SPACE FROM THE GROUND - Drowning in Data p. 22 Casting Giant Mirrors p. 28 Protecting Telescopes from Earthquakes p. 34 - SPIE
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SPACE FROM THE GROUND
Drowning in Data p. 22
Casting Giant Mirrors p. 28
Protecting Telescopes from Earthquakes p. 34
May/June 2020
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Contents MAY/JUNE 2020
Features
22
Drowning in Data
The Square Kilometre
Array is set to be the world’s
biggest radio telescope and
the largest big data project
in the known Universe. Will
astronomers sink or swim in
the digital downpour?
By Rebecca Pool
28
Casting Giants
Spun-cast borosilicate
telescope mirrors have led to
some of the largest ground-
based telescopes ever built.
By William G. Schulz
34
On Shaky Ground
A new generation of
‘extremely large’ telescopes
is being built in earthquake-
prone areas. How will
engineers protect these
massive machines?
By Bob Whitby
Stokksnes Peninsula, Iceland. Photo Credit: Markus van Hauten
1
2048 x 2048 – 1.8 kHz binary modulation
of amplitude and phase
Spatial Light
– Visible wavelengths
Modulator
– Dedicated drive boards
¾ Structuring Light
¾ Beam Shaping
¾ Optical Computing
¾ Optical Communication
¾ Computer Generated Holograms
¾ Super Resolution Microscopy
¾ Optogenetics
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CONTENTS
5 From the Editor
38 Letter from the President 19
39 SPIE Deadlines and Events Optical Coating
40 SPIE Community News Design Software
Bandwidth An alphabetical list of some of
Grow your career TFCalc’s capabilities:
6 How to Do Great Work • absorption
When You Don’t Feel • active coatings
Like It • angle matching
7 SPIE Global Salary Report • animation
Top-Paying Disciplines • bandpass filter design
• blackbody illuminant
8 Careers in Astronomy: the Sources • color optimization
Long and Winding Road
Recent and notable research • constraints
11 Staying Cyber Safe While • continuous optimization targets
Working from Home 17 HaloSat: One of the First, • derivative targets
but Not the Last | Let’s • detectors
Design This Differently • dispersion formulas
12 | Will Someone Please
Turn Out the Lights? |
• electric field intensity
• equivalent index
Back to the Beginning • equivalent stack
of Cosmic Rays | So, • gain materials
Qubit, What are Your • global optimization
Weaknesses? • group optimization
• illuminants
• layer sensitivity
20 • local optimization
• material mixtures
• multiple environments
• needle optimization
• optical monitoring
• optical density
Field of View • phase shift
• psi
Insight into the photonics industry
• radiation distributions
12 Scotland’s Booming Space
Luminaries • refractive index determination
Industry People who lit the way for photonics • reflection
• sensitivity analysis
14 Economic Impact and 20 Piecing Together the • stack formula
Photonics Industry Puzzle of Large Mirror • synthesis
Responses to COVID-19 Telescopes • transmission
15 Industry Updates
• tunneling method
Reflections • ultra-fastquantities
16 Export Control on Artificial • variable materials
Intelligence Software Reader-created images • yield analysis
May Have Unintended
Consequences 44 Dandenong Meteor
Software Spectra, Inc.
14025 NW Harvest Lane
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Tel: (800) 832-2524
On the Cover
This image shows a composite lidar image of El Caracol from above. El Caracol is one of
Web: www.sspectra.com
the oldest standing observatories in the Americas, and highlights the importance that E-mail: info@sspectra.com
astrological phenomena held for the people of Chichen Itza. Photo Credit: CyArk
May/June 2020
Volume 1, Number 3, ISSN 2706-8110
Managing Editor
Gwen Weerts
Section Editor
Karen Thomas
Graphic Artists
Carrie Binschus
John Escher
Contributors
Jennifer Douris O’Bryan
Jeff Hecht
Kim McAllister
Matt Peach
Rebecca Pool
William G. Schulz
Tyler Tervooren
Karen Thomas
Bob Whitby
Alison Walker
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(SPIE). All rights reserved. The articles published in Photonics
Focus reflect the work and thoughts of the authors. Every effort has
been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but
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4 PHOTONICS FOCUS JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2020
FROM THE EDITOR
Space from the Ground SPECIAL NOTE: This issue of Photonics
Focus was originally planned to coincide with
the biannual SPIE Astronomical Telescopes
+ Instrumentation Conference in Yokohama,
AT THE CHICHEN ITZA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN MEXICO
Japan in June. That meeting has been
stand the remains of a domed tower. Inside of that tower is a spiraling postponed and moved to 13-18 December
staircase that ascends to the top—the path to an observation deck in San Diego, California. Please check the
event website for additional information:
that would have been climbed by Mayan astronomers over 1,000
spie.org/as
years ago. El Caracol, which means “snail” in Spanish in reference
to that staircase, is just one of many ancient structures across the
globe erected to aid observation of planets and stars in the night sky.
The science of ancient astronomy can be difficult to extricate
from myth. The constellations and movements of planets became
part of the lore of ancient peoples, where the stars were often
tools of divination, and their movement was presumed to have an
impact on the fates of people on Earth. Cosmology was relied upon
to create stories that answer core human questions about where
we come from and who else is out there.
In addition to informing the philosophy and origin stories of
many ancient civilizations, naked-eye astronomers were able to
achieve some significant and fairly accurate calculations, including
the size of the Earth, the modern calendar, and planetary models
of our solar system.
In the past millennium, our tools for studying space from the
ground have evolved from naked-eye observations, to primitive El Caracol in Mexico, built in AD 900.
telescopes in the 17 th century, to the advent of modern telescopes in
the 20 th century. As telescope lenses got larger, and as instruments
were developed to make observations in wavelengths longer than
the visible range, our understanding of the Universe grew deeper
and weirder (hello, dark matter).
For the centuries before Sputnik, everything we could learn
about the Universe we learned from the ground. And while space-
based telescopes have given us new tools to observe and learn,
ground-based systems continue to play an important role and
continuously lead to new discoveries.
This issue of Photonics Focus explores the tools and systems
that modern astronomers use to study space from the ground. Two
articles explain different methods to create ever-larger telescope
mirrors: spin-casting monoliths, and segmentation with adaptive Gaocheng Astronomical
optics. Another article reveals the enormous challenge of build- Observatory in China, built 1276.
ing highly precise instruments in some of the most seismically
unstable locations on Earth; and yet another tells the story of the
unfathomable amounts of data that will be generated by modern
instruments, and how scientists plan to manage it.
The information that ground-based astronomers have been
able to gather while anchored to terra firma is nothing short of a
scientific wonder. And yet, while the technology has increased in
both precision and power, many of the questions driving today’s
scientists sound similar to the ones asked by the astronomer-
philosophers of millennia past: How did we get here? And, are
we alone?
Cheomseongdae Astronomical
Observatory in South Korea,
built in the seventh century.
GWEN WEERTS, PHOTONICS FOCUS MANAGING EDITOR
Photo Credits: Shutterstock: Jannis Tobias Werner (top);
Richie Chan (middle); Haobo Wang (bottom) PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 5
How to Do Great Work You might love your work, but there
are still times when you find it difficult
to get things done. Your projects get
When You Don’t stuck. You’re not sure what to do next.
The inspiration you were counting on
disappeared, and you’re not sure why.
Feel Like It Whether it’s a phase of life or you’re
j u s t h avi n g a b a d d ay, t h e re a re a
few things you can do to get back on
1
track and get your best work done
NO MORE “ZERO DAYS.” A “zero day” is a day in which
even when you don’t quite feel like it.
you produce zero results or make zero progress
towards a goal that you had previously defined.
Momentum is a powerful force, and when you’ve
lost it, it’s hard to get it back. One way to regain
momentum is take on the mindset that you will no
3
longer allow a day to go to waste. Stop worrying
about achieving something great and focus on ALL OR NOTHING = NOTHING. It’s a noble thing to commit
accomplishing anything at all. yourself to excellence. Excellence likely served you
Think of the smallest actionable task that you well in your studies and your career. Sometimes,
could perform in the next five to ten minutes that though, your desire for excellence ends up in perfec-
would set you on the right path. It won’t be ground- tionist territory, where it can become less of a virtue
breaking, but it will get the ball rolling. and more of a tool for procrastination.
When you’re struggling to get your work done, it’s When you find yourself obsessing over perfection,
helpful to have milestones along the way that allow remember that most things that are great today were
you to feel like you’re making progress. Passing less great yesterday, and not very good at all in the
these milestones, even if they’re insignificant, helps days before. You can’t improve something that doesn’t
build psychological momentum. Once you get going, exist, so work on getting your version 0.1.0 completed
it’s much easier to keep going. so it can have a future of progress applied to it.
You may not like your imperfect creations now, but
2
EVERYTHING IS ACTIONABLE. If you’re having a hard you’ll care less once you’ve iterated on it a few times. And,
time starting a difficult project, you might be as mentioned earlier, momentum is a powerful force.
blocked because you’re not sure what to do next.
4
Uncertainty is a progress killer. When you know ENGINEER YOUR ENVIRONMENT. Your environment can be
exactly what to do, when to do it, and how to do a heavy thumb on the scale of motivation.
it, there’s no struggle to perform. But take away You’ve likely noticed that you think and behave
just one of those three conditions, and progress differently when you’re at the office versus at home.
becomes shockingly difficult. As soon as you iden- Or when you’re on vacation versus traveling for work.
tify a problem with one of these conditions, make Your mind is accustomed to taking cues from what
it your immediate job to fix it. You need to remove is around you to determine what it should be doing.
that uncertainty. Knowing that, you can engineer an environment that
If you don’t know what to do, ask yourself what inspires you to get things done.
missing information is needed to figure it out. If When you’re having a hard time staying motivated,
you’re not sure when to do it, make it your task to try physically moving your body to a space you know
start prioritizing. What other things need to be will inspire you to do better work. It could be an empty
done that are making you unsure about what to do conference room where you can concentrate or a coffee
next? And what criteria can you use to decide? If shop with a quiet energy that helps you focus.
you’re struggling with how to do it, figure out what For best results, consider how all five of your senses
you need to learn. You’re no stranger to education, are engaged in these spaces. When you identify them,
so make yourself a student again. you can create a makeshift productivity space even
when you can’t get to one of your ideal locations.
TYLER TERVOOREN trains on These are the simple, concrete steps to improving productivity
productivity and leadership at when you’re stuck in a rut. To get started, pick one step from
Riskology.co. This article is a sample above and implement it immediately. Once you have the hang
of his workshop from Photonics West of it, look for ways to fit two or more of the steps together to
and his comprehensive training, The build a personal and robust productivity plan.
Systems Course.
6 PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020
BANDWIDTH
SPIE Global Salary Report 2020
Top-Paying Disciplines
THE SPIE OPTICS AND PHOTONICS Primary Discipline Median Salary N
Global Salary Report provides up-to-date
information on pay, education, and other Aerospace $130,000 192
important workplace topics. One way to take
a snapshot of salaries in our diverse commu- Semiconductor $115,000 253
nity is to look at median salaries by primary
Systems engineering or
discipline. Aerospace has held the top spot for research $94,853 120
all ten years that SPIE has published the
Interdisciplinary
Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report, engineering or research $84,295 121
this year with a median income of $130,000.
Optical systems $83,565 389
Astronomy or astrophysics $83,282 212
Illumination $82,425 22
Manufacturing $81,121 200
Chemical $75,000 48
Lasers $75,000 239
Optical design $73,911 144
Mechanical $67,000 75
Biomedical, biology, or
healthcare $66,852 354
Other $65,821 142
Physics $62,838 253
Materials $62,000 97
What explains salary gaps across disciplines?
The highest-paying disciplines have much
Electrical or electronics $61,281 180
higher representation at for-profit companies
and in wealthier countries—88 percent of
Photonics $61,000 347
semiconductor and 66 percent of aerospace
employees work at for-profits, while 88
percent of aerospace workers are located in Computer science or IT $60,000 193
North America or higher-income European
countries. Nanotechnology $52,864 90
To find out more, see the full 2020 Optics
and Photonics Global Salary Report at Civil or environmental $51,739 32
spie.org/2020salaryreport
Remote sensing $49,847 152
PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 7
BANDWIDTH
“I’M GETTING TO MY SELL-BY DATE, think it would last as long as it has and
but I’m sticking to our project,” jokes would be operating so well at its advanced
Careers in John Mather, senior project scientist
on the James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST). What originated in 1996 as the
age of 30! When I began working on Webb
in 1996, I knew that, like Hubble, it would
be a decade-level commitment. I must
Astronomy: Next Generation Space Telescope has
turned into a multi-decade journey, and
it’s not yet over. Although the earliest
admit that I did not think it would be a
25-year commitment.”
Smith likens such long-term projects
the Long projections estimated that the project
could launch in about ten years, JWST
project complexity and budget overruns
to what voyagers on long ship journeys
may have experienced a few hundred
years ago. “You are all on a ‘fantastic
and Winding have pushed that date out several times
to 30 March 2021, with the possibility of
voyage’ with many struggles along the
way,” he says. “But a new world awaits
another extension. That means Mather you at your destination.”
Road has been working on the JWST project
for almost 25 years, and the end isn’t
That new world waiting gives project
scientists a shared sense of purpose: They
quite in sight. are building something that’s never been
“I knew going into this project that built before that will open vistas to the
it would be a long haul,” admits Heidi Universe that will surpass anything that’s
B. Hammel, interdisciplinary scientist been done before. Such projects require
on the JWST. “But my background as a collaboration among hundreds, or even
planetary scientist had prepared me: In thousands, of people working at all levels.
my post-doc position at the Jet Propul- “It takes the ultimate in courage, cre-
sion Lab, I was involved with the Voyager ativity, and team effort to do a long-term
mission. That spacecraft was designed project,” says Mather. “I have wonderful
while I was in elementary school, and colleagues who are brilliant, dedicated,
launched while I was still in high school! cheerful, and good friends. We have a
So my perspective on missions does tend shared sense of mission and we know
to be long term, perhaps longer than what we’re doing is really important.”
other astronomers.” That creativity and good cheer are
Eric P. Smith, program scientist for crucial when things go wrong—space
JWST, worked on the Hubble telescope programs can be canceled due to techni-
project at several stages in his career. “I cal issues or cost overrun, or completed
knew in 1990 that Hubble was planned for and (then rarely) fail for some reason. But
a long life through servicing, but I didn’t perseverance is key.
8 PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020Gillian Wright is the European prin- the continued infusion of new faces with but also have participation in shorter
cipal investigator for the Mid-Infrared fresh ideas. “It is, as with all things, a bal- duration efforts be part of their job
Instrument (MIRI) on the JWST. When ance that must be maintained,” she says. description and performance plans,” says
her team began designing the MIRI, no “For my own specific role with Webb’s Smith. “That way they can experience the
one really expected the JWST project Science Working Group, I’ve endeavored highs—and yes, lows—associated with
to take as long as it has. “The difficulty to pass on what I have learned to my each type of effort.”
of technical challenges tends to become team. They are now taking the lead- A long-term mission like J WST,
more apparent once you start trying to ership roles, and I watch with awe and with its enormous folding mirrors and
solve them,” she explains. pride as they move into those roles and deployable sunshade, may have looked
Since the design and planning for blossom into amazing leaders.” impossible at the outset. But Mather likes
missions can last for years, it is inevitable With many of these long-term projects, tackling the impossible. There’s not much
that key people may leave, either through some of the people key to their success competition, he says, and if the project is
retirement or promotion, or because may never see the results of their labors, successful, the results will be worth the
they were on a fixed-term appointment. and that’s just a reality of working in effort. “Other people want quick results,”
Succession planning is key for long-term astronomical instrumentation. says Mather, “but building telescopes is
missions—crucial positions need to have “The most challenging thing about a never quick if we want something really
back-up people in place. long-term mission is that you must have a new and powerful.”
Those working on the JWST have seen lot of patience,” says Hammel. “You must Hammel advises younger scientists to
this type of evolution among the staff. be in it not really for yourself and your take the long view and consider the words
Proper documentation, communication, career—you must recognize that you are of Renaissance artist Michelangelo,
and management are crucial to successful crafting a facility for the folks who are which resonate with those who work to
knowledge transfer. Nonetheless, it can be coming after you.” bring these major missions to fruition:
difficult to replace long-term experience. Smith says the journey itself is often “The greatest danger for most of us is
“Each person in a team brings ways of the best reward—which is good news, not that our aim is too high and we miss
thinking and understanding that are when the journey of one mission can it, but that it is too low and we reach it.”
unique to them, and a historical perspec- take decades. He recommends spending Hammel realizes that she may not get
tive that does get lost if they leave the proj- a working career pursuing your passions to use some of the facilities she’s working
ect. No amount of co-working/shadowing/ and interests, which can evolve. That on, but there is so much out there waiting
documenting covers these subtleties,” says passion for a subject can help you get to be learned, and so many bright young
Wright. Nonetheless, she sees the value in through adversities that come with people coming along who are eager to
the creativity of newcomers: “This can also short-duration missions, such as tight explore. “My role now,” she says, “is to
be good for the team and the project, just schedules and tight money—or long mis- help ensure that the future facilities are
in a different way.” sions, which involve career investment. there when those young people need
Hammel agrees that the potential for “I encourage students, if they can, them.”
lost knowledge is counterweighted by to get involved in a long-term mission,
KAREN THOMAS is a
contributing editor for
Photonics Focus.Helping You
Create the Future
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+1 360 685 5551
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Staying Cyber Safe While
Working from Home
FOLLOWING THE OUTBREAK of COVID-
19, many people are working remotely for
the first time ever. Times of crisis are ripe
for innovation, and many businesses and
institutions will ultimately find new ways On 6 Mar 2020, at 10:37, Prof. John E. Greivenkamp
to operate in a virtual environment that wrote:
benefit their customers in the long run. Hello Dr.[redacted].How are you?Our friend [redacted] and SPIE
Unfortunately, criminals also see crises as member from Japan are on the way now to Freiburg to attend His sister
funeral.As far as I know,they are on the way to Germany and they have
opportunities. some problem in the Philippine airport.Kindly call them at
While some newly remote workers have 00639060455830 or +639060455830 and please help them in any possible
way and I will call you as soon as possible.At this time,its midnight
the benefit of working on company laptops here in Canada and I have a flight to catch later this morning back to
with the strict security measures that come Tucson.. I will call you as soon I will arrive in my office.Thank you very much.
(Nothing to worried about the virus since they have a medical
installed on that equipment, others have certificate from the Japan Health Department that they are good to go
converted less-than-secure home comput- and their visa already approve)
ers to remote desktops, or are relying on Best,
cloud-based tools to save and share work. John
Paying attention to cyber security is more Prof. John E. Greivenkamp
important now than ever. SPIE President
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
Phishing, which refers to nefarious The University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences
attempts to induce people to reveal personal 1630 E. University Blvd.
P.O. Box 210094
information, click on dangerous links, or Tucson, AZ 85721-0094 USA
open dangerous attachments, is nothing Phone : +1 520-621-2942
new. Hackers have been exploiting this
tactic since the invention of email. What’s
new is the accuracy and sophistication of
such techniques. Whereas phishers of the BEFORE CLICKING a link, hitting reply, If you receive an email that raises sus-
past cast a generic wide net (e.g., a Nigerian or opening an email attachment, look for picion for any of these reasons, here are
princess wants to send you her fortune), these common signs of phishing: the Dos and Don’ts:
“spear phishing” has become more common. 1. The message is sent from a public 1. Don’t click any links, open
Spear phishers do their homework. They email domain, like Yahoo or attachments, or contact anyone it
research targeted recipients on organiza- Gmail. This may be normal if tells you to.
tion websites and LinkedIn and tailor the the email came to a non-work 2. Don’t hit reply.
message text directly to the recipient. The email account from a personal 3. Do contact the purported sender
personalized content is intended to build acquaintance, but no legitimate via an email address or phone
trust and credibility with the recipient, so institution will use a Gmail number in your personal contact
that they are more likely to click a link, address. list and ask if they sent it.
open an attachment, or hand over personal 2. The email creates a sense of 4. Do mark the sender as junk or
information. urgency. If the sender wants you spam.
The email on this page is an actual recent to do something immediately, 5. Do delete the email, then delete
example of a spear phishing attempt. This that’s a good reason to pause. it from your trash.
email, which pretends to be from 2020 3. The message is poorly written. Spear phishing is just one method used
SPIE President John Greivenkamp, got Look for bad grammar and by hackers to infect computers with mal-
a lot of things right. The institutional punctuation. ware or ransomware, or attain personal
information in the signature is accurate, 4. The message will include information. They also prey on weak pass-
including Greivenkamp’s leadership role suspicious attachments, links, words, reused passwords, insecure public
as SPIE President. It links together two phone numbers, or calls to Wi-Fi, malware-infected USB drives, and
other SPIE volunteers who could plausibly action. a host of other malicious methods.
know each other. 5. The domain name could have As you adapt your work to the new
Fortunately, the recipient of this phishing subtle or glaring misspellings, reality of a remote office, be on the
attempt saw enough incongruities to raise such as @SPI3.org instead of lookout for ways to innovate. But also be
suspicion, and reported it to SPIE. @SPIE.org. aware that hackers are doing the same.
PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 11FIELD OF VIEW
Murray Collins with
Valkyrie. Collins is
Scotland’s Booming
co-chair of the new
SPIE conference Space,
Satellites + Sustainability
in Edinburgh.
Space Industry
If you didn’t know that Scotland has
a space industry, you soon will
FROM THE CUTTING-EDGE satellites being built in scientists and create 400 data-enabled companies over
Glasgow to the big satellite data processing happening 15 years. It has provided the financial support to launch
in Edinburgh, Scotland’s growing space ecosystem is the Space and Satellite Innovation Programme at the
impressive for a nation of just over five million people. University of Edinburgh Bayes Centre, which is an inno-
Businesses like AAC Clyde Space, Spire, and Alba vation hub that brings academics and industry together.
Orbital in Glasgow are proving that the city can apply The program is led by Murray Collins, Chancellor’s Fellow
ship-building expertise to spaceships, while companies in Data Driven Innovation: Space and Satellite, and CEO
like Ecometrica, Carbomap, and Space Intelligence are of satellite data company Space Intelligence.
helping Edinburgh race towards its goal of becoming This program has already brought Arizona-based Orbital
Space Data Capital of Europe. Micro Systems to Edinburgh, where it opened its first
The United Kingdom Space Agency’s (UKSA) ambi- international office. It is poised to be the first company to
tion is to capture 10 percent of the global market by launch a satellite from Scotland’s proposed launch site in
2030—that’s worth £40 billion to the UK. Translate Sutherland—it has plans for 60 satellites, each the size of
that to the economic opportunity for Scotland, where, a shoe box, that will monitor data to give almost real-time
according to the Space Sector Report 2017, one-fifth forecasts of weather. Sectors like insurance, agriculture,
of the workforce resides, and there is the potential to aviation, and shipping can use these data to save potentially
attract £2.5 billion. hundreds of thousands of pounds by rerouting aircraft and
Graham Turnock, chief executive of the UKSA, says ships and to more accurately predict crop yields.
that Scotland has a strong heritage in the space sector.
“In 2018 we announced more than £30 million of
funding to support a spaceport in Sutherland, which
will build on the country’s global reputation for manu- HUMANS
facturing small satellites,” he says. A R E K I N D O F S Q U I S H Y,
“In addition, Scotland will benefit from a £2 million
T H E Y F R E E Z E T O D E AT H E A S I LY,
government fund to help horizontal launch sites such
as Glasgow and Prestwick airports grow their subor-
bital flight, satellite launch, and spaceplane ambitions,
AND HAVE AN
A N N OY I N G R E L I A N C E O N O X YG E N .
which could attract companies from all over the world
to invest in the region.”
This added launch capacity will help Scotland com-
plete its space ecosystem. Edinburgh-headquartered As for the move to Edinburgh, chief executive of
company Skyrora is already testing rockets to low Orbital Micro Systems William Hosack thinks it’s a good
altitudes. fit. “Edinburgh was a great move for us. It’s a great quality
Ukrainian-born Skyrora CEO Vladimir Levykin of life, and the talent is here without the labor costs of
chose the city for its connections, skilled workforce, Silicon Valley,” he says.
and suitability as a place to live. “We’ve built a range of On the floor below Orbital Micro Systems in the Bayes
rockets, and we’ve launched two of them from Scotland, Centre is a NASA robot, Valkyrie. Senior researcher and
from a spot near Inverness in the Highlands, close to lab manager Vladimir Ivan was instrumental in the year-
the proposed launch site in Sutherland,” he says. long negotiations to bring her to Edinburgh.
“We learned a lot from those small launches, around “We were looking for a two-legged robot with the reach
health and safety and all sorts. It was great to get the and capability to at least attempt the tasks that humans
experience for a larger launch; we’re working with all do, and started the discussion with NASA,” he said.
the various stakeholders to understand the challenges.” “There was a lot of bureaucracy: you’re dealing between
Funding has also been forthcoming from Edinburgh’s a university and a US government agency. NASA doesn’t
City Deal. Its Data Driven Innovation initiative is a usually build things for other people so they had to find
£661 million fund to help train 100,000 new data a way to get a robot to us,” says Ivan.
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The groundbreaking move made Edinburgh the only place in the world to
work with a NASA robot outside the headquarters. International interest in
the lab’s findings has been considerable. Oil and gas companies, mining com-
panies, and nuclear power companies have all partnered on research projects SPIE Press
to improve the efficiency of their own robots.
“Astronauts complain about being janitors on space stations,” Ivan adds. International
“Our aim is to make the robot stronger, faster, and more accurate—sometimes
that means making them more human, sometimes that means making them
Day of Light
superhuman.”
“We want to create a robot that can go into space and help reduce risk
Sale
for humans and take them out of dangerous situations. Humans are kind of
squishy, they freeze to death easily, and have an annoying reliance on oxygen,” 11–18 May 2020
he says.
Elsewhere in Bayes, Steve Hancock, lecturer at University of Edinburgh,
is working with NASA on another project—the Global Ecosystem Dynamics
Investigation program. The GEDI mission launched in December 2018. From
its perch aboard the International Space Station, GEDI’s powerful lasers create
Photo Credit: Kyle Russell Allen Graves
detailed 3D maps of Earth’s forests and topography.
“GEDI uses lidar, optimized for measuring forest structures,” Hancock
explains. “Fuse this with existing data, and the information available about
the types and health of forests, for example, is extremely comprehensive.”
“Comprehensive” could also be used to describe the Scottish space eco-
system. Though the nation is small, its contribution to space research and
industry is significant.
KIM McALLISTER is a freelance business journalist and broadcaster on BBC
Radio Scotland.
spie.org/publications/booksFIELD OF VIEW
Economic Impact and
Photonics Industry Responses
to COVID-19
BUSINESSES AROUND THE WORLD are On Twitter, Corning Optical Communi-
reeling from the impact of the global COVID- cations, US, announced coordination with
19 pandemic. Disruptions to supply chains, Infratel Italia to donate laboratory supplies,
demand, international trade f lows, and supporting the mitigation effort on the
travel, along with lockdowns and collapsing impact of COVID-19 in Italy.
stock prices, have dealt a heavy blow to the
global economy. UK-based defense technology company BAE
According to analyst IHS Markit: Systems is working to minimize impact to
• The United States, Europe, and Japan are its operations. They referred to robust and
headed for recession. evolving business continuity plans, and they
• The IHS Markit forecast for world real are increasing support to existing charity
GDP growth in 2020 has been revised partners.
down to 0.7% in response to the spread of
the virus. Growth below 2.0% is classified Jenoptik AG, Germany, is reviewing their
as a global recession. proposed dividend payment of €0.35. The
• The number of active world cases is Executive and Supervisory Boards will review
assumed to top out by the third quarter. the appropriation of profit and issue an
• Nevertheless, the result will be a U-shaped updated proposal to the Annual General
rather than V-shaped cycle, as a sharp Meeting, if appropriate.
reduction in near-term growth is followed
by a slow recovery. Applied Materials has withdrawn its busi-
• Forecast risks are overwhelmingly on the ness outlook for its FYQ2, due to COVID-19
downside and depend crucially on how impacting the company’s supply chain and
governments respond. manufacturing operations. The company has
• Central banks have already taken emer- manufacturing operations in multiple coun-
gency actions, but the fiscal response is tries including the US, China, and Taiwan.
more uncertain.
US-based KLA Corporation announced
• The recent sharp drop in oil prices will
the KLA Foundation is creating a $2 million
help energy consumers and hurt energy
fund to focus on global relief efforts benefit-
producers. The net effect on global growth
ing nonprofit organizations in regions with
is likely to be negative, but small.
the highest number of individuals affected
PUBLIC COVID-19 RESPONSES from some by COVID-19, and locations with high-risk
of the largest SPIE exhibiting companies populations. The two-phase charitable
in the photonics industry are rounded up funding initiative will provide support for
below. Every single company emphasizes the food banks, elderly communities, public
importance of protecting the health and safety hospitals and medical units, and educational
of their employees, and those statements are infrastructure.
not repeated here.
TRUMPF UK defined a “business resiliency
Raytheon, a US company that specializes in plan” that describes their efforts to maintain
defense, civil government, and cybersecurity their supply chain, which includes spare parts
solutions, issued a memorandum to suppliers stock value of £1.5 million and the ability
addressing the Defense Industrial Base (DIB), to procure any out-of-stock items from the
including these highlights: The DIB is identi- central logistic center in Germany. They do
fied as a critical infrastructure sector by the not expect acute supply bottlenecks in the
US Department of Homeland Security. Com- short term, since few of their suppliers are in
panies aligned with the essential critical infra- China. However, this may change as US and
structure workforce definition are expected to Europe-based suppliers experience increas-
maintain their normal work schedules. ing movement restrictions.
14 PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020FIELD OF VIEW
FLIR, US, has experienced minimal disruption
to the supply chain, and has contingency plans
Industry Updates
in place to mitigate potential disruptions as the
situation evolves. They announced strong demand M&A
for their thermal cameras to be used in elevated- » AMETEK, Inc. acquired IntelliPower, Inc., provider of
body-temperature screening, and are working to ruggedized uninterruptible power systems, for $115M effective
February 5, 2020.
ensure that governments, first responders, and
entities working to mitigate the spread of the » Leidos, Inc. acquired Dynetics, Inc., an applied research and
national security solutions company, for $1.65B effective
virus have all appropriate resources. February 1, 2020.
» Sonardyne International Ltd. acquired underwater imaging
Intel Corp., US, provided one million units of
and inspection company 2G Robotics Inc. for an undisclosed
personal protective equipment, including masks, amount effective February 4, 2020.
gloves, and face shields, from their factory stock
» Lasertel, Inc. and Selex Galileo Inc. have merged to
and emergency supplies and donated them to form Leonardo Electronics US Inc., to provide next-gen
healthcare professionals. Intel also allocated $6 technologies in the defense, security, medical, automotive, and
industrial segments, effective January 1, 2020.
million for coronavirus relief, to be distributed
to community foundations and organizations » Entegris, Inc. acquired Sinmat, Inc., a producer of slurries
used for polishing ultrahard surface materials, for $75M
that are focused on food security, shelter, medical effective January 10, 2020.
equipment, and small-business support.
» Hexagon AB acquired industrial computed tomography
software specialist Volume Graphics GmbH for an undisclosed
II-VI operates in over 60 locations in 18 countries. amount effective January 8, 2020.
Their website notes that II-VI plays a key role in
» Thorlabs, Inc. acquired Crystalline Mirror Solutions, a
the supply chain for polymerase chain reaction pioneer in the development of substrate-transferred single-
(PCR) genetic sequencing instruments that are crystal optical coatings, for an undisclosed amount effective
helping to determine the outcome of patient December 2019.
testing for COVID-19. » Honeywell International, Inc. acquired Rebellion Photonics,
provider in automated visual gas monitoring solutions, for an
OptoSigma, US, supplies several critical infra- undisclosed amount effective January 23, 2020.
structure sectors that are required to maintain » Radiall USA, Inc. acquired fiber-optic interconnect company
operations, including transportation, defense, Timbercon, Inc. for an undisclosed amount effective January
22, 2020.
energy, healthcare, water, and public works.
» Cadence Design Systems, Inc. acquired AWR Corp. from
OptoSigma will remain open only to provide the
National Instruments Corp. for an undisclosed amount
critical product and technical support needed for effective January 15, 2020.
those businesses to effectively conduct operations. » Lumerical, software creator for advanced photonics design,
will be acquired by simulation software vendor Ansys at the
ThorLabs, US, believes they have sustainable end of Q2 2020.
inventory, sufficient to support the continued
availability of their products for the foreseeable
Executive Updates
future. Current lead times are reflected on their
» David Keffer appointed Corp. VP & CFO of Northrop
website and communicated by customer service Grumman Corp. effective February 17, 2020. He succeeds
teams at time of order placement. Kenneth Bedingfield who is stepping down.
» Lee Sang-hoon resigned from his role of Chairman at Samsung
Coherent has not yet experienced supply delays Electronics Co., Ltd. effective February 14, 2020, following his
and has a business continuity plan in place to conviction for sabotaging union activities.
help mitigate supply issues. Manufacturing in » Mathew Rekow appointed CTO of Velodyne Lidar, Inc.
California and Connecticut is impacted by stay- effective February 4, 2020. He succeeds Anand Gopalan who
at-home mandates. Additionally, service in Italy, has been appointed CEO.
France, Spain, Indonesia, and the Wuhan area » Weiming Li appointed President & CEO of Source Photonics,
of China have limited ability to help customers Inc. effective January 9, 2020.
due to government rules prohibiting movement » Alastair McInroy appointed CEO of Technology Scotland. He
of personnel for nonessential industries. Service succeeds Stephen Taylor who retired at the end of 2019.
for essential industries will continue. » Christoph Fark appointed President of Heraeus Conamic
effective August 2019. He was previously Exec. VP, Advanced
* These statements were accurate on 1 April. Due to Optics with SCHOTT AG.
the rapidly evolving situation, product availability
» Andreas “Andy” Mattes has been named CEO of Coherent
could change. Check company websites for up-to-
effective immediately, and Mark Sobey was named EVP
date information.
and COO. John Ambroseo is retiring from his positions as
President, CEO, and member of the Board.
PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 15FIELD OF VIEW Export Control on Artificial Intelligence Software May Have Unintended Consequences ON 6 JANUARY 2020, the US Department of Commerce Unintentional confusion would increase burden on the Bureau of Industry and Security released an interim final Department of Commerce, as official requests from industry rule to control software specially designed to automate the flood in to help clarify their software classifications. As currently analysis of geospatial imagery. The likely intent is to control written, the rule is open to a broad interpretation that could software that can be used for military intelligence gathering capture certain neural network software used in ground-based via satellite, such as aerial imagery to identify objects of inter- mapping, vehicle localization, and object recognition. est, or assess disaster or conflict zones. However, companies “Geospatial imagery” could be interpreted as relating to any eyeing commercial markets utilizing similar AI technology, data associated with a location including ground-based data such as software for autonomous vehicles, should review this collected by civil automobiles commonly used for creating new control carefully to ensure that it will not impact current three-dimensional road maps and associated point clouds. or future product lines. Other readers of this regulation may construe the term more This export control goes into effect immediately through an narrowly and understand “geospatial imagery” to be limited to emergency procedure, and establishes a temporary control on only imagery or lidar point clouds from a satellite, surveillance the item to all destinations except Canada. However, according aircraft, or drones. Given the national security sensitivity and to emergency procedure guidelines, in order for the control emergency nature of the control, it seems likely that Commerce to stay in place beyond one year, the US must reclassify and intended to restrict aerial geospatial imagery analysis software establish the control on the Commerce Control List (CCL) under rather than ground-based geo-imagery analysis software. a specific classification entry. The CCL controls technologies However, as with any regulation, specificity is critical to ensure that could be used for either a commercial or military purpose. there is no misinterpretation or reinterpretation by officials in In addition to adding this control to US regulation, the US future years. intends to propose the new control as an international standard Additionally, ambiguity over the definition and application via the Wassenaar Arrangement. This means the implications of the terms “rotational normalization” and “rotational pattern” of this new control could be felt by any of the 42 Wassenaar may result in confusion or broad control of specific network participating countries, which includes much of Europe. Was- architectures like Rotational Equivariant Vector Field Networks senaar participating countries vote yearly on whether to accept (RotEqNet) or Harmonic Networks (H-Nets) that are hard- new proposals such as this one. It is unclear at this time if the coded to address rotation transformations and can be used in control, or a version of this control, will be accepted by the either supervised or unsupervised neural networks. international community that participates. Finally, there is also evidence that countries outside of the This new export control applies to geospatial imagery soft- Wassenaar Arrangement control regime are making progress in ware with a graphical user interface that enables the user to this technology area that may already exceed the control param- identify objects. Through the Federal Register, the US gov- eters described in the temporary control. This is significant ernment accepted comment on this emergency control to help because Wassenaar strives to only include items that are consid- inform what will likely become a permanent control within ered controllable. If a nonparticipating country is producing the regulations. SPIE provided public comment on behalf of its technology, it renders the control ineffective and puts companies membership and highlighted a few areas of concern regarding within a Wassenaar participating country implementing this the current control language. Specifically, that several key terms control standard at a competitive disadvantage. lack definition, including “geospatial imagery,” “deep convolu- To read SPIE’s full comment go to spie.org/AIComment tional neural network,” “rotational normalization,” and “rota- tional pattern,” which could lead to unintentional confusion or JENNIFER DOURIS O’BRYAN is the overcontrol based on broad interpretation. SPIE Director of Government Affairs. 16 PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020
SOURCES
Let’s Design This
Differently
STANDARD DESIGN METHODOLOGY for
photonics begins with a human designer and
a library of components. The designer uses
their expertise, a known geometric shape,
the above library of components, and then
optimizes and tweaks to improve device
HaloSat: performance. But this is a labor-intensive
way to go about it, and doesn’t take into
One of the First,
account photonic devices with complicated,
nonintuitive shapes.
But there may be a better way: Inverse
but Not the Last design is gaining traction among engi-
neers working to develop photonic circuits.
Whereas traditional circuit design is man-
CUBESATS ARE THE FLAT-PACK FURNITURE of the space industry. ual, inverse design uses sophisticated algo-
Being small and lightweight, they cannot contain much instrumen- rithms to automate the design process for
tation, so they are relatively cheap to produce. And, because they are optical and photonic elements.
placed in low-Earth orbit, which is particularly subject to the drag of L ogan Su, a PhD student in Jelena
Earth’s gravity, they have relatively short lifetimes. Vučković’s Nanoscale and Quantum Pho-
While most of the CubeSats currently orbiting Earth are tasked with tonics Lab at Stanford University, explains:
remote sensing and imaging, a CubeSat launched in 2018 called the “The ultimate goal is to have a designer
HaloSat has a mission with an astrophysical bent: to measure x-ray input their desired performance metrics and
emission from diffuse sources, like the halo around the Milky Way. simply wait for the algorithm to generate the
HaloSat is able to count x-rays from a specific direction and from a best possible device.”
chosen energy band. Many types of integrated photonics could
The HaloSat team used three co-aligned silicon drift detectors, the benefit from these algorithm-designed opti-
output of which is amplified and sent to a signal processing board. The mizations, from optical interconnects to
on-board electronics quickly store x-ray energy and the counts from quantum computing. To help enable further
the three detectors. The detectors themselves have no optics, which exploration of this design methodology, the
is a problem because the researchers need to be sure that the x-rays Stanford group created an inverse design
come from the targeted source. To solve this problem, the detectors codebase called SPINS to help design an
were set deep inside the satellite with a collimating tube leading to assortment of photonic devices, and is now
the outside world. Coarse maps of x-ray emission are then built up by making it available for other researchers to
scanning the satellite’s orientation over the target. use. They hope SPINS will help researchers
This CubeSat—which is about the size of a large book—has already explore different design methodologies to
successfully mapped x-ray emissions from the Milky Way and the Crab find fabricable optical and nanophotonic
Nebula. Although it will soon be dragged into the Earth’s atmosphere, structures.
effectively ending its mission, the instrument has been a success. It Download SPINS: github.com/stanford-
was developed and launched in just two years, and it provided reliable nqp/spins-b
data for more than a year. (L. Su et al. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2020 DOI:
The authors of a paper detailing the HaloSat’s design and instru- 10.1063/1.5131263. The authors presented
mentation note, “The rapid development, integration, and launch related inverse design research at SPIE
schedule of 2.5 years for CubeSats is sure to garner more interest in Photonics West and Optics + Photonics.)
the field of astrophysics as both a test bed for new technology, as well
as a platform for focused missions. HaloSat may be one of the first
astrophysics CubeSats, but it will not be the last.”
(D. M. LaRocca et al. J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 2020 DOI:
10.1117/1.JATIS.6.1.014003)
Photo Credit: NASA PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 17
Will Someone Please Turn Out
The blue lines mark degrees of
elevation above the horizon; green
and red dots are satellites. Red dots
the Lights?
are the ones most likely to interfere
with telescope observations.
PRIVATE SPACE COMPANIES, including SpaceX, Amazon, and less affected, as the Earth’s shadow makes the satellites invisible.
OneWeb, are developing satellite constellations for commercial Though the study mostly focused on ESO telescopes, like
use that will ultimately amount to over 26,000 additional sat- VLT and ELT, they noted that wide-field surveys, like the Vera
ellites in the sky. Because those satellites will reflect the light C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, could fare much worse, with up
of the sun while in orbit, astronomers are concerned that the to 50 percent of exposures affected by the light from additional
additional light in the night sky will interfere with observations satellites. Because wide-field survey telescopes quickly scan
from sensitive ground-based telescopes. large parts of the sky, generate enormous amounts of data,
To investigate the issue, the European Southern Observa- and help identify observation targets for other observatories,
tory (ESO) commissioned a study to determine the impact the astronomy community does not want these instruments
of all those new satellites. They found that ESO’s Very Large to be blinded.
Telescope (VLT) and Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) would The impact on observations from radio, millimeter, and
be moderately affected by these new satellite constellations, submillimeter observatories still needs to be studied.
especially for longer exposures and those taken during (O. R. Hainaut and A. P. Williams, Astron. Astrophys. 2020
twilight hours. Observations conducted later at night would be DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202037501.)
18 PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020SOURCES
Back to the Beginning So, Qubit,
What are Your Weaknesses?
of Cosmic Rays ANYONE WHO HAS BEEN THROUGH the interview
process has probably been faced with the question:
“What are your weaknesses?” A good interviewee
knows that their greatest weaknesses can become
strengths.
Physicists in the MIT Quantum Engineering Group
suspected the same might be true for a very specific
type of qubit. Defects in diamonds called nitro-
gen-vacancy (NV) centers hold electrons that can be
manipulated by light and microwaves. In response,
the defect emits photons that can carry quantum
information. The problem is that these NV centers
are surrounded by other defects that have different,
less well-understood spin properties, or “spin defects.”
When the qubit interacts with those other defects,
the qubit loses its coherent quantum state and, like a
spinning coin that hits a wall, everything falls apart.
But what if the exact location of those spin defects
could be pinpointed, then harnessed…and made into
qubits themselves? That’s what researchers from MIT
have done. “Let’s not ignore these spin defects, which
DO YOU KNOW WHERE COSMIC RAYS COME FROM? Neither do could cause faster decoherence,” says author co-lead
physicists. Cosmic rays—made up of protons and atomic nuclei—are Won Kyu Calvin Sun. “Let’s learn about them, charac-
zooming through space, but because of the charged nature of the terize their spins, learn to control them, and ‘recruit’
particles, their paths are easily bent and scattered by magnetic fields, them to be part of the quantum system.”
making them hard to trace. And magnetic fields are everywhere in By pulsing the NV center with a microwave, they
the Universe. were able to characterize both the defects and their
Gamma rays, on the other hand, are not affected by magnetic fields, interaction with the NV to pinpoint the defect loca-
and physicists are pretty sure that gamma rays are the product of tions. Another sequence of pulses of green light and
a collision between cosmic rays and other particles. Which means microwaves puts the qubits in a quantum state, and
that a high-energy gamma ray is a decent indicator that a cosmic yet another sequence of pulses briefly entangles—then
ray was there, and they may help researchers infer where and how disentangles—them. “Once we figure out the spin of
those cosmic rays were created. the unknown defects, and their interactions with the
The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray NV center, we can start controlling their coherence,”
Observatory in Mexico allows physicists to scan the sky for very Sun says. “Then, we have full universal control of our
energetic gamma rays—the higher the energy, the more likely those quantum system.”
gamma rays were created by cosmic ray phenomena. In a recent (A. Cooper et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020 DOI: 10.1103/
paper, researchers reported the discovery of nine new gamma ray PhysRevLett.124.083602. Foundational research
sources, which is the first catalogue of gamma ray sources in this presented at SPIE Optics + Photonics.)
high-energy range.
Just how energetic are these rays? About ten times greater than
the most energetic gamma rays that can be created with particle
accelerators on Earth. And, interestingly, those newly identified
sources are all located near pulsars. So are pulsars—the dense,
highly magnetic nugget of material leftover after a star’s explosive
demise—part of the answer to the origin of cosmic rays?
(A.U. Abeysekara et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020 DOI: 10.1103/Phys-
RevLett.124.021102)
Photo Credit: J. Goodman (above); Christine Daniloff, MIT (right) PHOTONICS FOCUS MAY/JUNE 2020 19You can also read
