Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition

Page created by Elizabeth Zimmerman
 
CONTINUE READING
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Corporate
          Presentation

                                       Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease
COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Forward-Looking Statements
  This presentation has been prepared by Alpha Cognition Inc. (“ACI” or the “Company”). This presentation includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Except for
  statements of historical fact, any information contained in this presentation may be a forward-looking statement that reflects the Company’s current views about future events and are subject to known and
  unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause the actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or
  implied by these forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,”
  “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “target,” “seek,” “contemplate,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology
  intended to identify statements about the future. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding the Company’s business strategy, future plans, market size, potential growth opportunities, capital
  requirements, clinical development activities, the timing and results of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, potential regulatory approval and commercialization of the technology. Although the Company
  believes that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations
  of the future, about which we cannot be certain. The Company cannot assure that the actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements as a result of known and unknown risks,
  uncertainties, assumptions and other factors. These risks include those associated with clinical studies and manufacturing; risks around development and commercialization of the Company’s products; the
  need for additional financing to maintain operations; risks posed by the economic and political environments in which the Company operates and intends to operate; market instability due to the COVID-19
  pandemic; the potential for losses arising from the expansion of operations into new markets; increased competition; assumptions regarding market trends and the expected demand and desires for the
  Company’s products and proposed products; reliance on industry manufacturers, suppliers and key personnel; the failure to adequately protect intellectual property; a failure to adequately manage future
  growth; adverse market conditions; and failure to satisfy ongoing regulatory requirements or obtain regulatory approvals. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this presentation and,
  other than as required by applicable securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

  This presentation also contains estimates and other statistical, market and industry data from independent parties or made by us relating to our industry. This data involves a number of assumptions and
  limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We cannot guarantee the accuracy and completeness of information from third party sources.

                                                      ALL CURRENCIES DENOTED ARE IN UNITED STATES DOLLARS UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                                                                                                                2
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Late-Stage Biopharmaceutical Company Focused On
                                       Neurodegenerative Diseases
                            ALPHA-1062: patented potential New Chemical Entity for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s
                            Dementia
                            • Potential best-in-class treatment designed to optimize efficacious dose, minimize treatment-limiting side-effects and
                              improve long-term outcomes
                            • Large 11M RX market characterized by high (30%) turnover of patients
                            • Initiating Pivotal Study with Approval Targeted in 1H 2023
                            • De-risked 505(b)(2) new drug application with a high probability of success
                            • 505(b)(2) supplemented with safety and tolerability differentiation data
                            • Patents extending to 2040
                             Pipeline provides multiple opportunities for value creation
                             • ALPHA-1062 + Memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s dementia
                             • ALPHA-1062 intranasal delivery for mild Traumatic Brain Injury
                             • ALPHA-0602 for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Orphan Drug Designation granted by US FDA)

                             Experienced Leadership Team
                             • Seasoned team with deep expertise with over 50 years of cumulative experience in Neurology and over 20 product
                               launches
                             • Track record of success in drug development with over 250 approvals in the USA and Europe

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.    1. Symphony METYS Retail 2019:Includes donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and Namzaric                      3
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Pipeline Programs

                                                                                  Phase 3 /   Status /
                Indication                      Preclinical   Phase 1   Phase 2   Pivotal     Upcoming Milestones
                Alzheimer’s Dementia
                                                                                              Initiate Pivotal Study Q3/21
                ALPHA-1062
                                                                                              Top-line Results Q1/22
                Enteric-coated Tablet
                                                                                              NDA filing Q3/22
                                                                                              Formulation development
                ALPHA-1062 +
                                                                                              ongoing for 505(b)(2) regulatory
                Memantine
                                                                                              pathway
                Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
                                                                                              Phase 1a/b studies completed
                ALPHA-1062
                                                                                              Ongoing animal studies of TBI
                Intranasal Formulation
                                                                                              Top-line Results Q1/22
                Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                              Ongoing preclinical development
                ALPHA-0602                                                                    to identify optimal construct
                                                                                              Top-line Results Q1/22

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                             4
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Alzheimer’s Disease Overview

                                        Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
                                                             for which there is no cure
                                             AD is characterized by loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain
                         Decreased acetylcholine levels and loss of receptors negatively impacts learning, memory and function

      AD Impacts an
       estimated 6 million
         people in the U.S.1                                      Estimated healthcare cost
                                                                     for Alzheimer’s and                                                          8 out of 10          Only 4.5 out of 10
                                                                       other dementias                                                          AD patients start on     remain on therapy
                                                                              $355 Billion                                                     an ACHEI as standard     at 12 months due to
                    1 person                                       per year and expected to                                                      first-line therapy2        side-effects2
                    is diagnosed
                                                                    increase to more than
                    every 65 seconds
                                                                              $1.1 Trillion
                                                                           annually by 20501

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.    1. Alzheimer’s Association 2021 https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf                                                  5
                                        2. Symphony Health
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
ALPHA-1062 Is A Pro-Drug of Galantamine With
                                       Decreased Side-Effects And Increased Bioavailability

                                       The formation of the benzoyl ester eliminates AChE inhibition; the gluconate salt
                                       increases solubility

                                       ALPHA-1062 is absorbed in the small intestine as an inactive compound with minimal
                                       or no side effects

                                       ALPHA-1062 is subject to 1st pass effect, cleaving the benzoyl ester, resulting in the
                                       release of galantamine (active moiety)

                                       Galantamine, the metabolite, is free to circulate with greater bioavailability

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                            6
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
ACHEIs Activity In The GI Nervous System Overstimulates Local
                                           Neurons Resulting In Side-Effects

         INTESTINAL LUMEN
                                                          AChEl absorbed
                                                         in small intestine
                                                                                   AChEl
                                                                   AChEl

                                                                           AChEl              Binds to AChE,
                                                AChEl                                      increases ACh levels
                                                                                            and overstimulates
                                                                                                                  ALPHA-1062 is
                                                                                               local neurons
                                                                                                                  absorbed as an
                                                                           AChEl
                                                                                                                    inert drug
                                                                                                                                      No activity in
                                                                                                                                   GI nervous system
                                        AChEl

                                Nausea                  Bioavailability
                                Vomiting                of ACHEI is
                                Diarrhea                reduced

                                                                                                                                        Nausea         Bioavailability
                                                                                                                                        Vomiting       of galantamine
                                                                                                                                        Diarrhea       is enhanced

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.
 COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                                                                    7
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Galantamine Enhances Acetylcholine Levels And Nicotinic
                                       Receptor Sensitivity
                              Decreased acetylcholine levels and loss of
                              nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
                              negatively impacts learning, memory, and
                              function
                                                                                                                                                                                                       B

                              Current  therapeutics1 increase acetylcholine
                              levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
                              (AChE)
                                                                                                                                                                                                 A

                              Enhancement of nAChR (a7/a4b2)2:                                                                                                                                    B
                              • Stimulates the cholinergic pathway
                              • modulates inflammation                                                                                                                                                     C

                              • buffers the effects of amyloid
                              • enhances release of other transmitters:
                                Glu, DA, GABA, 5HT - resulting in enhanced:                                   A Galantamine raises the concentration of Ach in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting AChE
                                                                                                              B Galantamine modulates nAChRs, making them more sensitive to Ach
                                  – Memory acquisition and retrieval
                                                                                                              C Raised Ach and enhanced response of nAChRs to Ach lead to greater post-synaptic response
                                  – Attention and activity
                                  – Stabilization of behavior
                                  – Inhibition of cell death and neuroprotection
COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.     1. Excluding Memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease.                                                                                                    8
                                         2. Lilienfeld, S. (2002) CNS Drug Reviews, 8(2), 159-176.
Corporate Presentation - Bringing hope to people living with Alzheimer's Disease - Alpha Cognition
Exploratory Studies Have De-risked Pivotal BA/BE Trial

                                     Bioequivalence Study Demonstrating 15%                                                                                       Parameters Required to Establish
                                             Superior Bioavailability                                                                                                   Bioequivalence3,4

                                     50
                                                                    Razadyne IR 8mg Tablet2                                                                                                                                ALPHA-1062
                                                                                                                                                                                      ALPHA-1062
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             11 mg                              RAZADYNE
                                                                    ALPHA-1062 SL 11mg* Tablet1                                          Pharmacokinetic                                11 mg
                                                                                                                                           Parameter                                                                         Enteric                             8 mg IR
                                     40                                                                                                                                               Sublingual
                                                                                                                                                                                             (n=10)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Coated                                    (n=10)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (n=10)
             Concentration (ng/ml)

                                     30
                                                                                                                                       AUC                                                   523                                  519                                  451

                                     20                                                                                                Cmax (ng/mL)                                          52.7                                 52.9                                 46.3

                                                                                                                                       Tmax (h)                                              1.50                                 2.49                                  1.1
                                     10
                                                                                                                                      90% Confidence Interval (CI) acceptance criteria is 80-125% for the test/reference ratio

                                      0
                                          0   10            20                         30                    40
                                                       Time (Hours)

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.               1. Alpha Cognition: Sublingual Tablet equivalent to 8 mg RAZADYNE, Data on file   3. Alpha Cognition: Sublingual and Enteric Coated Tablet equivalent to 8 mg RAZADYNE Data on file                                          9
                                                   2. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/021615s000_            4. FDA Guidance: https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Bioavailability-and-Bioequivalence-Studies-Submitted-in-NDAs-or-INDs
                                                      Razadyne_medr.pdf
ALPHA-1062 Pivotal Bioavailability/ Bioequivalence Study

                               Screening      1st Dose      2nd Dose       Bioanalysis            Topline Data               Study Report
      Food
      Effect
      Study                                 7-day Washout                 Data Analysis
                                                                           2-months

                                              Screening
                                           Study Report                1st Dosing         2nd Dosing     Bioanalysis   Topline Data
      Fasted
      Study
                                                          7-day Washout                  Data Analysis
                                                                                          2-months

                Study Design
                • Single dose, crossover under Fasted Conditions
                • Single dose, crossover under Fed Conditions
                • 32 Healthy Adults Subjects per study
                • Bioequivalence criteria: 90% CI – PK parameters for AUC and Cmax within 80% - 125%
COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                                        10
 COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.
Exploratory Studies Have Demonstrated Improved
                                                                         Gastrointestinal Side Effect Profile*

                                                                                       No reported GI side-effects with oral formulations of ALPHA-1062
                                                                                                (Enteric Coated and Sublingual Tablets, n=30)
                                                                                                                                          Diarrhea                Nausea & Vomiting
                                                                    40                                                                                                                                                                          37.8
                                                                    35
                               % of Subjects Reporting GI Episode

                                                                    30

                                                                    25
                                                                                                                                                                                  20.0
                                                                    20

                                                                    15

                                                                    10                                                                                          8                                                                        9

                                                                     5
                                                                                        0                    0
                                                                     0
                                                                                   ALPHA-1062 11* mg                                                      RAZADYNE 8 mg/day                                                  RAZADYNE Pooled AE Data
                                                                                            Single Dose                                                             Single Dose                                             (Doses ranging 8 to 32 mg / day)
                                                                                              (n=30)1                                                                 (n=120)2                                                        (n=2,932)3
                                                                                      Gal. equiv. ~8mg                                                                                                                       Median duration of nausea was
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 5-7 days per episode

                                                                            *Data from separate product monographs; comparative clinical significance has not been proven

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                      1. Alpha Cognition: Data on File                                                                                                                                                     11
                                                                          2. ISSO; Completed Phase 1 trials in healthy adults; J&J Reminyl NDA package submission
                                                                          3. RAZADYNE Full Prescribing Information accessed: https://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/RAZADYNE+ER-pi.pdf
Long-Term Use Of Galantamine Is Associated With Delayed
                                       Placement In Long-Term Care

            80% of galantamine-treated patients                                                                                            % Patients Living Outside of Nursing Home1
            were living independently versus                                                                                100%

          30% of untreated patients at 36 months1                                                                           90%
                                                                                                                                                                       80%
                                                                                                                            80%

               With each year of treatment with                                                                             70%
               galantamine, risk of nursing home                                                                            60%
                                                                                                                                                                                   60%
                                                                                                                                                                                         Galantamine –
                    admission reduced 31%                                                                                                                                                   Treated
                                                                                                                            50%

                                                                                                                            40%
                                                                                                                                                                        30%
                                                                                                                            30%                                                    25%
                                                                                                                                                                                          Placebo /
                                                                                                                            20%
                                                                                                                                                                                         No Treatment

                                                                                                                            10%

                                                                                                                             0%
                                                                                                                                   0   6     12   18      24      30   36     42   48

                                                                                                                                                   Months of Therapy

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.    1. Feldman et al. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009; 24: 479–488                                                                                12
Long-term Effects Of Cholinesterase Inhibitors On Mortality and
                                       Cognitive Decline

                • In an April 2021 Neurology publication, 39,196 Alzheimer/Mixed Dementia patients (Swedish
                  Dementia Registry) were evaluated between 2007-2017 with a 5yrs follow-up

                • Galantamine was associated with lower risk of death (P-value
ALPHA-1062 Offers Potential Best-In-Class Profile Versus
                                       Approved ACHEIs

                                                                                                                ALPHA-1062   Donepezil   Galantamine   Rivastigmine*
  Time to
                                       Faster onset of improvement when
  Symptomatic
                                       started at therapeutic dose
  Improvement

  Time to                              Initiate therapy at most efficacious dose
  Therapeutic Dose                     with low/no titration

                                       Reduced GI side-effects,
  Safety Profile
                                       low incidence of dizziness and insomnia

                                       Dual mechanism of action that​
  Mechanism of
  Action                               potentiates acetylcholine transmission
                                       and enhances nAChR (a7/a4b2)2

                                       Significant risk reduction in progression to
  Long Term Outcome
                                       severe dementia

  Reduction in Nursing Significant risk reduction nursing home
  Home Admission       admission

      *Rivastigmine is also available as a transdermal patch

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.       ARICEPT is a registered trademark of Eisai Co., Ltd.                                                                        14
                                           RAZADYNE is a registered trademark of Johnson & Johnson
                                           EXELON is a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Multiple AD Launches Have Achieved Blockbuster Status

                                                                                                          AD Launches

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.    Source – IQVIA National Sales Perspectives – 1993 through 2020.                 15
ACHEIs Market Large but Dissatisfied Creating Opportunity For
                                        Improved Treatment Option
                                         Prescriptions by Specialty                                                         Total Prescriptions
                                                                                                                     11.6
                                                                                                                     11.4

                                                                                         2019 TRx Count (Millions)
                                                                                                                     11.2
                                                         Neuro/
                                                         Psych                                                         11
                                                                              LTC                                                                 Rivastigmine
                                                                                                                     10.8
                                                          27%                 36%                                    10.6
                                                                                                                                                  Galantamine
                                                                                                                     10.4
                                                                                                                     10.2                         Donepezil
                                       Other                         PCP                                               10
                                       9%                           28%                                               9.8
                                                                                                                      9.6

                      • ACHEI Market                                                • 85% of newly diagnosed patients are treated
                              – 11M prescriptions dispensed per year                  with an ACHEI
                              – $5B in branded sales                                • High discontinuation rates of current
                      • Neurologists and LTC account for 63% of total                 therapies due to side-effects
                        market Rx’s                                                    – 30% discontinue treatment by month 4
                                                                                       – 45% discontinue treatment by end of 1 year
                      • Branded medications used more commonly in
                        LTC market

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.           + Symphony METYS Retail 2019                                                                                      16
Commercialization Strategy Will Leverage Technology And
                                           Focused Sales Effort At Launch
                             Commercial leadership intends to build
                               a best-in-class Neurology and LTC
                              sales force with the following focus:                      Success to be further enabled by:

                                                                                         Highly targeted and efficient multi-channel
                                       Potential key points of differentiation
                                                                                         marketing campaign

                                       Exploit key issues with existing ACHEI
                                                                                         Caregivers motivated to request ALPHA-1062
                                       treatments

                                       Franchise with potential additional indications
                                                                                         Limited payor barriers
                                       and new products

                                                                                         Strategic partnerships will be used to expand
                                                                                         ACI’s promotional efforts

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                                     17
ALPHA-1062 Opportunity

                                                                          De-risked
             Large but                           ALPHA-1062         Clinical Development     Near-term
        Dissatisfied Market                       Potential                Program           Milestones

                      $5B in sales             Reduced GI Side-            Single            Pivotal Trial
                    at brand price                 Effects             Bioequivalence      Initiation Q3 2021
                                                      and                  Study           Tolerability Trial
                                                Low/No Titration       required for NDA
                                                schedule required                              Initiates
              30% Discontinue
                                                                         Preliminary           1H 2022
                     treatment at                  Delayed
                       4 months                 Placement into          Pilot Studies
                                                                        support profile    NDA Submission
                                                Long Term Care
                                                                                              Q3 2022

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                            18
ALPHA-1062 + Memantine Will Expand Usage Into Severe
                                       Alzheimer’s Dementia

         Mild

                                                                                                                       • Memantine indicated for moderate-to-severe
                                                                                                                         Alzheimer’s dementia
                                                                                                                       • Often used in combination with an ACHEI
                                                                                                                                  – 7.7 million Rx written for memantine-
                                                                                                                                    containing product1
                                                                                                                       • 505(b)2 regulatory path for approval of
                                                                                                                         combination product
                                                                                                                                  – Precedent with NAMZARIC

       Severe

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.    ARICEPT is a registered trademark of Eisai Co., Ltd.      EXELON is a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.               19
                                        RAZADYNE is a registered trademark of Johnson & Johnson   NAMENDA and NAMZARIC are registered trademarks of Merz Pharma GmbH & Co., KGaA
Early Stage Pipeline Provides Additional Opportunities For Value
                                       Creation

                         ALPHA-1062 in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury                                                     ALPHA-0602 in ALS

                     • Acetylcholine transmission is impaired in TBI                                   • Progranulin deficiency results in exaggerated
                                                                                                         neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
                     • Galantamine efficacious in animal models
                       of concussion1                                                                  • Pre-clinical efficacy of progranulin in models of ALS
                                – Other ACHEIs have not shown consistent results2                        has been published

                     • Unique dual mechanism of action believed                                        • ALPHA-0602 is the full length progranulin molecule
                       to contribute to differential response1                                           delivered as a gene therapy in preclinical
                                                                                                         development
                                – Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
                                – α-7 nicotinic receptor modulation                                    • Orphan Drug Designation granted in 2020
                     • ALPHA-1062 Pre-clinical study ongoing
                                – Phase 1a and 1b intranasal studies complete

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.       1. Zhao, J et al. 2018. JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 35:362–374                                                             20
                                           2. Bondi, C et. al. 2018. RESTOR NEUROL NEUROSCI 36;45-57
Key Investor Considerations

                                       De-risked clinical program with accelerated path to FDA approval:
                                       targeted approval in 1H 2023

                                       Large established market; significant patient and physician dissatisfaction with
                                       current treatments

                                       Differentiated product that addresses areas of high unmet medical need

                                       Efficient use of capital with near-term value building inflection points

                                       Strong patent estate with protection extending to 2040

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                      21
Executive Team Has Over 250 Drug Approvals And
                                        20 Commercial Launches

                                                                                              $4.1M

                                             Michael Mcfadden                   Fred Sancilio                 Colleen Johns
                                                   CEO                President, Product Development   SVP, Product Development

                                                                                            $25.0M

                                               Lauren D’Angelo                Jeremy Wright                    Denis Kay
                                           Chief Commercial Officer        Chief Financial Officer       Chief Scientific Officer
COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.
 COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.                                                                                               22
Potential Catalysts & Upcoming Event

                2021
                                       Begin enrollment of the ALPHA-1062 pivotal trial in AD
                                       Complete enrollment in ALPHA-1062 pivotal trial in AD
                                       ALPHA-1062 pre-clinical study initiation in mTBI
                                       ALPHA-0602 pre-clinical study initiation

                                       2022
                                                    Top-line results of the ALPHA-1062 study in mTBI (Q1)
                                                    Top-line results of the ALPHA-1062 pivotal trial in AD (Q1)
                                                    Top-line results of ALPHA-0602 pre-clinical study results (Q1)
                                                    Begin enrollment of ALPHA-1062 label enabling study in AD (Q2)
                                                    Submit NDA for ALPHA-1062 in AD (Q3)

                                                     2023
                                                                Potential ALPHA-1062 FDA approval for mild-to-moderate AD (Q2)
                                                                Top-line data results of ALPHA-1062 label enabling study in AD (Q2)
                                                                Potential ALPHA-1062 label change (Q4)

COPYRIGHT 2021 ALPHA COGNITION, INC.
                                                                                                                                      23
You can also read