D.4.2: Step-by step methodology with initial criteria for assessment (WP4)
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Deliverable Report on
D.4.2: Step-by step methodology with
initial criteria for assessment (WP4)
Authors: Affiliation:
Monica Salvia CNR-IMAA (WP4
leader)
Hrvoje Maras, REGEA REGEA
Christos Nakos CRES
Sashe Panevski MACEF
Zoja Tarevska MACEF
Lilla Csanaky Energiaklub
Filomena Pietrapertosa CNR-IMAA
Senatro Di Leo CNR-IMAA
Date: September 2013
Table of contents
Author Page n.
Introduction M. Salvia (CNR-IMAA) 3
1. Policy-making Z. Tarevska & S. Panevski 5
(MACEF)
1.1 Policy-making process Zoja Tarevska (MACEF) 5
1.2 Waste Valorisation Sashe Panevski (MACEF) 6
1.3 Energy Efficiency Sashe Panevski (MACEF) 7
1.4 Sustainable Exploration of Renewable Resources Zoja Tarevska (MACEF) 9
1.5 Guidelines for Policy Makers Z. Tarevska & S. Panevski 10
(MACEF)
2. Best practices and available technologies M. Salvia, S. Di Leo & F. 12
Pietrapertosa (CNR-IMAA)
2.1 Waste valorization M. Salvia (CNR-IMAA) 12
2.2 Energy efficiency S. Di Leo (CNR-IMAA) 15
2.3 Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources F. Pietrapertosa (CNR-IMAA) 19
3. Changing behaviour of various target groups H. Maras (REGEA) & L. 24
Csanaky (Energiaklub)
3.1 Target groups H. Maras (REGEA) & L. 24
Csanaky (Energiaklub)
3.2 Instruments for changing behaviour of target groups H. Maras (REGEA) & L. 25
Csanaky (Energiaklub)
3.3 Actions by the project partners H. Maras (REGEA) & L. 31
Csanaky (Energiaklub)
4. Data and tools C. Nakos (CRES), M. Salvia 32
& Senatro Di Leo(CNR-
IMAA)
4.1 The tools M. Salvia (CNR-IMAA) 32
4.2 The ICLEI “add-in” tool C. Nakos, CRES & S. Di Leo 36
(CNR-IMAA)
4.3 The integrated technical toolkit M. Salvia (CNR-IMAA) & C. 48
Nakos (CRES)
4.4 The data C. Nakos (CRES) 49
5. Initial criteria for assessment H. Maras (REGEA) 50
5.1 Methodology H. Maras (REGEA) 50
5.2 Energy criteria H. Maras (REGEA) 51
5.3 Waste criteria H. Maras (REGEA) 54
Conclusions and recommendations M. Salvia (CNR-IMAA) 56
References 57
Jointly for our common future
2
Introduction
{Monica Salvia, CNR-IMAA}
This report aims to provide a step-by step methodology with initial criteria for assessment
which will be finalized based on the experiences gained during the implementation of the
project in order to obtain a final integrated SEE methodological toolkit for resource
efficiency with final SEE criteria for assessment. This core project output will not only serve
to support RE-SEEties partners and for the finalisation of their strategies, but the final
version will also be transnational, aiming to provide valuable strategic and adaptable
guidance for all SEE municipalities regarding how to improve resource efficiency by applying
smart strategic measures in city planning.
The development of this step-by-step methodology is the outcome of an intensive strategy
building process and stakeholder engagement. Strategy building is an iteratory process
providing a continuous exchange between the transnational and regional/local levels: the
initial criteria will be used to evaluate interim outcomes of partners’ strategy building
process. In turn, the outcome of strategy building at partners level, i.e. case study profiles
and case conclusions, will provide an important contribution to the finalisation of the
methodological toolkit, including final SEE criteria for assessment. With the aim of exerting
an influence on policy-making at all levels, the final version of this transnational output will
include policy recommendations for programming, using the feedback of key EU
stakeholders.
The proposed “toolkit” aims to support the step-by-step assessment for creating a highly
efficient and sustainable resource efficient future of municipalities promoting the
development of coherent and appropriate planning practices across SEE, in compliance with
the requirements of the relevant EU legislation.
The initial step-by-step methodology and criteria for assessment is elaborated by CNR-IMAA
as output responsible, supported by CRES, REGEA, Energiaklub and MACEF, as members of
the assessment and support group (ASG). This approach is reflected in the organization of
this report, which integrates in the toolkit competences and efforts of all the ASG partners.
Focus areas and key contributors of the proposed methodological toolkit for RE-SEEties are
represented in Figure 1.
This report starts from an overview of the policy making context (Chapter 1), summarizing
some of the best practices and technologies available in different sectors (Chapter 2).
Chapter 3 focuses on the key issues of changing behaviour of selected target groups whereas
more technical aspects are under consideration of Chapter 4, focusing on the main data
gathered by city partners and the proposed tools (software) selected by the ASG and utilized
at urban level to support the definition of resource efficient strategies. Last but not least,
Chapter 5 describes the overall set of initial criteria for assessment which will be customized
by each city partner in order to measure, monitor and report their pathways towards
resource efficiency.
Jointly for our common future
3
Policy-
making
(MACEF)
Best
Initial criteria
practices and
for
available
assessment
technologies
(REGEA)
RE-SEEties (CNR-IMAA)
Methodology
Changing
Data and
behavior of
tools
various
(CRES/CNR-
target groups
IMAA)
(REGEA)
Figure 1: Focus areas and key contributors of the proposed methodological toolkit for RE-SEEties.
Jointly for our common future
4
1. Policy-making
{Zoja Tarevska and Sashe Panevski, MACEF}
This is a summary of the main conclusions reported extensively in the technical report “Step-
by-step Methodology on Policy Making” elaborated by MACEF. This report took advantage
of the experiences gathered in the ZEROWASTE project and its Handbook served as an input
during the elaboration.
The Step-by-step Methodology on Policy Making intends to provide policy makers on
regional and local level with guidelines, starting from the process of policies elaboration and
following every step of this cyclic process. These guidelines will provide a general description
of the process, which will go beyond the specific topics and areas under the focus of the RE-
SEEties project.
1.1 Policy-making process
{Zoja Tarevska, MACEF}
The policy has to be originated and developed. The policy is an effort to accomplish a
particular goal. Moreover can be defined as a course or principle of action adopted or
proposed by a government, party, business or individual. The goal of a domestic policy is to
achieve desirable outcome depending on the issue. That does not make a difference in the
policy making process even though is for domestic/national level issue.
The focus of the process of policy making is to bring practical solutions to particular policy
development. Regarding this, every information of the process must be accessible, politically
useful and to find practical solutions to problems. Policy is normally best understood as part
of a cycle made up of five stages. Below is shown a commonly accepted graphic of the policy
making process that can also refers to the policy making process of the urban system frames
with focus on energy and waste management.
This feature diagrams policy making as a
five stage process.
This kind of policy making frames on
national level can be implemented by the
local self-governments and the urban
communities through local policies. The
strength of the local policies can be
notified when the policy makers on local
level stay to the policy making cycle and
observe all stages of implementation. As
we are elaborating referring to the
resource efficiency in communities, which
is consisted of various issues, staying
Figure 1.1: Policy making cycle strictly to the stages of the policy making
process, the outcome and the feedback will be positively more than expected.
Jointly for our common future
5
Local policies intended for the citizens of the community, the institutions that are within the
community and regulations that are conducted within the community. These measures
should be applicable in schools, hospitals, public institutions (under governance of the local
self-government), public enterprises etc. in order to make competitive spirit in terms of
energy efficiency. The competitiveness among them will be stimulated with rewards and
preferential measures or penalties for non-compliance with regulations or policies for
energy efficiency.
1.2 Waste Valorisation
{Sashe Panevski, MACEF}
Waste is defined by Directive 2008/98/EC. This directive describes waste as ‘any substance
or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard’. The waste actually
presents significant loss of resources in the form of materials and energy and it have big
environment impact. Landfills are taking land space and cause environment pollution. Also,
incineration results in emissions of dangerous air pollutants.
Aim of EU Waste Policies
EU waste policies aim to reduce the environmental impacts of waste and improve the EU’s
resource efficiency. The long-term aim of the policies is to reduce the amount of waste and
to promote waste as a useful resource, both as energy and materials.
European Union Waste Policies
The European Union waste policies are based on the Waste Framework Directive. This
framework directive results in several types of directives like Hazardous Waste Directive,
Waste treatment Operations directives and Waste Streams directives.
The figure 3.2 shows the European Union legislation on waste and the interconnections of
different types of waste directives. Below is the description of the most important directives
in relation to waste valorisation.
Figure 1.2: EU waste legislation
Jointly for our common future
6
Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008
on waste
The European Union directive on waste provides legal framework for the whole waste cycle,
from generation to disposal with accent to recovery and recycling. Through regulation on
waste generation and waste management, it influences the protection of the environment
and the health of the population.
This directive sets a hierarchy in the waste treatment (in order of priority):
• Prevention
• Preparing for reuse
• Recycling
• Other recovery, accent on energy recovery
• Disposal
The Member States must take measures for treatment of the generated waste according to
the hierarchy. But, the waste management must be implemented without danger to the
health of the people and a harmful effect on the environment.
1.3 Energy Efficiency
{Sashe Panevski, MACEF}
The EU is aiming for a 20% cut in Europe's annual primary energy consumption by 2020. The
Commission has proposed several measures to increase efficiency at all stages of the energy
chain: generation, transformation, distribution and final consumption.
The measures focus on the public transport and building sectors, where the potential for
savings is greatest. Other measures include the introduction of smart meters (which
encourage consumers to manage their energy use better), and clearer product labeling.
European Union EE policy goals
Reducing energy consumption and rational energy use are one the main goals of the
European Union (EU). The policies aimed at the energy efficiency are important for
competitiveness, energy security and for the commitments on climate change from the
Kyoto Protocol. There is significant potential for reducing consumption, especially in energy-
intensive sectors. In its policies, the EU took commitment to reduce the annual consumption
of primary energy by 20% by 2020.
• Competitiveness
The competitiveness of the European industry can be increased by implementation of
energy efficiency measures. In the European Commission’s Green Paper on Energy
Efficiency, the estimate on the reduced energy consumption by 2020 is 20%, which can save
a sum of 60 billion euros for investments. As a result of the investments, the
competitiveness of the European industry can be increased.
• Energy Security
Jointly for our common future
7
The European Union is dependent from energy imports. 50% of its current energy
consumption is satisfied by energy imports, though on national level this figure may vary.
According to analysis, this figure can go up to 70% until 2030. The analysis is based on the
fact that the traditional energy resources are more or less developed and there is insufficient
development in the renewable resources while the energy consumption is always increasing.
This brings the question about ensuring energy security. Energy efficiency is one of the most
important ways of delivering energy security. Reducing the waste energy and the habits of
the citizens, improvement in the industrial processes, energy management will result with
more rational utilization of energy and thus lower energy consumption.
• Kyoto protocol, Copenhagen Accord and Rio Declaration
The previously discussed 20% energy savings from energy efficiency would mean that the
European Union will meet their commitments defined by the Kyoto Protocol. The energy
saving will result in reducing of C02 emissions and will protect the environment for the
present and future generations. This means that it also promote sustainable development,
as one of the most important strategy goals of the European Union.
The Copenhagen Accord underlined that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of
our time and emphasize that it is needed strong political will to urgently combat climate
change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and
respective capabilities. The Copenhagen Accord endorses the Kyoto protocol. The
Copenhagen Accord contained several key elements on which there was strong convergence
of the views of governments. This included the long-term goal of limiting the maximum
global average temperature increase to no more than 2 degrees Celsius about pre-industrial
levels, subject to a review in 2015. There was, however, no agreement on how to do this in
practical terms. It also included a reference to consider limiting the temperature increase to
below 1.5 degrees - a key demand made by vulnerable developing countries.
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development set out 27 guiding principles for
sustainable development throughout the world. It states that the only way to have any form
of long term growth is to ensure that it is grounded in the context of environmental
protection.
Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency
This directive is the most important in the field of energy efficiency. It establishes a
framework for the promotion of energy efficiency within the EU in order to ensure the
achievement of the Union’s 2020 20 % target on energy efficiency and to introduce a way for
further energy efficiency improvements beyond that date. It lays down rules designed to
remove barriers in the energy market and overcome market failures that impede efficiency
in the supply and use of energy, and provides for the establishment of indicative national
energy efficiency targets for 2020.
Jointly for our common future
8
Figure 1.3: Overview of the Energy Efficiency Directive
The EED is as close as the EU comes to an EU-wide energy efficiency strategy anchored by
legislation. It is a framework directive which sets overarching objectives and targets to be
achieved by a coherent and mutually reinforcing set of measures covering virtually all
aspects of the energy system: from supply, transformation, transmission and distribution to
consumption. Member States must transpose the EED into national law by 5 June 2014
within their own legal, social, environmental and economic culture. It includes
recommendations on how to use financing strategies and national building renovation
strategies.
1.4 Sustainable Exploration of Renewable Resources
{Zoja Tarevska, MACEF}
Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources means sustainable development of the
renewable or moreover maximum use of resources and RES without compromising the
future generations.
For each region, country or city to have sustainable development in terms of using RES and
resources, strategy for sustainable development should be developed, and also strategy for
transport because transport sector is one of the biggest energy consumer.
The EU state of art policy making in sense of a sustainable exploitation of renewable
resources can be elaborated and analyzed according through the important
documents/directives of the EU.
The elaboration is according the Renewable Energy Road Map and the Promotion of the use
of energy from renewable sources and also from the proposal for the Global Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund. Relevant statistics are taken from the EUROSTAT
data base of the European Commission.
Jointly for our common future
91.5 Guidelines for Policy Makers
{Zoja Tarevska, MACEF, Sashe Panevski, MACEF}
In order to achieve resource efficient communities, especially from energy and waste
valorization view, the policy makers must take into account both on technological,
economic, political and demographic aspects. This chapter gives guidelines for policy makers
in view of three thematic areas: waste valorization, energy efficiency and sustainable
exploration of renewable resources.
Guidelines for waste valorization
• Use waste as resource
The waste can be useful resource, both in means of energy and recycling.
Using waste as energy resource can be important addition in the energy related problems on
local, national and regional level. Several treatments can result in production of energy, like:
- Incineration - useful steam, hot water, hot air and electricity;
- Composting - good quality compost and bio-gas, while avoids the
greenhouse gas emissions.
With recycling, waste can be used on recovery operation by which waste materials are
reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other
purposes.
• Choice the right set of waste treatment technologies
The right type of treatment can have important influence and gains toward reducing the
amount of waste and utilization of waste as resource. For example, a landfill with good
incineration plant with heat recovery system can reduce the waste that is landfilled and
produce useful steam, hot water, hot air and electricity.
• Promote waste separation
Separation is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. Waste sorting
can occur manually at the household or automatically separated in materials recovery
facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems.
• Reuse products
The reuse of waste is tightly connected to reduce of the waste creation. Typically, the
products that are not in use are considered as waste. But some of those products can be
reused with different function (ex. glass jar for food keeping), can be used with repairmen,
donating, selling etc. This way, reuse also leads to reduce.
• Recycle materials
With recycle, the materials that are considered as waste can become resources. The waste
materials can change its form into useful products. This process also has environmental and
financial benefit. Recycle is recommended when reducing and reusing are not a possibility.
Guidelines for energy efficiency
• Setting requirements for new and existing buildings
Jointly for our common future
10The new buildings must comply with the minimum requirements. Before the construction
starts, there must be a feasibility study that will consider the renewable resources,
cogeneration systems etc.
The existing buildings must comply with the minimum requirements when undergoing major
reconstruction, so its systems will satisfy the national, regional and European requirements.
• Energy Management
This measure provides support for assessment of potential energy savings in industrial plants
through an implementation of energy audit. The audit scheme for the industry should
include:
- Mandatory energy audits for companies with an annual energy consumption
of more than prescribed in the Rulebook on energy audits;
- Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs.
- Introduction and implementation of ISO 50001 scheme for Energy
Management in industry.
• Maximal use of public transport
Public transport is a shared passenger transport service available to the general public. This
type of mass transit is considered significantly more efficient than any other type of
transport. A study by the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute found
that public transportation in the U.S uses approximately half the fuel required by cars.
"Private vehicles emit about 95 percent more carbon monoxide, 92 percent more volatile
organic compounds and about twice as much carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide than public
vehicles for
Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable resources
• Feed-in tariffs
Feed in tariff is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable
energy technologies. It achieves this by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy
producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each technology. The goal of feed-in
tariffs is to offer cost-based compensation to renewable energy producers, providing the
price certainty and long-term contracts that help finance renewable energy investments.
• Energy Audits with recommendation of RES measures
Energy Audits are almost everywhere mandatory in given time period. Good policy
recommendation is for the Energy Audit Report to include justified and economical
renewable energy sources measures for implementation on the building in question. The
analysis of the possibilities in the report will be also educational and motivational for the
building owner.
• Compliance with legal obligations and contracts (“polluters pay”)
If the big polluters cannot be forced to stop the pollution that the legal obligations and
contract must ensure that they will pay for the pollution. The money then will be used for
environmental actions and projects that will compensate for the pollution of the polluters.
Jointly for our common future
112. Best practices and available technologies in Europe
{Monica Salvia, CNR-IMAA}
Best practices are intended as effective initiatives and strategies which have resulted in real
improvements for both the local governments and citizens. The idea is that municipalities
could learn from these examples and identify simple and innovative solutions to improve the
current and future management of energy and waste management systems. The concept of
Best Available Techniques (BAT) was introduced as a key principle in the IPPC Directive
96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control 96/61/EC: 'best available
techniques' mean the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities
and their methods of operation.
This Chapter aims to provide local and regional authorities a quick overview of successful
experiences carried out all around Europe in terms of waste valorisation, energy efficiency
and sustainable exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES). More detailed information
can be found in the RE-SEEties Deliverable Report on EU state-of-art on resource efficiency
(M. Salvia et al., 2013).
2.1 Waste valorization
{Monica Salvia, CNR-IMAA}
Best practices in the integrated solid waste management can be identified with reference to
all phases involved in the management of waste flows (e.g. Production and prevention,
Separation, Collection, Transportation, Disposal, Recycling, Energy recovery, Treatment,
Public awareness, Tariff system, Integrated waste management system).
As an example, some of the best practices outlined by the WASMAN project are summarised
in Table 2.1 (WASMAN, 2011).
Topic and Location Title and Brief description of the best practice
Public awareness ZERO WASTE STRATEGY WITH PARTICIPATION PROCESS
(Italy - Capannori, Lucca) The municipality of Capannori, the first Italian town council to adopt a “Zero
waste strategy”, has undertaken a complete re-organisation of the waste
management service, building an environmental policy with two main drivers:
sustainability and participation.
Prevention SPARKLING WATER FROM PUBLIC FOUNTAINS
(Italy - Umbria) Some local administrations in Umbria have installed public fountains of either
still and sparkling water from which the town dwellers can get supplies of
drinking-water coming from the town waterworks.
Separation INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMICAL INCENTIVES TO IMPROVE SEPARATE
Italy (Genova) COLLECTION
Economical incentive (bonus) for people involved in separate collection thanks
to an identification of users with a personal budge and weighting sorted waste.
Data (type of waste, amount, owner name…) are transmitted by PC and the
bonus cumulated is detracted from the annual waste invoice.
Prevention LAST MINUTE MARKET PROJECT
Jointly for our common future
12Italy (University of Bologna) Last Minute Market, spin-off society of the University of Bologna, has
developed a model of recovery of assets not sold or marketed, but still
perfectly usable for charitable organizations.
Production & Prevention THE WASTE: WITH THE PREVENTION, A REVOLUTION AND A MULTITUDE OF
(France –Montpelier) INITIATIVES
Implement a process of progress allowing producing less waste, through the
reduction, the repair, the re-use, and more globally the consciousness citizen.
Energy Recovery WASTE COULD GENERATE UP TO 7% OF SPANISH ELECTRICITY
(Spain) Generating electricity from waste releasing landfill sites from methane and
other polluting gases, so incinerating solid urban waste will reduce the volume
of waste, as well as the implicit risks of landfills themselves.
Production & Prevention FAIR CHARGE, PAY-AS-YOU-THROW FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE IN THE
(Spain – Barcelona) MUNICIPALITY OF ARGENTONA
A pay-per-bag scheme for refuse and packaging, both for households and
commercial activities. It is based on the principle of "who recycles and reduces,
pays less."
Production & Prevention TITLE LOVE FOOD HATE WASTE
(U.K.) Aims to raise awareness of the issue and offer consumers easy and helpful
recipes for using up leftovers and handy tips and advice to help all of us waste
less food.
Prevention CLEAN POINTS
(Spain) Consist in a plant where you can deposit separately (according to the
characteristics) the waste that you generate in your home and that you can't
deposit it in the normal containers, for example appliances, furniture, scrap...
This plant facilitates the reuse, recycling and elimination of waste.
Recycling DEPOSIT/RETURN SYSTEM
(Germany) The price of the drink package (glass, plastic, aluminium) includes a deposit
(25ctms €) that you can recover when you take them to the establishment.
Germany introduced it in 2003 and has achieved 98.5% recycling of cans and
plastic bottles.
Recycling THE HELLENIC RECOVERY RECYCLING CORPORATION (HE.R.R.CO S.A.)
(Greece) The Hellenic Recovery Recycling Corporation (HE.R.R.Co S.A.) .HE.R.R.Co has
developed and implemented the Collective Alternative Management System –
“RECYCLING” (C.A.M.S. – RECYCLING) in the country.
Prevention ECO-TAXATION GOOD PRACTICE IN WASTE PREVENTION
(Belgium) Eco-taxation on disposable plastic bags, disposable kitchen utensils, food wrap
& aluminums foil.
Treatment AUTOMATED BIOLOGICAL REACTOR
(Cyprus - Larnaka) Automated biological reactor which can selectively produce two different
materials (Compost and solid recovered fuel). The remainings after the
combustion, is practically free from organic substances.
Collection/Transportation STATIONARY PNEUMATIC WASTE COLLECTION
(Sweden) Waste is transported underground, at long distances in pipes to a collection
station, where it is compacted in closed containers. A stationary pneumatic
waste collection system uses air to transport the waste. The air flow is
generated by exhausters creating a negative pressure in the pipe system
Treatment PROXIMITY (FARM) COMPOSTING IN AUSTRIA
(Austria) 20 farmers as full scale partners in bio-waste collection and farm composting
Name of region/ municipality: Upper Austria/ Freistadt district
Public awareness CHEAPER WITH KOKO
(Slovenia – Vrhnika) Public Utility Vrhnika is also an example of public awareness raising an
cooperation with their users. They regularly conduct various activities and have
an extensive set of communication tools for their users
Treatment SMALL SCALE ORGANICS PROCESSING – BIO-BINS
(New Zealand) The technology consists of enclosed drums in which rotating paddles mixed
and move organic waste placed in one end to the other end where it is
removed as compost.
Jointly for our common future
13Integrated waste INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN OSLO
management system An integrated waste management system concentrated on waste sorting and
(Norway) recycling, based on the Waste Management Hierarchy.
Energy recovery USE OF LANDFILL GAS IN TOWN GAS PRODUCTION
(Hong Kong) This system extracts gas from landfill sites and turns waste into energy.
Recycling - Energy recovery MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
(Sydney, Australia / Falkirk, It recovers recyclates and produces renewable energy while also helping to
Scotland & UK / Tel Aviv, reduce carbon emissions.
Israel / Riverside, California
USA)
Collection/Transportation/ SOLAR-POWERED PUBLIC TRASH & RECYCLING CONTAINERS
Disposal This system uses the power of the sun to compact trash after it is deposited
(Massachusetts) into the container.
Public awareness EUROPEAN WEEK FOR WASTE REDUCTION
(Europe) Public authorities, associations, businesses, industry, educational institutions
and others interested in carrying out awareness-raising actions during the
Week can register as Project Developers. Their actions must be registered in
pre-defined categories, such as ‘raising public awareness’, ‘better production’
or ‘better consumption’.
Table 2.1: Some examples of European best practices in waste prevention (Source: Best Practice Report of the
MED WASMAN project, 2011)
Successful examples of waste prevention strategies helping to reduce Europe’s
environmental impact and improve its resource efficiency are available across the EU. Some
of this examples are summarized in Table 2.2 (European Commission, 2010). More details on
good waste practices across the EU and beyond are available at the European Commission
“Waste Prevention - Best Practices” webpage.
Examples of best practices Brief description
National Industrial The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme has created a market which puts
Symbiosis Programme (UK) together those producing waste with those who can use it, and are willing to
pay the most for it. By turning pastry waste into electricity, converting fatty
acids into biodiesel, and so on, they estimate that the whole programme has
boosted the UK economy by as much as €3 billion.
Eco-point initiative (Italy) Dry food sold in bulk through dispensers at Italian supermarkets reduces
packaging and allows customers to buy the amount they want. This is not only
good for the environment but saves shoppers money – between 10 and 70%
compared to the price of packaged goods. The 30 Eco-points in Italy and
Switzerland prevent the use of an estimated 1 million packages per year.
Vienna waste prevention The focus is on spending public money on green products and services (green
programme (Austria) public procurement), helping small firms become more eco-efficient, the
promotion of re-use and repair of goods, and awareness-raising for cultural
services. As a result, citizens can buy and sell used appliances through an online
flea market, preventing around 1,000 tonnes of waste annually. Around 400
tonnes of appliances are repaired annually at local repair and service centres,
while eco-efficiency advice has helped save businesses around €34 million
since 1998 and prevented over 100,000 tonnes of waste.
Menu Dose Certa (Portugal) The pioneering Menu Dose Certa or Right-Sized Menu project aims to support
restaurants in creating menus that generate less food waste. Porto’s waste
management organisation LIPOR aims to reduce food waste by 48.5 kilos per
year per restaurant client by 2011 by promoting a balanced diet raising
awareness of food waste. That means changing attitudes and behavior to
eating and encouraging restaurants to cut portion sizes and serve better-
balanced meals.
Jointly for our common future
14Stop-Pub (France) French households receive an average of 15 kg of junk mail each year, adding
up to almost a million tonnes of waste. Operation ‘Stop Pub’ was launched as
part of France’s national waste prevention plan. The Ministry of Energy and
Environment produced a postbox sticker expressing the resident’s wish not to
receive unaddressed mail. The stickers have led to a signifycant reduction in
the amount of junk mail in household waste.
Kringloop Re-use Centres Kringloop Re-use Centres extend the useful life of discarded clothes,
(Belgium) appliances, kitchenware, furniture, books records and bicycles. Almost 50,000
tonnes of discarded items were collected in 2008, a 10% increase on 2007.
Launched in 1992, the long-term aim is to achieve an annual re-use volume of 5
kg per inhabitant.
Table 2.2: Some examples of European best practices in waste prevention (Source: European Commission, 2010)
2.2 Energy efficiency
{Senatro Di Leo, CNR-IMAA}
Energy efficiency deals with using less energy maintaining an equivalent level of activity or
economic service. Improving energy efficiency is one of the pillars of the European Union
strategy for sustainable economic growth and is also one of the most effective way to ensure
the security of energy supply and to reduce greenhouse gases and other pollutants
emissions. It was estimated that the most significant energy savings can be achieved in
residential and commercial buildings, with a reduction potential estimated respectively at
27% and 30%, in the manufacturing industry, with the possibility of saving of about 25% and
in the transport, with a reduction in energy consumption to 26% (COM/2006/0545).
The main solutions for increasing energy efficiency in different macroeconomic sectors
(Residential and Commercial, Power & Heat, Industry, Transport) are reported in Table 2.3.
Energy savings in Residential and Commercial
Reduction of heat loss through the building envelope:
-Thermal insulation of roofs and/or external walls
-Double glazing and low-emissivity glass
-Solar control glass, allow the passage of sunlight through a window or a building facade, operating
simultaneously irradiation and reflection outside of a large part of the solar heat. In this way the interior spaces
remain bright and much cooler than the use of normal glass.
Space and Water Heating
-Condensing boilers (natural gas fuelled)
-Heat pumps
-Trigeneration: efficient system for combined production of electricity, heat and cooling from a single plant
-Thermostatic valves. They allow to avoid wastage of energy and to improve comfort stabilizing the temperature
at different levels in the different rooms according to the needs.
Lighting
- compact fluorescent lamps (for Residential)
- tube fluorescent lamps (for Commercial)
- high pressure sodium vapour lamps (in public lighting)
- LED technology
Best results are obtained by coupling to the lighting systems also the luminous flux regulation. It can be effected
by means of actuators that can also turn on or off the light points according to special logic (in time, to achieve
the level of illumination, for presence persons).
Jointly for our common future
15Electricity production and distribution
Cogeneration: it is the combined production of electricity and heat, using a single energy source. The electricity
produced by cogeneration can be obtained using fossil fuels (natural gas, diesel, gasoline) or renewable sources
(vegetable oil, biogas, biomass). There are several technologies used to produce electricity and heat at the same
time (CHP, Combined Heat and Power): internal combustion engines, gas micro-turbines, fuel cells and turbo-
generators.
Micro-cogeneration (micro-CHP): it is the combined and efficient production of electricity and heat carried out in
a cogeneration plant with a size lower than 50 kW of electricity.
Smart grids for efficient distribution of electricity: They uses innovative products and services together with
intelligent technologies for monitoring, control, communication, in order to facilitate the connection and
operation of heterogeneous electrical generators of any size and technology.
Industry
On site co-generation of heat and electricity
On site tri-generation of heat, electricity and cool
Rehabilitation of boilers (enhanced controls, economizers, improved insulation, regenerative burners,
automatic blow-down, etc.)
Replacement of old gas boilers with condensing boilers
Switch from electricity heating to fuel based direct heating
Process improvements including enhanced controls
Rehabilitation of steam distribution systems: installation of steam traps, increased condensate
recovery, etc.
Installation of heat recovery from processes (e.g., installation of economizers for pre-heating purposes,
heat recovery for space heating, heat recovery for drying, etc.), and/or air ventilation
Installation of absorption chillers
Installation of new chillers
Installation of Variable Speed Drives on selected electric motors
Rehabilitation of compressed air systems (e.g., decentralization and/or resizing of air compressors,
replacing of old air compressors with new efficient ones)
Rehabilitation of power distribution systems (e.g., replacement of old or oversized transformers,
installation of capacitors to reduce reactive power consumption, etc.)
Implementation of Energy Management Systems
Moreover, an accurate maintenance procedures could contribute to energy savings, such as insulation of ducts,
cleaning air filters and automatic valves as well as adjusting the power factor or the installation of pumps and
fans (in order to allow fluids to enter and hanging out with regularity).
Transport
Hybrid vehicles: they are characterized by a thermal-electric hybrid drive with the availability of two (or more)
energy sources, namely a primary energy converter (internal combustion engine, turbo-gas, fuel cell) and one (or
more) storage systems.
Intelligent Transport System: It is based on the application of information technology and telecommunications to
transport systems, through the collection, processing and distribution of information, it allows to improve
mobility, and optimize modes of transport of people and goods.
New policies for mobility demand alternatives to road transport, such as:
-larger use of public transport
-car-sharing and car-pooling
-choosing to travel on foot or by bicycle
-as concerns freight transport a more efficient alternative modes are the use of maritime or rail transport.
Table 2.3: Some examples of energy savings options in the economic sectors.
Jointly for our common future
16Some examples of European best practices aimed to improve the energy efficiency of
buildings, lighting, electricity production and distribution, industry and transport are
reported in Table 2.4 (source: the Energy-cities database).
Buildings
Examples of best practices Brief description
2
A new positive energy office The office is a 4 floors building of 1784 m gross area with an external insulation.
building is constructed in A focus is made on light control, favouring natural light. Innovative windows are
the de Bonne district in installed as well as double flow ventilation for the whole building and a simple
Grenoble France flow for each room. Electricity consumption are 6 times less than the
consumption of a building complying with the current French thermal
regulations.
A pilot project for The project involved the replacement of old fans with highly efficient standard-
ventilation optimization at drive chamber fans. The fans were equipped with frequency converter control
Konala Secondary School - for adjusting the air volume in accordance with the CO2 content, temperature,
Helsinki. humidity and the differential pressure of the actual air-conditioning
requirements. As a result of these procedures, an overall energy saving of 13% in
electricity and heating was achieved.
Low-Cost Energy Saving In some administrative offices, simple and low-cost solutions are implemented
Measures Saarbrücken - to improve energy efficiency, such as replacing old, energy inefficient
Germany refrigerators with fewer highly efficient models and using timers for water
heating in staff kitchens. These measures have resulted in a 25% decrease in
electrical energy consumption
Annabella House Built as a hotel in 1850, the Annabella building was later converted into office
Refurbishment, Cork space. To improve employees’ comfort levels and energy performance the
County, Ireland following alterations were made:
the existing oil boiler was replaced with two wall-mounted modulating gas
boilers; eleven new radiators were added to the system; the building was broken
into 19 separate heating zones; 51 electronic thermostatic radiator valves were
fitted (one on each radiator); a computer-based monitoring and control system
was installed. These measures led a 35% reduction in heating costs
Passive-House Fire Station - The new station of the Heidelberg Fire Brigade sets new energy and
Heidelberg, Germany environmental standards. It's a passive house because it is insulated so well that
it requires less than 15 kilowatt hours of heating energy per m² and year. Passive
heat sources are the sun and the waste heat from technical equipment and
people. Exhaust air is extracted and delivers most of its heat through a heat
exchanger to the incoming fresh air.
Eco-buildings in the garden 88 dwellings in 18 buildings and one pre-school were built with the purpose of
district Biskopshagen - Växjö having a low energy use. All buildings are connected to the district heating
Sweden system. Houses have high insulation standard with good air tightness and heat
recovery. Build dwellings and a pre-school with an energy consumption that is
35% lower than applicable national indices
Lighting
Examples Brief description
Modernization of Street To reduce electricity consumption, a total of 16.000 old street lights (from
Lighting in Kaunas, Lithuania 23.000 installed) have been replaced by new sodium lamps. Total capacity of
installed lighting system was reduced from 5.604 kW to 3.014 kW. In this way,
annual electricity consumption for lighting was reduced from 20.969 kWh to
11.778 kWh. Besides significant increases were realized in terms of quality of
lighting
Eco-friendly Public Lighting – The Municipality of Komotini has decided to change the old and energy
Komotini, Greece consuming public lights with new ones that consume less energy. This has led to
a reduction in electricity consumption by 27,5%.
Reconstruction of Public On main streets, old lamps were replaced by new ones with lower power
Jointly for our common future
17lighting in City of Zagreb, requirements and improved better lighting and technical characteristics.
Croatia Luminous flux of lamps are regulated in order to obtain lower consumption
during night hours when the traffic is not so intense. In this way, the city of
Zagreb is saving 1.018.838 kWh per year.
LED traffic signals in LED traffic signals were installed to replace 27.000 incandescent lamps at 530
Stockholm, Sweden traffic control points. The cost of the investment was $ 3 million with an energy
savings of 90% and a CO2 emission saving of 1537 t.
Modernization of Street 6621 old lamps were replaced with new sodium lights. The energy consumption
Lights in Gazi Baba, FYR of the old lights was 4 501 518 kWh/a, while according to a study that was made
Macedonia before the replacement of the lights, the new ones will consume 2 733 729
kWh/a. The savings are around 40%.
Electricity production and distribution
Examples Brief description
Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg’s Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system, fuelled by waste
incineration, reduces municipal solid waste disposal needs and displaces fossil-
fuel-generated heat and electricity. Approximately 1,2 million MWh of electricity
were produced from incineration of waste in 2006. Other benefits may include
avoided landfill disposal costs and carbon credits. The system saves about
205.000 t of CO2 per year through separation and combustion of degradable
organic carbon.
Kotka, Finland The municipal waste-to-energy power plant was built in 2006. Main fuel for the
plant is domestic pre-sorted waste (all recyclable waste, like bio waste, glass,
metal and hazardous waste should be removed beforehand). The plant produces
electricity, process steam and district heat. Annual usage of waste is 90.000
tonnes, which provides the energy of about 260.000 MWh.
Skopje, FYR Macedonia The cogeneration plant KOGEL SEVER uses gas piston engines. The cogeneration
plant is the first UNFCCC certified CDM project in FYR Macedonia. The estimated
CO2 reduction is 61 851 tCO2/a. The electricity production is 130 000 MWh/a,
while the heat production (district + steam) is 54 000 MWh/a.
Industry
Examples Brief description
CARE+: Energy efficiency CARE+ is a four-step process that empowers Europe’s estimated 25.000 SME
tools for SMEs chemicals producers to receive information on energy efficient technologies and
training on how to improve their energy efficiency. range of tools were
developed from 2008 to 2010 to help small businesses to evaluate their
potential energy savings and the expected return on investment, including the
Self-Audit Guide with a spreadsheet audit tool and a Manual on Best Practices.
RECIPE - European best The guide provides a structured and practical approach to improving energy
practice guide for low efficiency in the plastics processing industry. It contain useful techniques, tools,
energy plastics processing tips and practical advice to help plan and implement an energy efficiency
programme
GREEN-IT - Green initiative The Green-It project aims to introduce energy labelling in the European building
for energy efficient eco- construction products sector and accelerate the EU market transformation
products in the construction towards the regulated energy performance of buildings and improved 'eco-
industry: voluntary designed' energy-using products. These guidelines provide useful information on
agreement guide voluntary agreements, for decision makers and relevant actors in the
construction industry.
Transport
Examples Brief description
Vägverket - Swedish Road A short guide shows how to reduce fuel consumption, listing six ways to reduce
Administration fuel consumption, along with five ways to achieve fuel efficient driving.
Measures include the importance of right tyre pressure and advice on fuel saving
gear usage.
Department for Transport- The guide aims to provide a step-by-step guide for producing a fit-for-purpose
Jointly for our common future
18England "Freight Best specification as well as taking the reader through the key stages of a vehicle
Practice Consortium" specification. The document includes a mixture of background information and
guidelines specific to fleet managers or drivers. It provides comprehensible
guidelines for creating and understanding vehicle specifications
Table 2.4: Some examples of European guides on energy efficiency in Transport (Source energy-cities database)
2.3 Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources
{Filomena Pietrapertosa, CNR-IMAA}
In the Energy Roadmap to 2050 the European Union has committed to reducing its GHG
emissions to 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050. Complying with such an ambitious target
will require a steady increase in the use of renewable sources that goes beyond the targets
outlined by the EU 2020 strategy (20% of renewable use in the gross final energy
consumption).
In Table 2.5, a brief excursus on the available and novel technologies to exploit renewable
energy is presented with reference to each single source: solar, hydroelectricity, biomass,
wind and geothermal.
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic systems (PV) directly convert sunlight into electricity. PV is a commercially available and reliable
technology that need further investments in research and development to fill the gap to PV competitiveness.
Crystalline silicon modules:
-single crystalline
-multi-crystalline.
Thin films:
-amorphous and micromorph silicon
-Cadmium-Telluride
-Copper-Indium-Diselenide and Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide.
Emerging technologies:
-advanced thin films
-organic cells.
Concentrating Solar Power systems (CSP): CSP technology is constituted by parabolic mirrors or lenses with
tracking systems that reflect and concentrate the Sun rays coming from a large area onto a small area, typically
onto a central tower. The accumulated heat is transformed first to mechanical energy (by turbines or other
engines) and then to electricity – solar thermal electricity (sometimes called solar thermoelectricity).
Novel PV concepts: aim at achieving ultra-high efficiency solar cells via advanced materials and new conversion
concepts and processes. They are currently the subject of basic research.
Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC)
Solar heating and cooling (SHC) technologies include all kind of devices that use the thermal energy directly from
the sun to heat or cool domestic water or building spaces.
Non-concentrating solar thermal technologies:
-Flat-plate collectors: glazed or unglazed
-Evacuated tube collector
Concentrating solar technologies
Jointly for our common future
19Concentrating solar technologies focus sunlight from a large aperture area onto a small area by means of lenses
or mirrors. Very high temperatures heat can be produced, that generally drive steam turbine and produce
electricity.
This kind of applications, as already underlined for CPV technologies, requires to be very efficient particular
insulation conditions that is high value of Direct Normal Irradiance-DNI.
Solar cooling technologies
Solar cooling technology uses heat in a thermally-driven cooling process. Solar cooling, can be based on two main
processes:
- Closed cycles, chilled water produced can be supplied to space conditioning equipment (air
handling units, fan-coils, chilled beams, etc.).
- Open cycles, produce conditioned air directly.
Hydropower
Hydroelectric plant produces renewable electricity exploiting the power derived from the energy of falling or
flowing water.
Run of river:
This kind of installation uses the natural downward flow of rivers, exploits the energy contained in the flow of the
river to move turbines and produce electricity.
Reservoir – Dam:
This is the most common type of hydroelectric power plant typically a large hydropower system. It uses a dam to
store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows drives a water turbine and generator
producing electricity.
Storing water in a reservoir provides the flexibility to generate electricity on demand, and reduces dependence on
the variability of inflows.
Pumped storage hydropower:
In this kind of plant, water is pumped from a lower reservoir into an upper reservoir at time of low electricity
demand, (when electricity supply exceeds demand or can be generated at low cost). When demand exceeds
instantaneous electricity generation and electricity has a high value, water is released to flow back from the
upper reservoir through turbines to generate electricity
Biomass
Biomass for energy is a complex matter, as there are many different biomass-to-energy-value chains (EREC,
2013). Sources of raw material include:
forests (firewood and round wood) and agriculture (cereals, sugar beet and cane, oilseeds,
short rotation coppices or energy grass)
wood industry by-products (residues, bark, saw dust, shavings, chips, pellets, black liquor etc.)
and agricultural by-products (straw, manure, fruit wood etc.)
waste streams (used cooking oils, animal by-products, residues from starch processing).
The biomass sources can be used for producing heat, electricity and transportation fuel (biofuel).
Wind Energy
Wind energy is the energy produced by aerogenerators, that are devices converting kinetic energy from the wind
into mechanical energy and to make electrical power.
On-shore
Onshore wind technology is proven. Wind power can be competitive where the resource is strong and when the
cost of carbon is reflected in markets.
Offshore
This technologies are installed in shallow water (typically coastal areas) as well as deep-water areas utilizing
floating wind turbines. The deployment offshore is at an early stage.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored within the Earth used to generate electricity
and/or heating and cooling.
Heat sources can be high-temperature hydrothermal resources, deep aquifer systems with low and medium
temperatures, and hot rock resources.
Jointly for our common future
20Hydrothermal resources
Geothermal energy is stored in rock and in trapped vapour or liquids, such as water or brines; these geothermal
resources can be used for generating electricity and for providing heat (and cooling).
-For heating, geothermal resources spanning a wider range of temperatures can be used in applications such as
space and district heating, spa and swimming pool heating, greenhouse and soil heating, aquaculture pond
heating, industrial process heating and snow melting.
-Space cooling can also be supplied through geothermal heat, through the use of heat-driven adsorption chillers
as an alternative to electrically driven compression chillers.
-Geothermal “heat only” plants can feed a district heating system, as can the hot water remaining from electricity
generation, which can also be used in a cascade of applications demanding successively lower temperatures.
These might start with a district heating system, followed by greenhouse heating and then perhaps an
aquaculture application.
Hot rock resources (Enhanced Geothermal System)
Heat stored in low-porosity and/or low-permeability rocks is commonly referred to as hot rock resources.
Technologies that allow energy to be tapped from hot rock resources are still in the demonstration stage and
require innovation and experience to become commercially viable. The best-known such technology is Enhanced
Geothermal System (EGS), a new type of geothermal power technology that does not require natural convective
hydrothermal resources.
Ground Source Heat Pumps
o
GSHP use of the stable temperature of the ground, of e.g. 10 to 15 C in moderate climates, at a few meters depth
in case of horizontal heat exchanger systems and depths of up to 150m for heat pumps using vertical heat
exchange boreholes.
GSHPs are mainly used in buildings for space heating, cooling and sometimes domestic hot water supply.
Heat pumps allow transformation of heat from a lower temperature level to a higher one by using external
energy (e.g. to drive a compressor).
Table 2.5: Overview of current renewable energy technologies (Source: OECD/IEA, 2012a; OECD/IEA, 2012b;
OECD/IEA, 2012c; OECD/IEA, 2010a; OECD/IEA, 2010b; OECD/IEA, 2009; OECD/IEA, 2011.)
Several successful applications of renewable energy technologies are available Europe-wide.
An overview of some best practices reported in the energy-cities database is provided in
Table 2.6.
Best practices Brief description
Study for the The objective of this study was the implementation of a regional map that locates
territorial suitable areas for installing wind farms, considering both the availability of wind
implantation of the resource and protection of the territory.
eolian energy To obtain this map all the territorial and sectoral plans has been analysed and crossed:
in the Alt Empordà map of availability of the wind source, map of the protected natural areas, map of the
Figueres, Spain ground of high agricultural value, map of the ecological connectors, map of the forest
protection, map of the landscape protection areas, map of planning of the fluvial
spaces, map of protection of built-up areas, map of the local and town planning, map of
the infrastructures of electrical energy transport and others.
From this analysis 28 suitable zones for the wind farms installation are identified. One
of these was chosen to install wind farm in an immediate way. In particular, a range
between 373 and 527 MW of power will be installed, with an approximate number of
aerogenerators between 136 and 193.
www.figueres.cat
Sustainable The Bo01- international housing exhibition that took place in Malmö in 2001,
neighbourhood - represents the first development stage of the larger development of Västra Hamnen,
Bo01 City of which objectives were to develop selfsufficient housing units in terms of energy and
Jointly for our common future
21tomorrow greatly diminish the GHG emissions, in particular, the ambitious objective is to obtain a
Malmö - Sweden district with 100% renewable energies (Heat pump in aquifer and lake, 1,400 m² of solar
thermal collectors, Wind power station (2MW) and 120 m² of solar cells).
http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities-2/all-cases/master-plan/malmo-
bo01---an-ecological-city-of-tomorrow/?bbredirect=true
Utilising Energy from The project described was part of a European funded project called ‘ZEN’ (Zero
the Sun and the Emissions Neighbourhoods), with partners in the UK (Kirklees, Sutton and Southwark),
Wind Italy and Greece.
Kirklees, United Through this project, Kirklees Council installed solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, solar
Kingdom thermal systems and two 6kW wind turbines onto the roof of Civic Centre 3, a Council
office building in Huddersfield town centre.
The benefits of this project are manifold:
- Environmental: the project will save more than nearly 24 tonnes of CO2 every year. It
has led to strengthened policies regarding renewable energy both in corporate policy
and the Local Development Framework (the Local Development Framework is a folder
of local development documents that outline how spatial planning will be managed in
the local area).
- Sharing experience: the project has provided many opportunities for Kirklees to
develop and refine their understanding of project management issues relating to
renewable energy capital projects. This ranges from providing staff training on
renewable energy to sharing the lessons learned with colleagues through regional and
national networks.
- Financial: More than €118,000 (£80,000) in external funds have been brought into the
Kirklees community and local jobs have been created.
http://www.display-campaign.org/rubrique489.html
Low Energy Construction of a new apartment complex with six buildings and 74 flats characterized
Consumption by low energy consumption (class “ A”) where high energy efficiency standards apply
Building Complex for heating and cooling, and new insulating shell materials as well as innovative
with Renewable renewable energy technologies are used.
Energy Sources and Technical parameters:
Water Recovery - Central heating and cooling (summer months) plant with radiant floor, supplied by
Rome, Italy geothermal heat pumps. The electric power needed by the heat pump is supplied by PV
panels situated on the roof. These also cover most of the electricity needs of the shared
parts of the building.
- High level of energy efficiency of the building shell
- Thermal solar system for sanitary hot water
- Cistern collecting rainwater to water gardens and balconies
Economic benefits:
- Incomes from national feed-in tariff scheme (“Conto Energia”) for photovoltaic power
are directly transferred to flat owners
- Recuperation of up to 55% off the costs issued for improving the building's energy
performance (benefit fixed by National Budget Law 2007)
In order to check the energy performance of the building complex, the calculation
system SACERT, edited by the city of Rome, is used.
Solar exchange Implementation of “Solar stock exchange”, an innovative financing concept using
Lausanne, investments from the private sector to fund new solar power installations.
Switzerland The working principle of the solar exchange is simple. On the one hand, there are
electricity customers willing to pay a higher price per kWh in case power has been
generated from renewable energy sources. In Lausanne, the price was set at CHF0.90
(€0.57) per kWh (which corresponds to the costs for a photovoltaic installation, based
on an annuity calculated over a 20 year lifetime).
On the other hand, there are renewable electricity producers who finance, design and
install PV units on private buildings. Lausanne's Utilities Company (SIL) negotiates
agreements with these producers to purchase their entire solar power production, also
at a price of CHF0.90 (€0.57) a kWh and over a 20 year period.
Planning for Small In the South Somerset District the Local Agenda 21 Officer promoted the development
Hydro of micro hydro sites within the framework of a limited budget in terms of resources and
Jointly for our common future
22You can also read
