Agricultural Mechanization in Nepal - w.u - UN-CSAM
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Page 1 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Agricultural Mechanization
w. in Nepal
un
ap
ca
e
Shreemat Shrestha
m. Division
Agricultural Engineering
or Council
Nepal Agricultural Research
g
Page 2 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Physiographic regions
ww
w.
un High Himalya Terai
14%
23%
Siwalik
ap
14%
ca High
Mountain
Middle
Mountain
em
30% 19%
.or
Terai (100-300)
Siwalik (150-800),
Middle mountain (300-1500)
g
High mountain (1500-5000)
High Himalaya (>2600 masl)
Page 3 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w
Physiographic
ww Regions
5000 ARCTIC
.un Upper Limit of Grazing
4000
ALPINE
ap
HIMALAYA
Upper Limit of Cereal Based Cropping
SUB
ALPINE
HIGH
ca
em
MOUTAI
3000 Upper Limit of Maize Based Cropping
COOL
TEMP-
2000
ERATE
.or
Upper Limit of Rice Based Cropping
g
WARM MIDDLE
TEMP- MOUTAI
ERATE Upper Limit of Double Rice
1000
SUB SIWALIK
TROPICAL
TERAI
Page 4 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w Holding
Land
ww
.un
No of Holding Area of
Holding
Av.
holding
Size, ha
Av. no
of
parcel/
Average
size of
parcel, ha
ap holding
Mountain 298,223
ca
218,707 0.73 4.03 0.18
Hill 1,586,406 1,038,615 em 0.65 3.18 0.21
Terai 1,479,510 1,396,716 0.94 .or 3.20 0.29
3,364,139 2,654,037 0.79
g
3.27 0.24
Nepal
Page 5 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Land Holding Size Distribution
ww Mountain Hill Terai Nepal
100.00
w.
90.00
80.00 un
70.00
ap
% of Holdings
60.00
50.00 ca
40.00
em
.or
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Land < 0.1
Page 6 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w
Agricultural
ww Scenario
.un
Dominated by subsistence and small holder
agriculture.
ap
Agriculture contributed 35% AGDP
ca
Rice based and maize based cropping system
are dominant in terai and hills respectively.
em
Cattle, buffalo and goat and poultry are major
livestock
.or
Diversity in agriculture due to variation of agri-
ecological diversity g
Vegetable cultivation, cash crops viz. tea, coffee,
cardamom, ginger etc.
Page 7 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w Related Scenario
Other
ww
.un
Poor infrastructure ( road, electricity, market,
communication etc.)
ap
Agriculture provides employment to 73.9% of population
round irrigated. ca
Irrigated area 43% of cultivated and only 18% is year
em
Lack of agricultural labor in Peak agricultural season
search of jobs. .or
Migration of rural youth to abroad and nearby cities in
Poor investment capacity of farmers g
Page 8 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w of loan by ADBN 2009/10
Share
ww
.un
agriculture
related
4.3% Food crops
ap
5%
ca
Cash Crops
Poultry
23%
29%
em Special crops
.or 3%
Agri business
and Fishery
19.5%
Agri
tools/mechinar
y
g
Fruit Crops
1%
15.8%
Page 9 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w
Historical
ww Perspective
1924- First tractor single cylinder(K B Thapa Biratnagar)
.un
Mid 60s - Tractor (64) and pumpsets(30) introduced
1964-
1970s- ap
Establishment of ATF (USSR)
Tractor import by National Trading Limited
ca
Agriculture credit projects finance availability
1991- Establishment of NARC -AED
em
1980-85- ADBN discouraged financing tractor/ machine
1995- Removal of subsidy in pump sets .or
1996-
2004-
Privatization of ATF
Establishment of Agricultural Engineering
Directorate
g
Page 10 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w Power Availability
Farm
ww
.un Animate power major
source
Mechanical
Power ap Stationary engine , two
23%
ca
Human
Power
wheel power tiller and 4
wheel power tiller are
36%
em considered
The mechanical power is
.or
concentrated in terai
Animal
Power
41%
92%
gPage 11 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w Population Trend
Tractor
ww
70000
.un
60000
ap
ca
Total Numberof tractors
50000
40000
30000 em
20000
.or
10000
0 g
Fiscal YearPage 12 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Status of Agricultural
w
Mechanization
ww
Tillage .un
Majority of tillage by animal power
ap
Only 26% of farmers use iron plough
In Nepal 8% use tractor & in terai 18%
ca
Most of the tractor use cultivator
Custom hiring of tractors is common em
Power tiller is getting popular
.or
gPage 13 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Distribution of holdings using tractor
w.
un
ap
ca
em
.or
gPage 14 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Status of Agri .Mechanization (cont.)
w.
Planting / Seeding
un
Rice is manually Transplanted
Wheat is broadcasted
ap
Maize & vegetable seeds is
dibbled ca
More than 64% is performed
by women em
Zero till drill & minimum till
drill is promoted by NARC & .or
DOA
gPage 15 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Status of Agri.
ww
Mechanization (cont.)
w.
un
Inter-culture Operation
Rice, Potato, maize and
ap
vegetables need major inter
culture operations
ca
Khurpi and sickles, Kuto etc. are
used em
Bullock drawn local plough is also
used for maize inter culture .or
More than 60% of inter-culture
operation by women
gPage 16 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Status of Agri .Mechanization (cont.)
Irrigation w.
un
42% of area irrigated and 18%
year round
ap
only 242000 ha is irrigated by GW
ca
in which 208746 is through STW
and 33732 ha by deep tube wells
14% in terai use CF pump mainly
for shallow tube well
em
More than 80000 treadle pumps .or
in terai
Simple low cost drip system and
sprinkler irrigation is being used
g
for vegetable cultivationPage 17 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Status of Agri .Mechanization (cont.)
Harvesting w.
un
Manually performed by using Locally made sickles
ap
Serrated sickles locally made is also popular
9 Combine harvesters are in operation in Kapilbastu, Nawalparashi,
Rupandehi
ca
4 wheel tractor operated reapers are also getting popular
em
.or
gPage 18 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Status of Agri. Mechanization (cont.)
w.
Threshing
un
Beating on stone/ drum
ap
Animal/ tractor treading
Threshers 15 percent in
ca
terai use thresher
em
.or
gPage 19 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Status of Agri.
ww
Mechanization (cont.)
w
Transportation . un
power ap
Human , animal and mechanical
Tractor, animal, cycle, cart etc. ca
One of the most drudgerous activity
in hills em
18% of farmers in terai use bullock
cart .or
gPage 20 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Status of Agri.
ww
Mechanization (cont.)
Processing w.
un
Manual and mechanical
ap
Majority of cereal crop
processing operation is
mechanized ca
Sheller, Huller, grinding mill, oil
expeller, beaten rice mill is
em
common
.or
Need of appropriate technology
in processing of perishables /
cash crops
gPage 21 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Tools & Implements Used in Hills
Agricultural Manual Tools/ Animal drawn Power drawn
Operations device implements implements
Tillage
ww Spade Wooden plough, iron Cultivator,
MB plough plank harrow Rototiller
disc
Planting Hoe
w. Traditional
plough
wooden Minimum / zero till
seed drill
Intercultural Hoe
un Traditional
plough
wooden
Plant
protections
Compression type
Sprayer ap
Irrigation Low
micro
cost drip,
sprinkler ca Petrol/diesel engine
& electricity operated
Harvesting
and sprinkler
Sickle em Pump set
Threshing
Winnowing
& Drum/
maize
stone, Treading on threshing
sheller, floor .or
processing
pedal
flail
Milling & grain Dhiki,
Okhal
thresher,
Janto, Kol
g
Huller, sheller,
expeller watermill
oil
Transportation Doko Mule, chyangra, Nak Tractor/ power tiller
Backpack trailerPage 22 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Tools & Implements Used in Terai
Agricultural Manual Tools Animal drawn Power drawn
Operations
Tillage wwSpade
implements
Wooden plough, MB Tractor
implements
cultivator,
plough, disc harrow, harrow, leveller, power
disc
w. culti,wooden plank tiller cultivator
Planting Hoe
un Wooden plough Zero till and minimum till
seed drill
Intercultural
Plant
Hoe
Compression ap
type
Wooden plough
protections
Irrigation
Sprayer
Hand Pump, Rower ca Diesel engine & electricity
Pump, Treadle pump,
drip system em operated Pump set
Harvesting Sickle
.or
Reaper
harvester
and combine
Threshing
Winnowing
Milling/
& Drum/ stone, maize Treading on threshing Wheat and
sheller, winnower
grain Dhiki, janto
floor thresher
g multi crop
Huller, sheller mills, chakki
processing mill, modern rice mills and
flour mills
Transport Cycle, basket Bullock cart Tractor/ PT trailerPage 23 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w Holders in Ag. Mech.
Stake
ww
.un
Government Ministries (agriculture / finance/ land reform /
labor/ trade & commerce)
Department of Agriculture & Agricultural Engineering
Directorate,
ap
ca
Nepal Agriculture Research Council and Agricultural
Engineering Division (AED &Agriculture Implement Research
Center (AIRC), Ranighat
Institute of Engineering Purbanchal Campus em
Agricultural Development Bank and other financial
intermediaries. .or
Private Sector (importers/ distributors/ fabricators of agri
machineries)
NGOS/ Projects
g
BlacksmithsPage 24 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
Contribution of Agricultural
w
Engineering
ww in AM
.un
Hand Hoes ( Local Blacksmiths and artisans)
Iron Plough (ATF, Dealers)
ap
Tractors ( ADBN, Dealers)
Power Tillers (NARC, Dealers)
ca
Conservation Tillage( NARC, MOAC)
Sprayers (Importers, Dealers & DOA)
Shallow tube wells (ADBN, Dealers, DOI) em
Sprinkler irrigation (ADBN, Suppliers, DOI)
Drip Irrigation & Treadle Pump (IDE, SIMI, DOI, NGOs) .or
g
Reapers (NARC, Dealers)
Combine Harvester ( Entrepreneur/ Service Provider)
Threshers ( DOA, ATF, Suppliers, Fabricators)
Processing Machinery ( Importers, Dealers, ADBN, NARC, Fabricators)Page 25 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w
Challenges
ww of AM in Nepal
.un
Small and fragmented land holding
Subsistence nature of agriculture
ap
Poor infrastructure is major constraints for mechanization and
ca
commercialization of agriculture in Nepal.
Need of easy access to credit & awareness of financial
intermediaries em
Need of easy access to appropriate AM technology
Weak Research and development system on AM .or
g
Lack of clear-cut policy and strategy on AMPage 26 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w & Constraints
Issues
ww
.un
Needs specific Policy & program for agro ecological, small
holders and medium holders
ap
Since, women farmer has got dominant role in crop
production activities their drudgery problem is need to be
addressed.
ca
em
Major technological constraints with farmer’s perspective
spare parts, training on O & M, lack of skilled mechanic and
workshop
Indigenous skill and technology of blacksmiths is at the.or
verge of extinction from the community, due to lack of
commercialization and modernization. g
Custom hiring of farm machinery is taking place in an
informal wayPage 27 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
w
Opportunities
ww of AM in Nepal
.un
Development Adaptation &
Promotion of Efficient Hand
Tools ap
Upgrade the skill level & facility
of Blacksmiths & support for BDS ca
of hand tools em
Continuous R & D on efficient
hand tools .or
Corn sheller, efficient hand hoes,
fruit harvester, weeder, metal
g
bins, stoves, improved plough
etc.Page 28 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Development Adaptation &
un
Promotion of Efficient Animal
ap
Drawn Implements
Continuous R & D on efficient animal
ca
drawn implements & promotion
Single yoke harvesting
Shifting to buffalo for draft power in
em
.or
terai
Train local blacksmiths in fabrication of
efficient animal drawn implements gPage 29 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Development Adaptation &
un
Promotion of Efficient
ap
processing machinery
Continuous R & D on
appropriate processing value ca
addition equipments
Locally fabricate and bring in to
em
.or
supply chain
Create favorable condition for
small fabricators/ manufacturers gPage 30 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Agri. Mechanization
with Conservation un
tillage
ap
Land preparation and sowing cost is
1/3 that of traditional practice. (Rs.
988 vs Rs. 2891/ha) ca
Saves up to 100 lit of diesel/ha in
land preparation. em
Saves at least 20% of irrigation
water .or
Better nutrient use efficiency
Better yield (10-20%) than the
traditional practice
gPage 31 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Cooperative farming/ command area
un development
ap
Address the problem of small holders
ca
Improve land/ labor productivity
& commercialization
em
Create favorable condition for agril mechanization
Easy for development of infrastructure/ facility at .or
farm level gPage 32 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Efficient Irrigation for commercialization
un
Promotion of STW in terai
ap
Electricity facility at farm level
ca
Promotion of drip and sprinkler
management & land productivity em
Adaptation of laser leveling for better water
.or
gPage 33 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w .
u
Mechanization
BDS of custom
through custom hiring
nahiring as enterprise
pc of AM ( training, tax
Support custom hiring
maintenance)
a
reduction on spare parts,
emoperation &
.or machinery
Exposure to improved agricultural
gPage 34 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
un
Public & Private Partnership for promotion of
Appropriate Agricultural Mechanization
ap
Government’s role: favorable policy & facilitator,
ca
coordinating, testing quality control, demonstration and
research
em
Private sector: manufacturing, import, distribution,
marketing, service providing .or
Financial intermediaries: easy access to credit
PPP joint collaborative effort for promotion of AAM
gPage 35 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
Opportunities of AM in Nepal (contd.)
w.
Agricultural mechanization for national food
security un
ap
Agricultural mechanization for commercialization
in agriculture
ca
Agricultural mechanization for reducing cost of
cultivation & income generation em
Agriculture mechanization for reducing the
drudgery .or
Agricultural mechanization for attraction of youth
farmers in Nepalese agriculture for New Nepal
gPage 36 of 36 (www.unapcaem.org)
ww
w.
ThankunYou
ap
ca
em
.or
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