaviors - Newton ...
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+Learning, Social
Technology, and
Healthy Behaviors
Pilot Study
Panel discussion at Bigelow Middle
School, September 6, 2018
Linda Charmaraman, PhD, Jennifer Grossman, PhD,
Wellesley College
Megan Moreno, MD, MPH, MSEd
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Funding generously provided by Children and Screens: Institute of Digital Media and
Child Development, Robert Wood Johnson Publication Support, WCW student internship
program
+
Purpose of Pilot Study
Little is known about the effects of early
initiation to social media on psychosocial and
behavioral health outcomes in early
adolescence, despite the fact that
95% of adolescents are now online
88% have access to a mobile phone
81% of them are using social media sites, and
80% sleep with their mobile phones in the bedroom
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+ The rise of social media
The “net generation” (born between 1980
and 2001) spends much more time online
than watching TV.
Almost half of all teens (45%) are constantly
online (doubled from 2015).
Boys are more likely to say YouTube is their
#1 site whereas girls are more likely to say
Snapchat
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+
The youngest users of SM
Despite the federally mandated age limits on access to social media sites
(COPPA), the Pew Research Center reported in 2010 that 38% of 12 year
olds in the U.S. were using online social networks
With remarkably similar findings, a 2011 survey of 25 European
countries found that 38% of 9-12 year olds had a social media profile
The increasing pervasiveness of social media use by the youngest users
raises questions about their safety, motivations for use, and need for
oversight by concerned adults
Young adolescents have limited capacity to self-regulate and are
susceptible to peer pressure.
As adolescents seek autonomy and separation from their familial
networks, there are many concerns about safety, privacy, inappropriate
disclosures, and distancing from real life interactions.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+
Benefits vs. Risks of internet use
Little is known about how the type and intensity of
particular online exposures are associated with
unhealthy behaviors or psychosocial health
A majority of adolescents use the Internet as a venue
for social interaction, including online blogging and
photography, which can be positively associated with
emancipation from parental surveillance
adolescents’ friendship quality and feelings of
closeness
However, studies have also reported on the risks of
online harassment,
exposure to sexual, pornographic, and violent
material,
online sexual exploitation by predators,
potential to decrease physical activity
increasing social isolation
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+ Adolescent mental health and social media:
Pros and cons
Beneficial aspects include
a sense of social connectivity and sense of belonging,
personal contentment and self-esteem,
emotional expression/control, and
identity development
widen social networks, increase social capital, maintain
ties, and promote trust
Promote civic engagement and social awareness
Maladaptive aspects include
alienation and social anxiety,
body dissatisfaction and disordered eating,
triggering of emotions such as depression, and
exposure to sexual content/sexting
book chapter on the Positive and Negative Associations
between Adolescent Mental Health and Technology
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+
Methods for Pilot study
Fall ‘17-Summer ‘18 – 6th-8th grade student survey at 3 school sites
Parent, staff, and student feedback much appreciated from the Bigelow survey
informed the improvement of procedures and survey measured used for the
other 2 school sites
Winter 2018 – Pilot student and parent interviews; Staff survey
Spring 2018 – 6th-8th grade (matched) online parent survey
Spring/Summer 2018 – Student interviews with social media content tour
and follow-up analysis
Spring/Summer 2018 – (Matched) Parent interviews
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Student Survey Sample Description
Bigelow Other schools in Greater Boston
465 students aged 11-15 235 students aged 11-16
51% female 55% female
59% White, 20% Asian, 7% Black, 27% White, 9% Asian, 29% Black,
7% Hispanic, 8% other 19% Hispanic, 16% other
8% low income 30% low income
82% use a smartphone 88% use a smartphone
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Topics parents most wanted to learn
more about
Screen time statistics
Parent-child match on survey topics, esp.
what parents do not know about what their
child is doing
Parental guidance, monitoring, prevention
of harm, tools around talking to kids about
social media/internet use
Impacts on emotional wellbeing/mood and
health
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Most read online topics (in order of frequency)
6th and 7th graders 8th graders
Animals TV shows
Science/technology Online games
Hobbies Relationships
Books/authors Depression
Politics
Music/musicians
Environment
Science/technology
Celebrities
Books/authors
Online games
Race/culture
Sports
Animals
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Negative online content viewed
Parent report of student Student report
90 90
80 80 84
78 70
70 74
70 60
60 61
60 50
50 40
40 30
39 20
30 33 21
10
20
0
10
0
Violence Pornography Profanity
Mom Dad
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
% social media initiation
in middle school
Percentage
100% 96% 96% 98%
90% 85% 85%
81%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6th graders 7th graders 8th graders
Your school Other sample
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ When did you first sign up for a social media
account, e.g., Instagram, Facebook, etc.?
Percentage
35
33
30
28 32
25
23
20 19
15 16
10 14
10
11
12
5 2
0 1
9 years or 10 11 12 13 14 years
younger or older
Your school Other sample
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Reasons for initiating social media
profiles
Across all grades, the top two reasons for joining were:
I was curious about what it was all about
I wanted to post interesting things to share with others
The 3rd most frequent reason for 7th and 8th grade was that
“everyone else was already on it,” whereas the 3rd most cited reason
in 6th grade was to “stay in touch with friends and family”
Least frequently cited reasons for joining initially were
“I was required to for a class project”
“To gain access to online games”
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ According to Pew research, % of teens aged 13-17 use …
2015 2018
80% 71% 90 85
70% 80 72
60% 52% 69
70
50% 41%
40% 33% 60 51
30% 24% 50
20% 14% 14% 11% 40 32
10% 30
0% 20
9
10
0
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Popular social media sites at Bigelow
70%
62% 61%
60% 57%
50%
43%
40% 38%
Percentage
Others
32% include:
30% • Discord
25% 24%
• iFunny
21% 20% 20%
19% • Tumblr
20%
• Reddit
13% • Wechat
10% 7%
0%
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Popular social media sites by sample
90%
86%
80%
70%
65% 66%
60%
58% 58%
53%
50%
50%
42%
40%
35% 36% 35%
Your School
30% 30% 29%
31% Other School
30% 27%
24% 25% 26%
24%
20% 18%
16% 15% 15% 15%
10% 11%
10%
0%
0%
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Middle School Social Media Use
Got first cellphone Signed up for social
40 media site
36 35
33 32
35
30
30 29 28
26
25
25 23
Percentage
20 19
Percentage
20 18 18 17 17
16
15 15 14
12 13
11 10 12
10 10
6 6
5
3 5
1 2
0
9 years 10 11 12 13 and I don't 0
or older have one 9 years or 10 11 12 13 14 years
younger yet younger or older
Your school Other sample Your school Other sample
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Parent-child mismatch of social media sites joined
% Teen Yes, Parent No
30
25 24
22
20 20 20
20
17 17
15 15
15
12 12 12
11 Bigelow
10
10 8 8 Other schools
7
5 Out of teens
5
2 who are on
0 Instagram, 61%
0 of parents are
following them.
46% are
following them
on Snapchat.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Parent-child mismatch with age at first time use
60%
About half (48%)
50% used a fake older
50%
age to sign up for
42%
Instagram and
40% Snapchat
Teen reported Interviewer: Did your
30% younger
parents know you had
Teen reported begun to use SM?
20% 18% 18%
older
15%
13% Student: I didn’t know
why I would tell them.
10% If I did tell them, I don’t
think her response
0% would be no and she
probably already knew
Age at first Age at first Age at first I had one.
cell phone Instagram Snapchat
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Parental monitoring of social
technologies
65% of parents know when 35% put blocks on some
teens are online. websites or apps.
Half (49-51%) restrict when and 13% use an app to track online
how long teen can go online. usage or are physically present
every time teen goes online.
44% restrict who they can chat
with or become friends with
online.
24% have suspended phone or
39% are permitted to have a internet use.
device with internet access in
bedroom. 7% of parents have no restrictions
whatsoever.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Parent interviews:
Limits & monitoring
Provide access to cell phones/social networking/online gaming
Restrict time & hours of access
Friend/follow teen on social media
Understanding of/access to teen social media
Read teen’s posts or texts
Privacy/trust vs. security
Limit who teens can talk to/play with
Respond to rule-breaking
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Parent interviews: Concerns about
negative emotional impacts
Interferes with school work, exercise or sleep
Potential for hurtful interactions, social exclusion, or bullying
Exposure to peer pressure & drama
Online games
Tunnel vision
Exposure to violence
Difficulty stopping
Mood change when online for long periods
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Parent interviews:
Identifying positive emotional impacts
Connect with friends across distance
Plan/participate in social events with friends
Have fun
Smiling, laughing, happy
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Parent interviews:
Challenges of parent roles
Pros and cons of social media use
Balance positive & negative impacts
Worry about negative effects but don’t want teens to be left out
Approaches to social media use
Too much or too little
Capacity to monitor teens’ use
Teens’ rights to privacy & trust vs parent protections
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Behavioral characteristics of overall
sample
Bigelow Other schools in Boston area
22% fewer than 8 hrs of sleep 42% fewer than 8 hrs of sleep
14% believe parents would 16% believe parents would
disapprove of a SM site they are disapprove of a SM site they are
using using
22% believe that parents would 29% believe that parents would
disapprove of someone in their disapprove of someone in their
online network online network
Student interview: I go to bed at Only 5% of parents believe their
10:30 and my parents think I’m children get fewer than 8 hours of
asleep by 11pm but I set the alarm sleep at night
for midnight and go back on Youtube
until 1am.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Problematic internet behaviors
When asking teens to report problematic internet
behaviors
77% matched with parents on “losing motivation to do other things
that need to get done because of being on the Internet”
55% matched with parents on “feeling nervous or anxious because
s/he is away from the internet”
46% matched with parents on “experiencing feelings of withdrawal
from not using the internet”
Interviewer: Do you feel like your other swim mates are on their phones a
lot compared to you?
Student: Yeah the other swimmers are on their phones a lot.
Interviewer: Give me an example.
Student: So last season I was sitting down reading a book and I noticed a
bunch of kids standing over in a corner and they were all playing Fortnite
together. I think a couple actually missed their events.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Fortnite and health outcomes
What to watch for No significant impacts seen yet
less hours of sleep per night Notassociated with
depression, social anxiety,
more physical symptoms of
computer overuse (such as hand or making new friends
pain, blurry vision, and loss of
sleep)
more time on the computer
when not doing homework
more likely to have started
dating
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Health and Psychosocial Outcomes
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001
Social media users Non-social media users
More likely to have depressive More likely to get enough sleep at
symptoms** night (at least 8 hours) ***
More online emotional support
***
More likely to seek out support
with regards to angry feelings*,
Interviewer: Have you ever felt scared,
depressive feelings**, nervous, or angry reading the news online.
anxieties***
Student: About Trump…and like, the
Parkland shooting. ..and how we can just
sell millions of guns of military grade to
kids in this country
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Early SM initiators vs. Later SM initiators
Later initiators (12-14 yrs) or Non-
Early initiators (9-11 yrs)
social media users
More likely to report Spend less time on
fewer hours of sleep computer not doing
homework
More likely to have
started dating Less likely to
have
More likely to have online online friends parents
social anxiety would disapprove of
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ How number of friends is related to body dissatisfaction
Number of Friends on Social Media
Interviewer: Do you
23%
< 50 ever feel bad about
42% your body image
after looking at
10% other’s photos?
51-100
15%
Body Dissatisfaction
Student: I mean I
18% feel like everyone
101-250
17% does. When you
look at Selena
Non-Body
21% Gomez, like oh my
251-500 Dissatisfaction
18% God, she’s so
perfect and she can
29% make herself look
500+ like she’s 16
8%
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Social media frequency and body dissatisfaction Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College
+
Peer networks: How often has someone
ever…
60%
50% 54%
40% 45%
36% 38%
30% 6th grade
28% 7th grade
20% 8th grade
19%
10%
0%
made rude or mean spread rumors about you
comments online or by text online or by text
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Peer networks: How often do you…
40%
35% 38%
35%
30%
25%
24% 6th grade
20%
19% 7th grade
15%
16%
8th grade
10%
5% 7%
0%
show rude or mean online upload embarrassing photos
behavior toward others of friends
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Digital citizenship: When an online friend
shares bad news, I try to respond…
90%
80%
82%
70%
72%
60%
63%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Strongly agree/agree
6th grade 7th grade 8th grade
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Digital citizenship: Online social/emotional
support
1/5 to 2/5 of students 1/3 to halfof students
admitted receiving online giving online support
support about: about:
School
School
Worries/anxieties
Worries/anxieties
Dating (esp. in 8th grade)
Not getting along with others
Not getting along with others
Friends they care about Friends they care about
Family
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Implications for early adolescent SM use
Our study suggests that online social
media use is not a substitute for peer
interactions (not associated with social
isolation).
Being a SM user exposes adolescents to
the risks of greater likelihood of online
social anxiety, negative body image, and
decreased sleep, yet can also offer the
benefits of online emotional support.
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+
Implications for community
Our studies demonstrate…
value of SMS for voicing emotional needs and avoiding isolation
Importance of parental monitoring at initiation
Importance of parents, educators, practitioners, and community
members knowing both positive and negative uses of social
media in young people which can be potential sources of digital
citizenship socialization
Resources for parents:
American Association of Pediatrics guidelines
Common Sense Media
Parenting for a Digital Future e-newsletter
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley College+ Future Directions
In our follow-up adolescent and parent qualitative studies, we
will probe further about
a) how students and parents perceive household rules about
social technologies,
b) secretive online behaviors, and
c) what online content (e.g. celebrities, “challenges”) might
be associated with different psychosocial or health
consequences, such as body dissatisfaction
2018-2021 – Launching a three-year NIH funded study of
longitudinal impacts of early social media use on physical and
socioemotional health
Recruiting middle schools currently to begin Spring 2019
THANK YOU BIGELOW FOR ALLOWING US TO PILOT HERE!
Copyright @ Linda Charmaraman, Wellesley CollegeLike us on Facebook!
https://www.facebook.com/
mediaandidentitystudy/
Many thanks to Principal Harrison, Missy
Costello, our project coordinator Ineke Ceder,
our data analysts Amanda Richer, MA and
Lisette DeSouza, PhD, and student research
+ assistants Rebecca Leu, Nimo Suleyman, Sabina
Unni, Cynthia Serrano Najera, Olaide Sode, as
well as everyone who helped us recruit and
collect data!
For more info or copies of book chapters/articles, feel free to
contact the Principal Investigator,
Linda Charmaraman
lcharmar@wellesley.edu
I look forward to hearing from you!You can also read
