Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
Task 17

                          PV for Transport

                  Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020

                              Ver 1.0.3

                           23 August 2017

Prepared by:
Toshio Hirota
Waseda University
hirotat@aoni.waseda.jp

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
In collaboration with
Hiroyuki Yamada
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
yamadahry@nedo.go.jp
Keiichi Komoto
Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc.
keiichi.komoto@mizuho-ir.co.jp
Masanori Ishimura
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
ishimuramsn@nedo.go.jp
Mami Hasegawa
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
hasegawamam@nedo.go.jp
*Proposed subtask leaders and activities leaders shall be listed in the final draft workplan.

Abbreviations
 2DS              2°C scenario
 B2DS             beyond 2°C scenario
 ETP              Energy Technology Perspectives
 EV               Electric Vehicle
 ExCo             Executive Committee
 GHG              greenhouse gas
 IEA              International Energy Agency
 IEA HEV          International Energy Agency, Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Programme
 IEA PVPS         International Energy Agency, Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
 IRENA            International Renewable Energy Agency
 LCV              light commercial vehicles
 LDV              light-duty vehicles
 PHV              Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
 PLDV             passenger light-duty vehicles
 PV               Photovoltaic
 TCP              Technical Cooperation Program
 VPP              Virtual Power Plant
 V2X              Vehicles to X (X: Grid, Home, etc.)
 WTW              well-to-wheel

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
Purpose of this document (CC from IEA-PVPS Handbook 3.2.6):

The Task Work Plan describes, in detail, the specific activities that will be undertaken to achieve the
Task objectives, and covers the entire duration of the Task.

The Operating Agent is responsible for developing the Task Work Plan, with input from, and the
unanimous approval of, the Task participants. A summary of the current Task Work Plan is included in
each semi-annual Task Status Report, focusing on the next 6-month to one year time frame. Approval
for a new Task will not be given without a good draft Task Work Plan.

The content includes:
• Brief statement of Task objectives;
• Brief description of subtasks;
• Specific activities planned under each subtask;
• Who is responsible for the work;
• Schedule for activities and reports, including major milestones; and
• Resource requirements for each major activity.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
Table of contents

1           Foreword ............................................................................................................................... 5
2           Task 17 Preparation Group ................................................................................................. 7
3           Task Description ................................................................................................................... 8
    3.1     Background and relevance with respect to the mission of IEA-PVPS.................................. 8
    3.2     Motivation for the new Task 17 ............................................................................................ 9
    3.3     Goals & objectives .............................................................................................................. 15
    3.4     Scope................................................................................................................................... 15
    3.5     Approach ............................................................................................................................. 16
    3.6     Programme duration............................................................................................................ 16
    3.7     Share of responsibilities for the Task Work........................................................................ 17
    3.8     Synergies between IEA-PVPS Task 17 and other IEA-PVPS Tasks.................................. 18
    3.9     Synergies between IEA-PVPS Task 17 and other IEA Technology Cooperation
            Programmes ...................................................................................................................... 18
      3.9.1                Overview ............................................................................................................. 18
      3.9.2                Collaboration with IEA-HEV ............................................................................. 19
      3.9.3                Collaboration with other international organizations .......................................... 20
    3.10    Added value ...................................................................................................................... 20
4           Description of Planned Work .............................................................................................. 21
    4.1     Subtask 1: Benefits and requirements for PV-powered vehicles ...................................... 21
      4.1.1                Activity 1.1: Overview and recognition of current status
                            of PV-powered vehicles .................................................................................. 22
      4.1.2                Activity 1.2: Requirements, barriers and solutions for PV and vehicles ........... 23
      4.1.3                Activity 1.3: Possible contributions and benefits .............................................. 24
      4.1.4                Activity 1.4: Other possible PV-powered vehicles ........................................... 25
    4.2     Subtask 2: PV-powered applications for electric systems and infrastructures .................. 26
      4.2.1                Activity 2.1: PV-powered infrastructure for vehicles ....................................... 27
      4.2.2                Activity 2.2: PV-powered applications for electric systems ............................. 28
    4.3     Subtask 3: Roadmap of ‘PV for Transport’ ...................................................................... 29
    4.4     Subtask 4: Dissemination .................................................................................................. 30
5           Resource Requirements, Allocation and Budget................................................................. 31
6           Task Reports ....................................................................................................................... 33
    6.1     Task deliverables ................................................................................................................ 33
    6.2     Reports to the ExCo ............................................................................................................ 33
7           Organizational Issues and Key Dates ................................................................................ 33
Annex A – Current Task 17 Mailing List ......................................................................................... 34

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
1          Foreword

The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in November 1974, is an autonomous body within
the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which
carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries. The
European Union also participates in the work of the IEA. Collaboration in research, development and
demonstration of new technologies has been an important part of the Agency’s Programme.

The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS) is one of the collaborative R&D
Agreements established within the IEA. Since 1993, the PVPS participants have been conducting a
variety of joint projects in the application of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy into electricity.

The mission of the IEA PVPS programme is: To enhance the international collaborative efforts which
facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy
systems.

In order to achieve this, the Programme’s participants have undertaken a variety of joint research
projects in PV power systems applications. The overall programme is headed by an Executive
Committee, comprised of one delegate from each country or one organization member, which
designates distinct ‘Tasks,’ that may be research projects or activity areas.

The participating countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey and the United States of America. The
European Commission, the SolarPower Europe Association, the Solar Electric Power Association, the
Solar Energy Industries Association and the Copper Alliance are also members.

In recent years the market for PV systems has been rapidly expanding with significant penetration in
grid-connected markets in an increasing number of countries, connected to both the distribution as
well as the central transmission network.

This strong PV market expansion has been contributing to saving fossil fuel consumption and
mitigating environmental impacts in residential, commercial, industrial and power sectors.

On the other hand, in order to mitigate CO2 emission in the transport sector, promoting electrified
vehicles is suggested as an effective option.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
Although the positive impact to the transport sector by PV and renewable energy is relatively small
and the expected role of PV is not clear at present, the acceleration of integrating PV and renewable
energy to transport will be able to contribute to improving energy and environmental issues in the
transport. Taking into account the WTW emissions, a mutual exploitation of PV and electrified
vehicles with battery should be a key for reducing WTW CO2 emissions, as well as for deployment of
PV in the transport.

Task 17 focuses on possible contributions of photovoltaic technologies to the transport, as well as
expected market potential of photovoltaic applications in the transport.

This document is a draft of the Task Workplan for the proposed new Task 17: ‘PV for Transport’ for
the period from 2018-2020. It has been prepared by expert group for this new Task 17, based on the
concept paper submitted to the 49th PVPS ExCo meeting in Denver, CO, USA in May 2017, and the
discussions at the Task definition workshop in Washington D.C., USA (June 2017).

The final draft workplan shall be used by the PVPS ExCo during the discussion on this topic at the
50th PVPS ExCo meeting in Melbourne, Australia, in November 2017.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
2             Task 17 Preparation Group

This present draft workplan was prepared jointly by experts listed in Table 1, during and following the
Task17 definition workshops at Washington D.C. in June 2017.

     Table 1 List of experts involved into the development of the work plan for the new Task 17
      Name          Surname              Institution                        E-mail                Country

    Hubert        Fechner     University of Applied Sciences   hubert.fechner@technikum-wien.at   AUT

                              Technikum Wien

    Stefan        Nowak       NET Ltd., PVPS Chairman          stefan.nowak@netenergy.ch          CHE

    Paul          Kaaijk      ADEME                            paul.kaaijk@ademe.fr               FRA

    Toshio        Hirota      Waseda University                hirotat@aoni.waseda.jp             JPN

    Hiroyuki      Yamada      NEDO                             yamadahry@nedo.go.jp               JPN

    Keiichi       Komoto      MHIR                             keiichi.komoto@mizuho-ir.co.jp     JPN

    Masafumi      Yamaguchi   Toyota Technological Institute   masafumi@toyota-ti.ac.jp           JPN

    Tatsuya       Takamoto    Sharp Corporation                takamoto.tatsuya@sharp.co.jp       JPN

    Yuzuru        Ueda        Tokyo University of Science      ueda@ee.kagu.tus.ac.jp             JPN

    Akinori       Satou       Toyota Motor Corporation         akinori_satou@mail.toyota.co.jp    JPN

*Proposed subtask leaders and activities leaders, experts from participant countries shall be added in
the list above.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
3          Task Description
3.1        Background and relevance with respect to the mission of IEA-PVPS
(to be updated based on a new PVPS strategy for 2018-2022)

According to the current PVPS strategy, the overall mission of the PVPS Implementing Agreement
for 2013 - 2017 is “To enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of
photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.”

To achieve the mission, the strategic direction of the programme addresses the following issues:
-     Scenario work
-     Market development and trends
-     Policy framework
-     Business models
-     New technologies and applications
-     Urban and rural implementation
-     Large scale deployment
-     Environmental aspects
-     Quality and reliability
-     Grid integration

The proposed work programme for the new Task 17 directly addresses a number of the strategic issues,
with a focus on the underlined issues which will be directly covered by Task 17’s activities.

As a part of the IEA-PVPS programme, Task 17 will support different stakeholders from research and
industry as well as policy-making by providing access to comprehensive international studies and
experiences with PV for transport.

In addition to market expansion of PV, the related new work will be coordinated with the other
activities relating to the transport within the IEA like the IEA HEV (Hybrid and Electric Vehicles).

A new PVPS strategy for 2018-2022 is in preparation. As this embraces revisiting all topics relevant
to further development and deployment of PV, expected outcomes of ‘PV for Transport’ will be
effectively merged with the new strategy.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
3.2        Motivation for the new Task 17

In order to mitigate CO2 emission in the transport sector, promoting electrified vehicles is suggested
as an effective option. Taking into account the WTW emissions, a mutual exploitation of PV and
electrified vehicles with battery should be a key for reducing WTW CO2 emissions in the transport.

On the other hand, it is pointed out that to effectively use of battery with PV will be necessary for
further PV deployment with mitigating negative influences to existing grid. Although main target of
the point will be a self-consumption at residential and building PV systems at this moment, this will
be applied for PV utilization in the transport.

A potential of PV market in the transport will be large, and the market will be the next driving force
for the further development of PV. Although PV market in the transport is still small, ‘PV for Transport’
will contribute to a deployment of PV in the transport.

The need and motivation for new Task 17 will be summarized below:
-     The combination of EV and PV can contribute to increased use of renewable energy in the
      transport promoting electrification
-     In particular, PV-powered vehicles will realize the use of renewable energy more certainly and
      easily. It also helps to increase EV users
-     PV market in the transport will be the next driving force for further deployment of PV.
-     PV applications for the transport should be developed and deployed.
-     Interaction between PV and transport can contribute to the stabilization of the electric power
      system and create new business models.

Expected industrial stakeholders will be below:
-     PV industry
-     Transport industry, such as automobile companies
-     Storage industry
-     Electric system/network industry
-     Energy service providers

Also, researchers in these fields will be expected, as well as political and institutional experts
connecting the PV (renewable energy) sector and transport sector.

A comprehensive image of ‘PV for Transport’ is shown in Fig. 1.

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Task 17 PV for Transport Draft Task Workplan for 2018-2020 Ver 1.0.3 23 August 2017 - Prepared by: Toshio Hirota Waseda University ...
Fig. 1 Comprehensive image of ‘PV for Transport’

                      10
In 2014, the transport sector accounted for 28% of global final energy demand and 23% of global CO2
emissions from fuel consumption, and consumed 65% of global oil final energy demand (Energy
Technology Perspectives 2017 [ETP2017]). As shown in Fig.2, most of transport energy use was
occupied by PLDV (passenger light-duty vehicles), LCV (light commercial vehicles) and trucks in
2015.

                                  Fig. 2 Transport energy use, by mode, 2015
              (©OECD/IEA 2017 Energy Technology Perspectives 2017 Figure 2.33, p. 85)

According to the ETP2017, expected contribution of the transport sector to achieve the 2DS (2°C
scenario) and the B2DS (beyond 2°C scenario), e.g. reducing CO2 emissions, is as high as the industry
sector (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).

  Fig. 3 Cumulative CO2 emissions reductions by sector       Fig. 4 Remaining CO2 emissions in the 2DS
   and technology: RTS (reference technology scenario)                       and B2DS
                         to 2DS
  (©OECD/IEA 2017, Energy Technology Perspectives              (©OECD/IEA 2017, Energy Technology
                 2017, Figure 1.7, p. 32)                        Perspectives 2017, Figure 1.8, p. 32)

As shown in Fig. 5, most of WTW (well-to-wheel) GHG emissions reduction is expected by LDV
(light-duty vehicles including PLDV and LCV). And, expected approaches for minimizing GHG
emissions from the LDV are changing fuels and promoting electrification of the fossil-fuel-based
passenger vehicles (see Fig. 6).

                                                     11
Fig. 5 WTW GHG emissions reductions by transport        Fig. 6 Global technology penetrations in LDV
             mode and scenario, 2015-60                             stock by scenario, 2015-60
 (©OECD/IEA 2017, Energy Technology Perspectives             (©OECD/IEA 2017, Energy Technology
              2017, Figure 5.1, p. 219)                        Perspectives 2017, Figure 5.3, p. 223)

With increasing electrified vehicles, energy sources for the electricity supply to vehicles should be
secured. For reducing CO2 emissions from electrified vehicles, changing energy sources from
conventional to renewable energy, especially photovoltaic and wind power which have a good track
record in supplying electricity, should be accelerated. For promoting electrification of vehicles while
considering the cost for grid expansion, not only charging low-carbon electricity from the existing grid
network, but also charging electricity by itself on board and from dedicated stations using renewable
energy will be feasible (see Fig.1).

As shown in Fig. 7, PV technology is one of the key technologies to reduce CO2 emissions of the
power sector to achieve the 2DS and the B2DS. Also, as shown in Fig. 8, PV and renewable electricity
can reduce CO2 emissions of hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles.

                                                       CO2-g/mile
                                                            300
                                                                                                                                 IL
                                                                       Worst
                                                            250
                                                                                                        HV(Gasoline) PHV(Gasoline)
                                                                    Ave.
                                                            200
                                                                        Best
                                                                      Gasoline            Natural Gas
                                                            150
                                                                                 Diesel

                                                            100
                                                                                                                               CA
                                                                                                                                      BEV
                                                             50
                                                                                                                              PV, Wind,
                                                                                                                              Hydro, etc.
                                                              0

 Fig. 7 Key technologies for reducing CO2 emissions Fig. 8 Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions
   from the power sector in the B2DS relative to the              for 2035, Mid-Size Car
                         RTS
       (©OECD/IEA 2017, Energy Technology              (Ref. U.S.DOE: Program Record (Offices of
         Perspectives 2017, Figure6.9, p. 285)       Bioenergy Technologies, Fuel Cell Technologies
                                                           & Vehicle Technologies, 10 May 2013)

Possible options for using PV electricity for transport will be 1) Feeding PV electricity to electrified
vehicles through the grid and PV equipped houses/buildings; 2) Feeding PV electricity at the PV
equipped charging station; and 3) Integrated PV (PV-powered) vehicles.

                                                  12
Among these options, options 2) and 3) can accelerate de-carbonization of transport than the 2DS and
B2DS in the ETP2017, while option 1) is already included in the scenarios. And, option 3) PV-powered
vehicles, using PV on the surface, is a quite new application to be developed, while charging
infrastructure corresponding to options 2) should be discussed as an important options for integrating
with electric system as an extension of option 1).

Considering the direct usage of PV electricity for passenger vehicles (PV-powered passenger vehicles),
the available area for PV modules is limited. However, the efficiency of PV cells/modules is steadily
increasing (see Fig. 9), and the PV even in a limited area will be able to work for the electricity supply
with a battery equipped in the vehicle. This idea can apply to other forms of transport such as freight
vehicles and trains. In these cases, larger surfaces are available for PV modules, and even conventional
(regular performance) PV module will be accessible.

                  Fig. 9 Example of development of high performance PV (Ref. NEDO)

Also, supplying electricity from transport (vehicle) to other equipment including the electricity grid
will be a promising approach for integrating with electric system, even in the option 1). Generally,
‘V2X’ (Vehicle to X: Home, Grid, etc.) means a simple bidirectional electricity interchange between
V and X, and that the electricity is first charged to the vehicle from the grid. However, an equipped
with on-board PV can supply electricity generated by PV to X.

                                                     13
Here, vehicles include cars, trucks, trains, ships and planes.

Some automobile manufacturers have made an announcement of electric vehicles and/or plug-in
hybrid vehicles using a PV module on board. In addition, there are some examples of other vehicles
using PV on board.

    (http://toyota.jp/priusphv/performance/char   (https://www.sonomotors.com/sion/#pag    (http://pps-net.org/column/19534)
    ge/?padid=ag341_from_priusphv_top_perf        e-content)
    ormance03#)

Currently, there are some research activities for PV-powered vehicles.

For example, the Fraunhofer ISE has carried out and evaluated yield analyses of PV power supply for
commercial vehicles, such as refrigerated transport vehicles, using real-life solar irradiance data. As a
preliminary analysis, it is calculated that a 40 tons refrigerated semitrailer with a roof area of 36 m2
equipped with PV modules (nominal power of 6 kW) will be able to save up to 1900 L of diesel fuel
per year1. In Japan, a preliminary study on PV-powered passenger car, supposing 1kW PV on-board,
was implemented, and the findings are environmental benefit, e.g. contribution to reduction of CO2
emission, will depend on effective use of PV electricity generated on-board2, as well as economic
benefit.

To promote development and deployment of PV-powered vehicles, an increase in performance like
improving PV performance and management method, based on experiences in the actual field, is
expected. These activities are still at the initial stage, the same as PV systems in the 1990s.

For mitigating environmental impacts by the transport, additional support for deployment of
environmentally friendly vehicles using PV will be necessary.

1
  Research at Fraunhofer ISE Investigates Integrated Photovoltaic Modules for Commercial Vehicles, PRESS RELEASE, April 4,
2017, (https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2017/research-at-fraunhofer-ise-investigates-integrated-
photovoltaic-modules-for-commercial-vehicles.html)
2
  T. Sato, K. Komoto. M. Hasegawa, H. Yamada, et al:, The Potential of On-Board PV for Electrified Vehicles to Reduce Lifecycle
CO2 Emissions, PVSEC-26, Signapore, Oct. 2016

                                                               14
3.3        Goals & objectives

The main goal of Task 17 is to deploy PV usage in the transport, which will contribute to reducing
CO2 emissions of the sector and enhancing PV market expansions.

To reach this goal, the Task 17 has the following objectives:
-     Clarify expected/possible benefits and requirements for PV-powered vehicles
-     Identify barriers and solutions to satisfy the requirements
-     Propose directions for deployment of PV equipped charging stations and integrating PV-powered
      vehicles with electrical systems
-     Develop a roadmap for deployment of PV for transport
-     To realize above in the market, contribute to accelerating communication and activities going
      ahead within stakeholders such as PV industry, transport industry such as automobile industry,
      battery industry, and energy service provider

3.4        Scope

The scope of the work in Task 17 will be issues on integration of PV and vehicles such as PV-powered
cars, trucks and buses, PV equipped electricity charging stations and advanced electrical systems like
V2X and VPP with PV-powered vehicles.

As for the PV-powered vehicles, how to directly use and manage PV electricity for forms of transport
such as cars, trucks, trains and ships, and how to integrate PV components on board will be important.
Considering the V2X (and VPP), it is should be noted that the PV-powered vehicles can supply PV
electricity to ‘X’, in addition to electricity originally charged from the grid.

Expected benefits will be discussed from viewpoints of not only energy and the environment, but also
users and relative industries.

                                                      15
3.5        Approach

The work programme of the proposed Task 17 addresses issues on PV-powered applications such as
PV-powered vehicles, PV equipped electricity supply equipment and integrated electrical systems
consisted of PV-powered vehicles including cars, trucks, etc., mainly from technical viewpoints, and
also includes issues on expected benefits from users’ and stakeholders’ viewpoints in addition to
energy and environmental aspects. As a crosscutting issue, a roadmap for deployment of PV usage in
the transport and reducing CO2 emissions of the sector will be discussed.

The project requires the involvement of key players in the PV industry including experts of
system/application design, the transport industry such as automobile companies, the storage and
electrical system industry, energy service providers, researchers in these fields, and political and
institutional experts connecting the PV (renewable energy) and transport.

The work programme is organized into three main technical subtasks and one dissemination subtask.
The dissemination subtask will be in charge of communication with stakeholders in many different
ways from workshops to papers and reports.
-     Subtask 1: Benefits and requirements for PV-powered vehicles
-     Subtask 2: PV-powered applications for electric systems and infrastructures
-     Subtask 3: Roadmap of ‘PV for Transport’
-     Subtask 4: Dissemination

Activities within the subtasks will be carried out on a task-sharing basis as in other tasks of the PVPS
Technology Cooperation Programme. The Subtask leaders are to be confirmed by each country and
do currently not represent a formal commitment of the countries concerned.

3.6        Programme Duration

The proposed Task work is expected to be undertaken over a 36-month period from January 2018
through December 2020.

                                                  16
3.7        Share of responsibilities for the Task Work

The Operating Agent (OA) is responsible for the overall technical and administrative management of
the Task work and for implementing the decisions of the PVPS Executive Committee. The work is
structured on three levels: Task, Subtask and Activity. The OA is responsible for leading and
coordinating the Task. Subtask and Activity leaders are responsible for the work undertaken at these
levels.

In detail, the OA, Subtask and Activity leaders share the following responsibilities:
Operating Agent
-     Coordination, scheduling and communication between subtasks.
-     Preparing, leading and summarizing Task meetings (Proposal twice annually).
-     Reporting to PVPS Executive Committee regarding progress of the work, task meetings, status &
      annual reports.
-     Collaboration and communication with other PVPS Tasks, and with other relevant IEA
      Implementing Agreements.
-     Coordinate/ensure publications of technical reports and other material.

Subtask Leader
-     Coordination, scheduling and communication between activities.
-     Assisting activity leaders within the subtask.
-     Reporting and coordinating at the Task level.

Activity Leader
-     Prepare activity plans and scheduling.
-     Coordinate activity work and communicate with other participants.
-     Produce and submit deliverables to OA.

                                                       17
3.8        Synergies between IEA-PVPS Task XX and other IEA-PVPS Tasks

Task 17 will use the resources of Task 1 “Exchange and dissemination of information on PV power
systems” regarding the dissemination and public affairs issues.

The designated Task 17 OA as well as individual Task 17 experts are collaborating with the following
other tasks of IEA-PVPS:
-     IEA-PVPS Task 1          : Exchange and dissemination of information on PV power systems
-     IEA-PVPS Task 12         : PV environmental health and safety
           Collaboration with respect to environment assessment of PV applications for transport
-     IEA-PVPS Task 14         : High Penetration of PV Systems in Electricity Grids
           Collaboration concerning integrating PV applications with electrical system

Also, the following synergies may be possible (tentative):
-     Task 9         : Contribution to increasing energy/electricity demand for the transport in
      developing countries
-     Task 16        : Forecast/prediction of PV electricity on board

3.9        Synergies between IEA-PVPS Task 17 and other IEA Technology Cooperation
Programmes

3.9.1      Overview

As the scope of Task 17 is directly linked to electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the
collaboration with the TCP dealing with these topics will be of great importance.

The collaboration with the IEA-HEV will be an effective approach and proposed.

Also, there will be a possibility to collaborate with TCPs regarding issues on energy storage and grid
integration like a smart-grid. The collaboration with the IRENA will be an option, too.

                                                  18
3.9.2      Collaboration with IEA-HEV

The IEA-HEV covers various topics relevant to electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, and it
seems that topics discussed by some Tasks under the IEA-HEV will be relevant to the focus of Task
17’s. It will be useful to refer to their deliverables and to communicate with OA and experts of such
Tasks.

According to the IEA HEV Annual Report 2015, the HEV has the intention of increasing collaboration
with IEA-PVPS. It is feasible for Task 17 to collaborate with the IEA-HEV.

                               Table 2 Relevant Tasks under the IEA HEV
 Task 23    Light-Electric-Vehicle      Parking     Identifies and addresses issues on light-electric-vehicle
            and Charging Infrastructure             including e-scooters, e-bikes and hybrid pedal/electric
                                                    bikes
 Task 25    Plug-in Electric Vehicles               Studies information and current variables related to
                                                    HEVs entering the market
 Task 27    Electrification of transport logistic   Summarize implementation hurdles and identify early
            vehicles (eLogV)                        niche markets and commercialization opportunities
 Task 28    Home grids and V2X technologies         Analyzing technical and economic viability of V2X
                                                    (V2G, V2H, V2L, V2V) technology
 Task 31    Fuels and energy carriers for           Provides a comprehensive overview of different fuel
            transport                               and drive-train options
(Ref: IEA HEV 2016, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, the Electric Vehicle Commutes)

*To be updated by communication with the IEA HEV.

                                                      19
3.9.3     Collaboration with other TCP and other international organizations

Task 17 covers issues on electricity storage and integration with grid like a smart-grid. It may be useful
to collaborate with the following IEA TCPs:
-   IEA ECES        : Energy Storage
-   IEA ISGAN       : Smart-Grid

Also, the IRENA has published reports relevant to Task 17 shown below. There will be an option to
collaborate/communicate with the IRENA for promoting Task 17 activity.
-   Electric Vehicles: Technology Brief (February 2017)
-   Renewable Energy in Cities (October 2016)

3.10      Added value

As a part of the IEA-PVPS programme, Task 17 will support different stakeholders from research and
industry as well as political and institutional sectors by providing access to comprehensive
international studies and experiences with PV for transport.

The new Task in PVPS will allow the creation of unique platforms and opportunities of scientific
exchange with inclusion of private and public organizations working in the field of PV technology and
the transport.

Active collaboration with the IEA HEV will contribute to their discussion on deployment of electric
vehicle, V2X and fuels for transport, and PV can be identified as a promising option for future transport.

With its results and achievements, Task 17 will enable all interested stakeholders to understand the
value of ‘PV for Transport’.

                                                   20
4           Description of planned work
4.1         Subtask 1: Benefits and requirements for PV-powered vehicles

      Subtask 1: Benefits and requirements for PV-powered vehicles

      ST leader         Toshio Hirota

      Other countries

      Context               Looking at the trends and forecasts of energy consumption and GHG emission in the

                        transport, those are occupied almost completely by vehicles driven by oil products. In order

                        to mitigate environmental impacts in the transport, promoting electrified vehicles is

                        suggested as an effective option.

                             Then, how to directly use and manage PV electricity for passenger cars, trucks and

                        others, and how to integrate PV components on board will be important.

      Scope                 In order to deploy the PV-powered vehicles, Subtask 1 will clarify expected/possible

                        benefits and requirements for utilizing PV on board. Targeted PV-powered vehicles will be

                        passenger cars (PHVs and EVs), trucks and others.

                            The results will be reflected to Subtask 2, and how to use PV-powered vehicles with

                        electric systems will be discussed.

      Objectives        -      To recognize current status and future potential of PV-powered vehicles (Ac. 1.1)

                        -      To identify requirements, barriers and solutions for PV-powered vehicles (Ac. 1.2)

                        -      To clarify expected contributions by PV-powered vehicles to energy and

                               environmental issues in the transport (Ac. 1.3)

                        -      To clarify expected benefits for users and industry by PV-powered vehicles (Ac. 1.3)

                        -      To compare expected contributions and benefits by PV-powered vehicles to using PV

                               electricity not produced in the vehicles (Ac. 1.3)

                        -      To discuss potential of other PV-powered vehicles such as ships, planes, trains and

                               other small vehicles, if any, as options (Ac. 1.4)

      Total efforts

      Duration          2018-2020

      Activities        1.1: Overview and recognition of current status of PV-powered vehicles

                        1.2: Requirements, barriers and solutions for PV and vehicles

                        1.3: Possible contributions and benefits

                        1.4: Other possible PV-powered vehicles

                                                          21
4.1.1    Activity 1.1: Overview and recognition of current status of PV-powered vehicles

   Activity 1.1: Overview and recognition of current status of PV-powered vehicles

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating countries

   Method/approach           Survey and analysis

   Description of work       (1) Survey existing scenarios and target for green-transport

                             -    CO2 reduction target for transport including energy conversion of each country

                             -    Current status and action plan for electrified vehicle introduction

                             -    Scenarios for electrified vehicle introduction including PV powered vehicle
                                  * Collaboration with IEA HEV team is expected.

                             (2) Survey showcases of relevant activities of PV-powered vehicles

                             -    Investigation of relevant activity of automakers, institutes, and government

                             -    Analysis of current technology and social acceptability

   Deliverables              Included in the Task brochure and/or technical reports as introductory topics

   Target audiences          All relevant stakeholders:

                             PV industry, transport industry, storage industry, electric system/network industry,

                             energy service providers, researchers and political/institutional experts connecting

                             the PV (renewable energy) sector and transport sector.

   Milestones                Dec 2018 Survey and analysis

                             Sep 2020 Revised edition

                                                      22
4.1.2    Activity 1.2: Requirements, barriers and solutions for PV and vehicles

   Activity 1.2: Requirements, barriers and solutions for PV and vehicles

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating countries

   Method/approach           Survey and discussion with PV industry, automotive industry and battery industry

                             Case study and analysis on energy balance of vehicle requirement and PV generation

                             To identify requirement, barriers and solution for PV powered vehicle

   Description of work       (1) Case study and analysis on energy balance of requirement and PV generation

                             (1-1) Identify the energy requirement and solar radiation of each area
                             -    Investigation of the typical driving modes and vehicle specification

                                  * Collaboration with IEA HEV team is expected.

                             -    Solar radiation by hour, day, season, area in each country

                             (1-2) Case study and analysis

                             -    How to design PV capacity and structure for PV module integration

                             -    Clarify requirement of battery capacity for each driving mode

                             -    Clarify requirement of vehicle energy consumption for each application

                             (2) Requirements, barriers and solution for PV powered vehicle

                             (2-1) Requirements for PV cells/modules:

                             -    weight, efficiency, flexibility, characteristics of module structure and materials

                                  used, tolerant to curved surface, vibrancy, performance and lifetime
                             (2-2) Requirements for other components and vehicle

                             -    Battery: current status and prospect of energy density and cost of battery system

                             -    Energy management: MPPT and DC management system for vehicle

                             -    Vehicle: safety, reduction of energy consumption

                             -    Possible solutions to overcome the barriers

                                  * Collaboration with IEA HEV team is expected.

   Deliverables              Technical report on requirements, barriers and solutions for PV-powered vehicles

                             -    This may be combined with results of other activities under Subtask 1

   Target audiences          PV industry, transport industry, storage industry, researchers in both PV and

                             automotive sectors

   Milestones                Dec 2018 Investigation energy requirement and PV generation

                             Sep 2020 Technical report

                                                      23
4.1.3    Activity 1.3: Possible contributions and benefits

   Activity 1.3: Possible contributions and benefits

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating countries

   Method/approach           Survey and discussion with PV industry, automotive industry and battery industry;

                             Case study and analysis on CO2 emission reduction and users benefits

                             Compare to indirect PV use

   Description of work       (1) Survey and discussion with PV industry, automotive industry and battery

                             industry;
                             (1-1) Estimate possible contributions from viewpoints of energy and environment

                             -    Required electricity for the vehicles and expected PV electricity, with
                                  considering driving mode of vehicles and expected solar irradiation

                             -    Possible contributions to saving fossil-fuel consumption and reducing CO2
                                  emissions, e.g., well-to wheel analysis

                                  * Collaboration with IEA HEV team is expected.

                             (1-2) Identify/clarify possible benefits for users, industry and society, such as

                             -    Less-charging

                             -    Industrial activation

                             -    Comfortable transportation systems
                             (2) Case study and analysis on CO2 emission reduction and users benefits

                             -    Quantitative evaluation on CO2 reduction and less-charging
                             (3) Compare to indirect PV use

                             -    Comparison possible contributions and benefits of PV-powered vehicles to

                                  cases of using PV electricity not produces in the vehicle

   Deliverables              Technical report on possible contributions and benefits of PV-powered vehicles

                             -    This may be combined with results of other activities under Subtask 1

   Target audiences          PV    industry,    transport    industry,   storage    industry,    researchers     and

                             political/institutional experts in both PV and transport sectors

   Milestones                June 2019 Survey

                             Sep 2020 Technical report

                                                       24
4.1.4    Activity 1.4: Other possible PV-powered vehicles

   Activity 1.4: Other possible PV-powered vehicles (ships, planes, trains and other small vehicles)

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating

   countries

   Method/approach          Case study and analysis on energy balance

                            To identify requirement, barriers and solution for PV powered vehicle

   Description of work      (1) Case study and analysis on energy balance of requirement and PV generation

                            (1-1) Identify the energy requirement and solar radiation of each area
                            -      Investigation of the typical driving modes and vehicle specification

                            -      Solar radiation by hour, day, season, area in each country

                            (1-2) Case study and analysis

                            -      How to design PV capacity and structure for PV module integration

                            -      Clarify requirement of battery capacity for each driving mode

                            -      Clarify requirement of vehicle energy consumption for each application

                            (2) Requirements, barriers and solution for PV powered vehicle

                            (2-1) Requirements for PV cells/modules:

                            -      weight, efficiency, flexibility, characteristics of module structure and materials

                                   used, tolerant to curved surface, vibrancy, performance and lifetime

                            (2-2) Requirements for other components and vehicle
                            -      Battery, energy management, and vehicles

                            -      Possible solutions to overcome the barriers

                            (3) Identify/clarify possible contributions and benefits of PV-powered infrastructure

                            -      Possible contributions to saving fossil-fuel and reducing CO2 emissions

                            -      Possible benefits for users, industry and society

                            -      Comparison possible contributions and benefits of PV-powered vehicles to
                                   cases of using PV electricity not produces in the vehicle

   Deliverables             Technical report on PV-powered vehicles; separate from PV-powered cars (Ac.1.1-

                            1.3)

   Target audiences         PV      industry,    transport   industry,    storage      industry,   researchers   and

                            political/institutional experts in both PV and transport sectors

   Milestones               June 2019 Investigation

                            Sep 2020 Technical report

                                                       25
4.2         Subtask 2: PV-powered applications for electric systems and infrastructures

      Subtask 2: PV-powered applications for electric systems and infrastructures

      ST leader

      Other countries

      Context                For promoting electrification of vehicles, not only charging electricity by itself on board,

                         but also charging renewable electricity at the environmental friendly infrastructure, e.g.

                         PV-powered charging stations, will be feasible.

                             Also, surplus electricity from vehicle to other equipment including houses, offices,

                         communities, and the electricity grid (V2X) will be a promising option for integrating with

                         electric system to reduce CO2 emission and to improve the quality of electricity. PV-

                         powered vehicles can supply electricity generated by PV to X, in addition to a simple

                         bidirectional electricity interchange between V and X.

      Scope                  In order to utilize the PV in the transport effectively and widely, active combination

                         between PV and electric systems including infrastructure with vehicles will be an effective

                         approach.

                             Subtask 2 will discuss electric systems using PV-powered vehicles and infrastructures.

      Objectives         -      To identify requirements, barriers and solutions for PV-powered infrastructure such

                                as charging station (Ac. 2.1)

                         -      To clarify contributions and benefits by PV-powered infrastructure, and to compare

                                them to using PV electricity not produced at the site (Ac. 2.1)

                         -      To identify requirements, barriers and solutions for PV-powered applications for

                                electric systems such as V2G (Ac. 2.2)

                         -      To clarify contributions and benefits by PV-powered applications for electric systems

                                (Ac. 2.2)

      Total efforts

      Duration           2018-2020

      Activities         2.1: PV-powered infrastructure for vehicles

                         2.2: PV-powered applications for electric systems

                         2.3: Possible/innovative social models and business models

                                                           26
4.2.1    Activity 2.1: PV-powered infrastructure for vehicles

   Activity 2.1: PV-powered infrastructure for vehicles

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating countries

   Method/approach           Survey and discussion with PV industry, automotive industry and battery industry;

                             Case study and analysis

   Description of work       Identify/clarify requirements, barriers and solutions for PV-powered infrastructure

                             -    Design of PV equipped infrastructure, including issues on control and
                                  management

                             -    Requirements and barriers for PV-powered infrastructure from technical and
                                  political/institutional viewpoints

                             -    Directions to overcome the barriers
                             Identify/clarify possible contributions and benefits of PV-powered infrastructure

                             -    Possible contributions to saving fossil-fuel consumption and reducing CO2
                                  emissions

                             -    Possible benefits for deploying PV-powered applications for electric systems

                             -    Comparison possible contributions and benefits to indirect PV use (using PV
                                  electricity not produces at the site)

   Deliverables              Technical report on PV-powered infrastructure

                             -    This may be combined with results of other activities under Subtask 2

   Target audiences          PV    industry,    transport    industry,    storage   industry,   researchers   and

                             political/institutional experts in both PV and transport sectors

   Milestones                Mar 2019 Survey and discussion for PV powered infrastructure for EV

                             Sep 2020 Technical report

                                                       27
4.2.2    Activity 2.2: PV-powered applications for electric systems

   Activity 2.2: PV-powered applications for electric systems

   Level of effort (PM)

   Duration (months)

   Activity leader

   Participating countries

   Method/approach           Investigation of current V2H system including system with/without battery

                             Case study and analysis on energy saving and CO2 reduction with PV powered

                             vehicle

   Description of work       (1) Investigation of current V2H system with/without battery

                             -    V2H system configuration and HEMS (Home energy management system)
                             -    Benefits with V2H system on energy saving, CO2 reduction and economy

                             -    EV contribution for PV utilization factor with/without stationary battery

                             -    How to use information networks and big data

                             -    Barriers for V2H expanding and how to overcome the barriers

                             -    Propose a system configuration of PV powered vehicle to a house
                             (2) Case study and analysis

                             -    Identify the typical electricity consumption of a home

                             -    Identify electricity generation of PV on the vehicle and the home (V2H)

                             -    Estimate benefits to increase PV utilization factor for V2H

                             -    Estimate benefit for community (V2Community)

                             -    Identify/clarify possible contributions of PV-powered application to home,
                                  community, and electric systems

                             -    Improvement of efficiency and autonomy of HEMS and CEMS, and
                                  improvement of grid stability

                             -    Comparison possible contributions to simple ‘PV + storage + EVs’

   Deliverables              Technical report on PV-powered applications

                             -    This may be combined with results of other activities under Subtask 2

   Target audiences          PV industry, transport industry, storage industry, electric system/network industry,

                             energy service providers, researchers and political/institutional experts in both PV

                             and transport sectors

   Milestones                Mar 2019 Investigation for PV powered infrastructure for EV

                             Sep 2020 Technical report

                                                     28
4.3         Subtask 3: Roadmap of ‘PV for Transport’

      Subtask 3: Roadmap of ‘PV for Transport’
      ST leader

      Other countries

      Context               For reducing CO2 emissions from the transport, changing energy sources from

                        conventional to renewable energy, especially photovoltaic which have a good track record

                        in supplying electricity by utility-scale, should be accelerated.

                            Although PV market in the transport is still small, a potential of PV market in the transport

                        will be large and the market will be the next driving force for the further development of

                        PV.

                            New social models expected by innovational ‘PV for Transport’

      Scope                 In parallel with Subtask 1 and Subtask 2, Subtask 3 will develop a roadmap for

                        deployment of PV-powered vehicles and applications.

                            Viable business models including VPP (Virtual Power Plant) will be also discussed.

      Objectives            The roadmap will include:

                        -      R&D scenario of PV-powered vehicles and applications

                                      Approaches to meet the requirements

                        -      Deployment scenario of PV-powered vehicles and applications

                                      PV-powered vehicles

                                      Combination with infrastructures and electric systems

                        -      Possible contribution to energy and environmental issues

                                      Contribution to saving fossil-energy consumption and reducing CO2 emissions

                        -      Social and business models

                                      Interplay to expect from different types of actors, e.g. possible stakeholders

                                      New social models expected by innovational ‘PV for Transport’

                                      Possible/innovative business models

      Total efforts

      Duration          2018-2020

      Activities        No activities will be organized.

                                                           29
4.4         Subtask 4: Dissemination

      Subtask 4: Dissemination
      ST leader

      Other countries

      Context               A considerable amount of new knowledge is expected to be developed under this task. It

                        is important that this knowledge is disseminated to the general public and end users in a

                        timely manner.

      Scope                 Subtask 4 will focus on information dissemination procedures that effectively release key

                        findings to stakeholders such as PV industry, transport industry such as automobile

                        industry, battery industry, and energy service provider.

                            Communication/collaboration with the IEA HEV will actively be implemented, as well.

      Objectives            In order to deploy ‘PV for Transport’, as well as to deliver results of task, the deliverables

                        will be disseminated via workshops, conferences and so on.

                            Expected deliverables and opportunities will be as below:

                        -      Technical reports based on proposed activities

                        -      Task brochure

                        -      Webinars and conference presentations

                        -      Workshop with stakeholders

      Total efforts

      Duration          2018-2020

      Activities        No activities will be organized.

                                                           30
5          Resource requirements, allocation and budget

Potential areas of country involvement for the subtasks and their activities under each one are given
in Table 3. The expressions of interest presented in this table do not present any commitment by the
member country.

Resources required to perform the work in each of the Subtasks is provided in Table 4. As of November
2017, there have been no official commitments made by any country. Hence the total required
contributions in terms of person-months for the Task 17 have not yet been compiled.

After the endorsement of the extension of Task 17 by the ExCo and the final determination of the
organizational structure, leaderships and individual country contributions, the work plan will be
completed with the resource requirements, allocation and corresponding budgets.

                       Table 3 Task17: Country involvement and main contributors
                              (To be filled at/after the workshop in Vienna)
    Subtask/Activity                                                   Contributing countries
                                                                       (final list will be confirmed
                                                                       during next (1st) task meeting)
    Subtask 1: Benefits and requirements for PV-powered                Lead:
    vehicles                                                           Main contributors:
    Activity 1.1: Overview and recognition of current status of PV-    Lead:
    powered vehicles
    Activity 1.2: Requirements, barriers and solutions for PV and      Lead:
    vehicles
    Activity 1.3: Possible contributions and benefits                  Lead:
    Activity 1.4: Other possible PV-powered vehicles                   Lead:
    Subtask 2: PV-powered applications for electric systems and        Lead:
    infrastructures                                                    Main contributors:
    Activity 2.1: PV-powered infrastructure for vehicles               Lead:
    Activity 2.2: PV-powered applications for electric systems         Lead:
    Subtask 3: Roadmap of ‘PV for Transport’                           Lead:
                                                                       Main contributors:
    Subtask 4: Dissemination                                           Lead:
                                                                       Main contributors:

                                                        31
Table 4 Estimated efforts for the full duration of the Task
                            (To be filled at/after the workshop in Vienna)
          Subtask                              Activity                      Person months
Subtask 1: Benefits and           Activity 1.1: Overview and
requirements for PV-              recognition of current status of
powered vehicles                  PV-powered vehicles
                                  Activity 1.2: Requirements,
                                  barriers and solutions for PV and
                                  vehicles
                                  Activity 1.3: Possible
                                  contributions and benefits
                                  Activity 1.4: Other possible PV-
                                  powered vehicles
                                  Total Subtask 1
Subtask 2: PV-powered             Activity 2.1: PV-powered
applications for electric         infrastructure for vehicles
systems and infrastructures       Activity 2.2: PV-powered
                                  applications for electric systems
                                  Total Subtask 2
Subtask 3: Roadmap of             Total Subtask 3
‘PV for Transport’
Subtask 4: Dissemination          Total Subtask 4
Task17 Total

                                                    32
6          Task reports
6.1        Task deliverables

See section 4.

6.2        Reports to the ExCo

To provide the ExCo with a brief overview on the Task progress, Task Reports will be prepared every
6 months by the Operating Agent.

This report includes the Task objectives and strategies, key matters requiring ExCo discussion and/or
action, a brief overview on the progress and activities, the accomplishments of the previous six months
and plans for the next six months as well as a summary of documents published and planned. In
addition, highlights of industry involvement, a summary of inter-task coordination and a summary of
Task participation and effectiveness together with a plan for next meetings and a summary of current
Task Work Plan will be provided.

7          Organizational Issues and Key Dates

The schedule for the proposed Task 17 is as shown below:
-     April 2017               : discussion on the draft concept paper, at the Task 1 meeting
-     May 2017                 : proposal of the draft concept paper at the 49th PVPS ExCo meeting
-     28 June 2017             : 1st definition workshop for developing a draft work plan, in
      conjunction with IEEE PVSC-44 at Washington D.C., U.S.A)
-     12 September 2017        : 2nd definition workshop for developing a draft work plan in Vienna
-     15 November 2017         : Final workshop for completing a draft work plan, in conjunction with
      PVSEC-27 at Otsu, Japan
-     29-30 November 2017      : proposal and vote on the work plan at the 50th PVPS ExCo meeting

                                                  33
Annex-A Current Task17 Mailing List

    Name        Surname                  Institution                  E-mail (tbc)   Country

  Linda       Koschier       University of New South Wales                            AUS

  Christoph   Mayr           Austrian Institute of Technology                         AUT

                             GmbH

  Yves        Poissant       Natural Resource Canada                                  CAN

  Arnulf      Jager-Waldau   Ispra-JRC                                                 EC

  Tristan     Carrere        ADEME                                                    FRA

  Markus      Schweiger      TUV Rheinland                                            DEU

  Chinho      Park           MOTIE                                                    KOR

  Lenny       Tinker         DOE, ExCo USA                                            USA

  Victor      Plotnikov      Lucintech, Transparent Power                             USA

  Masafumi    Yamaguchi      Toyota Technological Institute                           JPN

  Kenji       Araki          Toyota Technological Institute                           JPN

  Akinori     Sato           Toyota Motor Corporation                                 JPN

  Michihiko   Takase         Panasonic Corporation                                    JPN

  Izumi       Kaizuka        RTS Corporation                                          JPN

  Hiroyuki    Yamada         NEDO, ExCo Japan                                         JPN

  Masanori    Ishimura       NEDO, ExCo-alternate Japan                               JPN

  Junichi     Yoshida        NEDO                                                     JPN

  Keiichi     Komoto         MHIR                                                     JPN

*Participants of 2nd definition workshop in Vienna shall be listed.

                                                       34
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