NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
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Bureau of
Medicine and Surgery NAVMED P-5010-8 (Rev. Nov 2004)
Washington, DC 20372-5300 0510-LP-103-1874
Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine
Chapter 8
NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND
PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT "A"
This publication supersedes NAVMED P-5010-8 (Rev. 9-87) S/N 0510-LP-642-6366CHAPTER 8
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
SECTION I. NAVY ORGANIZATION FOR MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PROGRAMS PAGE
Article 8-1. Definition of Vector ..................................................................................8-1
8-2. Policies for Pest Control ...........................................................................8-1
8-3. Specific Responsibilities of the Medical Department ...............................8-2
8-4. Location and Responsibilities of Navy Medical
Entomologists ...........................................................................................8-3
8-5. Specific Responsibilities of Applied Biologists of the
Naval Facilities Engineering Command ...................................................8-4
8-6. Training and Additional Personnel ...........................................................8-4
8-7. Integrated Pest Control Programs and Pest Management .........................8-5
SECTION II. PESTICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION
Article 8-8. Definitions of Pesticides ...........................................................................8-7
8-9. Department of Defense Standards.............................................................8-7
8-10. Classifications of Pesticides...................................................................8-7
8-11. Pesticide Formulations and Dispersal....................................................8-9
8-12. Application of Pesticides .....................................................................8-11
8-13. Resistance to Pesticides .......................................................................8-13
SECTION III. PESTICIDES HAZARDS AND USE RESTRICTIONS
Article 8-14. General.................................................................................................8-15
8-15. Assessment of Pesticide Hazards.........................................................8-15
8-16. Toxicity of Pesticides...........................................................................8-15
8-17. Insecticide Hazards and Use Restrictions ............................................8-16
8-18. Rodenticide Hazards and Use Restrictions ..........................................8-17
8-19. Fumigant Hazards and Use Restrictions .............................................8-17
SECTION IV. PRECAUTIONS IN HANDLING PESTICIDES
Article 8-20. General.................................................................................................8-19
8-21. Personal Protective Equipment............................................................8-19
8-22. Pesticide Formulation, Storage, Fire Protection, and
Transportation......................................................................................8-20
8-23. Decontamination of Equipment and Pesticide Spills...........................8-22
8-24. Pesticide and Container Disposal .......................................................8-23
SECTION V. FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT FOR PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
Article 8-25. General Procedures ..............................................................................8-25
8-26. First Aid For Pesticide Contamination ................................................8-25
8-27. First Aid For Internal Poisoning From Pesticides................................8-26
8-28. First Aid For Poisoning By Fumigants ................................................8-26
8-29. Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning and Suggestions
For Treatment ......................................................................................8-26
8-30. Carbamate Pesticide Poisoning and Suggestions
For Treatment ......................................................................................8-27
8-31. Organochlorine Pesticide Poisoning and Suggestions
For Treatment .....................................................................................8-27
iCHAPTER 8
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
SECTION VI. VECTOR CONTROL: SHIPBOARD AND ASHORE PAGE
Article 8-32. Shore Installations ...............................................................................8-29
8-33. Advanced Bases and Disaster Areas....................................................8-29
8-34. Flies .....................................................................................................8-29
8-35. Mosquitoes...........................................................................................8-38
8-36. Lice ......................................................................................................8-40
8-37. Bedbugs (Cimex spp.), Shipboard and Ashore....................................8-41
8-38. Cockroaches, Shipboard and Ashore ...................................................8-42
8-39. Stored Products Pests, Shipboard and Ashore .....................................8-47
8-40. Mites ....................................................................................................8-49
8-41. Ticks ....................................................................................................8-50
8-42. Fleas.....................................................................................................8-52
8-43. Reduviid Bugs .....................................................................................8-53
8-44. Rodents, Shipboard and Ashore...........................................................8-53
8-45. Insect Control on Submarines..............................................................8-56
8-46. Common Venomous Arthropods .........................................................8-57
8-47. Use of Repellents ................................................................................8-59
SECTION VII. DISINSECTION OF NAVAL VESSELS AND AIRCRAFT CARRYING PESTS
Article 8-48. General.................................................................................................8-61
8-49. Disinsection of Vessels........................................................................8-61
8-50. Disinsection of Aircraft .......................................................................8-61
8-51. Methods ...............................................................................................8-62
8-52. Special Problems .................................................................................8-62
8-53. Quarantine Procedures ........................................................................8-62
SECTION VIII. PESTICIDE DISPERSAL EQUIPMENT
Article 8-54. Equipment Availability and Suitability ...............................................8-63
SECTION IX. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR SHIPMENT TO MEDICAL
LABORATORIES
Article 8-55. Introduction..........................................................................................8-67
8-56. Procedures............................................................................................8-67
8-57. Disposition of Collections ...................................................................8-71
SECTION X. APPENDICES
A. References ...............................................................................................................8-73
B. Metric conversion equivalents applied to the text material.....................................8-74
SECTION XI. ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................8-75
TABLE 8-1. Criteria for Cataloging Pesticides by Toxicity, and Label Requirements
Established by the Amended Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act of 1972 .............................................................................................. 8-16
TABLE 8-2. Pesticide Dispersal Equipment and Their Uses ........................................................... 8-64
ii8-1 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-2
SECTION I. NAVY ORGANIZATION FOR MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PROGRAMS
Article Subject Page
8-1 Definition of Vector .......................................................................................................8-1
8-2 Policies for Pest Control.................................................................................................8-1
8-3 Specific Responsibilities of the Medical Department ....................................................8-2
8-4 Location and Responsibilities of Navy Medical Entomologists ....................................8-3
8-5 Specific Responsibilities of Applied Biologists of the Naval Facilities
Engineering Command...................................................................................................8-4
8-6 Training and Additional Personnel ................................................................................8-4
8-7 Integrated Pest Control Programs and Pest Management ..............................................8-5
8-1. Definition of Vector 8-2. Policies for Pest Control
a. The term vector refers to organisms, a. Department of Defense (DOD)
primarily arthropods and rodents, which play a Directive 4150.7, Pest Management Program
significant role in the transmission of disease to provides basic standards and policies governing
man, act as intermediate hosts or reservoirs of the Navy’s pest control programs. This directive
disease, present problems of sanitary or hygienic establishes minimum levels of pest control for
significance, or otherwise affect the health and DOD installations and program policies for pest
efficiency of personnel. Included are arthropods management implementation.
such as mosquitoes, biting flies, filth and flesh
flies, lice, bed bugs, reduviid bugs, fleas, mites, b. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
ticks, and mammalian pests such as rodents and (OPNAV) Instructions 6250.4, Pest Management
bats. Cockroaches, ants, wasps, spiders, scorp- Programs and 5090.1, Environmental and Natural
ions, and food infesting insects are pestiferous Resources Protection outline pest control responsi-
arthropods not ordinarily associated with speci- bilities and functions of the offices and commands
fic diseases. of the Department of the Navy and establish poli-
cies to provide maximum effectiveness, efficiency,
b. In addition to the vector pests described and safety in pest control operations.
above, the definition of pests in this Chapter also
includes those that are objectionable because of (1) Shore Activities. Commanders of
their presence. Organisms destructive to struc- all shore activities of the Department of the Navy
tures, stored products, grounds, and other material bear the basic responsibility for the maintenance
properties are classified as "economic pests." For of an adequate vector and economic pest control
information on economic pests, as well as for program. This responsibility is normally dele-
additional vector species, refer to the Armed gated to the medical and public works depart-
Forces Pest Management Board publications, ments. The public works department is required to
"Military Pest Management Handbook," and conduct pest control operations as a scheduled part
“Technical Guide 24: Contingency Pest Manage- of performed services. The medical department is
ment Pocket Guide.” required to plan and recommend vector control
9 Nov 2004 8-18-2 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-3
measures and determine that all activities are (5) Provide information on all appro-
conducted safely. Joint planning of the activity's priate personal protective measures.
pest control program by the public works and
medical departments is necessary to ensure (6) Coordination with civilian and other
maximum effectiveness, efficiency, and safety. governmental agencies having pest control prob-
lems that may affect naval personnel on or in the
(2) Commands Afloat. Commanders vicinity of a command.
afloat are assigned responsibility for maintaining
effective and safe shipboard pest control pro- (7) Compliance with all appropriate
grams. The medical department is responsible public health quarantine measures.
for the operation and supervision of the pest
control program. Guidance may be found in the (8) Reviewing and approving activity
Navy-wide Shipboard Pest Control Manual. pest management plans.
8-3. Specific Responsibilities of the Medical b. The medical department may also be
Department charged by the commanding officer with the
responsibility for all operational phases of the
a. Specifically, the medical department vector control program as follows:
is responsible to the commanding officer for:
(1) In the event of a vector-borne
(1) Inspections and surveys to disease outbreak.
determine the species, source, location, and
density of disease vectors and nuisance pests. (2) In the absence of a public works
department, such as at certain shore installations,
(2) Recommendations relating to onboard ships, and with troops in the field.
sanitation standards and practices affecting the
presence and abundance of pests and use of (3) In the control of vectors actually
control methods. infesting humans (e.g., lice, mites).
(3) Evaluation of the effectiveness of (4) In disaster situations.
control measures.
(4) Inspections and recommendations to
ensure that pesticides are used safely following
current directives.
8-2 9 Nov 20048-4 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-4
8-4. Location and Responsibilities of Navy recognizing, defining, preventing, or abating
Medical Entomologists vector or ecological problems associated with
pesticide use.
a. Operational Navy medical entomolo-
gists are assigned to Disease Vector Ecology and (2) Provide specialized area-wide
Control Centers (DVECC) at Naval Air Station operational services, which shall include identi-
(NAS), Jacksonville, Florida and Bangor, Wash- fication of suspected entomological vectors of
ington. Medical entomologists are also assigned biological warfare agents and/or material for the
to the Navy Environmental and Preventive control of vectors where accomplishment is
Medicine Units (NAVENPVNTMEDU) in normally beyond the scope of individual
Norfolk, VA (No. 2); San Diego, CA (No. 5); commands.
Pearl Harbor, HI (No. 6), and Sigonella, Italy
(No. 7); to the Preventive Medicine Section 1st (3) Provide basic, advanced, and
Force Service Support Group (FSSG), Camp refresher training for military and civilian person-
Pendleton, CA; 2nd FSSG, Camp Lejeune, NC; nel in vector and economic pest prevention and
and 3rd FSSG, Okinawa, Japan. control measures including integrated pest
management strategies.
b. Navy medical entomologists assigned
research responsibilities may also be assigned to (4) Provide aid consistent with the
the Naval Medical Research Units Jakarta, mission, when authorized, in the event of civil
Indonesia (No. 2), Cairo, Egypt (No. 3), and emergencies or disasters including environmental
Naval Medical Research Center, Lima, Peru. contamination resulting from toxic pesticide spills.
c. Medical entomologists at DVECC and (5) Provide review of requisitions for
NAVENPVNTMEDU locations, when autho- nonstandard and controlled issue economic pest
rized by proper authority, may conduct vector and vector control items as established by current
control operations for the purpose of training directives.
personnel; field testing new methods, materials
and equipment, or providing area-wide vector (6) Conduct field and laboratory evalua-
control services that involve the use of tion and testing studies in vector prevention and
specialized equipment. control, including aerial and ground pesticide
dispersal methods and ecological hazards or
(1) The DVECC, NAS, Jacksonville, pesticide use, when authorized by BUMED.
FL area of assignment includes all U.S. Navy
activities 100W longitude east to 70E longitude. (7) Maintain such liaison with govern-
mental and civil agencies as necessary for mission
(2) The DVECC, Bangor, WA area of accomplishment.
assignment includes all U.S. Naval activities
100W longitude west to 70E longitude. (8) Provide medical information to
requesting commands on vector-borne disease
d. Functions of DVECC medical occurrence worldwide.
entomologists include:
(9) Provide or undertake such other
(1) Survey ships, stations, and other appropriate functions as may be authorized or
pertinent operational areas for the purpose of directed by higher authority.
9 Nov 2004 8-38-4 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-6
e. Functions of NAVENPVNTMEDU (2) Only medical department per-
medical entomologists, within the primary sonnel successfully completing the course will
mission, are the same as those given for be officially certified. Certified personnel are
DVECC's subject to the limitations imposed by qualified to procure standard stock pesticides
laboratory facilities and availability of funds. approved for use aboard ship and conduct ship-
board pest control operations. Other personnel
f. Special operating units are available such as those in the supply and food service
as functional components for advanced base use. departments play an important role in a ship’s
Entomologists and preventive medicine pest control program. They are strongly
technicians (PMT) are provided in the Navy encouraged to attend this training program.
advanced base organization.
b. Pest Control at Shore Installations
g. The entomologist assigned to Defense
Logistics Agency (DLA) provides specialized (1) In accordance with DOD Directive
support in the area of stored products pest 4150.7, pesticide dispersal and other pest control
management. operations must be performed by or under direct
and continuing supervision of trained and certified
8-5. Specific Responsibilities of Applied personnel. Direct supervision includes being at
Biologists of the Naval Facilities Engineering the specific location where the work is conducted
Command and maintaining line of sight view of the work
performed. Direct supervision is required only
Specific responsibilities of applied biologists during application of restricted-use or state limited
assigned to engineering field divisions of the use pesticides.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command are
delineated in OPNAVINST 6250.4 series. (2) Training and certification of all
DOD personnel must follow the guidelines in
8-6. Training and Additional Personnel DOD Publications 4150.7-M, DOD Pest Manage-
ment Training and Certification and 4150.7-P,
a. Shipboard Pest Control DOD Plan for the Certification of Pesticide
Applicators.
(1) Scheduled training programs are
available to shipboard pest control personnel. This (3) Training and certification of medical
training, as required by BUMEDINST 6250.12 department personnel assigned responsibilities
series, Pesticide Applicator Training and related to surveillance and control of arthropods
Certification for Medical Personnel presents and other vectors must also follow guidelines set
techniques and precautions necessary to safely forth in BUMEDINST 6250.12 series.
apply pesticides aboard ship. The senior enlisted
medical department representative and the (4) Specialized vector and pest control
corpsman responsible for pest control must attend training leading to DOD certification is available
shipboard pest control training once a year. at both DVECC’s. DVECC’s and NAVENPVNT-
MEDU also provide training and certification of
hospital corpsman in shipboard pest management
as per BUMEDINST 6250.12 series.
8-4 9 Nov 20048-7 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-7
8-7. Integrated Pest Control Programs and b. Public concern over extensive use of
Pest Management long lasting pesticides and their possible effects
on human health, wildlife resources, and other
a. OPNAVINST 6250.4 series states that elements of the environment emphasizes the
naval shore activities will cooperate with U.S. need for continuous professional review and
Federal, State, and local environmental pro- training in the selection and application of pest
tection agencies (EPA) and comply with the control measures. The Department of the Navy
official standards and criteria promulgated by will continue to support these standards and
such agencies. Naval ships in foreign harbors objectives fully by requiring that all pest control
and naval installations overseas will adhere to measures be performed under supervision of
U.S. Federal EPA standards, and/or those of the certified personnel using professionally
host nation, whichever is more stringent. approved pesticides and equipment.
9 Nov 2004 8-5CHAPTER 8. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
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8-6 9 Nov 20048-8 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-10
SECTION II. PESTICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION
Article Subject Page
8-8 Definitions of Pesticides.................................................................................................8-7
8-9 Department of Defense Standards..................................................................................8-7
8-10 Classifications of Pesticides ...........................................................................................8-7
8-11 Pesticide Formulations and Dispersal ............................................................................8-9
8-12 Application of Pesticides..............................................................................................8-11
8-13 Resistance to Pesticides................................................................................................8-13
8-8. Definitions of Pesticides application of any pesticide, medical officers
should request the help of specialists. Entomo-
a. A pesticide is any substance or logists of the medical department and applied
mixture of substances intended for preventing, biologists of NAVFAC will provide services
destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest; or necessary to survey pest problems, outline
any substance or mixture of substances intended control programs, train, and certify local
for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or personnel.
desiccant.
c. Nonstandard pesticides and dispersal
b. Pesticides are used in many ways and equipment must not be used unless approved by
include: acaricides, avicides, fungicides, the appropriate area entomologist following
herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, current instructions.
nematocides, rodenticides, among others.
8-10. Classifications of Pesticides
c. Fumigants are also pesticides and may
function as any of the above depending upon the Pesticides may be classified on the basis of use,
type of formulation, means of application, mode life stage of the pest to be controlled, chemical
of action, target area, and pest species. group, mode of entry, mode of action, and
formulation. Some pesticides are not easily
8-9. Department of Defense Standards categorized by standard methods because they
can be used against two or more groups of pests
a. DOD components' pest management or in formulations that may have two or more
programs conform to the following require- modes of entry or action.
ments. Controlled pesticides are for use only by
trained pesticide applicators and under the onsite a. Pesticide Type by Use
supervision of a DOD certified applicator, or by
specially trained site or shipboard medical (1) Acaricide. Substance used to
department personnel. U.S. EPA restricted use control mites, scorpions, spiders, ticks, and
pesticides may be procured and used only by related organisms.
certified pesticide applicators or by persons
under their direct supervision. (2) Fungicide. Substance used to
control fungi.
b. Restricted and non-restricted use
pesticides are procured through the military (3) Herbicide. Substance used to
supply system. Where restricted or non- control undesired vegetation.
restricted use items do not provide satisfactory
control, or when there is any doubt that available (4) Insecticide. Substance used to
personnel are qualified to supervise the control insects, sometimes used in a broader
sense to include the control of arthropods other
9 Nov 2004 8-78-10 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-10
than insects. Classification of insecticides may c. Pesticide Type by Mode of Entry
be subdivided on the basis of the life stage
against which they are used: (1) Stomach poisons are materials,
which kill following ingestion. Application may
(a) Adulticide. Used to control be directly to the pest’s natural food, mixed with
the adult stage of an insect. baits, or sprinkled in runways so pests will take
the compound into the mouth when cleaning
(b) Larvicide. Used to control contaminated appendages.
the larval stage of an insect.
(2) Contact poisons enter through the
(c) Ovicide. Used against the egg insect’s body wall or respiratory centers and/or
stage of an insect. other tissue. They include residual surface
sprays that kill pests coming in contact with the
(5) Molluscicide. Substance used to treated area and aerosols or space sprays that kill
control snails and other mollusks. after contact with the body surface. Contact
poisons may also act as a stomach poison if
(6) Rodenticide. Substance used to ingested.
control rodents.
(3) Fumigants are chemicals that enter
b. Pesticide Type by Chemical Group in the gaseous or vapor form via the respiratory
system and/or through body surfaces.
(1) Inorganic pesticides are com-
pounds of mineral origin and mainly include d. Pesticide Type by Mode of Action
arsenic, copper, mercury, sulfur, or zinc.
(1) Biologicals are pesticide formula-
(2) Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a tions containing parasitic microorganisms such
group of synthetic organic compounds with one as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, nema-
or more chlorine atoms. Chlordane, dieldrin, todes, or their metabolic by-products that control
and dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) are the pest.
examples.
(2) Desiccants are absorptive dusts,
(3) Organophosphates are synthetic which scratch, absorb, or abrade the waxy
compounds containing phosphorous. Some of surface of the exoskeleton causing death by
the more common examples in this group are: dehydration. Silica gels are examples.
diazinon, dichlorvos, and Malathion.
(3) Preservatives are normally
(4) Carbamates are synthetic poisonous substances applied to materials such
compounds of salts or esters of carbamic acid. as wood to protect from destructive pests.
Carbaryl and propoxur are examples.
(4) Repellents are compounds, which
(5) Botanicals are pesticides of plant actively repel pests and, thus, deter attack.
origin. Pyrethrums and rotenone are examples.
Synthetic pyrethroids, such as resmethrin, are (5) Chemosterilants are substances
similar in action to pyrethrum. D-phenothrin is that chemically sterilize pests thus, reducing
another example. reproductive potential.
8-8 9 Nov 20048-10 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-11
(6) Soil sterilants are normally cracks and crevices. They may be used around
thought of as an herbicide treatment to control electrical equipment or power distribution
unwanted vegetation in a given area for 6 panels, but the oil must not contact the wiring or
months or more. Some sterilants are specific for insulation because of its solvent properties.
soil dwelling animal species. Fumigants in this These solutions may be used where dampness or
category are often used to control both plant and water cause problems or where there is a need to
animal life. apply insecticides in cold weather. Oil solutions
are also applied as space aerosols or sprays
(7) Systemics are compounds either indoors or outdoors for knockdown or kill
absorbed by and translocated throughout the of insects. Space sprays are effective against
host plant or animal to kill parasites sucking flying insects only while the particles remain
juice or body fluids, respectively. Herbicides suspended in the air. Droplets that settle from
may be systemic and kill the treated plant (root spray applications may be effective as short-time
and aerial). residuals depending upon their particle size and
insecticide characteristics. It must be remem-
(8) Growth regulators are synthetic bered that oil solutions are phytotoxic and care
hormone-like compounds that prevent normal must be taken when using them around desired
growth of and/or maturity of the target plant or vegetation. Oil solutions cannot be exposed to
animal species. high temperatures or open flames, and their
solvent action precludes their application to
8-11. Pesticide Formulations and Dispersal some synthetic substances (e.g., composition,
fabric or plastic materials). Oil solutions are
a. General. Few pesticides are used in generally more readily absorbed through the
the originally produced concentrated forms. skin and also more odorous than other kinds of
Most of these compounds must be specially preparations.
formulated to permit adequate and effective
application. Formulations are prepared from the (2) Emulsions. An emulsion consists
highest concentrated (technical-grade) form of of droplets of an emulsifiable pesticide dispersed
the pesticide and may contain auxiliary carrier or in a diluent in such a way as to prevent separa-
dispersal compounds such as emulsifiers, tion of the two components. The emulsifiable
solvents, or other special additives. Virtually all concentrate is a preparation of the toxicant, a
preparation of concentrated material for military solvent and the emulsifier, which is often some
use is done commercially. Dilution of the form of detergent. Emulsifiable concentrates are
concentrate with oil or water is all that is almost always diluted with water, but can be
normally required. Dry dusts or granules are diluted with oil to form an oil solution.
usually prepared in a ready-to-use form and "Breaking," the gradual separation of the water
require no further processing. and other ingredients, occurs with time so the
preparation must be used when freshly mixed.
b. Formulation Selection. Selection of Occasional agitation may be necessary during
the proper formulation for a specific control use. Emulsions can be used on synthetic organic
measure is as important as the choice of materials around heat or open flames and with
pesticide. The various formulations into which care on vegetation.
pesticides may be prepared are:
(3) Suspensions. Suspensions are
(1) Oil Solutions. Oil solutions generally mixtures of wettable powder with
consist of the toxicant mixed into a petroleum- water. The wettable powder consists of a
based diluent. They are effective for penetrating mineral base impregnated with the pesticide plus
agents to "wet" and suspend the powder in
Nov 2004 8-98-11 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-11
water. Suspensions must be used with machines and emulsifiers, to the basic active ingredient at
that provide constant agitation. Suspensions the time of production. Pest control personnel
dispersed by a portable compressed sprayer also before application of the pesticide may add other
require frequent agitation. Suspensions are additives, such as adhesives and diluents, to the
employed as foliage/grass sprays for application formulation. Commonly used pesticide
against turf pests as residuals against some additives are:
stored products pests and for interior residuals in
malaria control programs. (1) Adhesive (sticker). Material used
to cause pesticide adherence to a surface such as
(4) Dusts. A “Dust” pesticide a plant leaf.
formulation is a mixture of a toxicant plus an
inert base usually consisting of a finely ground (2) Attractant. Substance used to
form of bentonite, pyrophyllite, or talc. These attract pests to pesticides or traps.
mixtures are used as indoor and outdoor
residuals and for animal applications. (3) Diluent, Carrier. Dry or liquid
material added to a pesticide to facilitate
(5) Granules/Pellets. Granules or formulation and/or distribution.
pellets are preparations of pesticide impregnated
into particles of highly absorptive clays and (4) Emulsifier. Material added to a
earths, which are graded by sizes ranging from pesticide formulation to produce an emulsion
coarse pebble-like pellets to those with a when the carrier solution is added. Some
consistency of fine sand. Granules and pellets pesticide concentrates contain emulsifiers so that
with greater particle weight have a minimized only the addition of water is needed.
drift, thus, preventing undesirable contamination
of areas bordering those being treated. The most (5) Fluidizer. Material used with dust;
useful size range is from 15 to 40 mesh. An a formulation to prevent caking and permit the
important use of granules for vector control is in dust to flow easily during application.
mosquito larviciding where penetration of
foliage and adequate deposit in water is desired. (6) Masking agent, Deodorant,
Large turbine-type dusters, backpack units, Perfume. Material used to remove or mask any
hand-carried dust dispensers and portable unpleasant odor of a pesticide.
seeders can apply granules. Special aerial
dispersal units may also be employed for large (7) Solvent. Material used to dissolve
area treatment. a pesticide for the preparation of a liquid
formulation.
(6) Other Pesticides. This miscella-
neous grouping includes the application of (8) Spreader, Wetting Agent.
pesticides by brush or roller, as a paste, grease, Material, which reduces surface tension and,
or cream, or as solid formulations, which thereby, enhances spread of a solution or
vaporize slowly in air. Some solid formulations emulsion over a surface.
of pesticide compounds are used as baits.
(9) Synergist. Material which, when
c. Additives. Pesticide additives are added to a pesticide, increases the effectiveness
materials that enhance the effectiveness of basic of that pesticide. A pesticide with a synergist
toxicant chemicals by altering their physical or has a sum total effect greater than that of the
chemical characteristics. The manufacturer pesticide or synergist alone.
usually adds some additives, such as solvents
8-10 9 Nov 20048-11 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-12
d. Pesticide Dispersal. After the desired (4) Sprays. (The most commonly
formulations have been selected, prepared, and used formulation.)
procured, they may be dispersed in the following
forms: (a) Fine sprays. Fine spray
droplets are considered to be from 100 to 400
(1) Gases and Vapors. The dispersal microns in diameter. Droplets within this range
of gases and vapors is termed fumigation. They remain airborne short periods of time and settle
must be handled with great care and only under rapidly. Sprays of this type are frequently used
direct supervision of specially trained and as mosquito larvicides and for residuals.
certified personnel. Gases and vapors are able to
penetrate packaged commodities, clothing and (b) Coarse sprays. These sprays
structures, which are inaccessible to treatment consist of droplets over 400 microns in diameter
by other dispersal methods. Because they lack and are applied evenly to wet a surface. Coarse
residual properties, fumigants are used when sprays are frequently employed when using
other formulations are ineffective or because of herbicides and when applying heavy residuals of
penetration requirements. However, because of insecticide to fly breeding areas.
their physical properties, fumigants can be used
only in airtight spaces, which prevent dissipa- 8-12. Application of Pesticides
tion. One type of fumigation, known as
"vaporization," is accomplished by the use of a. Effects of Particle Size. Efficient
solids such as paradichlorobenzene (PDB), application of pesticides requires the dispersal of
which at room temperatures, passes from a solid the proper particle size for the type of
directly into a vapor (sublimation). application desired. The residual quality of
many insecticides makes it possible to kill by
(2) Aerosols. Aerosols are defined as contact long after the material has been applied
a suspension of liquid or solid particles in air to walls, vegetation or other insect resting
where the particle size generally ranges from 0.1 places. In order to take full advantage of the
to 50 microns in diameter with 80% of the residual characteristics of a pesticide, it should
particles in the 0.1 to 30 micron range. Liquid be applied only in the form of a coarse spray or
particles make up a fog and solid particles form dust. By contrast, efficient use of space sprays
a smoke. Insecticide aerosols are frequently calls for their dispersal in much smaller
dispensed from hand held pressurized containers particles. Coarse sprays are inefficient aerosols
or larger ultra low volume (ULV) dispersal because the fewer number of droplets decreases
equipment. the chances of target contact. Those particles,
which do contact the target, may contain many
(3) Mists. Mists are dispersed times the amount of insecticide needed to affect
particles in which the particles are intermediate a kill. Large particles fall to the ground while
in size between those of aerosols and fine small particles may remain airborne for
sprays. Droplets in the 50 to 100 micron size extended periods of time, providing more
range are considered to be mists. They are less opportunity to contact targets. In this respect
effective than aerosols for outside space there is also a disadvantage in that unfavorable
treatment, but they are adaptable for larviciding air current or high wind velocity may cause
in areas accessible to vehicles and for large scale rapid dispersal of the droplets into the
residual spraying of vegetation. Because of their atmosphere, and the small insecticide particles
larger size, mists can be used under a wider may be transported to non-target areas. Under
range of weather conditions than can aerosols, favorable conditions, aerosols or fogs are quite
and their residual effect is greater. efficient for killing insects or other arthropods
by means of space treatment.
9 Nov 2004 8-118-12 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-12
b. Effect of Meteorological Conditions. (3) Temperature. Some pesticides
There are many conditions, which may improve may be more effective when air temperatures are
or reduce the effectiveness of the pest control 21 degrees C. (70 degrees F.) or above while
program. In addition to knowledge of the life others are more effective at lower temperatures.
history of the pest to be controlled, the proper Pesticide labels can provide information
choice of control technique, pesticide, and regarding the influence of temperature on
dispersal equipment, it must be remembered that control.
meteorological conditions such as convection,
relative humidity, wind velocity and direction, c. Selection of Method. Before a
and temperature may add to the complexity of control operation is undertaken, one must
outdoor space spray operations. determine if chemical control of the pest is the
most satisfactory approach. Chemical control is
(1) Convection. Once the pesticide is the most expensive yet least permanent of the
released from the nozzle, meteorological various methods of pest control. It should only
conditions are the only forces acting upon the supplement, not replace other pest control
particles. One of the most important of these is procedures. However, there are many situations
convection, or the upward and downward where pesticides are valuable tools in the pest
movement of a limited portion of the atmos- control program, such as during the threat of
phere. Convection influences the deposition of outbreak of vector-borne disease. Even during
particles on the surface of the ground, foliage or such times, control personnel should not lose
target pest according to the existing temperature sight of long range and more permanent
conditions. When the ground temperature is at measures.
least one degree cooler than surrounding air
(inversion), aerosol droplets tend to drift near (1) Preventive Control. Quarantine,
the ground within the habitat where the target drainage, impoundment, flushing, flooding,
species is most likely to be contacted. Coverage ditching, screening, sanitation, etc., are basic
of the area will generally depend on the wind practices in the prevention of pest infestations.
conditions at the time. When the ground These methods of control are expensive initially
temperature is warmer than the air (lapse but are the least costly and most effective over a
condition), small droplets in the mist and aerosol long period of time. When military bases are of
range, tend to be carried up and out of the target a permanent type, these methods are preferred.
zone by convection currents. Measurements of
temperature to determine inversion or lapse (2) Chemical Control. To employ
conditions may be accomplished by using chemical control measures is to admit the
thermometers placed 0.3 and 1.8 m (1 and 6 ft) preventive measures are not adequate. This
above the ground. method of pest control is the most common and
expensive, and it is temporary at best. In most
(2) Wind. A fine spray or dust will field operations, when the site is to be occupied
be scattered over a very wide area during a high for short periods of time, chemical controls are
wind especially under lapse temperature used almost exclusively. Corrective controls are
conditions. On the other hand, a lack of air used until preventive controls are established
movement will limit the pesticide distribution. and then only to augment more desirable
Normally, it is an advantage to conduct outdoor methods of pest control. However, under
space dispersal of aerosols if the movement of combat conditions, chemical control may be the
air is about 1 to 7 knots in a direction perpendi- method of choice because of the need to rapidly
cular to the line of dispersal (discharge from reduce the vector population and because
nozzle) and toward the area to be treated. permanent control measures may be impossible
due to lack of security.
8-12 9 Nov 20048-13 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-13
8-13. Resistance to Pesticides the German cockroach, Blatella germanica. This
condition further complicates the situation for
a. Definition of Pesticide Resistance. control work and necessitates reliance on spec-
Resistance of pests to pesticides is defined as the ialists for recommending changes in methods,
ability of a given population to withstand a materials, and dosage rates. Not all field reports
poison that was effectively lethal to earlier of resistance are valid. Other factors may be
generations of the species. responsible for unsatisfactory control. Faulty
techniques, chemical agents and equipment,
b. Development of Resistance. Most inexperienced or incompetent operators, increased
normal populations of animal species include breeding rates, migration from outside the con-
individuals that vary in their susceptibility to trolled area, and poor sanitation are a few of the
pesticides. Consequently, candidate pesticides more frequently observed reasons for ineffective
will kill some individuals of a species more control. It must be continually emphasized that
readily than others. Individuals in a population change to another insecticide should be considered
that are less susceptible to a chemical are only when conclusive laboratory proof of resis-
considered to be more resistant. Continued tance is obtained. The question of whether a
pesticide pressure upon a population will destroy resistant strain will revert to susceptibility when
the most susceptible individuals, permitting the not exposed to the pesticide for a period of time
more resistant individuals to survive and has not been completely answered. The consensus
produce generations of increasingly resistant among researchers is that while reversion will
offspring. Thus, the species becomes probably occur if there is no further exposure to
increasingly difficult to control because of the same or related pesticides, the time required
genetic factors transmissible to subsequent would be dependent upon the degree of resistance
generations. Development of resistance in a pest developed. However, it has been experimentally
population can be subtle or quite dramatic. demonstrated that once a resistant insect species
Houseflies were found to develop resistance to has reverted back to susceptibility that resistance
DDT within a year after it was introduced into may quickly reappear with resumed use of the
areas of Europe. For mosquito control, the use original insecticide.
of the same insecticide as a larvicide and
adulticide is thought to enhance the development c. Prevention of Resistance. Selection
of resistance. Resistance is not confined to of an insect population for insecticide resistance
insecticides, nor is it always rapid in may be averted or delayed by rotating the differ-
development. Some Norway and roof rats and ent classes of insecticides available for control.
house mice have become resistant to For example, treating a German cockroach
anticoagulant rodenticides in Europe and the population repeatedly with an organophosphate
U.S. after 20 years of use. Pesticide resistance insecticide may hasten the development of
has been reported for more than 225 species of resistance to this class of insecticides. The use
arthropods. All of the modern day insecticide of integrated pest management techniques which
groups that include organophosphates, include preventive, exclusion, biological, physi-
organochlorines, and carbamates have examples cal as well as chemical control methodologies
of the development of resistance. Even cross- together in a comprehensive pest control
resistance between these groups occurs. For strategy will also help to slow or stop the
example, chlordane (organochlorine) resistance development of resistance.
may increase propoxur (carbamate) resistance in
9 Nov 2004 8-13CHAPTER 8. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
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8-14 9 Nov 20048-14 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-16
SECTION III. PESTICIDES HAZARDS AND USE RESTRICTIONS
Article Subject Page
8-14 General .........................................................................................................................8-15
8-15 Assessment of Pesticide Hazards ................................................................................8-15
8-16 Toxicity of Pesticides ...................................................................................................8-15
8-17 Insecticide Hazards and Use Restrictions ....................................................................8-16
8-18 Rodenticide Hazards and Use Restrictions ..................................................................8-17
8-19 Fumigant Hazards and Use Restrictions ......................................................................8-17
8-14. General (4) Effect of prolonged exposure to
small dosages.
The information and directions on the pesticide
label are important to every user. When properly (5) Composition of the formulated
followed, the directions provide maximal pesticide.
protection for applicators, consumers, and non-
target organisms. The label directions discuss the (6) Concentration of toxicants used.
chemical hazards, registered uses, recommended
doses, compatibility, phytotoxicity, and legal (7) Rate of deposit required for control.
restrictions. Read all pesticide labels prior to use.
Use of pesticides in a manner inconsistent with (8) Frequency of pesticide application.
the label is a violation of Federal law.
(9) Degree of exposure to pesticide
8-15. Assessment of Pesticide Hazards residues.
a. When selecting a pesticide for a control (10) Physical and chemical properties of
program, consideration must include the possible the agent.
hazards to life other than the pests to be controlled
since pesticides may be toxic to other living c. Continual awareness of hazards assoc-
organisms. All pesticides should be considered iated with pesticide handling and use, and careful
potentially harmful to humans to some degree, attention to safeguards make it possible to use all
therefore basic precautions must be practiced. No standard military pesticides with a minimum of risk.
matter what material is used, it is standard pro-
cedure to protect food, cooking utensils, food 8-16. Toxicity of Pesticides
preparation surfaces, and to avoid continued
human exposure to pesticides. a. Pesticides are toxic to humans and dom-
esticated and wild animals in varying degrees and
b. When assessing the hazards of any must be used with care. Toxicity varies with the
particular pesticide, each of the following factors chemical nature of each pesticide and may be rated
must be carefully considered and evaluated: subjectively as having low, moderate, or high toxi-
cities. Even though a pesticide may have a low
(1) Oral and inhalation toxicity. toxicity rating, it may still be injurious, or even
fatal, depending on the formulation, concentration
(2) Effect on the skin. at exposure, duration of exposure, and the body
weight and general health of the person exposed.
(3) Accumulative effect on body Data on chronic effects of pesticides on man are
organs. limited. The dose exposure required to produce
acute poisoning is not applicable for predicting
dosages producing sub-acute and chronic effects.
9 Nov 2004 8-158-16 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-17
b. Toxicity Ratings. A wide range of suicides. Information from these reports is fre-
toxicity values for many of the pesticides has quently incomplete; consequently, evaluation of
been reported. The values are expressed as this type of data for estimating human toxicity of
acute oral or dermal lethal dose = 50 percent pesticides must be done with caution.
(LD50) in terms of milligrams (mg) of active
ingredient ingested or contacted per kilogram c. The data on acute oral toxicity divide
(kg) of body weight of the susceptible animal. insecticides into four groups (see Table 8-1
Respiratory doses are expressed in lethal below). These groupings have considerable
concentrations (LC50) that will kill 50 percent practical value because packaging labels must
of the exposed animals. No tests have been include key signal words (e.g., DANGER,
conducted in which humans have been subjected POISON, WARNING, and CAUTION), and if
to lethal doses of pesticides. However, the applicable, antidotes and other necessary pre-
effects of some chemicals on humans have been cautions.
obtained from reports of accidental exposure or
Table 8-1. Criteria for Cataloging Pesticides by Toxicity, and Label Requirements Established by
the Amended Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1972
Signal Word and Toxicity and Acute Oral Approximate Amount Needed
Antidote Statement LD50 Value to Kill the Average Person
I. "DANGER," "POISON," Skull and Crossbones
Highly Toxic 0-50 mg/kg A taste to a teaspoonful
Antidote Statement, "Call Physician Immediately"
II. "WARNING” No antidote statement Moderately Toxic 50-500 mg/kg A teaspoonful to a tablespoonful
III. "CAUTION" No antidote statement Slightly Toxic 500-5000 mg/kg An ounce to more than a pint
IV. No Warning, Caution, or Antidote Statement
Comparatively free 5000 + mg/kg More than a pint
Unqualified claims of safety are not acceptable
Note. All pesticide products bear the words "Keep out of reach of Children."
8-17. Insecticide Hazards and Use bodies of water due to toxicity to aquatic life, on
Restrictions food contact surfaces, or on plants used for food
or forage. The drift of spray droplets must be
a. General. Insecticides, formulated as avoided to eliminate contamination of non-target
solids or wettable powders and dusts, pose less areas. Contact with treated surfaces is not to be
of a hazard by dermal poisoning than when in allowed until the spray has completely dried.
solutions. However, dusts and powders are
easily inhaled and consequently produce a c. Contact Poisons. Substances used
greater respiratory hazard. for initial or residual contact pest control
(diazinon, propoxur) are all relatively toxic to
b. Stomach Poisons. Most of the sub- man and animals. The degree of toxicity is
stances used in stomach poisons to control related to the chemical and also to the type of
insects are also toxic to man and animals. formulation.
Although some are more toxic than others, each
must be handled with care and used only in the (1) Hazards. Many pesticides within
amounts recommended for the specific pest. this group are manufactured and marketed as a
Stomach poisons are not to be used in any concentrate. Care must be exercised in handling,
manner that is inconsistent with the directions on mixing, and using all contact poisons to avoid
the label. These materials are not to be used in accidental inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the
skin or eyes.
8-16 9 Nov 20048-17 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-19
(2) Use Restrictions of Contact 8-18. Rodenticide Hazards and Use Restrictions
Poisons
a. General. If bait stations are access-
(a) Indoors. Residual pesticides ible to children, pets, or domestic animals, they
within this group that have EPA registration for must be kept in tamper-proof boxes. Baits
use in food preparation areas are limited to crack should be picked up and disposed of upon
and crevice treatment. Do not use these completion of the control program. Foodstuffs
materials in occupied spaces and do not permit such as candy and cookies must not be used as
entry to an area prior to proper ventilation. baits to avoid attracting children and pets. Bait
Small amounts of these chemicals are applied stations should be checked monthly, unless
directly into natural and construction cracks and rodent activity is noted; then they should be
crevices, between equipment bases and floors, checked at least weekly.
into wall voids, motor housings, junction or
switch boxes, conduits or hollow equipment b. Anticoagulant Baits. All normal
legs, and any other place where pests may hide. pesticide precautions apply when handling
In nonfood areas these pesticides may be applied single or multiple dose anticoagulant materials.
by spray or brush to floors, walls, ceilings, or
other infested areas. Overall treatment of 8-19. Fumigant Hazards and Use Restrictions
interior surfaces of occupied spaces is
prohibited. No person or pet should be allowed a. Relatively Nontoxic Fumigants. A
to contact treated surfaces until the liquid chemical such as naphthalene is relatively safe
residual dries. to use. However, prolonged inhalation of the
vapors is harmful. They should not be used near
(b) Outdoors. Do not allow open flames.
contact poisons to enter any body of water
directly or as runoff because of their toxicity to b. Extremely Toxic Fumigants. Fumi-
aquatic life. Do not use these chemicals on food gants such as aluminum phosphide (hydrogen
or forage plants or on animals in a manner other phosphide), sulfuryl fluoride, and hydrogen
than that recommended on the label. Avoid drift cyanide are to be used only by trained and
of the sprays or dusts and keep domestic animals certified personnel. Do not use these agents
from contact with wet treated surfaces. Restrict without proper review and approval of a medical
application of these pesticides to infested areas. entomologist or applied biologist.
9 Nov 2004 8-17CHAPTER 8. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
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8-18 9 Nov 20048-20 CHAPTER 8. NAVY ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 8-21
SECTION IV. PRECAUTIONS IN HANDLING PESTICIDES
Article Subject Page
8-20 General .........................................................................................................................8-19
8-21 Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................................................8-19
8-22 Pesticide Formulation, Storage, Fire Protection, and Transportation ..........................8-20
8-23 Decontamination of Equipment and Pesticide Spills ...................................................8-22
8-24 Pesticide and Container Disposal .................................................................................8-23
8-20. General (4) Respirator cartridges should be
changed after 8 hours of use or sooner if
The precautions listed in this section will enable pesticide odor is detected. During heavy
individuals to use, store, mix, and dispose of spraying, change the respirator filters every 4
pesticides and rinse solutions in a manner safe to hours. After use, remove the filters and
themselves, other personnel and the environ- cartridges, wash the face piece with soap and
ment. The user of pesticides is charged with the water, rinse and dry it with a clean cloth, and
responsibility of knowing and complying with store it in a clean, dry place, preferably in a
current EPA regulations and Navy standards. tightly closed paper or plastic bag away from
pesticides and pesticide equipment.
8-21. Personal Protective Equipment
(5) Specially designed gas masks
a. Personal protective equipment and should be worn when working with toxic
clothing must be worn to protect all parts of the pesticides in close or poorly ventilated spaces.
body from pesticide contamination and must be Fumigation requires special consideration.
stored in an area separate from any pesticide Contact the fumigant manufacturer or area
exposure. Always read the pesticide label for entomologists for specific instructions.
recommendations on the use of protective
clothing and devices. c. Eye Protection. Wear either un-
vented or indirect vented goggles or a face
b. Respiratory Protective Devices shield to prevent contamination of the eyes with
pesticides. After use, wash the goggles with
(1) Wearing a National Institute of soap and water, rinse and dry with clean cloth,
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and store with the respirator.
approved respiratory device is necessary any
time inhalation of pesticides can occur. Wearing d. Body Protection. A long sleeve shirt
a respirator does not replace the need for and full-length trousers or coverall type garment
protective clothing on other parts of the body. (all of closely woven fabric) should be worn any
time that pesticides are handled.
(2) Specific types of cartridges and
canisters protect against specific gases and (1) A lightweight raincoat or rubber
vapors. For low concentrations of insecticide apron should be worn when handling pesticide
sprays, dusts, mists, and vapors, use an approved concentrates or very toxic materials.
respirator with organic vapor cartridge.
(2) Trousers should be worn outside
(3) Check the respirator's flutter valve of lightweight rubber boots to prevent pesticides
to assure proper functioning. from getting inside the boots.
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