Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property - Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
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Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy Consultation document ANZLIC COMMITTEE ON April 2014 SURVEYING & MAPPING
A Vision for Cadastre 2034 “A cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land and real property.” Call for Submissions The ICSM invites your comments on this consultation document. Your feedback will help us make informed decisions on the final version of the strategy, ensuring its relevance to the needs of industry, government and the community. Please assist us in getting this important strategy right. Submissions can be made via the ICSM website at www.icsm.gov.au/cadastre2034/feedback or via email to icsm@ga.gov.au. Written submissions can be sent to ICSM Chair, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia. Contributions are welcome from all interested organisations and people. The closing date for submissions is 31 July 2014. Paul Harcombe, ICSM Chair
Table of Contents
Purpose of this Document 2
Cadastre 2034: Powering Land and Real Property 3
Imagine 2034: The Future Can and Must be Anticipated 4
Quantum leaps in innovation 4
Increasingly vertical lifestyles 4
Personal Positioning 4
Virtual knowledge environments 5
Crowd sourcing and collaboration 5
Securing the future 5
Future Proofing the Cadastre 6
Our Vision 6
Our Role 6
Our Goals 7
Case for Change 8
Economic Sustainability 8
Political, Environmental and Social Imperatives 9
Community Expectations 10
Securing the future 11
Embedding Enduring Principles through a Strategic Lens Approach 11
Powering the Future: The Framework 12
Goal 1: A fundamental cadastre 14
Goal 2: A multipurpose cadastre 16
Goal 3: A broader cadastre 18
Goal 4: A representational cadastre 20
Goal 5: A federated cadastre 22
Delivering on Strategy 24
The Delivery Model 24
A Collaborative Approach 26
Note to Fellow Professionals 27
Managing Technological Transition 27
Revising the Legislative Framework 28
Integrating Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities 29
Improving Spatial Accuracy 30
Sustaining the Profession 31
Appendix A – Explanation of Terms 32
Appendix B – Glossary of Abbreviations 33
Appendix C – References 34
1
Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Purpose of this
Document
Cadastre 2034: Powering Land and Real Property
has been prepared by the Permanent Committee on
Cadastre; a subcommittee of the Intergovernmental
Committee on Surveying and Mapping.
This document’s purpose is consultative. It represents the first phase in
seeking broader community input and support for Cadastre 2034.
The strategy captures the trends and articulates the vision of what we
believe the community will require of our cadastral system by 2034. It
identifies where current information falls short of consumer expectations
today, and considers the user scenarios that will trigger changing needs in
the future.
This strategy will assist ANZLIC in the definition of the future state of the
Land Parcel and Property theme in the ANZ Foundation Spatial Data
Framework.
Cadastre 2034 has been developed with input from a New Zealand
perspective and Trans-Tasman collaboration remains an important feature
of this strategy.
ICSM can not deliver Cadastre 2034 alone. It will require the collective
thinking of government, industry, academia and the broader community
if we are to create a compelling picture of a desirable future state of our
cadastral system. Your input is essential to working towards and realising
our shared aspirations.
● Do you agree with our view?
● Do you support the enduring principles we espouse?
● Are we moving in the right direction?
● Do our goals and objectives reflect your own aspirations?
● What can you contribute?
● Do we have your support?
Information on how you can participate is available on the inside cover of
this document. Your feedback will inform the final strategy. I look forward
to your involvement.
Paul Harcombe
Chair, Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM)
2
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Cadastre 2034
Powering Land and Real Property
What is the cadastral system?
The cadastral system defines and records the location and extent of property
rights, restrictions and responsibilities. It includes a geometric description
of land and real property boundaries linked to other records describing the
nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often
the value of the parcel and its improvements [1, 2].
Why is the cadastral system important?
The cadastral systems of Australia underpin stable and reliable registration
of land based property rights. The cadastral system traditionally serves as
the foundation for effective land tenure transactions and in securing the
legal status of property boundaries. Cadastral systems play a significant and
ongoing role contributing towards the economic and social prosperity we The modern cadastre
know today and expect in our future.
we know today will
Why should we care about this document? not fulfill community
The proposed Cadastre 2034 strategy anticipates that the modern cadastre expectations in the
we know today will not fulfil community expectations in the future; we can future; we can already
already see a gap emerging between what we have and what will be needed.
see a gap emerging
Societal demands will change substantially over the next 20 years as new
between what we
technologies, environmental challenges and social and political influences
gradually transform inherent traditions, practices and thinking. Cadastre 2034 have and what will
responds to these changes and the challenges they represent. be needed.
The cadastral system of the future will be a highly influential part of
tomorrow’s lifestyle decision support systems, powering land and real
property management, development and investment; where property and
all other interests on land are managed in an integrated manner.
The challenge facing cadastral stewardship is to manage the convergence
of consumer expectations for integrated social, economic and land related
systems, and opportunities for growth; with the disruption that comes
with the phasing out of one technology and the start of another, as well as
industry reaction arising from doing things differently.
The final version of Cadastre 2034 will guide the evolution of jurisdictional
systems and ensure a coordinated and consistent approach to future
policies, legislation, standards, models and research; and provide clear
direction for the sector as a whole.
The value of Cadastre 2034 is that it establishes a single point philosophy on
what the community can expect and what the government has to deliver in
the future.
Each jurisdiction will then be able to take this high level strategy and work
towards achieving the identified goals from their own unique starting points.
This includes New Zealand, which shares the same vision and expectations
but has a different physical and administrative environment [3].
3
Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Imagine 2034
The Future Can and Must be Anticipated
In 2034 cadastral systems will be further embedded in our social and
economic structures - playing a significant role in traditional land tenure,
valuation and utility systems, and in the governance frameworks that
stipulate how we develop, use and occupy land. The following will impact
on the way we respond as an industry.
Quantum leaps in innovation
Cadastre 2034 will provide multiple functions that contribute to growth
Our tools will become in the economy; underpinning entirely new industries in the health,
smaller, faster and be agriculture and social sectors, achieved through the innovative use of land
and real property.
more powerful, and the
We are in an era of accelerated technological advancement, distinguished
cadastre will develop
not only by new innovations, but by their application, delivery and scale.
into an integrated By 2034 computers will be characterised by speech (and possibly thought)
knowledge-base that driven devices with natural language interfaces hard to distinguish from
can be leveraged human-to-human interactions.
creatively. Big data sets containing information about land and property will
increasingly be collected by sensors in machine readable form and shared
directly with data readers and other technologies without requiring
human intervention.
Our tools will become smaller, faster and be more powerful, and the
cadastre will develop into an integrated knowledge-base that can be
leveraged creatively.
Vertical living lifestyles
Cadastre 2034 will need to deliver accurate 3-dimensional digital
representations of property boundaries. More people will be living in
urban environments and multistorey buildings will have shared services
and facilities. Transportation systems will be constructed above ground
as skyways to reach upper building levels. Future skyscrapers will be
characterised by vertical market farming and used as a community food
source in addition to inner city carbon benefits.
These vertical living lifestyles will create complex property scenarios that
the future cadastral system will need to contend with. New legislation
will be required to enable the increasing complexity of land and property
ownership to be administered.
Personal positioning
Transportation systems of the future will require sub-decimetre positional
accuracy, like the automated vehicle guidance systems used in agriculture
and mining today. They will also need to be integrated with real property
data for individualised navigation.
4
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Mobile devices will evolve to become advanced personnel positioning
systems; used by citizens and property developers alike, to accurately
locate land boundaries and the position of utilities below ground.
Virtual knowledge environments
The next generation will be a massively online society permanently
wearing devices that record, store and index the things we see and
hear.
Our cadastre and related products will not be immune. Land
information will need to be available ‘on-demand’ to anyone, anyplace,
anytime. The community will want to be warned immediately of an
impending threat to their property, such as fire, flood and storm.
The integration and accessibility of information is key to understanding
rights, restrictions and responsibilities on land. In the near future
information about land, and knowledge about what can be done with
it and by whom, will be instantaneous; potentially warning us if we
Securing the future
enter private, prohibited and unsafe areas.
Despite the technological
The semantic web will play a significant role in simplifying and
disruption and changing
decoding complex data so that it is easily accessible and understood by
societal needs that will occur
the wider community.
over the next 20 years, a secure
transparent system of land
Collaboration and crowdsourcing registration will remain an
In the future our cadastral supply chains will be virtual. Technology enduring need.
will enable the digital cadastre to be managed in collaborative This will be achieved through the
organisational environments and integrated with rights, restrictions and continued application of rigorous
responsibilities in real-time. processes, standards and
Volunteered geographic information will be an integral component of policies that will create reliable
data management and in the collection of interests on land. Automated and complete information
solutions will differentiate and integrate information from trusted and about each parcel of land; and
non-trusted sources. through a supporting legislative
framework that accurately
Supply chains will be fully integrated allowing cadastral surveys,
reflects evolving community
development approvals, legal discovery, financing and building
needs and aspirations.
construction to be organised by an individual on a single personal device.
5
Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Future Proofing
the Cadastre
Permanent Committee on Cadastre
It is essential that our cadastral system endures as a resource for the
continued prosperity of future generations. Stable and reliable property
rights systems are sustained through the cadastral system, which
comprises property boundaries and survey marks, surveying regulations
and standards, and records of surveys (Figure 1). Collectively, these
mechanisms ensure that all land and real property can be easily, uniquely
and accurately identified in a common reference system.
Our Vision
In developing a vision for Cadastre 2034, a fundamental principle is to
recognise that land (and/or real property) is the basis for human activity;
and that having knowledge about land is essential for wise decision
making in a modern society.
Our Vision is:
A cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently
identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and
responsibilities related to land and real property.
Our Role
Permanent Committee on Cadastre: Today’s online citizens are able to access location information faster than
From left to right, Michael Burdett (Surveyor
ever before and this trend is set to continue. People want to be more self-
General SA), Dr Don Grant (Surveyor
General New Zealand), Bill Hirst (Surveyor reliant and have access to the right information and tools to make sound
General ACT), Dr Russell Priebbenow judgments for themselves.
(Director of Surveys QLD), Paul Harcombe
(Chief Surveyor NSW). Michael Guidici Determining what information people require and which tools are
(Surveyor General TAS), David Boyle (Deputy needed in the future, is something this strategy explores. The strategy
Surveyor General VIC), Richard Browne envisages enhanced methods of access while acknowledging that pricing
(Chief Inspecting Surveyor WA and Chair
and licensing conditions may continue to vary over time and across the
of PCC). Absent: John Tulloch (Surveyor
General VIC), and Garry West (Surveyor nation. It is time to take stock of where we are, and what we want the
General NT). cadastral environment to look like in the future.
Planning for the future is only one part of the journey. The most important
aspect is taking ownership of the plan and bringing together all facets,
from strategic actions to smart innovations; in order to create a cadastral
system we can continue to be proud of in the future.
Hence, our mission is:
To promote and support innovation and provide the leadership,
coordination and standards necessary to deliver a unified cadastre
that can be leveraged to find sustainable solutions to meet emerging
needs and opportunities.
We recognise that if we do not have projects and plans aligned with the
issues, opportunities and needs of the future; then Cadastre 2034, as we
6 imagine it today, is unlikely to be realised.
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Land Registration System Land Planning System Land Valuation System
Stable and reliable property
rights systems are sustained
CADASTRAL SYSTEM
through the cadastral
Digital representation Instruments Information Legal
of land parcels defining land delivery Framework
system, which comprises
and access several mechanisms to
Survey marks and Registered Records of Standards for ensure that all land and
other physical Surveyors surveys definition and real property can be easily,
evidence of surveying of land uniquely and accurately
boundaries
identified in a common
reference system.
Positional Framework
Figure 1: The cadastral system
Our Goals
This strategy takes an all encompassing view of how we design, organise,
access, operate and leverage the cadastral system of the future; doing so in a
way that considers not only the impact on the environment today, but also how
we develop, use and preserve cadastral information resources for the future.
Cadastre 2034 has five goals. Their purpose is to achieve a cadastre that:
● is fundamental to land and property ownership and is sustainably managed;
● is multipurpose, truly accessible, easily visualised, and readily understood
and used;
● is fully integrated with broader legal and social interests on land;
● provides a digital representation of the real world that is survey accurate,
3- dimensional and dynamic1; and
● is a federated cadastre based on common standards.
The overarching objectives, and strategic actions and innovations required
to achieve these gaols are detailed in the Strategic Framework and following
sections.
Bill Hirst,
Sponsor, Permanent Committee on Cadastre
1
3 -dimensional (or 3D) refers to information that contains length, height and depth;
4-dimensional (or 4D) refers to changes overtime time and thus captures the dynamic
nature of land and property elements.
7
Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Case for Change
Australian States and Territories and New Zealand are
recognised as having world class cadastral systems –
so why change anything?
● Firstly, we recognise that the environment in which we operate will
change, and therefore it is important that our cadastral system evolves
in a way that ensures the principles underpinning a transparent,
accessible, efficient and secure system, are economically sustainable.
● Secondly, there are political, economic and social imperatives
that require a united response. It is time for jurisdictions to accelerate
their collective efforts in the national interest, in order to meet global
challenges, in addition to national and local issues.
● Thirdly, community expectations will evolve and therefore, the
cadastral system must also transform if it is to maintain relevance with
prevailing societal needs.
Economic Sustainability
The cadastre, in combination with the land registration system, is a
powerful economic lever. It assembles, manages and shares information
The cadastral survey and
that defines and reinforces property rights. In turn, these property rights
land registration systems translate into economic development, social stability and physical
allow people, businesses well-being.
and governments to In 2013, $1.3 trillion of mortgages were secured against land titles [5]. At the
leverage and manage same time the total value of all real property held in title in Australia was
estimated as $4.7 trillion [6]. Given that the size of the Australian economy is
this huge national asset
$1.5 trillion per annum (as at November 2013) [7]; the value of a sustainable
base of $4.7 trillion. cadastral system is self evident.
The cadastral survey and land registration systems allow people, businesses
and governments to leverage and manage this huge national asset base of
$4.7 trillion.
The better the information landowners, investors and land managers have,
the better use they can make of this fundamental asset to develop new
products and services from land. If our annual return on investment (ROI)
could be improved by a relatively modest 0.1 percent, the improved ROI
on $4.7 trillion amounts to $4.7 billion per annum. This is a 0.1 percent
increase in land value (above normal growth): in the short term through
better knowledge of earning capacity and in the long term, through better
sustainable management of our natural resources. Improved information
can also reduce financing risk on mortgage lending with a possible 0.1
percent reduction in mortgage interest rates. By these mechanisms, there
could be an annual benefit to the economy of $4.7 billion.
8Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Currently, our cadastral systems do not adequately capture the
relationships between what can be done on land (rights), what cannot
be done (restrictions) and what must be done (responsibilities). Nor can
we deliver to industry an accurate digital boundary framework and the
assurance that infrastructure delivery and precision farming is being
performed within titled boundaries.
Looking to the future, investment certainty and thus economic
sustainability can be delivered at three levels:
● o
n a global level, investor confidence can be increased through
mortgage-backed securities if the cadastre and land registry are more
closely coupled with financial and share markets,
● a t a National Level, by shifting to a more detailed and consistent model
to improve decision making and usability of the cadastre for trans-
border land management and development; and Urban infill, high rise
● a t a jurisdictional level, by increasing productivity and reducing dwellings, new transit
transactional costs through improved supply chains, use of community developments and the
crowd sourced data, and the elimination of duplicated processes across
the land and utility sectors. increase in number of
interests on land will put
Political, Environmental and Social Imperatives pressure on our cadastre
Our strategic goals are influenced by political, environmental and social to become a central
policy including climate change, water security, land development, decision support tool
urbanisation, emergency management, social inclusion, affordable
for government and the
housing, environmental monitoring and global humanity.
broader community.
The densification of our cities is creating a complex data management
environment that is stretching the current capabilities of our cadastral
system. Housing is set to increase in existing urban areas [8, 9] and become
more diversified. Mixed use precincts will be characterised by greenfield
developments, service clusters, walkable neighbourhoods and transport
corridors enabling equitable distribution of housing and jobs. Planning
restrictions will be dynamic with some precincts commercial by day and
residential by night.
Urban infill, high rise dwellings, new transit developments and the
increase in number of interests on land will put pressure on our cadastre to
become a central decision support tool for government and the broader
community.
To support decision making our cadastre will need to communicate all
rights, restrictions and responsibilities relating to land and do so in a way
that is accurate, readily visualised and includes the dynamic nature of
interests on land.
9Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Community Expectations
Staying abreast of community expectations for land information and
having a sense of where the best public value is now and in the future,
is a key responsibility of statutory regulators.
The main impetus for change is society’s expectation that quality
information will be available in a format that can be used to make
good decisions for the best use and management of land.
There exist various rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRR) on
land, created and managed in legislation and policy that may have an
There exist various impact on a landowner’s enjoyment of land.
rights restrictions and These rights, restrictions and responsibilities are not always integrated
responsibilities (RRR) with the cadastre, nor are they necessarily identified on land titles. This
on land, created and means they are often not clear to the land purchaser. Interests on land
managed in legislation and include:
● rightsunder mining and commercial fishing licences, or licences to
policy that may have an
use water or discharge waste (or not).
impact on a landowner’s
● responsibilities under different Acts to maintain heritage sites,
enjoyment of land.
public drains, utility poles and other infrastructure.
● planning and water restrictions to protect the environment,
including prohibited acts, such as land clearing, water use,
chemical use.
● land development controls to protect infrastructure against
potential sea level rise and storm surge.
● fire and flood zones that have specific insurance exclusions.
● consents granted under the Environmental Protection and
Resource Management Acts.
● Native Title tenure.
● locationof unexploded ordinance, hazardous materials and
contaminated sites.
There will be a significant increase in the amount of legal and
environmental information; and the community will expect to be able
to easily access this information and be fully informed about associated
interests on land.
10Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Securing the future
Embedding Enduring Principles through
a Strategic Lens Approach
The strategic lens is a concept of management that has different angles
from which strategy can be viewed and implemented. Whilst different
These enduring
perspectives are encouraged and welcomed, there are some fundamental
principles that must be incorporated into future innovations to ensure that principles are the lens
cadastral systems remain secure, accessible, transparent and efficient over through which ICSM will
time. These enduring principles are the lens through which ICSM will view view new innovations.
new innovations.
ICSM has applied a strategic lens to this proposed strategy and will
continue this approach to view activities that are defined as contributing to
the transformation and growth of the cadastral business and the profession
as a whole.
The strategic lens will be applied to assess whether new innovations fall
under the umbrella of the final strategy and should be selected for support
by ICSM. Its purpose is to ensure our enduring principles are part of the
design of environments in which cadastral systems are managed.
The ICSM proposed enduring principles are:
● Certainty in the spatial extent of ownership
● Uniquely defined land (and/or property) that is common to all registers
– ownership, valuation, land use
● Integrity and security of the parcel boundary system
● Strong relationship between regulators and the industry
● Appropriate regulatory standards
11Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Powering the Future
The Framework
This strategy presents a forward looking framework that is user centric,
accommodates individual jurisdictional differences and promotes efficient
and cost effective sustainable cadastral management practices (Figure 2).
At the same time, it maintains those elements of transparency, integrity
and security that are vital to a first class land administration system.
The Cadastre 2034 Framework:
● Establishes a common vision for all jurisdictions.
● Developsan agreed set of enduring principles to preserve the essential
components of the cadastre.
● Recognises that the cadastre has different aspects and features.
● Expresses the goals required to achieve a consistent and coordinated
approach to the transformation of the Australian cadastral infrastructure
over the next 20 years.
● Incorporates actions and innovations.
● Identifiesthe required outcomes that will guide the governance, policy
development, standards, research programs and the design of future
systems.
12Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Vision:
Recognises that knowledge A cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently
about land is essential for wise identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities
decision making in a modern related to land and real property.
society and that this information
must endure.
Enduring Principles: Certainty Uniquely Integrity and Strong Regulatory
A set of enduring principles of extent of defined land security of relationship standards
to preserve the essential ownership parcels boundary between
components of the cadastre. system regulators and
industry
The Cadastre: Fundamental Multipurpose Broader Representative Federated
The record of land parcels that Cadastre Cadastre Cadastre Cadastre Cadastre
supports tenure (ownership), land
use and land value.
Goals: Sustainably Accessible and Integrated Models the Unified
Define how we design, organise, Managed Easily Leveraged Rights, Real World Operation
access, operate and leverage the Restrictions and
future cadastre. Responsibilities
Actions and innovations: Optimise supply Accessible on Integrate with all Develop tools Harmonise data
Are benchmarked against the chains multiple devices interests on land for 3- and 4-D management
enduring principles to ensure cadastre
Develop Customer- Develop Federated
essential components of the
sustainable centric delivery standards for Improve spatial models
cadastre persist.
business models model indeterminate accuracy
Data access
RRR
Reform business Improve Align legislation framework
process discoverability Vertically and survey law
Deliver agreed
integrate all RRR
Collaborate Improve Improve vertical policy direction
Metadata Develop RRR datum
Adopt new Build
accuracy
technologies Understand Link geodetic governance
standards
customer needs and cadastral framework
Build capacity
Time-dependent frameworks
Develop an Apply national
Engage RRR depicted
investment Develop 3D and standards and
community
framework Develop data 4D standards guidelines
integration tools and models
Provide virtual Understand
environments Build capacity broader market
Outcomes: Integrity and Open, Integrated rights, Survey accurate Unified access
The required outcomes guide the resiliency transparent and restrictions and digital cadastre to jurisdictional
governance, policy development, respect privacy responsibilities cadastres
Enhanced 3D and 4D
standards, research programs and
quality of life/ Multipurpose All interests on cadastre that Uniform policies,
the design of future systems
environment land spatially models reality guidelines and
Readily visualised
depicted legislation
Fiscally sound and understood Legislation
for 3D and 4D Clear roles and
Equitable Real-time and
cadastre and responsibilities
easily leveraged
Community land registration
Application of
trusted system Global standards system
global standards
Interoperability
Figure 2: The Cadastre 2034 Framework
13Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Goal 1:
A cadastre that is fundamental to land
ownership and managed sustainably
Objective
To retain the integrity and societal benefits of the cadastre, whilst
increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of its management and
preserving the information resource for future generations.
This objective takes an all encompassing view of how efficiently we design,
organise and operate the cadastral system of the future. Strategically we
need to consider not only the impact on our environment, but also how we
develop, use and preserve cadastral information resources.
It’s vital that we consider all components of the cadastral system along the
entire value chain including the people, programs, processing and storage
of information when we commit to improving, automating, sharing and
preserving our land and property information.
Sustaining the integrity Sustaining the integrity of the system over time is paramount.
of the system over time
Outcomes
is paramount.
● Processes, data and systems have integrity and resiliency.
● Systems function in a way that maintain and enhance quality of life
and the environment.
● Financial and risk management practices are sound.
● Social and intergenerational equity is preserved.
● The community has a strong sense of trust in the cadastral system.
Actions and Innovations
● Optimise spatial data supply chains to reduce duplication across the
land and utilities sectors and, in doing so, reduce our environmental
footprint and increase profit margins.
● Develop a sustainable business model to manage and upgrade the
cadastre including intellectual property management, return on
investment and funding.
● Reform business and automate processes to reduce the amount of
effort required per land transaction, eliminating red tape and reducing
consumer compliance costs.
● Ensure record keeping, data storage, legislation and intellectual
property and life cycle management systems are aligned with
technological advancements.
● Build skills and knowledge resources aligned to new methods.
● Invest in public/private partnerships to collaboratively maintain the
cadastre.
● Develop a participatory model to include community volunteered data
for sustainable data collection of land and property features.
14Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Enablers
● ICSM Permanent Committee on Cadastre to lead, sustain and be
accountable for achieving Cadastre 2034.
● Recognised cadastral custodial responsibilities.
● Partnerships with relevant agencies, industry groups and community.
● Adoption and adherance to standards.
● S trategic approach to investment in research.
● S ustainable funding model.
Benefits
Improved government cadastral data management processes, resulting in:
● R
educed government administrative effort and better allocation of skills
and resources.
● G
reater responsiveness in land-related processes and more timely land
supply thereby promoting a competitive economy.
● M
ore streamlined government services and reduced transaction times.
● E nhanced management of community-supplied information.
Realising Full Automation
Cadastre 2034 is envisaged as a fully automated cadastral infrastructure where surveyed
land parcels are registered in real-time directly from the field to the desktop. This means a
paperless process, void of duplication and with significantly reduced turnaround times.
Arriving at this point will require tagging of content. This will Automated methods are currently
planned research activities. prepare the cadastral industry being developed by Industry.
to use an environment where The new ePlan lodgement and
The Cooperative Research Centre
information will be categorised and validation system will provide
for Spatial Information (CRCSI)
stored in a way that a computer a fast, more secure and more
is supporting the realisation of
can understand as well as a human. efficient way of processing land
Cadastre 2034 through its strategic
title plans. Several Australian State
research priorities in modernising
Next generation Web 3.0 will make and Territory agencies are currently
our spatial data infrastructure. Peter
information searching much faster. engaging with the surveying
Woodgate Chief Executive of the
Instead of multiple searches, industry to integrate ePlan into
CRCSI has advised that key research
a single complex question will existing work practices. They are
projects are focused towards
suffice; “I want to view a property using industry standard software
improving spatial data supply
for sale in the hills region, with no produced by local vendors.
chains, building federated spatial
water use restrictions and where I
models, and developing crowd
can get to work in the city within
sourcing capabilities and query-
30 minutes. What are my options?”
based spatial systems.
The Web 3.0 browser will analyse
These research methods are your query, search the Internet for
concentrating on the Web 3.0 possible matches, and organise
paradigm and the semantic the results in logical way.
15Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Goal 2:
A cadastre that is multipurpose,
accessible, easily visualised and
readily understood and used
Objective
To maximise the potential of the cadastre by creating more options
for its use so that it can be leveraged by society economically, socially
and environmentally.
Ubiquitous access to a multipurpose cadastre will create a more diverse
market place – one that meets a wide range of community needs beyond
simply recording the extent of land and ownership. The net result of
increased availability and useability will be a more diverse and efficient
service base that can be used creatively to build new products and services.
An easily visualised digital cadastre will generate a stronger community
Improved visualisation understanding of land and real property ownership. Improved visualisation
techniques are necessary techniques are necessary to building community knowledge both general
to building community and professional.
knowledge both general Outcomes
and professional. ● Open and transparent access to information, balanced with respect for
individual privacy.
● Customer-centric service delivery.
● A digital cadastre that can be utilised in multiple environments and
easily combined with other information.
● A digital cadastre capable of being readily visualised and understood.
● Current information is available in real-time, and easily leveraged
and analysed.
● A digital cadastre that is interoperable with global standards.
Actions and Innovations
● Position the cadastre to deliver on sustainable development objectives
by enabling its use in multiple information environments.
● Establish a customer-centric service delivery approach (see page 24).
● Develop methods to serve the cadastre straight to the desktop or
portable device of anyone, anytime, anywhere - to maximise use.
● Improve the discoverability of the cadastre using next generation
semantic web technologies.
● Make the reliability of data clear to the community of users so they can
make informed decisions on what data will best suit their needs.
● Understand the cadastral system’s key value streams in delivering future
business opportunities to a modern society.
● Develop an investment framework to stimulate new industry through
the development of new products and services.
● Present
the cadastre in virtual knowledge environments so the
community can draw the most value from its application.
16Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Enablers
● Strong government, industry, community partnerships.
● Commitment to transparency reforms and sharing principles.
● Consistent guidelines and standards.
● Data access and interoperability frameworks.
● An intellectual property culture that supports innovation and
investment.
● Research into semantic web, data schemas and knowledge
representation.
Benefits
Real-time access to the digital cadastre through various channels,
resulting in:
● B
etter use and integration of the cadastre across government, industry
and the community.
● M
eeting community expectations for access to cadastral and land-
related information anywhere, anytime, and on any device.
● A
better understanding of what the social and economic benefits to
the community are, and how these can be quantified to support future
triple bottom line reporting.
● I ndustry value added services and new business opportunities leading
to a more diverse market place.
Leveraging the Cadastre
Inefficient access to land and property information is limiting potential innovation in the
private sector [10].
The Ordnance Survey’s (OS) used to create 3D data files for making. Owners will be able to
GeoVation Channel demonstrates spatial cadastral data management evaluate different aspects of
how location information, in today. their property and enhance their
the hands of developers and home improvement and land
With ready access to suitably
entrepreneurs, is delivering new development experience.
formatted land and property data,
lifestyle products and generating
people will be able to visualise
innovative solutions to community Augmented reality has reached
and print 3D landscape models of
challenges today. The latest a new level of capability with
their property.
OS product release leverages mobile devices and high-tech
spatial information and gaming This concept is available in an eyewear, such as GoogleTM Glass[14],
technology MinecraftTM to build online environment at Streetmix now capable of superimposing
digital landscape models [11].
[13]
. The visualization tools allow information, pictures and video
citizens to design their own over the physical world in front
3D printing will take this landscape
local streetscapes. In New of us. This means visualising and
modelling to a new level. Models
Zealand, Streetmix is being used communicating future building
virtually identical to the real
on transport blogs to present developments, underground
thing are built from the bottom
alternative street layouts in utilities, and rights restrictions
up, one layer at a time using
Auckland. and responsibilities on land
new fabrication technology and
can be achieved in the field
intelligent labelling capabilities New visualisation techniques by professional users and the
[12]
. This technology extends the will bring a whole new aspect to community alike.
computer aided design techniques property ownership and decision
17Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Goal 3:
A broader cadastre integrated with
legal and social interests on land
Objective
To integrate the cadastre with knowledge about registered and
unregistered land-related rights, restrictions and responsibilities so
that people can interact and make wise decisions about land.
The cadastre is a fundamental source of land boundary data that can be
incorporated within a spatial infrastructure and compared and contrasted
with other registered and unregistered interests on land.
However, many rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRR) are not spatially
depicted, and some cannot be accessed easily. If we are to improve decision
making and make informed use of land, we need to integrate a wider range
of interests on land within a broader cadastral framework.
The cadastre is a
Outcomes
fundamental source
● A cadastre integrated with all rights, restrictions and responsibilities on
of land boundary land and real property.
data that can be
● The spatial extent of all interests on land and property are represented
incorporated within a unambiguously and depicted in a manner that meets the requirements
spatial infrastructure and of evolving tenures.
compared and contrasted
Actions and Innovations
with other registered and
● Extend the cadastre to include the spatial extent of de facto and de jure
unregistered interests rights and interests on land and marine environments.
on land. ● Develop methods and standards to depict and manage indeterminate
‘fuzzy’ boundaries related to rights, restrictions and responsibilities, such
as noise levels.
● Build
integrated models to enable vertical integration between data
themes depicting interests on land.
● Develop accuracy standards and models for the definition and
depiction of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the broader
cadastre.
● Builda capability to manage the dynamic nature of rights, restrictions
and responsibilities, such as daily and seasonal variations.
● Develop validation and automatic linking tools for the inclusion and
integration of third party data.
18Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Enablers
● ICSM governance model to sustain and guide inclusion of all rights,
restrictions and responsibilities in the broader cadastre.
● ANZLIC/ICSM policy direction and legal framework for defining the
extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities.
● An integrated cadastre based on industry standards.
● Agency and industry partnerships to fast track spatial depiction of all
rights, restrictions and responsibilities.
● ANZ Foundation Spatial Data Framework.
Benefits
Better government and community decision making, through:
● Improved access to information on the rights, restrictions and
responsibilities pertaining to land and real property, thus reducing
consumer investment risk.
● Information being available in an understandable form making it easier
for citizens to comprehend government policies and laws.
Enquiring on Interests
Landgate’s Interest Enquiry is a spatial information system that leverages the digital cadastre
as a point of intersection with other datasets to determine if interests overlap. Consumers
query the register to identify if there is any interest impacting an individual property.
Interest Enquiry relies on the risk associated with hazardous Vertical integration and
collaborative effort of several materials. the management of spatial
government agencies that provide relationships between data
“The system is proving so
the base datasets, from which the themes are logistically difficult to
successful that the conveyancing
property ‘interest’ information is manage when data is streamed
industry are keen for the
sourced and processed. There are from different agencies.
inclusion of more interests on
currently 55 interests available
land as stipulated in government Research needs to deliver real-time
including, Aboriginal Heritage,
legislation and policy” advises Mike data management solutions that
Bush Forever, Geothermal and
Bradford, Chief Executive Landgate. enable updates to be automatically
Mining Titles, Regional Planning
propagated between themes. In
Schemes and Acid Sulphate Soil
An ultimate goal is to improve this way, if a cadastral boundary
Risk zones.
the quality of spatial information shifts, then so too will the spatial
The Dampier to Bunbury Pipeline as this will lead to improved representation of the interests on
(Consortium) use Interest consumer confidence and trust. the land, such as heritage precincts
Enquiry to mitigate the risk that Currently, spatial information or planning zones.
developers will unknowingly is collected and managed at
purchase land that falls within their differing levels of precision.
hazardous industrial plant buffer Inaccurate data impacts the
zone. This buffer is stipulated by quality of decision making at the
the Environmental Protection parcel level.
Authority as a measure to minimise
19Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Goal 4:
A digital representation of the cadastre
that is 3-dimensional, dynamic and
survey accurate
Objective
To modernise the digital representation of the cadastre by
incorporating survey accurate, time series, and height data to capture
the complexity of our environment.
This objective recognises that the digital cadastre is an underutilised
community asset due to its current limitation in positional accuracy and
because it does not adequately capture the 3-dimensional nature and
dynamic characteristics of mixed land use and real property; where land
and property have extent, adjacency, height, depth and volume, as well as,
usage, materials and condition at any point in time.
To create a digital cadastre capable of supporting the changing needs of
the community, we need a highly accurate 3-dimensional model; one that
To create a spatial is able to better manage the ever increasing densification and complexity
cadastre capable of of future developments both above and below ground.
supporting the changing
Outcomes
needs of the community,
● A digital cadastre that is survey accurate.
we need a highly
● A 3-dimensional digital cadastre that aligns with the real-world.
accurate 3-dimensional ● A legislative framework that underpins a 3-dimensional cadastral and
model; one that is able to land registration system.
better manage the ever ● A digital cadastre that is capable of depicting dynamic (4-dimensional)
increasing densification elements.
and complexity of future Actions and Innovations
developments both ● Develop tools and legislation to model, manage, transfer and visualise a
above and below ground. 3 and 4-dimensional property data.
● Apply new technologies to improve positional and semantic accuracy
of digital cadastral data, and the currency of the digital cadastre through
implementation of automated processes.
● Implement a demand driven spatial upgrade to achieve survey accurate
boundary representation in priority areas.
● Align legislation and survey laws with a 3-dimensional cadastre.
● Develop accuracy standards and models for the depiction of
3-dimensional property (below and above ground).
● Propagate the dynamics of the geodetic reference system to cadastral
boundaries in a way that is accurate and transparent to users.
● Improve the integration of the vertical datum to support complex 3 and
4-dimensional depiction of rights, restrictions and responsibilities.
●
Skills development for land surveying professionals to ensure
3-dimensional system elements are maintained with integrity.
● Develop a Road Map to manage the transition to new technologies.
20Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Enablers
● Geodetic strategy for a dynamic datum.
● Industry consultation on revised Survey Law.
● Research and development into 3 and 4-dimensional digital cadastres.
● An extended ePlan Framework that includes 3-dimensional elements.
Benefits
Better managed land and real property, through:
● The availability of high quality information to support land use and
land development decision making.
● The ability to visualise land and property in 3-dimensions and as a
dynamic time series of property events.
● Clear representation of common property in complex developments.
Creating a Virtual World of Property
In the last 20 years we have seen a significant increase in the number of tunnels, underground
parking places, shopping malls, aboveground road and railway networks, multistorey
apartments combining commercial and residential, and roof top gardens. These types
of infrastructure have one thing in common; their ownership is difficult to register in a
2-dimensional digital cadastre.
During this same period systems [15]. “This research is The Queensland government
we have seen a huge leap showing that it is not just data is taking advantage of the fact
in computer graphics and modelling and visualisation that is that society has become avid
visualisation technologies and proving complex. A 3-dimensional users of 3-dimensional computer
in the development of building cadastre needs to consider policy, simulated environments, and is
Information models (BIM). Building legal and institutional aspects developing a new look spatial
information modelling has the as well,” said Professor Abbas infrastructure called 3dQLD for
potential to significantly advance Rajabifard of the University of everyday business.
cadastral data management as it Melbourne.
The 3dQLD infrastructure
captures the built environment in
will require land surveying
3-dimensions. This means the cadastral
professionals to incorporate
framework needs to evolve in a
At the University of Melbourne survey accurate boundaries and
way that satisfies the legal status,
researchers are investigating 3-dimensional measurements into
positional accuracy, registration
3-dimensional cadastres and everyday practice resulting in an
of interests and technology
examining the problems accurate 3-dimensional cadastre
requirements of a future
and issues associated with evolving over time [16].
3-dimensional cadastral system.
incorporating the third dimension
into our land administration
21Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Goal 5:
A federated cadastre based on
common standards
Objective
To operate in the national interest and equip society with broader
land and real property models to deal with local, cross-jurisdictional
and global challenges.
We work in a globalised world where making trade between countries
simpler is increasingly important to our nation’s business sector. Our
community is increasingly mobile and businesses operate across
jurisdictions as a single market.
Having to deal with individual jurisdictions for land and property
developments can be complex due to the different methods of operation
and laws. To compete in a global economy, jurisdictions need to consider
common trade hubs or single window systems that provide access to
nationwide land and property information.
Having to deal with This is the imperative behind the federated approach to the cadastre.
individual jurisdictions To understand global and regional issues, the Government needs a
for land and property Cadastral Framework with which to collect, collate and analyse regional
developments can be needs. Ultimately, Cadastre 2034 will lead to the provision of seamless
access to State and Territory based cadastres to understand and manage
complex due to the
trans-boundary issues and address economic, environmental, social and
different methods of cultural issues in the national interest.
operation and laws.
Outcomes
● Unified access to jurisdictional cadastres in real-time.
● Uniformity in polices, standards, guidelines and legislation.
● Roles of custodianship and stewardship of a federated cadastre are
clearly defined.
Actions and Innovations
● Create harmonised spatial data management processes and federated
data models leading to national outcomes.
● Develop a Data Access Framework that supports common access to a
consolidated version of the broader cadastre.
● Establish an agreed policy direction and Governance Framework for the
cadastre (land and property data).
● Develop standards and guidelines to facilitate data discoverability,
access and integration, nationally.
● Understand industry and community needs to enable the delivery of
future business opportunities in a broader marketplace.
22Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy
Enablers
● National Collaborative Framework.
● ANZ Foundation Spatial Data Framework Land and Property Theme.
● Common vision among stakeholders for a federated cadastre.
● ICSM governance framework providing leadership, accountability,
transparency, openness, integrity and efficiency.
● Application of open standards/interoperability.
● Collaboration to achieve mutual benefits for the public, government,
and corporations, as well as, the land agencies in each jurisdiction.
● ICSM communication framework to ensure a unified vision and
comprehensive stakeholder engagement.
Benefits
Improved response to global, regional and trans-boundary issues via:
● Unified access to nationwide land and property information.
● Adoption of interoperable standards, models, policies and laws.
Responding to National Priorities
Did you know that the regions of Port Phillip and Westernport have the highest primary
production land values in Victoria, at $17 billion, even though the primary production land is
the second smallest area in the State?
According to Mark Lound, Director information is transformed A fully integrated land and
of Environmental Account, into knowledge though data property model is currently not
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), integration; and how this available nationally. Consumers
“this and other knowledge can be knowledge can be used to inform are required to source data from
derived through the Land Account debate on issues that matter multiple agencies; and collate and
Victoria, an integrated system of nationally. manage the data independent of
spatial and statistical information other users. According to Helen
themes.” Finding solutions to National Owens, Director Office of Spatial
priorities requires access to Policy, this is problematic and
Further analysis of spatial
nationwide data. In the case of expensive.
relationships show that the high
land and property, this requires
value primary production area ANZLIC in conjunction with the
cross-jurisdiction cooperation
of Port Phillip and Westernport Office of Spatial Policy, Geoscience
and a consolidated view of State
is the result of the high value Australia and PSMA Australia, is
and Territory data sets.
of horticultural crops grown in working toward a Foundation
the region, the close proximity Current models require extending Spatial Data Framework that will
of markets and infrastructure, to include vertically integrated provide access to a national view
and competition for land near concepts for evidence-based of land and property, which can
Melbourne [17]. decision making, and not just be used in multiple applications,
traditional horizontal integration similarly to the Land Account
The Land Account Victoria
to address trans-border issues. Victoria.
demonstrates how spatial
23Cadastre 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Delivering the Strategy
The Delivery Model
Delivery of Cadastre Citizens today have an expectation that government information and
2034 will require holistic services will be delivered seamlessly and through multiple channels. They
thinking, innovative are not concerned about which agencies or levels of government deliver
the services; but rather that they have access to a consolidated view of
planning and a all available sources - government, industry and community gathered
collaborative approach data. They also expect that this information can be relied upon for making
to the stewardship of sound investment and lifestyle decisions.
information. To meet community expectations the cadastral service delivery model of
the future will be characterised by:
● clear custodianship and stewardship;
● a mix of authoritative and crowd sourced data with clearly defined origin;
● seamless nationwide access to multi-agency data;
● the integration of government information in understandable forms;
● a financially sustainable maintenance and delivery model
● real-time data access via multiple channels;
● a knowledge proposition, not just a standard information offering;
● a choice of 2, 3 and 4-dimensional virtual models; and
● a customer-centric service delivery approach where feedback is
embedded at key delivery points.
The goals indentified in this strategy are aligned with a culture of reform
and innovation along the cadastral information value chain. This is
depicted in Figure 3.
Delivery of Cadastre 2034 will require holistic thinking, innovative planning
and a collaborative approach to the stewardship of information.
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