Current Status and Future View of EV/PHEV with Charging Infrastructure in Japan by Tatsuo Teratani Toyota Motor Corporation - OECD
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Current Status and Future View of EV/PHEV with
Charging Infrastructure in Japan
by
Tatsuo Teratani
Toyota Motor Corporation
Background paper for the IFP/IEA/ITF Workshop on
“Developing infrastructure for alternative transport fuels and
power-trains to 2020/2030/2050:
A cross country assessment of early stages of implementation”
OECD, 30th November 2012
1. Environmental Change around Automobiles
Automotive environment today is about to go through a large change. There are
“5 automotive major environments”, two of which have newly emerged: “energy
issue” created by new rising powers and their dramatic market change followed by
young generation’s new life-style and values, and “natural resource issue” such as
in rare earths, water and food (Fig.1).
Also rapidly evolving factors are “increased use of electronics”, “electrification”
and “system integration”. In the history of 126 years of automobiles, the last 40
years have seen a remarkable development of electronics, and the major focus of
interest today is on the EV and PHEV.
1. Environmental Change around Automobiles 1
Environment
Environment
Natural
Energy resource s
Safety
Safety Market
Market
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 3 Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
Fig. 1 Environmental change around automobiles
2. Environmental and energy issue over automobiles
The most important environmental and energy issue of automobiles for sustainable
societies are, respectively, reduction of carbon dioxide that leads to less global
warming and shift to new energy resource for less dependence on oil (Fig.2).
The majority of energy resources that we use today come from the solar energy
stored in the earth’s history of 46 billion years. We must again come back to the first
principle and consider the energy use for cyclical energy society. One of the
candidates for realistic solutions will be EV/PHEV where electrical energy from power
stations with low carbon dioxide emission will be used as a secondary destination. The
spread of EV/PHEV will depend upon the development of infrastructure and
high-capacity, low-cost batteries (Fig.3).
Diversification of Automotive Fuels and Powertrains
Primary Energy Automotive fuel Powertrain
Internal
Core technology
combustion
Gasoline
Save oil
engine
Oil
Diesel
Conventional
vehicle
&
Natural gas Gas fuels HV
Alternatives to oil
Coal Synthetic liquid fuels
Next-generation
PHV
technology
Plant Bio-fuel
Uranium Electricity EV
Hydro, solar,
geothermal Hydrogen FCV
power
35
Fig.2 Diversification of fuels and powertrains
10
Total Energy Management (TEM)
Emission energy toward the earth ； １．４ｋＷ／ｍ2 in Japan
1/ 2.2 billionth (1.8x1017kW)；
Power generation cost；Energy cost of 1kWh (Yen/ kWh)
・Water G. ；13.6 ・Solar for house ；44~66
・Oil G. ；10.2 for non-house ；73
・LNG G. ； 6.2 ・Wind P.L -size ；10~14
・Coal G. ；6.5 M&S-size ；18~24
Sun (Nuclear fusion) ・Nuclear G. ； 5.9 ・House ;Day （２４）、Night （１２）
・Geothermal G.；13~16 ・Vehicle（Gasoline）；40〜〜120
Recycled energy resource
・Solar energy
・Wind power energy
・Ocean energy
・Geothermal energy
・Waterpower energy
Non-‐‐‐recycled energy resource
・Fossil fuel (Oil 、Coal 、Natural gas)
→ P ossible life of mining
( Oil；４０ years 、 Coal； ２３０years
、 Natural gas ；６２years)
・Nuclear fuel (Low speed nuclear fission)
・Heavy hydrogen (Nuclear fusion) T he earth（4.6 billion years、6.5 billion people
900 million vehicle s, 65 million vehicles/year
Total Energy Management
6
Fig.3 Total energy management
In selecting automotive fuels, it is one of important things to select the fuels with high
energy density. This figure shows energy density per unit volume of typical fuels
compared with gasoline 10. Ethanol is 6. Gaseous fuel is 1 to 3. Batteries and Li-ion
battery is about 0.2 (Fig.4).
That is to say, energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline. For
gaseous fuels and batteries, we have to install the huge fuel tank and batteries, and so
there will be no space and car becomes too heavy.
Liquid fuels have still remained the advantage about energy density in automobiles.
Energy Density
Diesel
Volumetric energy density (Gasoline=10)
fuel
Gasoline
10
Batteries Gaseous fuels Liquid fuels
Ethanol
Hydrogen
absorbing
5
alloy(2wt%)
CNG
(20Mpa)
High-pressure
Lithium-ion hydrogen
battery (35MPa)
0
Energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 compared to gasoline..
Toyota estimate
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Fig.4 Energy density of automotive fuels
3. Connection of EV/PHEV to national grid
Automotive OEMs are seriously planning mass-production of EV and PHEV from
2012 and therefore they will need to consider electrical power infrastructure in their
mind because their vehicles will be connected to the national grid (Fig.5).
Consequently, we will need to develop “total energy management” as shown in Fig.6,
where “energy supply” and “energy store” are newly added to the conventional
“vehicle energy management”.
History of Electric Propulsion Vehicles
1870 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1st EV 2nd EV Mass. EV
Utility EV
3rd EV
Rav4-EV(Pb)
EV i-MiEV
e-com(Ni-MH) Leaf(Li)
i-REAL
Mass. HEV
Prius
HEV Civic HV Mass. PHEV
PHEV
Prius PHV
Volt
Limited Sale FCEV
FCEV
FCHV FCX
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 4
Fig.5 History of electric propulsion vehicles in Japan
8
“Vehicles of the 21st Century aim Sustainable Mobility !”
Energy Management
Energy Supply Energy Storage
Total Energy Management with Infrastructure
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Fig.6 Total energy management with infrastructure
4. PHEV ( Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) in Japan
Since 2009, Toyota has been testing of Prius PHV (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle) used by
600 vehicles and fleet-users worldwide with many field data results. And since 2012,
mass-production PHVs have been launched to the market. Figure 7 shows the
concept of plug-in hybrid vehicle. PHV will run as an electric vehicle on the charged
electricity for short trips and as a conventional hybrid vehicle for long trips. The best
advantage is there is no drive distance limitation (Fig.8).
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles （Concept）
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Fig.7 The concept of Prius Plug-in Hybrid
AC Normal Charging of Prius-PHV
Civic Center Home Home
In France
Super
Convenience Store
In China
18
Fig.8 AC normal charging of Prius PHV
2012 marked an increased activity of international standardization of electric
vehicles followed by launch of Prius PHEV and certification of AC normal charging by
JARI (Japan Automobile Research Institute), kicking off social design that secures
“safety/assurance” and “compatibility” for customers (Fig.9). Japan’s proposal and
contribution is expected for international standardization meeting such as IEC/ISO. It
is also important that Japan, US, EU and China cooperate together to enhance spread
of EV/PHEV to meet their regional infrastructure development situations and needs.
Fig.9 Standardization for AC normal charge
Work done for domestic spread of charging system in Japan
Japan is working on equipping infrastructure for charging as a national policy. “Next
generation automobile strategy 2010”, which was formulated in 2010 by joint effort s
of government and industry, states the target volume of 5000 quick-charge and 2
million normal charge machines by 2020 (Fig.10).
There are about 1300 quick-charge machines installed right now on all over Japan
from Hokkaido to Okinawa. Electric outlets at homes also count as normal charging
machines and therefore it is difficult to estimate the number of normal charging
machines but there believed to be around a couple of hundred thousand.
This is thanks to the introduction of EV and PHEVs in various models and the
financial aid by the government through the purchase promotion system, and also the
certification system that provides measures to assure compatibility and safety of the
charging equipment.
Keep the safety and rest for AC charging
・AC charging stands are increasing with mass-production PHEV・EV in Japan.
（ＭＥＴＩ Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 2 millions AC chargers until 2020)
・For expand of PHEV・EV, its important to guarantee safety and compatibility
between charging stand・ cable and PHEV・ＥＶ.
Saneisha Toyota Auto. Japan System
ＧＥ Panasonic Hasetec Bank Naigai –Elec.
etc
It is needed to keep and proof safety and compatibility
between AC charging stands and vehicles
Toyota Mitsubishi Nissan Honda
≪Prius-ＰＨＶ≫ ≪ｉ－ＭｉＥＶ≫ ≪Leaf≫ ≪Fit-ＥＶ≫ etc
20
Fig.10 Certification of AC normal charging by JARI
Meanwhile, energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles are also advancing
as seen in direct-injection, down-sizing, turbo-charging, idle-stop and lowered power
consumption of onboard systems. Even so, the European carbon dioxide regulation for
2020 is another step stricter and further electrification of vehicles is inevitable. We
therefore expect steady spread of electric vehicles.
5. EV (Electric Vehicle) in Japan
Purchase promotion system
The government or local authorities will provide financial support when purchasing
EV and the charging equipment if a set condition is met. The government support
provides up to 1 million yen through Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center forvehicle purchase. They will also pay half the equipment price for DC quick charging
and AC normal charging stand with fixed charging cable (Mode III) with upper limit.
Refer to the center’s webpage for details. Local authorities have their own systems
and need to consultation for details (Fig.11, Fig.12).
Short time charging is possible.
S p ecif ica tio n
・ S w . ; o n sta n t C o u r. P w er.
・ In p u ht： 3 P a se 2 0 0 V
・ M a x. o u tp u t： 5 0 k W
・ M a x. o u tp u t V o l. 5 0 0 V
・ M a x. o u tp u t C u r.： 1 0 0 A
４ ０ ｋ ｍ/5 M in . ６ ０ ｋ ｍ/1 0 M in .
D riv in g R a n g e w ith S O C 8 C
0% .
IEEJ Symposium （09.3; Tokyo Power Company）
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 26 Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
Fig.11 DC quick charging stand at Shopping-center
Rent- a- car in Okinawa
( Photo by Teratani 2011.9.9 )
Nissan Leaf
Quick Charging ; 25min.
( ・80% Charge; 130km
・IC card; Rent fee 20 €
・In Conv. Store; 5 €/ 1)
High-way SA; Free fee
27
Fig.12 Nissan Leaf of Rent-a-car in OkinawaStandardization for DC conductive charge
Configuration C Configuration C
Configuration A Configuration B
Type 1 Combo. Type 2 Combo.
Proposal C. Japan（CHAdeMO） China USA Germany
N. Voltage 600 V 750 V 600 V 850 V
N. Current 150 A 250 A 200 A 200 A
Inlet：9
Pin 9 9 7
Connecter：5
Charging PLC（Power Line or CPLT Line）
CAN CAN
Signal （Common Spec. according with ISO 15118）
Charging
special special CPLT（Common Spec.）
Protocol
Compatibility CHAdeMO China （GB/T） SAE J1772 ―
Shape
DC Charging Terminal
DC Charging Terminal
For Low Power; AC
For Low Power; AC
Memo. ― ― Coupler（Type 2）used
28 Coupler（Type 1）used
Fig.13 Standardization for DC conductive charge
Certification system for charging equipment
The importance of infrastructure for charging has already been explained earlier and
the certification system will assure the compatibility and safety. As for the DC quick
charging (Fig.13), CHAdeMO committee reviewed the design but there was no similar
body for AC normal charging. Accordingly, Japan Automobile Research Institute
(JARI), Registration Body has started product certification since April 2012.
The AC normal charging product certification is given to cable type with charging
communication function (Mode II) and to stand type (Mode III). This certification
consists of plant and product certification and covers various development stages
from product design up to final product function check and is world-first, full-scale
certification of charging equipment. This certification is conducted by third party
organization and does not have law enforcement power but it does assure the safety
and communication of various combinations of different EV and PHEVs and is
therefore very valuable in reality. Refer to the details in the webpage of JARI.
6. Current Status and Future Target of EV/PHEV/HV in Japan
There are already many mass-production HVs in Japanese market, and PHEVs and
EVs in use have been launched to the market as Fig.14.Figure 15 shows the roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan. For
increasing of PHEVs and EVs, charge points of electric vehicles(EV) are planned for
2020 in Japan (Fig.16).
Electric vehicles (EV) in use 2012
Battery electric vehicles (BEV) 28,000
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) 9,000
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) 1,500,000
Fig. 14 Current number in use of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan
Roadmap targets 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
BEV 15-20
20-30%
PHEV %
20-30
HEV 30-40%
%
Fig. 15 Roadmap targets of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan
Charge points 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Slow charge
20 thousand
Fast charge
Rapid charge 5000
Fig. 16 Charge points of electric vehicles(EV) in Japan7. Wireless Charging Method
Wireless charging method (the mat type) is being reviewed for wireless charging
standardization. Electrical power will be transmitted through an air gap of more than
100mm. Magnetic resonance type is promoted (Fig.17).
The standard is the only one (ISO-IEC61980-1) where the standardization work has
started. The wireless charging is still in the phase of research and development and
has many issues to be solved and therefore we believe we will need more time until
commercialization.
31
Fig.17 Wireless charging system (R&D Phase) of Prius PHV
( Nov. 2012 ; TBS-TV on air in Japan)
8. Future Vision for Sustainable Mobility Society
In Japan today, the electrification of automobiles, i.e. HEV, EV, PHEV, FCEV has
advanced and the development has come to mass-production phase. The
development of cooperative infrastructure and low-cost technologies will play a key
role for spread of EV/PHEV. The contribution of HEV and EV in the aftermath ofGreat East Japan Earth quake became the evening news’ spotlight and boosted the
development of emergency power supply and future V2H (Fig.18).
Energy Management （Ｖ２Ｈ） ：Green Electric Power
Renewable Energy ; Each Electric P.（On-board Battery,
Battery for Home, Grid ,Solar Generation）is visible for
Green Electric P. and decided timing and volume of V2H.
Green
Electric P. ： Solar Generation Electric
Data ： Green P.
Control S. ： Electric P.
Grid （Reflection of
Panel
AC HEMS Surplus Solar
EV・PHV Charge Generation in
Discharge Community)
EDMS
Green
Electric P.
Charging Battery
Stand
Green Electric Power for Home
=Renewable Energy
ØReduction of Carbon
Use ØPeak Shift, Peak Cut
ØSaving-Electric Power （Case of Time Sharing Contract)）
On-board Battery 37
Fig.18 Future image of V2H in Japan
In Japan, since last year 3.11, namely “ East Japan Disaster” electric power problem
has been treated with close-up. In Tohoku with the disaster, EV and HV have
contributed to supply electricity from on-board battery to home electric-loads, for
example, light, water, refrigerator, air-conditioner, TV and so on. For this power supply,
we call V2L and V2H. This slide shows the future energy management, V2H. Now, for
near future, V2H and HEMS are investigated in Japan. and for them Toyota has
started the verification test in Toyota city. It is important to be visible for green
electric power in future.
Figure19 shows Toyota's expected portfolio for future mobility products, in the
post-oil age. EVs will first be used for short-distance travel and FCVs for
middle-to-long-distance, while HVs or PHVs will come to replace most of today’s
vehicles.
Of course, electric propulsion vehicles ( HEV, PHEV, EV and FCEV ) have beencontinuously developed in the world, but its developing speed depends on the
performance of battery and infrastructure for them.
Image of Future Mobility Portfolio
FCVs
Vehicle HD Truck
size HVs & PHVs Route bus
EVs Passenger Car FCV
（BUS)
Delivery
Short truck
Delivery car
commuter HV
EV FCV
PHV
i-REAL
Winglet
Motorcycle Driving distance
Oil, Bio-fuel, CNG,
Fuel Electricity Synthetic fuel, etc.
Hydrogen
EV: Short-distance, HV & PHV: Wide-use,
FCV: Medium-to-long distance
39
Fig.19 Image of future mobility portfolio by Toyota
In the sales of mass-production EV/PHEV, we have recognized strongly that it is
important to think about three view points (1. Future view, 2. User’s view, 3. Maker’s
view ) for expansion of EVs. Especially, User’s view and User’s acceptance for
EV/PHEV is the most important in the market (Fig.20).44
Three View Points
for Expansion of EVs
View Point toward Future
・Environment
・Energy Security
User’s View Point
・Life Style
・Convenience
・Safety, Security
・Maintenance Cost
Maker’s View Point
・Performance, Reliability, Durability
・ Attention and Cost of Vehicles
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION Copyright (C)2005,TOYOTA MOTOR CORP. All Rights Reserved.
Fig.20 Three view points for expansion of EVs
9. Conclusion
The Great East Japan Earthquake shocked us deeply and gave impact on our
fundamental value on energy. We were faced with lack of risk management against
natural disasters, collapse of our “100% safe” myth of nuclear power, shortages and
distribution issue that became apparent in planned power cut, and finally the
supply-chain weakness that hit manufacturing industry. With this experience in mind,
our direction now is clear; we need to look outwards than inwards with brave mind for
change and open mind for cross-industrial information sharing. We will change a crisis
into a chance.
Technological innovations to focus on for electrification of vehicles are battery
(increased performance, lower cost of Li ion and post-Li material), power
semiconductors (commercialization of SiC and GaN) and power network (realization of
smart grid).Summary
１． Environmental Change ； 「５ Trends 」
→ ・Environment , Safety, Market＋Energy, Resource
２． Total Energy Management Era is coming with Infra.
→ ・”Post Oil”; Alternative Fuel, Electricity, Hydrogen
・ＰＨＶ（Plug-in Hybrid ）is one of the realistic solutions.
３．Wireless Charging System ; R&D Phase in Japan
→ ・Since 2012, Start of certification for AC normal charger
（ＭＥＴＩ Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 2 millions AC chargers until 2020)
・DC quick chargers over 1300 have located in Japan.
（ＭＥＴＩ Ｔａｒｇｅｔ： 5000 DC chargers until 2020)
4. ＨＶ，ＰＨＶ，ＥＶ，ＦＣＶ become very attractive.
→ ・Short；ＥＶ，Short/ middle/ long；ＰＨＶ，ＨＶ，Long；ＦCＶ
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