Framework for History and Commemoration - National Historic Sites System Plan 2019
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Framework for History National Historic
Sites System Plan
and Commemoration 2019
Canadian Cataloging in Publication Data
Framework for History and Commemoration
National Historic Sites System Plan
2019
Issued also in French under title:
Le cadre pour l’histoire et la commémoration
Le plan du réseau des lieux historiques nationaux
2019
ISBN 978-0-660-31119-7
CAT. NO. R64-234/2019E-PDF
© Her Majesty the Queen in right of
Canada, represented by the Chief
Executive Officer of Parks Canada,
2019.
Front cover images A B C D E
A. Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida
Heritage Site, 2017.
B. Bar U Ranch National Historic Site, 2016.
F
C. S.S. Keno National Historic Site, 2015.
D. Laurier House National Historic Site, 2018.
E. Port-Royal National Historic Site, 2013.
F. Cave and Basin National Historic Site, 2016.
2
Framework for History National Historic
Sites System Plan
and Commemoration 2019
3
Table of Contents
Minister’s Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chief Executive Officer’s Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Parks Canada and Heritage Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Building on our Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
and the Challenge of Earlier Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
History at Heritage Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Strategic Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Key Practices for Public History at Heritage Places . . . . . . . . 29
Historical Thinking:
Engaging Canadians with History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Annex
Conflict and Controversy:
The Careful Review of Existing Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Useful Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4
Minister’s Message
As the Minister responsible for Parks Canada, I am proud of has committed to making space for Indigenous peoples’
the work undertaken every day by staff across the country histories, voices and perspectives at heritage places. These
to help share Canada’s treasured places with Canadians and initiatives also support the United Nations Declaration on
the world. History and commemoration are at the heart of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Through the Framework
Parks Canada’s heritage places, and I am pleased to present for History and Commemoration, the Agency will continue
the Framework for History and Commemoration: National to further this important work. Parks Canada is uniquely
Historic Sites System Plan 2019. This plan will guide Parks positioned to advance reconciliation and to confront the
Canada’s work at heritage places for years to come. legacy of colonialism.
Parks Canada’s heritage places are steeped in the history I would like to thank Canadians for providing comments
of this country. Every year, millions of people visit these and contributing to the Framework for History and
sites to discover Canada’s rich cultural and natural heritage. Commemoration during the public consultation process.
These special places connect us with the past and help us This plan represents a new way of sharing history at Parks
better understand the present. The Framework for History Canada’s heritage places - one which includes diverse voices,
and Commemoration provides direction for Parks Canada’s presents multiple perspectives and inspires conversations
future history and commemoration efforts. It replaces and about Canada’s past, present and future. I would also like
builds on the earlier system plan to support meaningful to take this opportunity to thank the Historic Sites and
engagement with visitors. Monuments Board of Canada for its advice, guidance and
incredible work in helping to commemorate nationally
The Government of Canada is unwavering in its commitment
significant aspects of Canada’s history.
to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples and to a renewed
relationship based on the recognition of rights, respect, I encourage all Canadians to visit Parks Canada’s heritage
co-operation and partnership. In response to the Truth and places and explore and connect with the fascinating persons,
Reconciliation Commission’s Call to Action 79, Parks Canada places and events that have shaped the country’s history.
The Honourable Catherine McKenna, P.C., M.P.
Minister of Environment and Climate Change and Minister responsible for Parks Canada
5
Chief Executive Officer’s Message
Parks Canada’s heritage places represent the breadth and Furthermore, the Framework for History and
depth of Canadian history. We are privileged to protect Commemoration offers guidelines for the Historic Sites and
and present these places for this and future generations. Monuments Board of Canada’s careful review of existing
We are also privileged to manage the National Program for designations under the National Program of Historical
Historical Commemoration and support the Historic Sites Commemoration. The guidelines ensure that the Board’s
and Monuments Board of Canada in its important work to work in recommending designations and plaque texts is
advise the Government of Canada on the commemoration sensitive and responsive to challenging historical issues.
of nationally significant aspects of Canada’s history. The
Many of Parks Canada’s heritage places are working with
Parks Canada Agency Act requires that the Agency have
Indigenous partners to bring Indigenous histories, voices and
long-term plans for its national parks, national historic sites
perspectives to sites. The framework’s key practices for public
and national marine conservation areas. The Framework
history support these endeavours. These practices promote
for History and Commemoration is the new system plan
engagement, collaboration and co-development with
for national historic sites. Informed by public history and
Indigenous partners and others. As an agency, we are seeking
the concepts of historical thinking, this plan sets the stage
to tell broader and more inclusive stories that represent the
for history and commemoration at Parks Canada. One of
diversity and complexity of Canadian history.
its goals is to engage and involve visitors and our other
audiences more directly with the stories of Canada. Parks Canada’s heritage places belong to all Canadians, and
all Canadians find meaning at these sites. The Agency is
To better meet the interests of Canadians, the framework
proud to work with Canadians to bring forward stories that
establishes four strategic priorities: History of Indigenous
reflect the rich history of this land and to share those stories
Peoples, Environmental History, Diversity and Canada and
at heritage places found in every province and territory
the World. These strategic priorities build upon the previous
across Canada.
system plan’s priorities. They offer innovative opportunities
for expanded history presentation and the commemoration
of persons, places and events of national historic significance.
Michael Nadler
Acting Chief Executive Officer, Parks Canada
6
Introduction Canadians are experiencing a world where the pace of change is unprecedented. Change in our everyday lives comes from technology, globalization, the mobility of people and environmental upheaval. In the face of these changes, Canadians, as a very diverse population, each have their own understanding of history - whether it is their family history, community history, national history or the history of another place in the world. There are unlimited ways of approaching history and stories about the past. To connect with history, it is important to think about complexities, controversies, achievements, failures and tragedies of the past - and to convey how they are relevant today. Pukaskwa National Park, 2017. 7
Introduction
The public conversation about
Canadian history has been robust,
and at times controversial, with
considerable attention given
to milestone anniversaries,
including Confederation, the
First and Second World Wars A B
and women winning the right
to vote. The Government of Canada has been acquiring, A New Plan A. Fort Anne National Historic Site, 2010.
Canada issued apologies for its conserving, commemorating and Saoyú- ehdacho National Historic Site, 2015.
Parks Canada has a mandate to B.
role in historic wrongdoings, interpreting heritage places. The ensure that Canada’s designated
such as the administration of 1917 acquisition of Fort Anne heritage places are protected
Indian Residential Schools and in Annapolis Royal marked the and presented for this and future Public history describes the
the Komagata Maru incident beginning of a network of national generations. Section 6(2) of
of 1914. At these moments, historic sites for Canada. The
many and diverse ways in
the Parks Canada Agency Act
Canadians are aware of the Historic Sites and Monuments which history is put to work
requires that the Agency have
impact of the past on the present Board of Canada (HSMBC), in the world.
“long-term plans in place for
and how history defines who established in 1919, provides the establishing systems of national Source: National Council on
we are and who we are not. basis for the National Program of parks, national historic sites and Public History
Historical Commemoration. The national marine conservation
In 1885, when the Banff Hot
HSMBC is mandated through the areas.” The Framework for
Springs were set aside for future
Historic Sites and Monuments History and Commemoration previous system plan that was
generations, the Government
Act, and makes recommendations contributes to delivering on approved in 2000, and presents
of Canada began charting a
for persons, places and this mandate and fulfils the an opportunity for the Agency
course to recognize and protect
events of national historic Agency’s legislative requirement. to adopt approaches that are at
places of significance. For more
significance to the Minister It replaces Parks Canada’s the forefront of public history.
than a hundred years, Parks
responsible for Parks Canada.
8
Introduction
The Framework for History the Board may need to be adapted
and Commemoration is Parks in order to achieve the goal of a
Canada’s vision for heritage system of designations that reflects
presentation and commemoration. the breadth of Canada’s past.
It will guide three key activities: A
Management of Parks Canada’s
Designation of persons, national historic sites
An innovative approach to A. Rocky Mountain House National
places and events of national The strategic priorities support history presentation Historic Site, 2016.
historic significance building a portfolio of national Africville, Halifax, seen here in 1958,
New and expanded historical B.
The priorities in the framework, historic sites that reflect Canada’s was designated a National Historic
understandings combined with the
as well as the principles and key diverse histories. This plan frames Site in 1997.
key practices for public history will
practices, will influence and inform key decisions about investment, transform the history experience
subjects considered by the HSMBC management, partnership and and how stories are communicated
for designation. It identifies areas collaboration at all of Parks at heritage places. The priorities
where more designations are Canada’s heritage places. set an agenda for greater inclusion,
needed and reflects the way in and the key practices provide a
which policies and practices of roadmap for achieving results.
B 9
Introduction
As a plan created with many users breadth and depth of Canadian The HSMBC’s approach to the review process. Ultimately,
in mind, this document will have history. For the HSMBC, this the careful review of earlier this is a new approach to history
broad influence on how history plan identifies Canadian history designations is outlined in and commemoration for both the
is presented at Parks Canada’s priorities that are meaningful the Annex to this document. HSMBC and Parks Canada.
heritage places and the work of the to the public in the twenty-first It explains why and under
HSMBC. For both the HSMBC and century, and will encourage what circumstances an earlier As a new vision for Canada’s
Parks Canada, this plan identifies exciting new public nominations designation would be reviewed, heritage places, Parks Canada’s
fundamental history principles for persons, places and events of as well as the public’s role in this Framework for History and
and key practices that underpin a national historic significance. process. This section also details Commemoration establishes
shared approach to exploring the the considerations that inform principles that are the basis of the
Agency’s approach to history. It
provides strategic priorities for
continuing to establish places,
persons and events of national
historic significance to encompass
the breadth of Canadian history.
It provides direction to support
more meaningful audience
engagement with history at
heritage places, drawing on
established public history
practices and concepts of historical
thinking. These places, whether
they are natural or cultural, are
conduits for the country’s history
and identity, encompassing
both tangible and intangible
aspects of Canada’s heritage.
Fortress of Louisbourg National
Historic Site, 2016.
10Introduction
All of Parks Canada’s heritage
Parks Canada works with places can draw from the strategic
more than 300 Indigenous priorities, key practices and
communities across Canada concepts of historical thinking
in conserving, restoring and to reach audiences and improve
presenting Canada’s natural historical understanding. These
and cultural heritage and practices and concepts can be
applied to all history projects,
is committed to supporting
including public interpretation,
Indigenous peoples’
exhibits and history programming.
connections to lands and
waters within their traditional A Broader Approach
territories. Many Parks Canada to the Past
places are managed through This plan encourages history
cooperative management interpretation to go beyond A
bodies or advisory relationships thinking about why a heritage
with local Indigenous place was designated or
communities. The Government established. Using this plan’s
of Canada endorses the various methods to explore other
stories and to enhance public
United Nations Declaration
understanding of the reasons
on the Rights of Indigenous
why a place was designated
Peoples, without qualification, or established, Parks Canada
and is committed to its full can reach more audiences. The
implementation. The Framework goal is to be transformative by
for History and Commemoration broadening the approach to the
allows Parks Canada to further past and using engaging ways to
this important work, especially present history.
pertaining to article 31 on the
right of Indigenous peoples to
A. Forges du Saint Maurice National
maintain, control, protect and Historic Site, 2009.
develop their cultural heritage, B. Rideau Canal National Historic
traditional knowledge and Site, 2014.
traditional cultural expressions.
B 11Introduction
managed in keeping with that of the stories that are told in
statement. This framework will protected places administered by
support both the expansion of Parks Canada, opening our doors
the reasons for designation or to include narratives, perspectives
commemorative intent for some and voices of those who may not
A
existing designations. It also previously have been heard.
encourages new designations in
the strategic priorities identified in In our role as guardians, guides,
this document. partners and storytellers,
Parks Canada strives to build
Similarly, each national park was appreciation and understanding
established for a set of reasons, of history and heritage places.
one of which was to create a We connect Canadians with their
system of parks representing all of history and foster an ethos of
Canada’s distinct natural regions. stewardship and conservation. The
These reasons for designation ongoing involvement of citizens,
or establishment reflect certain Indigenous peoples, the private
approaches to history and and public sectors, partners and
conservation, and are products of stakeholders is essential to this
their time. Human history is an work. This plan builds on these
B
integral part of all these places, relationships and encourages
A. The Forks National Historic Site, 2017. Every heritage place has a set and it is important to consider new partnerships between Parks
B. This 1821 watercolour by artist of reasons or an explanation for their cultural dimensions. The Canada and others with a shared
Peter Rindisbacher shows a scene of why it is significant or distinctive. reasons for designation will commitment to understanding and
winter fishing at the forks of the Red The reasons why a national remain a cornerstone of messaging presenting Canada’s history.
and Assiniboine Rivers in Winnipeg. at any site, while the framework
historic site is important are
This location has been a centre for provides practices that will allow
transportation, trade, gathering, and established by the HSMBC, and
recreation for millennia. are laid out in a Statement of those reasons to be told in more
Commemorative Intent. The site engaging ways. In addition, the
and related interpretation are framework supports a broadening
12Parks Canada and Heritage Places Parks Canada’s heritage places are incredibly diverse and their scope spans thousands of years of human activity in what is now Canada. The Agency operates: • National Historic Sites • National Parks and National Park Reserves • National Marine Conservation Areas • One National Landmark • One National Urban Park Parks Canada has responsibilities associated with: • Heritage Lighthouses • Heritage Railway Stations • Federal Heritage Buildings • Canadian Heritage Rivers • Grave Sites of Canada’s Prime Ministers • World Heritage Sites National Aboriginal Day at Jasper National Park, 2013. 13
Parks Canada and Heritage Places
Heritage Places Parks Canada has responsibilities
administered by Parks Canada associated with the following programs
Program Number (as of 2019) Program Number (as of 2019)
National Historic Sites 171 Heritage Lighthouses 99
National Parks and National Park Reserves 47 Federal Heritage Buildings 1295
National Marine Conservation Areas 4 Heritage Railway Stations 163
National Landmark 1 Canadian Heritage Rivers 39
National Urban Park 1 Grave Sites of Canada’s Prime Ministers 15
World Heritage Sites 19
Parks Canada administers may be considered for ministerial landscapes, ships and shipwrecks, that are used actively. National
a wide range of heritage designation if it has had a structures and districts. Many Historic Persons are individuals
programs that have evolved nationally significant impact on, or are still used for work, religious who have made a significant
over time. Each has its own illustrates a nationally important practices, commerce and industry, and lasting contribution to
objectives for commemoration aspect of, Canadian history. education and leisure. National Canadian history. National
or protection, or both. Nominations to the HSMBC come Historic Sites also encompass nine Historic Events are designated
from members of the public. historic canals and waterways if they represent a defining
Canada’s National Program
of Historical Commemoration National Historic Sites are
supports the work of the Historic found in every province and
Sites and Monuments Board territory of Canada. They represent A C
of Canada (HSMBC) which is a variety of historic places,
legislated under the Historic Sites encompassing sites as diverse
and Monuments Act. The HSMBC as sacred places, battlefields,
provides advice to the Minister archaeological sites, cultural
responsible for the designation
of places, persons and events of A. Discovery Claim National Historic
national historic significance. Any Site, 2012.
aspect of Canada’s human history B. HMCS Haida National Historic
B
Site, 2015.
C. Point Pelee National Park, 1955.
14Parks Canada and Heritage Places
action, episode, movement or While parks protect and preserve 37,000 buildings located across The Canadian Heritage Rivers
experience in Canadian history. environments representative of Canada. More than 1,200 of these Program recognizes the country’s
Usually designations are marked Canada’s natural heritage, many buildings are managed for their outstanding rivers and encourages
by bronze plaques summarizing have long human histories and heritage character to ensure they their long-term management
their historic significance. are home to Indigenous and are safeguarded for the future. to promote and conserve their
non-Indigenous peoples. There natural, cultural and recreational
The Parks Establishment The Heritage Lighthouse
is amazing potential to tell these values. It is a federal-provincial-
Program administers the Program implements the
stories and expand our thinking territorial program that
creation of a range of different Heritage Lighthouse Protection
about parks as cultural landscapes. works with community-level
types of parks, in keeping with Act which identifies and protects
river stewardship groups.
the National Parks System Plan The Federal Heritage many lighthouses across Canada.
and other guiding documents. Buildings Review Office, which
The Heritage Railway A. HSMBC plaque unveiling for David
This includes national marine is the responsibility of Parks
Stations Program carries out Thompson’s exploration of the
conservation areas, national Canada, identifies and manages Columbia River, 1964.
the requirements of the Heritage
marine conservation area reserves, the heritage character of federally
Railway Stations Protection Act B. The Supreme Court of Canada
national parks, national park owned buildings in keeping with Building, shown here in 2016, is a
which protects Canada’s historic
reserves, one national landmark Treasury Board policy. The federal Classified Federal Heritage Building.
railway stations.
and one national urban park. government owns approximately C. Rouge National Urban Park, 2016.
D. Fathom Five National Marine Park,
2017.
E. Pingo Canadian Landmark, 2015.
A B C
D E
15Parks Canada and Heritage Places
Parks Canada’s National
The Standards and Guidelines Cost-Sharing Program for
for the Conservation of Historic Heritage Places contributes to
the preservation of non-federally
Places in Canada (2010)
owned or administered national
defines a cultural landscape A
historic places through financial
as any geographical area that contributions. This program
has been modified, influenced supports preparatory aid projects
or given special cultural and conservation projects, as
meaning by people, and that well as the development of
heritage presentation for owners
has been formally recognized
and eligible lessees of national
for its heritage value. Cultural
historic sites, heritage lighthouses
landscapes are often dynamic, and heritage railway stations. It
living entities that continually fosters the public’s understanding, B C
change because of natural appreciation and enjoyment of
and human-influenced these places in ways that ensure (UNESCO). The World Heritage A. Kejimkujik National Park and National
their commemorative integrity or Convention encourages the Historic Site, 2017.
social, economic and cultural
other heritage values are protected identification, protection and B. The Île aux Perroquets Lighthouse,
processes. a heritage lighthouse located
and preserved for present and preservation of natural and
in Mingan Archipelago National
future generations. cultural heritage places considered
Park Reserve, 2015.
to be part of the common heritage
Parks Canada leads Canada’s C. The Alsek River, a Canadian heritage
of humankind, possessing river running through Kluane National
implementation of the World
Outstanding Universal Value. Park and Reserve, 2009.
Heritage Convention which is an
Parks Canada has full or shared
international treaty of the United
responsibilities for 12 of Canada’s
Nations Educational, Scientific
19 World Heritage Sites inscribed
and Cultural Organization
on the World Heritage List.
Battle Harbour, designated a
national historic site in 1997, is a
traditional outport community and
cultural landscape that played a
major role in the Labrador fishery.
16Building on our Success The Parks Canada Agency Act stipulates that the Agency must ensure that a long-term plan is in place for establishing a system of national historic sites. Over the years, Parks Canada has produced system plans. Each plan reflects history as it was understood at the time. The Framework for History and Commemoration presents a more inclusive, accessible and engaging approach to public history which reflects Canada of the twenty-first century. It is part of an ongoing planning process that contributes to a vision for heritage places. This 2014 mural at Fort Langley National Historic Site, by artist Maria Gabankova, shows the diversity of people at this fur trade post in the 1850s. 17
Building on our Success
National Historic Sites of History—to address gaps in audiences, and the rise of digital inclusion of Indigenous peoples’
Canada System Plan (2000) designations. Parks Canada communications has transformed history, voices and perspectives
The National Historic Sites of pursued new designations in the way we tell stories and absorb at Parks Canada’s places.
Canada system plan was last these areas of Canadian history. information. The growing field
Linking together designation,
updated in 2000. That plan Workshops and meetings were of environmental history and
commemoration and public
introduced a thematic framework held to listen to individuals, the desire to understand the
history, this plan encourages
as a way of addressing previously communities, stakeholders and history of Indigenous peoples
taking on a broader range of
underrepresented topics in the experts, and to identify topics in have broadened understandings
stories at Parks Canada’s heritage
National Program of Historical these three strategic priorities. of history in Canada. Moreover,
places. It draws from established
Commemoration. The 1981 system Through this process Canadians the Truth and Reconciliation
public history approaches and
plan similarly identified areas of proposed persons, places Commission of Canada has
methods. At the same time, it
underrepresentation in Canadian and events of interest to their increased public awareness about
builds on the goals of the 2000
history. Each of these plans had communities. This outreach and the legacy of residential schools
system plan, seeking to produce a
a key objective of increasing engagement led to an increase in and colonialism in Canada.
more inclusive system by renewing
designations related to the themes designations in all three priorities. The Truth and Reconciliation
the strategic priorities for persons,
identified, striving to build a Commission of Canada’s
New Framework for History places and events of national
more inclusive system of national Call to Action #79 calls for
and Commemoration historic significance, and setting
historic designations. “a reconciliation framework
Since the 2000 system plan, the direction for history presentation
for Canadian heritage and
The 2000 plan identified three context for engaging with Canada’s at all heritage places.
commemoration.” This new
strategic priorities—Aboriginal history has changed. Demographic plan supports addressing this
History, Women’s History and changes have generated new call to action through greater
Ethnocultural Communities’
Strategic Priority of 2000 System 1999 2015 Increase in Designations % of Total Designations
Plan Designations Designations as of 2015 as of 2015
Aboriginal History 191 251 31% 12%
Women’s History 90 163 81% 7.9%
Ethnocultural Communities’ History 66 140 112% 6.7%
18A. The Preston Rivulettes hockey
team pushed the boundaries
of sport in the 1930s, and their
storied career was declared a
National Historic Event in 2014.
B. Kensington Market, designated a
National Historic Site in 2006, and
pictured here between 1939 and 1951,
recalls the history of the Canadian
urban immigrant experience in
the twentieth century.
C. The Coast Salish Knitters and the
Cowichan Sweater were designated a
National Historic Event in 2011. In this
1956 photo, Mrs. Pat Charlie knits a
Cowichan sweater.
A
B C 19Building on our Success
The Historic Sites and Monuments
Board of Canada and the Challenge of
Earlier Designations
Since 1919, the Historic Sites and Monuments For the HSMBC, this translates outlines the HSMBC’s approach to
into concerns about the content address conflict and controversy
Board of Canada (HSMBC) has worked with of plaque texts, the reasons for stemming from designations.
designation, the names of historic This approach has the potential
Canadians to identify persons, places and sites and even the merit of some to provide support to other
events that have left indelible marks on the designations. Just as this plan governments and institutions
outlines a new approach to history addressing controversial
history of this country. at heritage places, its Annex aspects of Canadian history.
In the early years, the HSMBC significance, established over the
focused its efforts on Canada’s span of a century and reflecting History Matters
constitutional and political changing views held by different
developments, military history generations of Canadians. The Canadians value their history and changing world, and generate
and the achievements of notable designations themselves are recognize that it is important to insight on differing perspectives.
leaders. Later, the emphasis part of Canada’s history. know about the country’s past. For communities, it can be a
shifted to the experiences of Historical understanding creates source of pride and can be seen
Notwithstanding the value of
everyday people and forces driving engaged citizens, promotes to provide economic opportunities
history in promoting inclusion
change such as industrialization
and understanding among critical thinking, encourages civic through culture and tourism.
and immigration. More recently,
Canadians, recent events have responsibility and produces a For these reasons, and others,
the HSMBC has considered
demonstrated that views of more inclusive society. History can history has value to individuals,
persons, places and events
history can be divisive and
associated with the priorities in be a bridge to connect personal communities and countries, and
exclusionary. Debates about
the 2000 system plan. At present, stories to larger narratives and contributes to building better
removing statues and renaming
there are more than 2,100 existing can give places, peoples and societies and futures. History
bridges and buildings underscore
designations of national historic
that history can be disputed. individuals a sense of identity. is also a way to remember
Historical understanding can help the past and acknowledge
us make sense of contemporary significant persons, places and
issues, in the context of a events in a country’s evolution.
20Building on our Success
History at Heritage Places
History is the study of the past. It uses and • Material culture, which refers
to historical and archaeological
analyzes sources to create stories about the objects, including objects of
everyday life
past. Sources are found in many places and
• Archaeological data from sites
take many forms, including: and collections
• Oral histories
• Written records such as • Visual materials, including
publications, newspapers, photographs, maps, drawings • Traditional knowledge B
censuses, church records, and artwork • Intangible heritage, including A. ral tradition and stories passed down
O
diaries, personal papers, and rituals and other social and through the generations are sources of
• Audiovisual and digital materials,
government, business and cultural practices historical knowledge. Ivvavik National
including radio broadcasts,
scientific records Park, 2014.
television and film footage, • Terrestrial and underwater B. Archaeological objects tell us about
recorded music, web content and landscapes and built the past. Beaubassin National Historic
items that are born digital environments Site, 2008.
A 21Building on our Success
History at Heritage Places (continued)
Parks Canada has some Historians, archaeologists and
collections of oral histories in knowledge holders are constantly
its care. These must be used asking new questions of sources A B
and stored in a way that is and building historical knowledge.
sensitive, culturally appropriate, New sources, new evidence historians define history as the in terms of archaeological or
responsive to Indigenous and new questions can change, study of change over time, and use geological periods. As useful as
values and in keeping with a challenge or expand previously time as a method for organizing calendrical time is, there are
community’s accepted standards. established conclusions. History the past. For instance, calendrical also other ways of measuring
Stories collected can be a form experts are constantly seeking new time shows how a story unfolds time, such as Indigenous
of intellectual property. Oral ways to use sources to embrace, through the days, years and perspectives that include, for
histories collected in Indigenous engage and collaborate with the centuries to build a narrative. example, cyclical or seasonal
languages represent important public in discussions about history. A longer view of time allows for approaches. Time should be
parts of Indigenous cultures more expansive approaches to, explored from diverse viewpoints.
Presenting history to audiences
and require special attention. and different perspectives on,
in accessible ways can include
exploring time, such as thinking
using dates and timelines. Some
C
A. Conservators treat and preserve
historical and archaeological objects
at Parks Canada’s conservation labs.
B. A Parks Canada staff member
examines the bell from HMS Erebus,
pictured here in 2014.
C. Visitors interact with historical
sources like beads and a ledger book
at Rocky Mountain House National
Historic Site, 2016.
22Building on our Success Principles Parks Canada has a mandate to present Canada’s history. Canadians rate historic sites and museums as the two most trustworthy sources of historical information. As a federal cultural institution that is a trusted authority, Parks Canada has an obligation to share and present well- researched history, including traditional knowledge and oral traditions, at its heritage places. Parks Canada’s commitment to presenting history relies on three principles which influence all projects: Integrity Inclusiveness Relevance The principle of integrity is Canadians are diverse History needs to be meaningful essential to public history at and so are their histories. to audiences. Relevance means Parks Canada. Integrity means Inclusiveness means presenting making connections between that history projects will be different voices, perspectives the past and the present to ethically undertaken and based and experiences. It also means build understanding about on carefully planned historical cultivating relationships with the world we live in today. It research. This includes diverse groups to ensure that means making connections respecting the knowledge that history presentation reflects the between the past and the individuals and groups choose spectrum of Canada’s history. places we interpret through the to share through oral history stories we tell. Making history and traditional knowledge. The relevant can also illuminate relationships that we develop, how a local story connects with both through the way we national and world history. work and with our partners, are based on a foundation of honesty and respect. Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site, 1999. 23
Building on our Success
Strategic Priorities
The history of Indigenous peoples,
environmental history, diversity and
Canada and the world are priorities for
history at Parks Canada. The Agency
has selected these priorities in response
to the government’s commitment
to reconciliation, exciting new
scholarship and approaches to
research, Canada’s changing
demographics and the B
importance of history in informing
public dialogue.
A. Mikak, who was designated a National Historic
Person in 2011, is pictured here with her
son Tutauk in a painting by John Russell.
She was captured by the British in Labrador
in 1767 and sent to England the next year.
Throughout her life she exemplified Inuit self-
determination and political skill.
B. Mi’kmaw stone points (ca 500 to 1500 CE),
Kejimkujik National Park and National
Historic Site.
24 ABuilding on our Success
Strategic Priorities (continued)
These four priorities encompass all with non-Indigenous peoples and
periods in Canada’s history, and the state and society, such as treaty
they each address and confront relationships, the fur trade and
some aspect of Canada’s colonial residential schools. In the context
legacy. They encourage weaving of the federal government’s
together the history of Indigenous commitment to truth telling and
peoples and stories of nature and reconciliation, more needs to be
culture, delving into all aspects done to acknowledge the centrality
of the country’s past and seeing of Indigenous peoples in history
Canada in the context of global and to foster dialogue. Indigenous
history. The Framework for histories, Indigenous connections
B
History and Commemoration to the land and the complexity
will guide Parks Canada and the and diversity of Indigenous
HSMBC for years and inform any cultures must command greater histories. Confronting the legacy A. Batoche National Historic Site, 2011.
future decisions regarding historic attention at heritage places. of colonialism and its impact B. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
sites administered by Parks on Indigenous peoples is a National Historic Site, 2006.
Canada. Strategic priorities evolve necessary and important part of
with each system plan to align with reconciliation. Further, it is also
shifts in focus areas and changes in important to consider all aspects
Canadian society. of Indigenous peoples’ history,
rather than just their interactions
History of Indigenous Peoples with the state and settlers.
The history of Indigenous peoples A Making the history of Indigenous
(First Nations, Métis and Inuit) peoples a priority through active
is a priority for Parks Canada, Through traditional knowledge, engagement and consultation, and
and includes the totality of oral histories, archaeology and encouraging collaboration and
Indigenous experiences since time archival research, we know relationship-building, supports
immemorial. It also comprises that many different peoples reconciliation and a future that we
Indigenous peoples’ interactions lived for millennia in every can all forge together.
region of what became Canada.
Indigenous peoples continue to
pass on, record and share their
25Building on our Success
Strategic Priorities (continued)
Environmental History many heritage places can relate to
Environmental history this priority as natural resources
explores how humans affect and cultural landscapes are
the environment and how the intrinsic aspects of environmental
environment affects us, seeing history. Heritage places offer
humans as a part of nature, not opportunities to discuss changing
separate from it. This history historical perspectives Canadians
has unfolded across Canada’s have held about concepts such as
varied terrestrial regions and ecology, wilderness, cultural and
its waterways, including under natural resources, conservation,
water. Environmental history sustainability, development and
includes the evolution of Indigenous stewardship of the
urban and rural areas, and the land. Together, these provide
human transformation of these opportunities to understand our
landscapes. As a field of history, it past and ongoing relationships
emerged out of the environmental with the environment. In the
movement of the 1960s and current context of dramatic
1970s. It is a growing field of environmental change, this is a
scholarship in Canada, as well as timely and relevant priority.
internationally. For Parks Canada,
A
A. Environmental history explores the B. Eva Lake Cabin in Mount Revelstoke C. The Toronto skyline is seen from Beare
relationship between humans and the National Park, built in 1928 and pictured Hill in Rouge National Urban Park, 2015.
environment, including our uses of here in 2014, is associated with efforts Environmental history considers the B
natural resources, such as in this image by park wardens to preserve wildlife and role humans play in transforming the
of sockeye salmon fishing in British forest resources, monitor forest fires and landscape.
Columbia in 1958. The Fishing Industry protect animals from poachers. Parks
on the West Coast was designated a Canada’s own history speaks to many
National Historic Event in 1976. themes in environmental history.
C
26Building on our Success
Strategic Priorities (continued)
Diversity
Diverse peoples made Canada
what it is today, and their
contributions to the country’s
history need greater recognition.
This priority expands on the
previous plan’s priorities for
ethnocultural communities’
history and women’s history. A B C
Stories that include diversity
provide opportunities for all – and that heritage places should While Canadians have many
Canadians to see themselves, make space for these histories shared experiences, understanding Intersections explore how
whoever and wherever they are, in all their complexities and heritage places through a more different categories define
at heritage places. This priority intersections. Some heritage places inclusive lens allows us to
identities, and overlap and
recognizes that diversity existed interpret Canada’s long history of better appreciate experiences
immigration, a theme which may that differ from our own.
influence one another. For
in the past – diversity of race,
class, gender, sexuality, ability, resonate with the experiences of example, the Gulf of Georgia
language and religion, for example people arriving in Canada today. Cannery tells the story of the
West Coast fishing industry
from the 1870s to the 1970s
through the lives of fish plant
workers who came from
different backgrounds. This
A. This photo, circa 1960, depicts women B. Vancouver’s Chinatown, pictured here C. After the American Revolution at least
hand-filling cans of salmon at the Gulf circa 1929, is one of the oldest and 3,500 free Black Americans loyal to National Historic Site illustrates
of Georgia Cannery, where women of largest Chinatowns in Canada. Its the Crown settled in Nova Scotia and intersections of gender,
Japanese descent were often employed evolution, fabric and vitality reflect New Brunswick, forming the first
on the canning line. The Gulf of Georgia the contributions and struggles of substantial African communities on
class and race through the
Cannery National Historic Site tells Chinese Canadians over the years. Canadian soil. This watercolour by experiences of the people who
diverse histories related to immigration, Vancouver’s Chinatown was designated Robert Petley, circa 1835, depicts a once worked at the cannery,
labour and gender. a National Historic Site in 2011. Black Loyalist family pulling a cart
with Nova Scotia’s Bedford Basin in and speaks to the history of
the background. The Black Loyalist Canada’s diversity.
Experience was designated a National
Historic Event in 1994.
27Canada and the World
Canada and the world connects
places, people and events
in Canadian history with
international contexts. This
priority examines the parallels
and divergences between what
has happened here and abroad. It
asks the question: are Canadian
experiences exceptional, or
can they be better understood
through reference to global ideas
and forces? Canada and the world
includes topics like the ebbs and
flows of migration, trade and
business patterns, participation
A in military operations,
imperialism and colonialism,
international relations and how
A. The Expulsion of the Acadians, the links between those two conflicts.
designated as a National Historic Vimy Ridge was designated a National Indigenous territories challenge
Event in 1955, and pictured here in a Historic Site in 1997. borders. Historical scholarship
mural by artist Claude Picard, can be C. During the First World War, Indigenous is increasingly transnational
B
understood as part of an international people enlisted to fight and die for a in focus, and audiences are
story of warfare and forced migration country in which they were denied interested in learning about
in the eighteenth century. Canada and the right to vote. In the military, they
the World places events from Canadian historical global connections,
were met with acceptance and respect
history in a transnational context. that contradicted the racism and and the movement of ideas
B. Participation in military operations, the discrimination of the home front. On and beliefs across borders.
events leading up to them, and their their return, many Indigenous veterans Understanding Canada’s place
repercussions both domestically and advocated for more rights and better in the world can reframe how
abroad, are components of Canada conditions for their communities. we see the country’s past.
and the World. This 1945 photo depicts In this photo, soldiers from the File
Canadian soldiers of the Second World Hills Indian Colony pose with family
War at the Vimy monument in France, members in Regina before departing
C
on the 28th anniversary of that First overseas. Aboriginal Military Service in
World War battle. It speaks to Canadian the First World War was designated a
involvement in both world wars and National Historic Event in 2011.
28Building on our Success
Key Practices for Public History
at Heritage Places
The following ten key practices for public history at Parks This encompasses the physical resources
of a site, as well as those intangible aspects
Canada provide high level direction for engaging and such as traditional knowledge and skills,
social practices and oral traditions. Some
connecting with audiences, capturing their imagination of these key practices will be more relevant
and sparking their curiosity. These key practices can be than others depending on the heritage place.
When beneficial and advantageous, new
used to interpret both tangible and intangible heritage. and innovative technologies can enhance
connecting with the public, and extend the
potential reach of Parks Canada’s work. An
important outcome of these practices is that,
where the opportunity exists, Parks Canada
and partners will work collaboratively to co-
develop history projects, setting the stage for
a better understanding and appreciation of
Canadian history.
L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, 2008. 29Building on our Success
Key Practices for Public History
at Heritage Places (continued)
A B C
1. Craft big stories the history of violence, oppression 3. S
eek opportunities for A. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Franklin
and inequality. In addition, people Indigenous peoples to share D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at
Taking into account the larger
disagree about the meaning and communicate their the 1943 Quebec Conferences. These
historical picture situates heritage history, on their own terms meetings held during the Second
places within local, regional, of the past and controversial World War were designated a National
events as well as how they are Parks Canada will continue to
national and international Historic Event in 1946.
commemorated. Grappling build strong relationships with
contexts. Many heritage places can B. During the Second World War, the
with historical conflicts and Indigenous peoples. The Agency Canadian state forcibly dispersed and
only be fully understood through
controversies can lead to a greater will seek out opportunities for co- interned 22,000 innocent people of
their ties to other places, through
understanding of Canadian development of historical research, Japanese ancestry, and confiscated
ideas imported from elsewhere, or and sold their property without
society today. Controversies interpretation and programming.
by their connections to events that consent. This 1943 photo depicts
can prompt the need to explore This includes ensuring that
happened outside of Canada. an internment camp in Greenwood,
historical perspective, because Indigenous histories, in the voices British Columbia. Japanese Canadian
2. Address conflict and the values of the past may of Indigenous peoples, are better Internment was designated a National
controversy not be the values of today. shared with, and communicated Historic Event in 1984.
Confronting difficult issues to, visitors at heritage places. C. Elders and visitors berry picking at
means addressing uncomfortable Saoyú- ehdacho National Historic Site,
2015.
elements of the past, including
30Building on our Success
Key Practices for Public History
at Heritage Places (continued)
A B C
4. Realize that history is 5. Share authority 6. E
mphasize a full range of A. History is written from a worldview.
written from a worldview voices, perspectives and Fort Anne National Historic Site, 2010.
There are many people who can
experiences B. A ceremony marking the opening
Everyone has embedded contribute to understanding
assumptions and learned values Different voices, perspectives and of a new cabin in 2015 during a
history, and who can shed Knowledge Camp at Saoyú- ehdacho
about the world. In Canadian light on different aspects of the experiences illuminate a more
National Historic Site, a site that
history, colonialism, patriarchy past. Exchanging knowledge comprehensive and inclusive is cooperatively managed by the
and racism are examples of about the past happens through understanding of history. Stories Déli˛ne˛ Land Corporation and the
ideologies and structures that have collaborations and relationships. about groups whose histories have Déli˛ne˛ Renewable Resources Council,
profound legacies. There is a need been marginalized expand what together with Parks Canada.
Shared authority involves working
to be cognizant of, and to confront, together to build knowledge. It we know and challenge how we C. Animators at Skmaqn–Port-la-Joye–
conceptualize the past. To better Fort Amherst National Historic Site
these legacies. This contributes to also encourages engaging with the portraying Acadian and Mi’kmaw
the ongoing process of truth telling public about what the past means grasp perspectives from other eras,
experiences, 2016.
and reconciliation. to them. It can also mean the co- it is important to explore people’s
development of projects, including circumstances as fully as possible,
those drawing upon oral history including how they lived, what
and traditional knowledge. they believed and how those ways
of life are viewed today.
31Building on our Success
Key Practices for Public History
at Heritage Places (continued)
A B C
7. Acknowledge that humans 8. R
ecognize that power peoples and local residents for the A. Human contact has shaped all parks
have touched all heritage dynamics affect establishment of a national park. and natural areas. National Park
places, including parks and understandings of Other decisions made in the past wardens climbing in the Rockies, 1958.
natural areas heritage places B. Heritage places are shaped by power
continue to be valued, including
Heritage places viewed as natural, Decision makers have power and dynamics. Protests of expropriation at
the creation of Canada’s national
such as national parks and their decisions shape the way that Kouchibouguac National Park, 1970s.
parks and national historic sites,
national marine conservation heritage places are understood. C. During the First World War, there was
and the evolving commitment to widespread suspicion that immigrants
areas, have long human histories. Some decisions made in the conservation of heritage places. It from enemy countries might be
Many different people have past do not reflect today’s values is important to be up-front about disloyal. Many were labelled as “enemy
influenced these landscapes, or understandings of history. the people, practices and processes aliens” and placed in internment
and continue to do so. In Decisions are informed by power behind decisions that have shaped camps in national parks. Internees’
many cases, communities are dynamics. The history of the labour built infrastructure in the parks,
heritage places and the choices demonstrating the power dynamics
inextricably linked to heritage treatment of Indigenous peoples we are making today, while which shape our understandings of
places. Further, taking a long shows the effects of an unequal encouraging a dialogue with those heritage places. Otter Internment Camp,
view of human presence on this power relationship, as does the who were or are affected. Yoho National Park, 1916.
continent includes recognizing expropriation of Indigenous
that Indigenous peoples have
lived here and known this place
since time immemorial.
32Building on our Success
Key Practices for Public History
at Heritage Places (continued)
A B C
9. Explore the spectrum of communities and individuals be interrogated and no one ever A. Memorials demonstrate the shifting
powerful memories and assign to heritage places go beyond has the last word. In the future, meanings communities and individuals
meanings attached to the official reasons for why a today’s interpretations may well assign to heritage places. Obelisk at
heritage places Battle of the Châteauguay National
place is recognized. Sites should seem out of touch or quaint. At Historic Site, 2011.
Heritage places can evoke powerful be valued for the full range of the same time that our questions
B. Heritage places connect to personal
memories. Some sites relate to memories people bring to them. are changing, historic places are and local memories and shape a
resistance, tragedy, important or experiencing change. They are community’s understanding of history.
controversial figures, and are sites 10. A
ppreciate that Confederation Square, location of the
affected by a myriad of factors,
of memory or testaments to those interpretations of the past National War Memorial, seen here
are constantly evolving including conservation efforts,
histories. Sites can also connect under construction in 1939, was
climate change and the passage of
to personal or local memories, Changing perspectives and designated a National Historic Site
time. These changes may unearth in 1984.
and shape a community’s questions lead to research and
new information about a place. C. Interpretations of the past are
understanding of a heritage knowledge that constantly produce
new understandings of what the constantly evolving. Fur trade histories
place. Sometimes the meanings once focussed on the British-French
past means. History can always rivalry, but now include the power and
agency of Indigenous peoples and
women. Fort Langley National Historic
Site, 2012.
33Building on our Success
Historical Thinking:
Engaging Canadians with History
Working in tandem with the key practices listed above, historical thinking
concepts encourage reflection about how we learn and think about the
past. They can inspire visitors to connect and engage with history at
heritage places.
There are six foundational Historical Significance
concepts of historical thinking The concept of “Historical
used across disciplines such Significance” is about establishing
as history and archaeology. meaning in the past and thinking
These provide a groundwork for about what is of historical
history education and inquiry. value. It includes considering
Parks Canada has adopted these who is making the decision
concepts because they are effective about what is significant. This
tools for engaging critically with concept means asking:
history and prompting curiosity
about the country’s past, a goal of • What is important in history
Parks Canada’s heritage places. and why?
These six concepts can, at times, • Do we all agree about what
overlap. They complement the key matters in history? Why or
practices, encouraging thorough why not?
and thoughtful history. • Why are certain topics
researched and taught, and not
Historical significance is about finding others? Who decides?
meaning in the past and considering • What determines the importance
what is of historical value. Fort Chambly of an archaeological find or
National Historic Site, 2011.
historical document?
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