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Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 4537 - 4548
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
Applications and Future Prospects of Colostrum
MudasirAhmad Mir1,Heenu Sharma2, Jasveen Singh3
1,2,3
University institute of biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
Email: Mudasirahmadmir105@gmail.com1, Sharmaheenu507@gmail.com2,
Jasveenbajwa@gmail.com3
Abstract: Colostrum is a milk secreted by mammals during parturition which contains more
lactalbumin and lactoprotein. and it differs from the milk secreted later. It is a source of
antibodies that confer passive immunity to the newborn, also known as “foremilk”.
Colostrum is also richer in growth factors than the subsequent mature milk produced later.
The main function of the Colostrum is to provide immunity and strengthen the natural
defense system and enhance growth and repair of several tissues and balance and maintain
intestinal microbiota. Colostrum is of two types – Bovine colostrum and Human colostrum.
The bovine colostrum can be obtained in huge quantity which has similar effects and
properties of human colostrum. Bovine colostrum is also use to treat gastrointestinal
disorders and respiratory tract infections and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the encouraging
results, further studies and research is required to confirm whether the effects are good and
what dose and treatment can be given. In future it will be great and useful treatment for
diseases and control of diseases in a natural way with lesser or no side effects. On the other
hand Human colostrum is source of antibodies for the newborns and provide them with
immunity and is also being used as key element for treating diseases in similar ways as the
bovine colostrum.This paper focuses on the benefits and composition of the first milk i.e.
clostrum.
Keywords: Colostrum, parturition, lactalbumin, lactoprotein, antibodies, bovine
INTRODUCTION
Colostrum is the milk secreted by the female mammals to feed their young ones. It is the pre
milk or fore milk produced immediately after the birth of the offspring. It last upto 2 4 days
after the birth of a newborn. Colostrum is the main component of milk and provides passive
immunityto the child. It has different properties from the milk secreted after 48 hours as it
contains more lactalbumin andlactoprotein and antibodies (Godhia and patel, 2013).
During the first few hours post the delivery, the baby receives colostrum from their mothers
through breast feeding and this milk is known as human colostrum. First 8 hours Colostrum is
secreted in more concentrated form and transfer of readily available naturally produced
nutrients and antibodies, growth factors immunoglobulins takes place from the mother to the
infant in a , low-amount and high concentrated form. Gastrointestinal (GI) and immune
systems are not fully developed in the suckling, Post partumconsumption of colostrum
provides essential nutrients required for building and modulate lifelong immunity, promote
development of tissue and helps in strengthening of the digestive system in neonate because it
has abundant immune modulating factors and lactoferrin, growth, and antimicrobial factors
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Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
.Colostrum also enable and assist in delivering the initial stools as it has laxative effect on the
digestive and intestinal tract. It also assist in the exudation of bilirubin and depletion of
jaundice in the infants by increasing immunity (De Almeida and Draque, 2007(Cohen,
2006).Infants which are breast fed have fewer infectionsof gastrointestinal tracts and other
viral, bacterial, protozoan infections as compared to infants which are fed by infant fed
formula or cow‟s milk (Isaacs, 2001).
Recent research showed that apnea or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not seen after
administration of colostrum (Rodriguez et al., 2010). On ingestion of bovine colostrum some
minor aftereffects such as nausea, vomiting, and flatulence are observed initially but these
symptoms lessen and normalize with time. The person having allergy to milk and its products
should avoid colostrum and colostrum based products. Breast milk has large amount of
Lactoferrin which is an iron binding protein having no immune protection and regulates iron
absorption in gut(Giansantiet al., 2016).
Nowadays, pure form of colostrum or its product can be obtained.Products of colostrum
mixed with other components in a lyophilized or liquid form are also available in the market.
Products based on the goat colostrums are also present for consumers (Li and Aluko23).
Introduction of human colostrum is difficult to the market that is why Bovine colostrum is
used at broader scale.
(Houseret al, 2008) (Micińskiet al, 2013). Both human and bovine act as a complete diet
having all the essential nutrients and substituents factors for the growth and development of
newborn during the initial phase of its life. Colostrum also contains high immunoglobulin
content that helps to protect the ruminant to a lesser extent, without which the survival of
ruminant is difficult (Godhia and patel, 2013).
HISTORY
Historically, colostrum has been used b human to treat various disorders. It varies according
to different countries. When the calf is born, it is celebrated in many countries according to
their traditions and a special cake is made of bovine colostrum. Old and sick individuals
consume bovine colostrum to improve and build their immunity. A vaccine was prepared
named sabin vaccine against rotavirus which was prepared from bovine colostrum of
immunized cows. Furthermorebacterial infections were treated with the help of bovine
colostrum in US before the antibiotic era (Thapaet al., 2005).Colostrum was commonly used
for fighting bacterial infections, prior to the development of penicillin and other antibiotics in
the 20th century. During 20th century, it was reported that first milk produced after birth of
calf contained much higher levels of antibody as compared to the milk produced after 72
hours later (http://www.vitabase.com). Bovine colostrum was reported in 2005 safe and
which was found effective in repair of tissues as well as for building immunity (Thapaet al.,
2005). It was observed and noted in ayurvedic documentation that bovine colostrum was used
during surgeries pertaining to the ocular region for the irrigation of the eye.
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CONSTITUENTS OF COLOSTRUM AND ITS FUNCTIONS
1. Antimicrobial and immune modulating factors:
These are the compounds which provides passive immunity to a newborn which protects
from harmful pathogenic agents and directly or indirectly stimulate the immune system.
Moreover it also helps in growth of microbiota. Immunoglobulins, lactoferins,
lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin and peptides obtained from caseins such as
glycomacropeptide (GMP) and high antimicrobial activity is shown by whey proteins. Some
other constituents like oligosaccharides, gangliosides and nucleosides act as a „false
receptors‟ of intestinal cells which protects the body from pathogens.It also stimulates
proliferation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli which improves and enhance immunity
(Buttar, 2017).
1.1 Immunoglobulins
These are present in very high concentrations and its function is to provide immunity to the
infant for the enhanced development of their immune systems which helps their body to fight
infections and protects against pathogens. Moreover it can also beneficial for adults
too(Larson et al, 1980) (Lilius and Marlina, 2001). Colostrum consist of five classes namely
Igs, IgG,IgD,IgE, IgM which plays role in defence mechanism by protecting body against
bacteria, virus, parasites and fungi (Mehraet al, 2006).The concentration of levels of the Igs
decreases by following days of parturition(Langer et al, 2009). Yet, it is possible to increase
the level of concentration of Igs which will produce hyperimmune colostrum, by giving
specific vaccination methods of cows during pregnancy so that it can be used against
pathogenic agents(Sponselleret al, 2015).
1.2 Lactoferrin (Lf)
Colostrum contains anglycoprotein which has iron binding ability known as lactoferrins and
these differs among various species and decreases rapidly with subsequent milking during
days of parturition(Hiss et al, 2008).Lactoferins is responsible for performing different
activities such as anti- infective, anti-oxidant, immune stimulating actions and proliferative
actions(Legrandet al, 2005).In addition to these activities it also assist in multiplication and
growth of intestinal epithelial cells(Buccigrossiet al, 2007).Moreover, cytokine production,
differentiation, maturation, migration, and granulocytes activation , macrophages activation
and the activation of immune cells like natural killer and T and B cells by binding its specific
receptors these activates are also influenced by lactoferrins(Legrandet al, 2005).
1.3 Lysozyme
It is an enzyme that posses an antimicrobial activity due to its potential to break the
peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of bacteria causinglyses of pathogenic microorganisms
like gram negative and positive bacteria thus protects the body from various infections(
Artym and Zimecki, 2013).
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1.4 Anti-oxidants
On the basis of physiological status colostrum has the property of both pro and anti-oxidant
effects contained in several compounds in colostrums(Przybylska et al, 2007).Different
compounds which hinder the working of reactive oxygen species of different varieties such as
superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin A, E and C, caseins , glutathione peroxidase and
some minerals like selenium, copper, zinc (Ahmed et al, 2004).
1.5 Nucleotides/nucleosides
Vital as metabolites which are responsible for performing functions like affect the type of
commensal flora as well as the spreading activity of growth factor. In addition to these, it
also maintains the integrity of intestinal mucosa (Belo et al, 2006) (Yu et al, 2002).
1.6 Gangliosides
Depending on various species colostrum and milk linked with a layer of fat globules at
different concentrations (Pan and Izumi, 2000). For various types of toxins and bacteria, they
act as receptors. In addition to this, they also influence the immune response and involved in
various fundamental cellular functions. Thegangliosides, particularly disialoganglioside 3
(GD3) are involved in proliferation, maturation and activation of dentritic cells ,
lympohocites and cytokine production and intestinal IgA secretion thus involved in immune
function (Rueda et al, 2007).Furthermore, it is also responsible for the proper growth and
development of several organs which includes the nervous and digestive systems.Another
one is Monosialoganglioside 3 (GM3) play a role as “false receptors” for toxins and bacteria
thus it is involved in the defence mechanism of the body ( Idot and Kawakami, 1995).
1.7Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugate
The carbohydrates that present between three to ten monosaccharide residues which are
covalently bonded through glycosidic bonds are known as oligosaccharides. The
carbohydrate which contains only two residues other than lactose is too known as
oligosaccharides.The main and vital function of these carbohydrates is protection against
harmful pathogenic agents through competitive inhibition by play a role as competitive
inhibitors for the binding regions on the epithelial surface of intestine (Gopal and Gill, 2000).
1.8 Cytokines
A group of proteins and glycoproteins which is known to have biological effect at minute or
small concentrations (10 to 1000pg.mL-1) are called cytokines (Gauthier et al, 2006). The
immune system of the body are controlled or modulated by these molecules (Biswaset al,
2007). In addition to this, they include interleukins and tumor necrosis factors.
Numerous number of cytokines are contained in colostrum which modulate the development
of the newborn immune system and synchronizeand manages the inflammatory response and
antibodies production as in particular they posses inflammatory activity. Cytokines are
released into the colostrum after the cytokine production in the mammary gland (Hagiwara et
al, 2000) (Siraet al, 2009).
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2 Growth factors
The essential growth factors contained in colostrum and milk are
1. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Yagiet al. 1986; Iacopettaet al. 1992)-The growth factor
can cross the intestinal barrier in neonates along with then link with the receptor stimulating
and energizing cellular growth (Thompson et al, 1994). It also stimulates gut immunity by
preventing the translocation of bacteria (Okuyamaet al, 1998).
2.1 insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) (Collier et al. 1991), IGF-II (Schams1994)-Another
name is somatomedins. These factors under the action of the GH hormone and their receptors
in cells of various tissues are synthesized in the liver (Kuemmerleet al, 2012). The activity of
cell proliferation in the crypts is associated and controlled by IGF -I on the other hand, the
cell differentiation of intestinal epithelial cellsis controlled by IGF –II (Jehleet al, 1999).
2.2. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (Ginjala and Pakkanen1998), TGF-β2 (Cox
and Burk 1991)-
2.3. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
It is a peptide which is produced by macrophages and also obtained from platelets which
helps in facilitating the healing process of ulcers and is also potent mitogen for fibroblasts
(Shing and Klagsbrun, 1984).
2.4. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
It is an peptide which posses potent angiogenic and mitogenic activity, which particularly
acts on vascular permeability (Keck et al, 1989) It is basically contained in colostrum and the
receptors of VEGF is located in th area on the apical membranes of epithelial cells
(Siafakaset al, 1999). Several study findings suggest the contribution and function of VEGF
is in physiology of digestive system.
BENEFITS
Leaky gut syndrome
Diseases such as inflammatory bowel syndrome, diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome and
multiple sclerosis are autoimmune disorders commonly that are commonly linked to leaky
gut syndrome (Fasano, 2012). When body experiences a response to stressors, they produce
antibodies in response and then attach to the tissue which causes inflammation (Mass et al,
2008). Chronic inflammatory disorders are result of auto antibodies.
The immune enhancing factors or boosters that are present in colostrum impart protection and
fight against microbe which leads to the gastrointestinal infections and chronic pain. The
integrity of the gut mucosal and immunological state is maintained and balanced by bovine
colostrum (Bölkeet al., 2002).Its mechanism involves blocking of intestinal mucosa that
inhibits the exchange of exo and endo-toxins, which prevents the leaky gut syndrome.This
mechanism causes increase of an intestinal barrier regulated by cytokine TGF-β that leads to
occurrence of intestinal sealing (Bodammeret al., 2013).A protein known as claudin-2 is a
tight junction protein which enhances intestinal permeability and lower transepithelial
electrical resistance (TER) by generating action selective intestinal pores. When a Bovine
Colostruminduced claudin-2 expression was observed, by this the mechanism was elucidated
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(Rosenthal et al., 2010). Moreover, this claudin-2 over expression is balanced by high TER
because of TGB -β,and reduction in intestinal permeability.
Immunity related disorders and allergy
The foremost reason of hypersensitive conditions in people is auto immune disorders for
example diabetes. The immune system causes allergic reactions due to hypersensitivity and in
some cases, it may lead to anaphylaxis and even fatal. The organ which is involved in the
development of T lymphocytes is thymus gland, which is central organ of the immune
system. The another name for these cells is thymocytes, which are responsible to removes the
self-reactive immune cells, produced by the thymus gland. Breast-feeding plays a pivotal role
in the improvement of thymus gland in infants (Jackson and Nazar, 2006).
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by bovine colostrum
A diversified group of chronic, retroversion inflammatory diseases of gastro intestinal tract
(Sands et al, 2004).Diarrhea, nausea and weight loss correlated to histopathologicalsymptoms
of inflammation in different portions of gastrointestinal tract are some common clinical
symptoms of IBD patients. There are two principal types of IBD in humans the first is
Crohn‟s diseases and the other is ulcerative colitis. Varied and several types of chronic
diseases have been reported in pets, especially in dogs which shows both similarities and
differences when compared to IBD in humans (Cerquetellaet al, 2010). Clinical trials on IBD
proves that there is interplay between environmental, immune factors, bacteria, genetics
which has a crucial role in the occurrence and development of IBD disease, as the exact
aetiologyof IBD remains undisclosed (Hisamatsuet al, 2013).
Diarrhea and infective diarrhea
The persons with immunodeficiency syndrome are likely to suffer from diarrhea which is
caused by cryptosporidium parvum. There are other species of bacterial strain and parasites
that may lead to severe diarrhea with human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients. In
addition to this several evidence of studies suggest that blastocystishominis, Giardia lamblia
and campylobacter jejuni should be there in the list of harmful agents which have potential to
cause HIV related diarrhea. Several case study reports combination with clinical trials states
that bovine colostrum might be helpful among patients with immunodeficiency syndrome to
treat chronic diarrhea (Godhia and Patel, 2013).
Anti- aging
Colostrum has beneficial properties which helps in healing process and have potential to
build immune system. It posses antioxidants properties which has beneficial effect on skin.
Because of these properties and theirs influences Bovine colostrum is able to keep up the
good health. It is widely used by people involved in sports to increase longetivity of life and
building body tissues (Thapaet al, 2005).
Antiinflammatory effect (GI inflammation)
The gastrointestinal tract contains lots of microbial species, antigens, food ingredients and
drugs each having different affect on the mucosa and environment of the tract. Colostrums
have immunological factors which control and eliminated the harm caused by these microbes,
drugs r food on the GI tract. The trypsin inhibitors are present in colostrums and also it goes
in an unchanged form to the tract therefore maintains the health of epithelial lining of the GI
tract and thus prevent various GI disorders (Antonius et al., 2000). NSAIDs also affects the
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GI tract as it damage the gastric and intestinal lining and causes peptic ulceration and injury
in the intestine as it increases the movement with protein and blood loss (Alisionet al., 1992).
The growth factors TGF and IGF present in colostrums stimulate the gut development and
repair the functioning of GI tract (Raymond et al., 2000). The ant inflammatory activity of
colostrums was checked in rats using carrageenan which induced paw edema. it showed
average or limited effect by limiting the oxidative stress with further studies was concluded
that it can be used for treating disease like Crohn‟s diseases, ulcerative colitis, further
scientific studies are required to confirm these therapeutic effect of BC in the mentioned
disorders (Yadavet al., 2016) ( Thapa, 2005).
Respiratory disease
Bovine colostrums tend to increase salivary IgA and is also known to cure the upper
respiratory tract infection (URTI). It is helps in treating chronic bronchitis and respiratory
allergic disorders as it contains oligosaccharides, which sticks to the mucosa while passing
through the oral cavity and thus prevents adherence of the bacterial strain to the surface and
protects mucosal membranes of respiratory tract (Thapa, 2005).
Cancer and Surgery
Lactoferrin is one of the main components of colostrums. This Lactoferrin helps to eliminate
or damage cancer cells by boosting the immunity. It is useful to prevent colon, bladder,
tongue, esophagus, lung cancer. Also they milk fats and conjugated linolenicacid (CLA)
present in colostrums posses anti cancerous properties.Researchers are still working to find
out the mechanism of CLA due to which it has anti-cancerous effect. Some research gives in
vitro study, in which CLA stimulates the production of lymphokines and interlukin 2, by 2%
and 29% respectively and also boostsimmunoglobins. It is also involved in lowering immune
suppressors like leukotrienes and prostaglandins (Macdonald and Helen, 2000). CLA inhibits
carcinogens by inducing apoptosis by inhibiting eicosanoids synthesis. These eicosanoids
receptors controls the release of messengers essential for cell proliferation, apoptosis
anddifferentiation (Godhia and Patel, 2013).
In the case of shock due to laceration or surgery, microbes and endotoxins in intestines passes
the membrane barrier by translocation and goes to lymphatic system and sometimes leads to
severe synthetic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunctions (Alexander et al., 1990). The
bacterial translocation in humans is common in patients undergoing operation, organ donors
and other internalblockage or obstructions (Choi et al., 2009) (Tsujimotoet al., 2009). In
general, antibiotics, NSAIDs, painkillers, diet control are opted to control bacterial
translocation and growth. Colostrums administered before or after surgery complements the
conventional therapy and reduce the risk of infection. It reduces endotoxemia during
coronary surgery (Bolkeet al., 2002). It is believed that colostrums given before the
operation, reduce the bacterial translocation and endotoxemia thus helps in recovery from
surgery and the components of colostrums are useful in postoperative period to enhance and
support wound healing (Hagiwara et al., 2004) (MJ An et al., 2009) (RJ Xuet al., 2009).
Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Helicobacter causes inflammation ofmucosal membrane and leads to acute or chronic peptic
ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis. The symptoms involve nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
weight loss, diarrhea, anorexia (Santos et al., 2015). The H. pylori bacteria adhere to the
gastric mucosa with the help of lipids. Colostrums hinder the adhesion of the bacteria to lipid
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binding sites of gastrointestinal tract and thus prevent the gastro intestinal ulcer and diseases
(Bogestedet al., 2000). Another study was conducted in 20 children suffering from the
infection, when 12g bovine colostrums was given the infection started to decrease but
organism was not eradicated. Breast feeding protects the infant from the risk of early
acquisition of H. pylori (Oonaet al., 1997).
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND MANUFACTURE OF COLOSTRUM
Nutraceutical products are being manufactured with colostrums and are in encapsulated form,
tablets and powder in industries like APS BioGroup and NutritechPvt.Ltd (Buttaret al.,
2017). The lactoperoxidase component of colostrum is used as natural bio-preservative and is
added to pasteurized milk to produce yogurt free of bacterial acid, it increase the shelf life for
about two weeks. Lactoperoxidase is also used toothpaste and other dental care products as it
reduce plaque accumulation, gingivitis. Therefore lactoperoxidase extraction from colostrum
is increasing to meet with the demands of the industries (Hoogendoorn, 1985) (Nakadaet al.,
1996).
CONCLUSION
The colostrums comprises of nutrients and biologically active compounds. These factors
posses synergistically and leads too improvement and prevention of many disease. It
containsimmunity boosting, growth regulating and antimicrobial factors which increases the
tissue development and maturation of the digestive tract lining. It plays a significant role in
physiological and protective functions in the infants and builds natural immunity. 3g of
colostrum is good for treating as well as prevention of disease and it take around 7-10 days
but it is not optimized yet. The colostrum posses no side effect and also the bovine
spongiform encephalopathy does not transmit. Review explains the use of colostrums for
treating diseases like immunity disorders, GI inflammation, leaky gut syndrome, cancer and
surgery, growth, helicobacter pylori infection, respiratory disease, bowel disease, HIV
infection. Although it has number of benefits still further research is required to know
optimum use, standard dosage and duration therapy.
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