Channeled review of drought monitoring approach - France
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Channeled review of drought monitoring approach
– France
Work Package: T1 – Meteorological and Hydrological Drought Monitoring
Deliverable: D.T1.1.1
Prepared by: INRAE – LESSEM (France): Emilie CROUZAT, Hugues FRANÇOIS
Date: 30/06/2020
INSTRUCTIONS
PURPOSE
As initial activity within T1, ARSO is in charge of reviewing existing operational drought monitoring
approaches over the entire Alpine area (T1.1). In order to obtain this kind of information for each
country, a T1 questionnaire was prepared to review in detail the drought-related indices, data,
platforms and products that are in operational practice in each of the 6 participating countries.
Information gathered through filled-out questionnaires set out the foundation for further work on
drought indices over the Alpine area, and consequently on what will be shown in the ADO platform.
HOW TO FILL IT OUT
The questionnaire below covers 4 topic (part A-part D): drought monitoring approach, drought-
information platforms, the regional & EU drought monitoring approach, and potential drought indices
in ADO.
We believe it can be filled out using the expertise available among the partnership. For a concise
overview, we kindly ask partners from the same country to cooperate. (idea: split topics among
yourselves with your fellow national partners; or write into a joint document file on SharePoint; or one starts,
the other adds in etc.)
For input required by the questionnaire that is out of the scope of the involved partners, we highly
recommend you to contact the observers and other national stakeholders – i.e. national or regional
hydrometeorological offices, water supply services, sectoral institutions who perform their own
monitoring that can be useful for drought detection, institutions responsible for early warning etc.
They can be your go-to institutions to get the most comprehensive information on a certain topic
available in your country.
However, each partner knows themselves best the situation in their country, and who to contact for
help, thus approach can be freely adjusted to meet the best outcome. The idea is to get one
comprehensive filled-out questionnaire per country*.
1REPORTING OBLIGATIONS and TIMELINE
Questionnaire presents a template for Country overview of existing drought platforms, indices and
products (Deliverable D.T1.1.1)*. It is foreseen that all input related to a particular country is gathered
into a single filled-out questionnaire, which then presents a deliverable D.T1.1.1. Based on 6 received
Country overviews, ARSO will prepare a Regional overview (D.T1.1.2).
The six D.T1.1.1 are due in period 1 that ends in June 2020. However, since a Regional overview is also
due in period 1, we kindly ask you to send their filled-out questionnaire to ARSO by mid-April, to allow
us time for the Regional overview.
* Please note: with “country” overview, we do not mean an overview of just those things that apply for or cover
the entire country only, but anything available within your country (at national level as well as smaller-scale or
local levels) gathered into 1 Word file of the questionnaire.
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
A) Drought monitoring approach
A1) Drought indicators in use
Please list implemented drought indices (or describe other drought monitoring approaches) used in
your country (or Alpine region) through which drought conditions are monitored, and specify its
characteristics as requested in the table. Please, copy the table under each sub-section as many times
as needed.
* Letters under type of index in tables below correspond to the following:
C: calculated based on national ground monitoring network data (gauge stations, built-in sensors etc.)
M: modelled value, R: based on remote sensing
Preliminary note: Indicators presented below are extracted from the CLIMSEC project and relate to the French
national weather service Météo France. Coverage is whole France, spatial resolution is 8km and 900
hydrometric points with associated river flows are modelled in the third step. Years of data availability are from
01/08/1958 to 31/08/2008 + updates. Temporal resolution of final products is hourly (or 3 hours). Outputs are
provided through a three-step modelling approach allowing for a coherent treatment of variables along the
process:
- SAFRAN model atmospheric analysis system Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
- ISBA model surface scheme Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI)
- MODCOU model hydrogeological model Standardized Flow Index (SFI)
References related to the SIM hydrometeorological model:
- Soubeyroux J.-M., Martin E., Franchistéguy L., Habets F., Noilhan J., Baillon M., Regimbeau F., Vidal J.-Ph., Le
Moigne P., Morel S. (2008) L’application Safran - Isba - Modcou (SIM), un outil pour la production
opérationnelle et les études hydrométéorologiques, La Météorologie, 8, 63, Novembre 2008, 40-45
2- Habets F., A. Boone, J.L Champeaux, P. Etchevers, L. Franchistéguy, E.Leblois, E. Ledoux, P. Le Moigne, E.
Martin, S. Morel, J. Noilhan, P.Quintana Segui F. Rousset-Regimbeau, P. Viennot (2008)) : The SAFRAN-ISBA-
MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, Journal of Geophysical Research D : Atmospheres
113, D06113 (2008) 18
- Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E., Baillon, M., Franchistéguy, L. et Soubeyroux, J.-M. (2010a), A 50-year high-resolution
atmospheric reanalysis over France with the Safran system. International Journal of Climatology, 30(11), 1627–
1644. DOI : 10.1002/joc.2003
- Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E., Franchistéguy, L., Habets, F., Soubeyroux, J.-M., Blanchard, M. et Baillon, M. (2010b),
Multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France with the Safran-Isba-Modcou hydrometeorological
suite. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(3), 459-478. DOI : 10.5194/hess-14-459-2010
Prix Norbert Gerbier Mumm 2010 de l’OMM
- Soubeyroux, J.-M., Vidal, J.-P., Baillon, M., Blanchard, M., Céron, J.-P., Franchistéguy, L., Régimbeau, F.,
Martin, E. & Vincendon, J.-C. (2010) Caractérisation et prévision des sécheresses et étiages en France à partir
de la chaîne hydrométéorologique Safran-Isba-Modcou. La Houille Blanche, (5), 30-39. DOI :
10.1051/lhb/2010051
- Soubeyroux, J.-M., Kitova, N., Blanchard, M., Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E. & Dandin, P. (2012) Sécheresses des sols
en France et changement climatique : Résultats et applications du projet ClimSec. La Météorologie, 78, 21-30.
DOI : 10.4267/2042/47512
- Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E., Kitova, N., Najac, J. & Soubeyroux, J.-M. (2012) Evolution of spatio-temporal drought
characteristics : validation, projections and effect of adaptation scenarios. Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences, 16(8), 2935-2955. DOI : 10.5194/hess-16-2935-2012
Meteorological (atmosphere) drought indicators
Name of drought index Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
(or indicator or
monitoring approach)
Short description (incl. Probability index based only on precipitations. A 0 value relates to
references/links and/or basic median precipitation volumes compared to the 30 years reference
ingredients, i.e. parameters period. Negative values describe droughts and positive values describe
used for calculation)
wet conditions (Mc Kee et al., 1993).
This index has been recommended by the WMO and allows for
comparison between regions with different climates.
Vidal et al. (2010) A 50-year high-resolution atmospheric renalysis over France with the
Safran system. International Journal of Climatology, 30(11), 1627-1644. doi:
10.1002/joc.2003
Type of index*: C - M –> field Observed window Month
C, M, R observations are used within index value
to calibrate (re- (i.e. day, week, month…)
analyse) model
outputs using SAFRAN
(Météo France model)
Reference period (if 1972-2000 Temporal resolution Calculation in hourly
applicable) (index refresh rate) steps
Years of index 01/08/1958 – Index value Grid - 8 km
availability (from to) 31/08/2008 projection: point, grid,
(+updates) interpolated?
Thresholds for drought Based on the statistical distribution of SPI (standard normal distribution)
Return period – comparable to JRC methodology for Europe
Return period Index Category
>= 25 years >= 1,75 Extremely wet
310 to 25 years 1,28 to 1,75 Very wet
(excluded)
5 to 10 years (excluded) 0,84 to 1,28 Moderately wet
0 to 5 years (excluded) -0,84 to 0,84 Close to normal
5 to 10 years (excluded) - 1,28 to -0,64 Moderately dry
10 to 25 years - 1,75 to -1,28 Very dry
(excluded)
>= 25 yearsYears of index 01/08/1958 – Index value Grid
availability (from to) 31/08/2008 (+ projection: point, grid,
updates) interpolated?
Thresholds for drought Same as SPI, cf. above
(current) Geographical SWI: France – Symposium zones (homogeneous climatic zones over
coverage France)
ECOCLIMAP = global (database I), with refinements over Europe
(database II)
Index provider Météo France
(which institution, contact)
Index provider’s
source of data
(where from, i.e. link to
database)
Index availability: free ECOCLIMAP = free to download online https://opensource.umr-
online (if so, where?) or cnrm.fr/projects/ecoclimap/files
restricted to certain users? SSWI: Monthly reports available on BSH at national scale and at the
Rhône-Méditerranée basin level (cf. below).
Other comments Land surface parameters: The ECOCLIMAP programme is a dual
database at 1 km resolution that includes an ecosystem classification
and a coherent set of land surface parameters that are primarily
mandatory in meteorological modelling (notably leaf area index and
albedo).
Faroux, S., Kaptué Tchuenté, A. T., Roujean, J.-L., Masson, V., Martin, E., and Le Moigne,
P.: ECOCLIMAP-II/Europe: a twofold database of ecosystems and surface parameters at
1 km resolution based on satellite information for use in land surface, meteorological
and climate models, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 563-582, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-563-2013,
2013. http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/563/2013/gmd-6-563-2013.html
Hydrological (surface waters, groundwater) drought indicators
Name of drought index Standardized Flow Index (SFI)
(or indicator or
monitoring approach)
Short description (incl. River discharge is computed for 900 reference points in France based
references/links and/or basic on outputs from previous models. It considers both surface flows and
ingredients, i.e. parameters groundwater flows to simulate river discharge and piezometric levels.
used for calculation)
Type of index*: M – Modcou model Observed window
C, M, R (Météo France) within index value
(i.e. day, week, month…)
Reference period (if Temporal resolution 1 or 3 hours steps
applicable) (index refresh rate) Daily river flow
Years of index 01/08/1958 – Index value Grid – 1-8 km
availability (from to) 31/08/2008 projection: point, grid,
(+updates) interpolated?
Thresholds for drought List index values & corresponding drought severity levels
5(current) Geographical France
coverage
Index provider Météo France
(which institution, contact)
Index provider’s
source of data
(where from, i.e. link to
database)
Index availability: free
online (if so, where?) or
restricted to certain users?
Other comments
Other drought indicators (socio-economic aspect)
Apart from pure meteorological, agricultural and hydrological indices and/or monitoring approaches,
please name any other indicators and other systematically monitored data on drought (including its
impacts) that you have experiences with. For example, forestry or ecology indicators, water price or
use restrictions, a media monitor, economic losses to certain sectors such as tourism, or any other
issues.
- Geotechnical drought: water deficit impacts subsoil water content, with impacts on
soil stability and possibly on constructions (expansion and retraction of clay in soils).
In-depth information on hydrological data
In accordance with the email, sent to the partnership by Mr Bertoldi on 19 Feb 2020, we kindly ask you
to fill out the following Excel table: Hydrological_Datasets_ADO.xls. For any questions, please contact
Mr Bertoldi.
A2) Early warning system approach:
If there is a drought early warning system in place in your country or region, please share with us the
following:
How is drought severity/warning level displayed?
The French official scale for drought comprises four levels :
- Vigilance: communication and awareness raising for general public and professionals
- Alert: first level restrictions on water uses
- Reinforced alert: increase in the magnitude of restriction measures
- Crisis: above this threshold, critical human water uses as well as survival of water-related
species are threatened.
Increase in the drought scale implies more and more severe restrictions in water uses applying to
domestic, agricultural and industrial domains.
Information on real time situation is available in a spatially explicit way and applies for a given period
of time, fixed by local public authorities at NUTS3 level.
What indices, data and information build each of the warning levels?
Thresholds for drought indices are specified at local levels for reference stations by NUTS3 public
authorities.
6They are regularly monitored through field measurements (river flows, piezometric levels on
reference points).
Statistical values of the drought indices are calculated for given return periods and provide the basis
for drought thresholds.
Values are available by reference point and NUTS3 units.
For instance, regarding surface water, the minimum mean discharge of the year defined for various
continuous durations d (1day ≤ d ≤ 30day), called VCNd (volume consécutif minimal), can be
computed for each reference point. In the NUTS3 unit Isère (département 38), drought thresholds
for surface water are based on VCN3 value on a 10 and 30 day-basis :
- vigilance threshold = value associated with a return period of 2 years of VCN3,
- alert threshold = value associated with a return period of 5 years of VCN3,
- reinforced alert threshold = 10 days after alert threshold if flows remain below alert
threshold
- crisis threshold = value associated with a return period of 20 years of VCN3.
These thresholds can vary along NUTS3 units.
Is it displayed regularly (up-to-date status) or when needed?
Up-to-date status – restrictions need to be announced for given periods over given areas (specific
measures)
Link to the website:
Propluvia (official decrees for water use restriction): http://propluvia.developpement-
durable.gouv.fr/propluvia/faces/index.jsp
BSH (hydrological situation at national scale) : https://www.eaufrance.fr/publications/bsh
Agence de l’eau Rhône-Méditerrannée (hydrological situation for the French Alps region) :
https://rhone-mediterranee.eaufrance.fr/milieux-aquatiques/situation-hydrologique/synthese-de-
la-situation-hydrologique-sur-le-bassin
Decrees with thresholds and reference points are available online at NUTS3 level for the French Alps
massif: https://www.rhone-mediterranee.eaufrance.fr/les-arretes-cadre-departementaux-et-les-
plans-dactions-secheresse
A3) Use of drones for detecting drought-related changes
In case your institution has used drones for detecting any changes on landscape that could be a
result of drought, can you share with us:
a) what kind of change were you observing (i.e. vegetation greenness, vegetation coverage, soil
moisture, disease spread etc.) and what was its purpose?
/
b) any documents on findings of such observations (links, files):
/
7B) Existing drought-information platforms
We would like to ask you to share with us other drought monitoring platforms for end-users, available
in your country or region. The description can be very short (a sentence or two), accompanied with the
information on its availability (whether it is available on-line/for public or restricted to certain
institutions/stakeholders) and the URL to the platform itself or reports and articles about it. Please,
copy the table below as many times as needed.
Platform Onde (observatoire national des étiages)
Short description The website contains near real-time data on water levels for rivers at national
scale. Information on low-flow levels comes from field observations by public
officers during the summer season (May->September; extended in case of
drought) based on visual analysis of water flows at fixed measure points.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://onde.eaufrance.fr/
Platform HYDRO
Short description The database collects near real-time information from around 3200 stations
at national level on gauge, used to calculate river flows, flood forecast, etc.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/
Platform ADES (Accès aux Données sur les Eaux Souterraines)
Short description The website contains data on groundwater levels and quality.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://www.ades.eaufrance.fr/
Platform NAÏADES
Short description The website contains data on the quality of surface water (physical and
chemical parameters, temperatures, hydrobiology and hydromorphology).
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://naiades.eaufrance.fr/
Platform BNPE (banque nationale des prélèvements quantitatifs en eau)
Short description This platform provides data on annual water uptakes in France from national
to municipal level (quantities, uses, and localisation).
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://www.bnpe.eaufrance.fr/
Platform Propluvia
Short description This website displays real time maps of official restrictions on water uses in
France due to droughts both for surface water and groundwater.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://propluvia.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/propluvia/faces/index.jsp
8Platform Cartograph
Short description The platform provides synthetic information on water resources (maps,
graphs, temporal trends, tables). It includes for instance the proportion of
permanent river which dried up per NUTS3 and year.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs http://www.cartograph.eaufrance.fr/donnees/1316148/2017
Platform BSH (bulletin de situation hydrologique)
Short description Monthly reports on hydrological situation are provided as a synthesis of
available quantitative data on water resources at national level (effective
rainfall, river discharge, groundwater levels, state of fill for dams and
reservoirs). Official decrees on water use restrictions are also provided.
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs https://www.eaufrance.fr/publications/bsh
Platform Report on hydrological situation for the Rhône-Méditerranée basin
(Synthèse de situation hydrologique sur le bassin Rhône-Méditerranée)
Short description Monthly reports on hydrological situation are provided at the level of the
Rhône-Mediterranee basin (where the French Alps massif stands) as a
synthesis of available quantitative data on water resources at national level
(effective rainfall, river discharge, groundwater levels, state of fill for dams
and reservoirs, soil wetness, water use restrictions).
Availability Available on line ; for public use
URLs https://rhone-mediterranee.eaufrance.fr/milieux-aquatiques/situation-
hydrologique/synthese-de-la-situation-hydrologique-sur-le-bassin
C) Alpine- and EU-level drought monitoring approach
C1) What are, in your opinion, the best performing drought monitoring indices or products – namely,
which indices and indicators (that are available for small areas/regions) should be applied on entire
Alpine region?
/
C2) What are other drought monitoring products which in your opinion present a good example for
further application:
Platforms:
/
Database:
/
9 Bulletins:
/
Good practices on (early) drought detection:
/
D) Potential drought indices in ADO
We would also like to ask you which indicators and indices should also be applied in ADO. Our
preference is the application of well-known indices and indicators, described in WMO and IDMP’s
Handbook (https://www.droughtmanagement.info/find/guidelines-tools/handbook-drought-indicators-and-indices/).
We would like your opinion on:
D1) Which indices and indicators, preferably from the WMO Handbook of Drought Indicators and
Indices, are most suitable for ADO platform?
/
D2) Which indices and indicators have proven in some situations not to be applicable or should be
applied with extra caution in Alpine region?
/
D3) Are there any other monitoring products (e.g. results of recent research, other indices or
indicators…) not listed in the Handbook or under section C of this questionnaire, that you consider
relevant and suitable for application in ADO?
/
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