Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series - Hot Water Energy Storage - Department of Energy
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Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series
Hot Water Energy Storage
Building Technologies Office
https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office
David Nemtzow, Karma Sawyer, Sven Mumme, Nelson James
March 19, 2020
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 1
This Webinar is being recorded.
If you do not wish to participate, please exit now.
This is our first webinar in the age of quarantines, please bear with us.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 2
BTO’s Approach
R&D (Emerging Technologies Program) We lead R&D on technologies that
Pre-competitive, early-stage investment make our homes and buildings more
in next-gen technology affordable and comfortable, and make
America more sustainable, secure, and
prosperous.
Integration (Commercial and
Residential Programs) Our investments strengthen America’s
Technology validation, field & lab $68 billion building energy efficiency
testing, decision tools, market marketplace.
integration
Without a catalyst like BTO, the
housing industry would take 10 to 25
Codes & Standards Programs
years to adopt new technologies and
Codes & standards development and
techniques.
technical analysis, standards
promulgation
FY20 Budget: $285M
Source: AEE Advanced Energy Now 2017 Market Report, Wolfe, Raymond M. (2016). Business Research and Development and Innovation: 2013 Detailed Statistical Tables.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 3
Energy Storage Grand Challenge
Vision: By 2030, the U.S. will be the world leader in energy storage
utilization and exports, with a secure domestic manufacturing supply
chain independent of foreign sources of critical materials.
Area 1: Near-Term Acceleration
• Enhance the diversity of storage and enabling
technologies to meet aggressive cost reductions and
performance improvements.
Area 2: Long-Term Leadership
• Strengthen the R&D ecosystem to maintain and grow US
storage leadership through constant innovation.
BTO ESGC Activities: thermal storage and flexible loads
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 4
Characteristics of Grid-interactive Efficient Bldgs.
www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/GEB
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 5
DOE Intends to Invest $42 Million into
Connected Communities
Connected Community - a group of grid-interactive efficient buildings (GEBs) with diverse, flexible end
use equipment that collectively work to maximize building and grid efficiency without compromising
occupant needs and comfort.
Funding opportunity would enable regional GEB communities to share research results and lessons
learned on projects that increase grid reliability, resilience, security and energy/renew-ables integration
well into the future.
Demonstrate and evaluate the capacity of
buildings as grid assets by flexing load in both
new developments and existing communities
across diverse climates, geography, building
types and grid/regulatory structures
Share research results and lessons-learned on
projects that improve energy affordability,
increase grid reliability, resilience, security and
energy/renewables integration
Photo Courtesy of Patrick Schreiber via Unsplash
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 6
What We’re Looking For When the FOA is Released
Teams of strategic stakeholders Ability and willingness to share data
Sets of multiple buildings Diversity of projects (geography, building
Multiple DER integration type, vintage, regulatory)
What We Hope to Achieve
• Measured impact of building as grid assets
• Solutions that address diverse grid needs that can be scaled in size and in other
communities
• Input from occupants on impact and comfort level
• Demonstrated new business models for demand flexibility and DER coordination and
optimization
• Online solutions center on best practices
Request for Information on Connected Communities is on its way, too, so stay tuned!
We Look Forward to Your Feedback
Visit eere-exchange.energy.gov or Scan the QR Code to read the Notice of Intent:
“DE-FOA-0002249: Notice of Intent to Issue Funding Opportunity Announcement
No. DE-FOA-0002206 Connected Communities”
For more information:
www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/geb
David Nemtzow David.Nemtzow@ee.doe.gov
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 7
Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series
• Ice Thermal Energy Storage
– January 16th 2020
– https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/02/f71/bto-
IceStorageWebinar-011620.pdf
• Hot Water Thermal Energy Storage
– March 19th 2020
• Novel Materials
– Expected May 2020
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 8
Hot Water Energy Storage Implementation Considerations
Economic and environmental benefits of water heater based thermal energy
storage programs can vary depending on a number of factors including:
Generation mixes Building/Equipment type
and usage
Climate zones
Utility rate structures
$$
The following speakers each bring experience on hot water thermal energy storage
in their respective regions
The view presented by the speakers are their own and DO NOT represent the
official position of the Department of Energy
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 9
Today’s Webinar
Conrad Eustis Randall Fish Brian Branecky
Portland General Electric (retired) Shifted Energy A.O. Smith
Bill Livingood Matt Leach
National Renewable National Renewable
Energy Laboratory Energy Laboratory
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 10Estimating Hot Water Storage Potential in Buildings
DHW and Load
Flexibility
Active storage opportunity
– Controllability increases effective flexibility
– Passive storage comparison: building thermal mass
Potential to Decouple from System Performance
– Combine higher storage temperatures with tempering
valves
– Stored energy at 160 °F vs 125 °F
– Higher storage temperature creates “bonus” flexibility
Control Approaches
– Direct Load Control (DLC) – temporary on/off
– Specification for communication protocol and physical
port to change temperature setpoint Credit: BC Hydro
– Utility price signals, or utility rate structures
– Provided by water heater manufacturer, or separately
through an add-on kit provider
– Utility, or aggregator communication to:
• Water heater
• Building Automation System (BAS) to water heater
NREL | 12Potential Use Cases for
Hot Water Storage
Possible Electrification of DHW Loads
– Multifamily, hospitality, healthcare, and food service
have high DHW loads and are also high growth
building types
– Increased penetration of renewables and emission
restrictions could drive electrification
Hydronic Space Heating
– Combining heat pump technology with tank storage
has broad potential for space heating applications
– Reheat is a key end use in cooling-dominated
climates Renewable generation could drive electrification
– Radiant systems provide increased storage potential
due to lower supply temperatures
– Radiant systems have significant efficiency benefits
NREL | 13Residential Water Heating Summary
Possible Electric
Water Heating Fraction of
Electrification of Water Heating Total Energy Fraction Water Heating
Building Type (Quads) (Quads) (%) (%)
DHW Load – Multifamily 0.36 1.23 29% 36%
Potential Impacts All Homes 1.76 9.16 19% 34%
Source: RECS 2015
• 34% of residential
water heating is electric Commercial Water Heating Summary
Electric
Water Heating Fraction of
• 4% of commercial water Building Type
Water Heating
(Quads)
Total Energy
(Quads)
Fraction
(%)
Water Heating
(%)
heating is electric Lodging 0.14 0.56 24% 2%
Healthcare 0.08 0.72 11% 1%
• 1% or less of electric Education 0.07 0.84 8% 4%
water heaters are Food Service 0.04 0.51 8% 7%
HPWH All Commercial 0.51 6.96 7% 4%
Source: CBECS 2013
NREL | 14Benefits, Challenges and
Opportunities of Thermal Storage
Conrad Eustis
March 19, 2020BPA’s Pacific NW Regional CTA-2045 Pilot
www.BPA.gov/goto/smartwaterheaterreport
Objectives (p.7) Results
• Quantify 24x7 load shifts • B/C of 2.6 compared to peaking plant with all
costs included (program, hardware, & market
• Events at least twice per day…every day transformation) (p.51 & errata sheet)
• ~600 DR events in 220 days
• Conservative present value, if extrapolated to
• ~300 customers from 8 utilities US, $4.3 billion
• Test both resistance & HP WHs
• Customer satisfaction very high; low lifestyle
• Create CTA-2045 market transformation impact because of CTA-2045 (p.24)
plan
• Washington State Dept. of Commerce
• Measure customer satisfaction successfully pursued law so that all new electric
• Determine cost effectiveness tanks enabled with CTA-2045 by 2022
• Create awareness of CTA-2045 benefits • Load shed: 0.4 kW RWH; 0.2 kW HPWH (p.15)
• Quantify conservative benefits (p.16) • Storage: 1.1 kWh RWH; 0.5 kWh HPWH (p.18)
• I.e. benefits will increase over time, e.g. by
adding internal mixing valve
16• A communication port standard like USB
What is CTA-2045
• Like USB, port enables flexibility and ?
prevents obsolescence
• Customer “plugs in” communication device
• Sent by utility or aggregator
• Communication device can support any type
of communication link: e.g. Wi-Fi, 4G LTE,
utility AMI network, HomePlug, ZigBee, etc.,
or any FUTURE communication protocol
• CTA-2045 supports any standard DR control
language: e.g. OpenADR, SEP, BACNet
• OEM devices can “speak” one standard
language, and the aggregator a different one
• Enables common customer experience
across all products! (This is critical for high
adoption.)
DR = demand response
17Electric WH Storage Potential (w/o fuel switch)
• 50 million electric water heaters in US
• ~1 kWh flexible load, twice daily
• Implies potential of 50 GWh of storage
(i.e. ten times EIA 2021 forecast of installed storage)
• Marginal cost, at-scale:
• $10 for additional OEM cost per tank
• $20 for communication module
• Equivalent battery cost at LESS than $15/kWh!
• Bonus: No in/out losses, or degradation of storage
quantity over the years of operation.
18Example of a Daily Use Scenario
• Assignment of tanks to multiple
groups simplifies
communication and enables
broadcast communication
methods
• Group control allows operator to
accommodate customers with
high hot water usage
• Group control allows custom
control of load shape and
duration of storage benefits
19Barriers to Flexible Loads at Scale
• Most government policy makers resist setting digital standards
• But in the case of residential-scale appliance loads, this is exactly what is needed: i.e.
require CTA-2045 on all major load devices
• Government has a role to fund “public goods.” Government funds many network
infrastructure projects in transportation; e.g. a new bridge, a new highway, etc.
• In the digital world, most digital standards arrive because major international players
benefit from spending $100s of millions to create, and implement, standards: E.g. Google
created the android platform, Sony created Blue-ray, Intel defined motherboard sockets
• In the energy management world there are no major players: 100 major utilities, 40+
distinct international OEMs of electric load devices: i.e. HVAC, EVs, water heaters, classic
“white” goods, pool pumps, thermostats, etc.
• None of these players have the market power to set de facto standards. This means cost-efficient
control of mass market loads will suffer; this is why we need government to require the right
standards
• Digital standards are complex, so government will need to hire consultants and convene working
groups to advise them– but now is the time to do this!
20The Ultimate Flexible Load:
All of a Home’s Electric Use
21Home of
the Future:
It took decades to develop
recycling infrastructure; we can do
the same for storage infrastructure
but we need to start today.
Easy access to shed interior
by removing 4’ by 8’
panels on outside wall
22Inside the Shed:
Joule Bank
System & Whole-
Home Battery Did you know residential
Backup space conditioning &
water heating uses
10%of all energy
consumed in US?
23The Ultimate Storage System
• Outside Heat Pump owned and operated by Utility to heat (&
cool) Q = Cp*m*ΔT
• Nominal design: three, 200-gallon water tanks = 5000 lb. Thermal store 3 therms
• Customer’s heat pumps use tank as heat source (sink) kWhstored = Q/(COP*3413)
30 kWh
• On most days, together with thermal storage, a 30 kWh
battery can power 100% of home’s electricity need (except EV)
• Benefits
• Thermal storage tank allows utility to deliver ~90% of heating and cooling
energy when optimal
• Energy savings for heating and cooling is 10 to 15%
• On-peak load reduction 55 to 85%
• Bottom line: >90% of all energy, in an all-electric home, can be served
during any 8-hours per day; operator will choose hours with excess wind &
solar generation
24Thermal Storage Details
Slide 9:
• Think of this as a district heating system for one home; inspiration, thermal storage systems in Denmark.
• System operates in many optimization modes
• Site operates autonomous with only occasion inputs from utility for temp forecast, prices forecast, op mode, etc.
• Variable speed heat pump means 4 kW compressor load can be changed in real-time for inc/dec services without
compressor cycling problems
• With a CO2 refrigerant heat pump, this system can operate in temperatures to – 5 deg F
• At scale, after EE and DR credits, storage cost is about $100/kWh; no in/out losses
• Business model: Utility sells therms delivered to tank. Price based on wholesale energy (~3 ₵) price plus retail
distribution costs (4 ₵) $0.70/therm (wholesale energy can drop to zero during periods of excess wind and solar
Slide 10
• Outside heat pump operates per optimization routine set by utility. That is, under a minimize utility cost mode, the
outside heat pump will operate primarily during periods of excess wind or solar, or at night. Customer heat pumps in
home operate autonomously to meet customer needs. Since tank is pre -heated in winter (pre cooled in summer)
customer heat pumps operate with very high COP: 5 to 8. Thus the customer heat pumps use relatively little energy
that can be supplied by the battery inverter system. For more information : http://resourcecenter.ieee-
pes.org/pes/product/technical-publications/PES_TP_PETSJ-00066-2017_6-18
25Questions?
Conrad Eustis
conrad@reascend.LL
C
503 381 1164
26Confidential 27
Agenda Mission
About Shifted Shifted Energy accelerates the
1 Energy
integration of renewable energy by
developing and deploying software
and controllers that retrofit electric
“GIWH” water heaters into fleets of thermal
2 Solution
energy storage assets.
Hawaiian Electric
3 Project
4 Summary
Confidential 28Shifted Energy
Spun out from Kanu Hawai’i in 2016
○ HI’s Largest sustainability non-profit
○ 1,500-resident energy efficiency survey for Hawaii
Energy
○
Founded by Experts
Software, utility, government, and distributed energy
○
expertise
○
Bridging community service and technology
Consumer-first approach
Utility Customers Across the Globe
○ Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, Portugal,
and USA
○
2.5 MW under contract for Hawaiian Electric
2,800+ units online in 2020
Confidential 29“Grid Interactive Water Heating” Solution
Key Components
Controls: OEM Retrofit or tank-integrated by WH
manufacturer
Active Management: Software- and/or firmware-based
control strategies capable of receiving external commands
Confidential 30“Grid Interactive Water Heating” Solution
Key Components
Controls: OEM Retrofit or tank-integrated by WH
manufacturer
Active Management: Software- and/or firmware-based
control strategies capable of receiving external
commands
Shifted Energy Controller
• Off-tank Retrofit
• Revenue Grade Relay
• Cellular IoT Chip
Confidential 31“Grid Interactive Water Heating” Solution
Key Components “Grid Maestro” Software
Controls: OEM Retrofit or tank-integrated by WH Monitoring & Forecasting
manufacturer
Active Management: Software- and/or firmware-based
control strategies capable of receiving external
commands
“Tempo” Controller
Aggregated Fleet Dispatch & Event
Analytics
• Off-tank Retrofit
Load
Shed
• Revenue Grade Relay
• Cellular IoT Chip
Confidential 32Case Study: Hawaiian Electric
“Grid Services Purchase Agreement”
• 14.5 MW of flexible distributed energy
resources
• Includes batteries, solar inverters, and water
heaters
• Multiple vendors aggregated through OATI
• 5-year capacity and performance contract
2.5 MW “Virtual Power Plant” of GIWH
• Shifted is deploying 2,400+ controllers across
Oahu and Maui islands
• 10+ multi-family complexes, with specific
emphasis on low income households and
renters
• Aggregating GIWH to provide 3 grid services
to Hawaiian Electric
• Consumer (or electric bill payer) receives
between $36-60/year for participating
Confidential 33Grid Services for Hawaiian Electric
•
Peak Load Reduction
Schedule one-time or recurring peak load reduction events of
•
any length that incorporate customer comfort
Accurate forecasts ensure precise operations and dispatch
Thermal Energy Storage
•
•
Store excess solar or w ind as thermal energy storage
No super heating or mixing valve required 0.35 kW
•
Fast Frequency Response
0.9 kW of Grid
• 0.2 kW
Firmw are enabled frequency setpoints per utility specification Service Capacity*
•
12-cycle response time
Randomized return to load per utility specifications 0.35 kW
Values are examples only. Actual grid service capability varies by family.
Confidential 34Confidential 35
Confidential 36
Property Manager Value Propositions
• Support Clean Energy Goals
• Leak & Maintenance Alerts
• TOU/Demand Charge Management
• Monthly Energy Reports
• Bill Credits for Grid Services (master
metered buildings)
• Online WH Tracking Dashboard
Confidential 37Mahalo!
Randall Fish
Director of Business
Development
randy@shiftedenergy.com
(925) 336-4876
Learn more at www.shiftedenergy.com
Confidential 38Grid Connected Water Heaters
Hot Water Thermal Energy Storage Webinar
March 19, 2020
Brian BraneckyThe Water Heater Advantage
• Low Interruption Annoyance
– In comparison to most other appliances, lower likelihood that consumer will
notice water heater is turned off
• Time Adjustable Power Usage
– Re-heating of a tank can be done in off peak time
– Load balancing
– Reduces the need for spinning reserves
• Energy Storage Device
– Possibility of loading up
the tank (with the addition
of a temperature limiting device)
– Accommodates alternate
power generation (renewables)
40The Water Heater Advantage
• Grid Connected Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH)
– High efficiency
– Scheduled heat from renewable energy
– Can provide grid flexibility
• Expected Peak Demand Benefits
– HPWH
• 0.18 kW load reduction;
• 1.5 kWh as storage (twice a day)
– Electric Resistance
• 0.35 kW load reduction;
• 3 kWh as storage (twice a day)
Source: ACEEE March 2018-Portland General Electric
41The Need to Shift Load
CAISO – Duck Curve
CBECC-Res – Draw Profiles
42Water Heating Features
• Convenience Features
– Remote Control
– Alerts
• Element Failure
• Optional leak detect
• Energy Features
– Vacation mode
– Energy Smart algorithm
– Grid connectivity ready
43HPWH Controls
• Unlike battery, water storage needs to balance
– Hot water demand
• Customer use (draw profile)
– Energy generation
• Low cost energy
• Low GHG emission
44Grid Connection
• Mechanical Connection
– Physical layout of connector
• Hardware Layers
– What electronics are needed to send DR signals
• Software Protocol
– CTA-2045 commands
– OpenADR in the cloud
45Mechanical Connection - Smart Port
• Smart port provides connectivity for
– CTA-2045
Wi-Fi
– AO Smith Wi-Fi
• Grid Smart connectivity
– Easy to install
– Power is present and pre-wired at the
connector CTA-2045
– Meets agency requirements unique to HVAC
46HW/SW Layers for Connectivity
• CTA-2045 Connection to 3rd Party
– Supports OpenADR, Climate Talk, OpenADR VEN
Smart Energy Profile AOS or
3rd Party
• OpenADR via A.O. Smith Wi-Fi/BT
– AO Smith Virtual End Node (VEN)
– OpenADR to CTA-2045 commands
• Time-of-Use Pricing Broadband
Access
– Local pricing schedule
– No connectivity required
W iFi
– Thermal management based on price Router
47Basic Demand Response Control
• Shed Load / Critical Peak
– Turn off until energy in tank too low to satisfy customer
• Load-up
– Top-off heater to set temperature
• Grid Emergency
– Heater off
• Autonomous Cycling
– 1 hour duty cycle
– Time synchronization
48Query Heater Commands
• Customer Override
• Present State (curtailed or running normal)
• Maximum Energy Capacity
• Present Energy Level
• Estimated Instantaneous Watts
• Device Info: Make, Model …
49LESSONS LEARNED
&
PRODUCT OFFERINGS
50 50Lessons Learned
• Wi-Fi Connectivity Issues
– Wi-Fi password and network changes problematic
– Customer needs reminder to reconnect
– 10% of US adults don’t use the Internet*
• Loss or No Connectivity
– Devices must be capable of local load shifting based on TOU price
schedule
– Ultimate goal is grid-connectivity
• Local TOU load shifting is stepping stone
* The Jones Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop - 2016 Source: ACEEE March 2018-Portland General Electric
51Lessons Learned, cont.
• Electric Water Heating with Load management
– Temperature limiting device required when increasing internal
water temperature to 140 F or higher
• Local load management
– On-premise TOU rate schedule
• AND remote capability
– Such as OpenADR, CTA-2045-A or equivalent
52BPA Technology Innovation Project 336
Winter – AM Winter – PM
WH Type ER HP ER HP
Power Shaved (W) 325 200 320 150
Energy Shifted (Wh) 650 (2hr) 400 (2hr) 640 (2hr) 300 (2hr)
Summer – AM Summer – PM
WH Type ER HP ER HP
Power Shaved (W) 330 125 325 85
Energy Shifted (Wh) 1325 (4hr) 450 (3.6hr) 1310 (4hr) 341 (4hr)
“Load Shifting Using Storage Water Heaters in the Pacific Northwest” – PNNL & BPA
53Traditional DR vs. SMART Load Management
Options Shed Load
- ON Shift Load
- OFF Add Load
Renewable Integration
Price Controlled
More…..
54Grid-Enabled Resistive Electric
80
50T 50T
40T 50S
40S
55Grid-Enabled HPWH
50 Gallon 66 Gallon 80 Gallon
56Summary - Load Management Benefits
• Potential for $9B per year in avoided utility costs – RMI Aug,
2015
• Up to $172 per water heater per year utility benefit – Brattle
Jan, 2016
• When combined with Battery storage ROI is improved as
smaller batteries are requires – NREL Dec, 2017
• High level of consumer acceptance and grid benefits – BPA
Pilot Nov, 2018
57Questions
Analyzing Commercial Water Heater Load Flexibility
Domain Expertise: HPWH Laboratory Characterization
More recent projects have
focused on grid-responsive
controls – using existing
controllers (such as CTA-2045
modules, below) or custom
controls using a modified water
heater control board (right) to
more fully explore the demand
response potential of HPWHs.
Early HPWH experience included first performance maps for all
commercially available integrated HPWHs. Used to develop
EnergyPlus models.
NREL | 60Domain Expertise: HPWH Modeling
Recent projects have focused on modeling control algorithms that respond to price
signals, upgrading the EnergyPlus stratified tank model for increased speed and accuracy,
and a battery equivalent water heater model
NREL | 61Project Overview
The Relationship Between Energy Efficiency and
Demand Response
– Explore balance between efficiency and demand
response from a grid infrastructure perspective
– Combination of input validation, large-scale
building energy modeling, load flexibility
aggregation, and grid modeling
Laboratory Characterization to Valid BEM Inputs
– Validation of BEM inputs is critical to project
success
EE/DR Project flow diagram
– Focus on demand response mode characterization
– Collection of load flexibility ‘power signatures’
NREL | 62known knowns; known unknowns; unknown unknowns
• Value to the:
– grid operator
– building owner/tenant
– manufacturer
• Maintain, or enhance building
occupant comfort and productivity
• Electricity rate structure
dependencies
• Acceptance, adoption and
participation rates
• Evolving business models
• Other influential factors
NREL | 63Commercial HPWH Laboratory Characterization
Target Multifamily and Lodging DHW Loads
– High-capacity integrated HPWH systems can
serve multiple units
– Commercial equipment has larger storage
volume and faster recovery rate
– Selected AO Smith unit can serve 20 2-bedroom
units when installed as a two-unit centralized
system
Commercial vs Residential HPWH Equipment
Maximum Maximum
Tank Heat Pump Storage Heating First Hour
Volume Temperature Temperature Capacity Delivery
Application (gal) (°F) (°F) (kW) (gal)
Residential 50 120 140 4.5 66
Hotel Installation of Integrated Water Heaters
Credit: Pires Plumbing
Commercial 120 150 180 22 150
NREL | 64Laboratory Characterization Plan
Control Strategies
– General curtailment (shed and shift)
– Emergency curtailment (relax performance constraints)
– Load add (to avoid renewable curtailment)
Tank Setpoint Adjustment
– Up to 180 °F for preload/load add
– Reduce by 10 °F from baseline before control bypass during
curtailment scenario
Span Operational Modes
– Heat pump only
– Hybrid mode (heat pump and electric resistance)
– Electric resistance only (outside heat pump range)
AO Smith CHP-120 HPWH
NREL | 65Supplemental Materials
Residential U.S. Water Heating Market by Region
U.S.
Average
7%
Gas
41% 52% Electric
Other
NREL | 67Residential U.S. Water Heating Load
Water Heating LoadOpen Q&A
Submit questions via the chat box
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 69Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series
Stay tuned for the next installment
Connected Communities FOA Request-for-Information
Coming soon!
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 70You can also read
