Radiation Sensors at High Temperature using Diamond Detectors - Indico
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Radiation Sensors at
High Temperature using
Diamond Detectors
Peter R Hobson
Particle Physics Group
Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering
Single crystal diamond sensor at Brunel
Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH UK University London.
2 March 2018
Brunel University London
Motivation 2 March 2018
In the context of this talk “High” temperature is above about 170 °C
Two key application areas motivate the work discussed in this talk
1) Radiation monitoring near high temperature regions of nuclear power plant
2) Deep oil and gas well logging – uHPHT* definition in the UK has T > 166 °C
Key challenges are potentially different in these two applications
1) Long life needed (> ten years), high total dose, high temperature
2) Short life acceptable (< few thousand hours), moderate dose, high temperature
+ pressure + vibration [1]
* Ultra High Pressure High Temperature (see DECC (2010) OT21410)
[1] Proc. 2010 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. (NSS/MIC), 2010, pp. 1214–1219
Brunel University London 2
Outline of talk 2 March 2018 • Diamond as a radiation sensor • Recent results on diamond radiation sensors at high temperatures • Recent results on other wide band-gap materials • Prospects and challenges for the future Brunel University London 3
Diamond 2 March 2018
A wide band-gap material (Eg = 5.5 eV).
Electron and hole mobilities of about 4500 cm2V–1s–1 and
3800 cm2V–1s–1, respectively, in intrinsic, single-crystal
CVD diamond at 293 K [2].
Can be doped p-type (B with 0.37 eV activation energy) or
n-type (N with 1.7 eV activation energy). Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0
[CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
Available in natural (type II relevant here), polycrystalline sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
(pCVD) and mono-crystalline CVD.
Different grades are commercially available – heatsink,
optical, electronic.
[2] Isberg, J., et al., Science (2002) 297, 1670 By Kugel (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)],
via Wikimedia Commons
Brunel University London 4
A solid state ionisation detector 2 March 2018
High resistivity material, typically ~ 200 µm in thickness
Large displacement energy of 42 eV/atom (almost twice that for Si) should
lead to excellent radiation tolerance.
Figure from Mikuz M et al, POS(ICHEP2012) 524
Brunel University London 5
Diamond 2 March 2018 A great deal of research, motivated particularly by the challenges posed by the environment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, have demonstrated the generally excellent radiation tolerance of recent CVD diamond (e.g. RD42 collaboration [3]) Recent results from RD42 [4] indicate: Charge Collection Distance: routinely > 300 µm “Average signal pulse height of pCVD diamond detectors irradiated up to the dose of 5×1014 neutrons cm-2 does not depend on the particle flux up to 10 MHz.cm-2” “The successful operation of the first pCVD diamond planar pixel device in an LHC experiment [ATLAS Diamond Beam Monitor]” [3] W. Adam, et al. [RD42 Collaboration]. Development of Diamond Tracking Detectors for High Luminosity Experiments at the LHC. Proposal/RD42 CERN/DRDC 94-21, Status Report/RD42, CERN/LHCC, 95-43, 95-53, 95-58, 97-03, 98-20, 2000-011, 2000-015, 2001-002, 2002-010, 2003-063, 2005-003, 2006-010, 2007-002, 2008-005 [4] Alexopoulos A. et al PoS Vertex 2016 (2017) 027 Brunel University London 6
2 March 2018 Recent results on diamond radiation sensors at high temperatures Some published (and some preliminary) results from Brunel University London. Some published results from the University of Surrey. Some published results from other groups. Brunel University London 7
Brunel University London
This work was funded by EPSRC and was in collaboration with Micron Semiconductor Ltd (UK)
via a linked TSB project [5]
Our results shown here use single-crystal electronic grade CVD diamonds (2×2×0.5 mm3)
sourced from Element Six.
We worked with Schlumberger (92140 – Clamart, France) to provide the down-hole oil well
logging expertise.
2048
channel
2021 MCA
4004
2.0 Pre- Spectroscopy
mm amp amp (4µs)
Readout electronics (Canberra) at room temperature
Ctotal = 3.1 pF
Cdiamond = 0.5 pF Sensor exposed to alpha sources (241Am, 244Cm, 239Pu)
Rtotal > 200 GΩ inside a vacuum chamber at < 10-5 mBar
[5] High Temperature Radiation Hard Detectors (HTRaD): Grant EP/L504671/1 and TSB Project #101427
Brunel University London 8
2 March 2018
Single crystal diamond sensors - characteristics
1E-13
6E-11
1E-13
Leakage current (A)
Leakage current (A)
8E-11 3E-13
5E-13
1E-10 0V to 7E-13
100V 0V to 100V
100V to9E-13
1.2E-10 0V 1.1E-12 100V to 0V
0V to -
100V 1.3E-12 0V to -
1.4E-10 100V
1.5E-12
1.6E-10 1.7E-12
-100 -50 Applied0bias (V) 50 100 -100 Applied0bias (V)
-50 50 100
Ohmic behaviour for metallisation “A” Weakly rectifying behaviour for metallisation “B”
Raman Raman
Peak peak width
Crystal Ra(nm)
positon at Surface roughness (Ra) and
(cm^-1) 1332(cm^-1) principle Raman peak position
BSC-1 4.51 1330.64 6.01
BSC-2 5.19 1330.06 4.53
and width for four different E6
BSC-3 4.53 1329.50 2.65 diamonds of dimensions
BSC-4 5.15 1330.65 2.66 2x2x0.5 mm3
Brunel University London Presentation Title 9
Brunel data on repeatability 2 March 2018
Preminary!
Four nominally identical E6 SC diamonds (electronic grade, 2x2x0.5 mm3)
were identically coated and their IV characteristics measured. One
diamond, BSC-5, was plasma etched to provide a micro patterned surface
(for neutron converter layer efficiency gain)
Raman Peak
raman peak width
Crystal type Ra(nm) postion (cm^-
at 1332(cm^-1)
1)
E6 ESC
BSC-5 (grid 5.38 1332.55 2.21
etched)
E6
BSC-6
ESC 5.78 1332.88 2.07
E6
BSC-7
ESC 5.24 1332.40 2.22
E6
BSC-8
ESC 8.06 1332.23 2.07
Current (pA)
Sensor at 0V Δ 0V to 100V Δ 0 v to -100V Contact Behaviour
1.43E+05 Double Schottky,
BSC5 -131.3 -2.47E+05 (-247nA)
(143nA) symmetrical hysteresis
BSC6 -130.1 22.5 -17.1 Ohmic
BSC7 -129.5 42.4 -55.7 Ohmic
double Schottky,
BSC8 -128.9 749.1 -648.8
asymmetric hysterisis
Brunel University London 10IV behaviour (room temperature) 2 March 2018
Preliminary
B-SC-6 B-SC-8
1E-10
7E-10
Leakage current (A)
Leakage current (A)
1.1E-10
0V to
1.2E-10 100V 2E-10
100V to
1.3E-10 0V
0V to - 0V to 100V
3E-10 100V to 0V
100V
1.4E-10 0V to -100V
-100V to 0V
1.5E-10 8E-10
-100 -50 Applied0bias (V) 50 100 -100 -50 Applied0bias (V) 50 100
Ohmic Schottky with hysteresis
Brunel University London 11High temperature results - Brunel 2 March 2018 Conductive epoxy: Duralco 120 from Cotronics Corp. PCB: 1mm thick Rubalit 708S from CeramTec GmbH. Cable: 50Ω coaxial rated at 250 °C Heating of the sensors was accomplished using a copper block with an attached AlN heater element and Pt-100 thermometer within the chamber. This was attached by multi-way vacuum feedthrough to an external temperature controller (Lakeshore 331). Electronic readout of the system was carried out by connecting internally with coaxial cable to vacuum feed-through connectors. Brunel University London 12
Brunel results ~ 20 °C 2 March 2018 Simulations shown used FLUKA 2011 [6]. Graphs are as shown in reference [7]. [6] FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code“ A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, A. Fasso`, and J. Ranft, CERN-2005-10 (2005), INFN/TC_05/11, SLAC-R-773 [7] A. Metcalfe et al 2017 JINST 12 C01066 Brunel University London 13
Brunel results ~ 20 °C to 250 °C 2 March 2018
+ 300 V bias - 300 V bias
Brunel University London 142 March 2018
Brunel results on CCE and energy resolution
+ 300 V bias for BSC6 - 300 V bias for BSC6
Energy Count rate vs rate at
Detector Bias Mode Peak Temp CCE (%) Resolution (%) 30C (%)
BSC6 300 Hole 225 99±5 1.6±0.5 21.2±0.6
BSC6 -300 e- 225 97±3 2.1±0.5 52.8±0.9
BSC7 200 Hole 200 98±2 4.0±0.7 87.0±1.2
BSC7 -200 e- 225 96±2 2.0±0.5 75.8±1.1
BSC8 300 Hole 225 98±3 3.3±0.7 31.3±0.6
BSC8 -300 e- 225 97±3 2.6±0.5 63.9±1.0
Brunel University London 15Gamma and neutron detection 2 March 2018
60Co irradiation data at 1.3 mGy/s
at ~ 20°C
FLUKA simulation of neutron
detection efficiency as a function of
converter layer thickness
Brunel University London Presentation Title 16Micro-patterned surface 2 March 2018 FLUKA simulated enhancement in detection efficiency assuming a 10B converter layer. Brunel University London Presentation Title 17
Other studies on diamond at elevated 2 March 2018
temperatures 2 4.3×4.3 mm
Ag contacts
4×4 mm2
Pt contacts
Energy in keV
241Am source [8]
4.3×4.3 mm2
[8] Hodgson M et al, Meas. Sci. Technol. 28 (2017) 105501 Pt contacts, +200 V bias [9]
[9] Pilotti R et al, JINST (2016) C06008
Brunel University London 18Other studies on diamond at elevated 2 March 2018 temperatures A number of other recent studies have also shown the potential of diamonds to operate as radiation detectors at elevated temperatures. For example: Masakatsu Tsubota et al [10] reported operation of a reconditioned DDL diamond* with Ru Schottky and TiC/Pt ohmic contacts up to a temperature of 250 °C. At lower temperatures (200 °C) a CCE of 96.9 % and an alpha particle energy resolution of 3% at 5.5 MeV was demonstrated. Amit Kumar et al [11], using 5×5 mm2 diamonds from IIa Technologies Pte, demonstrated that with Cr/Au contacts an alpha particle energy resolution of 2% at 5.5 MeV was obtained at 300 °C * Sourced from E6 to my knowledge [10] Masakatsu Tsubota et al , NIM A 789 (2015) 50 [11] Amit Kumar et al, NIM A 858 (2017) 12 Brunel University London 19
SiC radiation sensors 2 March 2018
SiC is a wide band-gap semiconductor (Eg = 3.23 eV for 4H-SiC)
Many applications for high power electronics (Schottky diode, JFET,
MOSFET) and commercial products available from ST, Infineon, Cree etc.
I will discuss data from
work at University of
Surrey [12, 8]
Reverse bias leakage current of
4H-SiC Schottky diode
[12] Ambubakar Y M et al , IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 62 (2015) 2360
Brunel University London 20SiC radiation sensors 2 March 2018 Stability with time for peak and FWHM of 241Am signal at 100 V bias [12] Brunel University London 21
SiC radiation sensors 2 March 2018
241Am source – temperature effect on count rate for two different
SiC sensors [8]
Brunel University London 22Prospects and challenges for the future 2 March 2018 The positive message is that diamond (and probably SiC) have been demonstrated to be radiation sensors which will operate at temperatures in excess of 200 °C. Work relating to CERN LHC experiments confirm the excellent quality and radiation tolerance of commercially available CVD diamond. Most published work has concentrated on measuring high energy alpha particles as many applications are aimed at neutron detection – direct with 12C or via 10B or 6Li converters depending on the neutron energy range. Stability of response has been shown over moderate (~1 day) time periods. However we are still trying to understand polarisation effects, the different responses with different contact metals, different surface preparation techniques, the use of epi layers (or not) on SiC and indeed self-bias (or not). Brunel University London 23
Prospects and challenges for the future 2 March 2018 High temperature packaging, and the ability to operate for long periods (years) and for some applications the need to survive very high shock loading for oil and gas well applications is still to be demonstrated. However the really big issue is the challenge to make low noise front-end electronic amplifiers which will also operate at these elevated temperatures! Passive components and a few operational amplifiers are now commercially available (though op-amp life limited to ~ 2000 hours at 200 °C), but the development of a low-noise JFET or bi-polar high temperature pre-amp is an essential next stage. Some UK-based work at Sheffield University and University of Sussex, for example, on semiconductor materials such as InGaP, AlGaAs etc. is promising. I am sure that developers of 3D diamond sensors (in the UK Manchester & Oxford) will be soon testing them at elevated temperatures. Brunel University London 24
Acknowledgements 2 March 2018 Many thanks to my Brunel, Micron Semiconductor and Schlumberger (Clamart) collaborators.* Thanks also to Annika Lohstroh (University of Surrey), Michael Hodgson (BECQ) and Ricardo Pilotti (ITER) for permission to use their published figures. Brunel University London diamond studies received support from EPSRC under grant EP/L504671/1 Diamond sensors arising from the Brunel University/Micron Semiconductor collaboration are commercially available from: Micron Semiconductor Ltd., Lansing, BN15 8SJ UK * Alex Metcalfe, George R. Fern, Terry Ireland, Ali Salimian, Jack Silver, David R. Smith Gwenaelle Lefeuvre and Richard Saenger Brunel University London 25
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