BMI Trajectories During the First 2 Years, and Their Associations With Infant Overweight/Obesity: A Registered Based Cohort Study in Taizhou ...
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 12 May 2021
doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.665655
BMI Trajectories During the First 2
Years, and Their Associations With
Infant Overweight/Obesity: A
Registered Based Cohort Study in
Taizhou, China
Tian Zhang 1† , Ying Song 1† , Haoyue Teng 1 , Yue Zhang 1 , Jianan Lu 1 , Linghua Tao 2 ,
Yanjie Jin 2,3 , Jieyun Yin 1* and Danhong Zhou 2*
1
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric
Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 2 Department of Gynaecology and
Edited by: Obstetrics, Taizhou Woman and Children’s Hospital, Taizhou, China, 3 Beijing Longtengxinyang Information Technology
Stefan Swartling Peterson, Company, Beijing, China
Uppsala University, Sweden
Reviewed by:
Jiangmin Xu,
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify trajectories of body mass
Winston-Salem State University, index (BMI) in toddlers from birth to 2 years old and examine their association with
United States
infantile overweight/obesity.
Jolanta Pauk,
Bialystok University of Methods: Data were collected from 19,054 children born in any hospital or community
Technology, Poland
healthcare center in Taizhou, China from 2018 to 2019 with at least three BMI
*Correspondence:
Jieyun Yin
measurements after birth. The Latent Class Growth Mixture Model was used to identify
jyyin@suda.edu.cn distinct BMI trajectories during the first 2 years of infants. Multiple logistic regression
Danhong Zhou
models were conducted to explore the associated factors of different BMI trajectories,
yun839@163.com
and log-binomial regression was performed to assess the association between the
† These authors have contributed
trajectories and overweight/obesity.
equally to this work
Results: Three heterogeneous BMI trajectories were identified and labeled as “lower”
Specialty section: (36.21%, n = 6,899), “middle” (53.15%, n = 10,128) and “upper” (10.64%, n = 2,027),
This article was submitted to
Children and Health, respectively. Several characteristics of infants and their corresponding mothers were
a section of the journal found to be correlated with infant BMI trajectories, including infant sex, mode of
Frontiers in Pediatrics
delivery and weight at birth, as well as maternal parity, early pregnancy BMI and
Received: 08 February 2021
status of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, compared with those in the lower
Accepted: 13 April 2021
Published: 12 May 2021 trajectory, infants in the middle [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.63, 95% confidence interval
Citation: (95%CI) = 2.17–2.63] or upper (PR = 2.98, 95%CI = 1.51–2.98) trajectory groups were
Zhang T, Song Y, Teng H, Zhang Y, prone to be overweight/obesity at their final observation.
Lu J, Tao L, Jin Y, Yin J and Zhou D
(2021) BMI Trajectories During the Conclusion: Heterogeneous BMI trajectories were observed in our study.
First 2 Years, and Their Associations
Characteristics of both infants and their corresponding mothers could be potential
With Infant Overweight/Obesity: A
Registered Based Cohort Study in determinants of infant growth. Moreover, infants in the middle and upper trajectory
Taizhou, China. groups were more likely to suffer overweight/obesity.
Front. Pediatr. 9:665655.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.665655 Keywords: BMI trajectory, infant, overweight, obesity, latent class growth mixture model
Frontiers in Pediatrics | www.frontiersin.org 1 May 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 665655
Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
INTRODUCTION reach the following research objectives: (1) to identify the
latent BMI growth trajectories from birth to 2 years by
Overweight and Obesity, defined by the World Health conducting LCGMM; (2) to explore the associated factors of
Organization (WHO) as an abnormal or excessive fat the identified BMI trajectories; (3) to examine the associations
accumulation, present an alarming risk to health (1). Childhood between different trajectories of BMI and overweight/obesity
overweight and obesity have become a major public health in infancy.
concern (2). In China, a national survey reported that the
prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 7–17
years had increased rapidly from 3.8% and 0.6% in 1995 to
METHODS
14.3% and 4.1% in 2014, respectively (3). Excessive weight gain Study Population
in early life is likely to lead to lifelong overweight and obesity A total of 29,274 singleton children who born in any hospital or
(4). Meanwhile, childhood overweight/obesity is associated community healthcare center in Taizhou city from 01/01/2018-
with greater risk and earlier onset of chronic disorders, such 31/12/2019 were recruited in our study. Information for
as heart disease, asthma, type 2 diabetes, and psychosocial children and their corresponding mothers were collected through
disorders (5–7). Thus, the early identification and intervention questionnaires or medical records. First, exclusion was made
of overweight/obesity in infants is critical to their long-term for participants with uncompleted information of prenatal
health conditions. characteristics [maternal BMI at early stage of pregnancy (n =
Body mass index (BMI) is widely accepted to assess children’s 2,330)]. Second, we excluded infants with missing intrapartum
weight status. As we known, BMI fluctuates in early life (8). In [mode of delivery (n = 169)] or postnatal data [missing for
general, BMI rapidly increases during the 1st year after birth, follow-up during 0–2 years old (n = 3,176) and without
then decreases until reaching a nadir around 6 years of age (also gender information (n = 3)], resulting in a total of 23,596
called the adiposity rebound); thereafter, BMI increases again participants. Third, we excluded 4,542 infants who receivedZhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
FIGURE 1 | Flow chart for selection process of the study.
into four levels: primary school or below, junior school, high fits the data. For each model involving latent classes, posterior
school, university or above. Maternal age at delivery was class-membership probabilities (PP) were also used to obtain a
divided into four categories (600 IU/d). classified in each class with a PP above a threshold of 0.7,
Outdoor activity duration was divided into three levels (0–1, 1–2, indicating the proportion of subjects unambiguously classified
>2 h/day). in each latent class (13). These procedures indicated that a
Other maternal characteristics were then retrieved from model with three trajectories (with cubic curve assumption)
medical records. Maternal BMI at early pregnancy was classified was superior to models with fewer trajectories because of much
following Chinese BMI classification standard as lean (BMI < smaller BIC values. Although models with 4 or 5 trajectories had
18.5 kg/m2 ), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2 ), overweight smaller BIC values than the three trajectories, the former models
(24 ≤ BMI ≤ 27.9 kg/m2 ) and obese (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 ) (22). yielded trajectories with 0.7Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
FIGURE 2 | BMI trajectories from birth to 2 years old identified from the LCGMM.
3 additionally adjusted for maternal factors, including parity, 14 and 49 years old [mean = 30.61, standard deviation (SD) =
early pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and 5.22]. Mothers who received education of high school or above
gestational hypertension. Based on Model 3, model 4 further accounted for 67.15%. A slightly larger number of mothers gave
included infants’ characteristics, such as mode of delivery, birth to a male infant (52.34%) or delivered by cesarean section
outdoor activity duration, maternal feeding styles, SGA, infant (51.02%). Few mothers drank (0.18%) or smoked (0.10%) during
age at the final observation, and intake of vitamin D. At last, pregnancy. Besides, the mean birth weight of the infants was
subgroups analyses by sex were conducted to see whether there 3320.30 (SD = 393.87) grams and the mean gestational age at
are any gender differences. All statistical tests were performed delivery was 38.99 (SD = 1.24) weeks. A total of 2,994 (15.71%)
using SAS software (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), infants were identified as overweight and 1,821 (9.56%) became
and differences were considered statistically significant with two- obese at their final observation. Meanwhile, infants born from
sided P ≤ 0.05. mothers with multiparity, higher BMI at early pregnancy, or
GDM were more likely to be in the upper group. Also, infantile
characteristics such as gender, gestational age, birth weight, and
RESULTS
outdoor time differed among three trajectory groups.
BMI Trajectories
A total of 19,054 singleton children delivered at 28–44 weeks Predictors of BMI Trajectories
of gestation were enrolled in our study. The infants had a Table 2 presents the associations between prenatal as well
total of 101,251 BMI measurements since birth, the median as infantile factors and their growth trajectories. Birth to a
measurement times of each infant was 5 (interquartile range, multiparous mother [odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence
4–6). Three distinct BMI trajectory groups were identified interval (95%CI) = 1.15–1.42] was a risk factor for being in the
(Figure 2). They were labeled as “lower” (n = 6,899, 36.21%), upper trajectory group. Maternal obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 ) at
“middle” (n = 10,128, 53.15%) and “upper” (n = 2,027, 10.64%), early stage of pregnancy (OR = 2.41, 95%CI = 1.95–2.97) and
respectively. The lower trajectory started with relatively low BMI complicated with GDM (OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.03–1.35) were
(12.97 kg/m2 ), then followed with a steady acceleration until the also associated with increased risk of belonging to the upper
age of seven months (16.83 kg/m2 ). After peaking at 7 months, it trajectory. Besides, the highest BMI groups tended to include
declined gradually and reached the lowest point at 17 months, infants who had exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.14, 95%CI =
followed by an increase subsequently. The middle trajectory 1.03–1.26) or male gender (OR = 5.71, 95%CI = 5.10–6.39).
started with a mid-level BMI (13.75 kg/m2 ), while the upper one However, vaginally delivered (OR = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.54–0.66)
showed a higher level of BMI (14.44 kg/m2 ) at beginning. Both of and SGA (OR = 0.07, 95%CI = 0.05–0.10) infants were less likely
them reached the climax at 7 months (“middle” = 18.47 kg/m2 , to be grouped into the upper trajectory.
“upper” = 20.58 kg/m2 ) and the lowest point at 17 months after
birth, which were parallel to the process of the lower one. The Association Between BMI Trajectories and
slope and intercept of the specific trajectories were present in Infant Overweight/Obesity
Supplementary Table 1.2. As shown in Table 3, 1.51, 28.88, and 88.11% of participants
were overweight/obesity in the lower, the middle and the upper
Baseline Characteristics trajectory groups, respectively. In comparison with children in
Characteristics of infants and their mothers were illustrated in the lower trajectory, children in the middle trajectory group
Table 1. In the included population, maternal age ranged between [prevalence ratio (PR) = 19.16, 95%CI = 15.89–23.39] and the
Frontiers in Pediatrics | www.frontiersin.org 4 May 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 665655Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
TABLE 1 | Characteristics of mother-child pairs by BMI trajectories.
Variables Total population Lower trajectory Middle trajectory Upper trajectory P-value
N = 19,054 n = 6,899 n = 10,128 n = 2,027
Maternal characteristics
Maternal demographics
Age (years) (mean ± SD) 30.61 ± 5.22 30.56 ± 5.31 30.66 ± 5.20 30.56 ± 4.99 0.415
Education, n (%) 0.123
Primary school or below 1,201 (6.30%) 474 (6.87%) 617 (6.09%) 110 (5.43%)
Junior school 5,059 (26.55%) 1,826 (26.47%) 2,664 (26.30%) 569 (28.07%)
High school 4,892 (25.68%) 1,739 (25.21%) 2,639 (26.06%) 514 (25.36%)
University or above 7,902 (41.47%) 2,860 (41.45%) 4,208 (41.55%) 834 (41.14%)
Parity, n (%)Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
TABLE 1 | Continued
Variables Total population Lower trajectory Middle trajectory Upper trajectory P-value
N = 19,054 n = 6,899 n = 10,128 n = 2,027
Daily intake of vitamin D (IU/d), n (%) 0.254
0 ≤ vitamin D ≤ 400 16,423 (86.19%) 5,942 (86.13%) 8,736 (86.26%) 1,745 (86.09%)
400 < vitamin D ≤ 600 2,193 (11.51%) 777 (11.26%) 1,175 (11.60%) 241 (11.89%)
600 < vitamin D 438 (2.30%) 180 (2.61%) 217 (2.14%) 41 (2.02%)
Outdoor activity duration (hours/d), n (%) 0.002
0–1 424 (2.23%) 138 (2.00%) 237 (2.34%) 49 (2.42%)
1–2 5,391 (28.29%) 1,890 (27.40%) 2,861 (28.25%) 640 (31.57%)
≥2 13,239 (69.48%) 4,871 (70.60%) 7,030 (69.41%) 1,338 (66.01%)
Overweight, n (%) 2,994 (15.71%) 95 (1.38%) 2,278 (22.49%) 621 (30.64%)Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
TABLE 2 | Association between prenatal and early life factors with middle and TABLE 2 | Continued
upper BMI trajectories in comparison to the lower trajectory group.
Variables Middle Upper
Variables Middle Upper trajectory trajectory
trajectory trajectory
OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)
OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)
Yes 0.24 (0.22–0.27) 0.07 (0.05–0.10)
Maternal characteristics Mode of delivery
Maternal demographics Cesarean 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
Age (years) Vaginal delivery 0.83 (0.78–0.89) 0.60 (0.54–0.66)Zhang et al. BMI Trajectories and Infant Obesity
of rising infant weight gain patterns (39), and the underlying DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
mechanisms remain unclear.
Strengths of our study lie in the relatively large sample size The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be
and the continuity of infant growth period up to 2 years old. made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Studies focusing on BMI trajectories were mainly children from
western countries (18–20). Regional differences may exist in ETHICS STATEMENT
BMI trajectories which vary in terms of dimensions, elevation,
living habits, dietary habits, and socio-economic status. The The studies involving human participants were reviewed and
participants in our study come from Taizhou, a south-eastern approved by ethic committee of Medical College of Soochow
coastal city located in Zhejiang Province, China. The geographic University. Written informed consent to participate in this study
location of the city is 120◦ 34’ E and 28◦ 50’ N. It has more than was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.
5.97 million permanent residents, features a booming economy Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s),
and high population density. Given the paucity of data on growth and minor(s)’ legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of
trajectories in Asian population, our study enriched the field and any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
may help develop intervention strategies to control the rapidly
increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
There remained some limitations in our current study.
Firstly, other potential confounding factors, such as paternal JY and DZ has contributed to the design and concept of
characteristics, genetics, environmental and dietary habits (40), the manuscript. TZ and YS were responsible for the analysis,
were not assessed in the current study. Secondly, due to interpretation of data and manuscript drafting. HT, YZ, JL, LT,
the nature of observational study, we cannot infer the causal and YJ were responsible for critical revision of the manuscript
relationship between those possible risk factors and changes in for intellectual content. All authors were involved in writing
infant BMI. Thirdly, children included in our study are from the paper and had final approval of the submitted and
Taizhou city in China, and thus may not be representative for published versions.
other parts of China and other nationalities. Considering these
limitations, further studies are needed. FUNDING
This study was supported by a Project of the Priority
CONCLUSION
Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education
Three distinct latent BMI trajectories were identified for children Institutions (PAPD).
from birth to 2 years old including the lower, middle and
upper groups. Infants in the middle and upper trajectory groups SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
are more likely to be obese late in their life. Our results also
underline the importance of the timely intervention on children The Supplementary Material for this article can be found
overweight/obesity targeted at potential risk factors during both online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.
prenatal and postnatal period. 2021.665655/full#supplementary-material
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