The Hive Kelham Island Sheffield - Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic Buildings Appraisal - Planning Alerts | UK

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The Hive Kelham Island Sheffield - Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic Buildings Appraisal - Planning Alerts | UK
The Hive
          Kelham Island
            Sheffield
Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment
     including Historic Buildings Appraisal

          Document Ref.: 242400.02
              February 2021
The Hive Kelham Island Sheffield - Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic Buildings Appraisal - Planning Alerts | UK
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The Hive Kelham Island Sheffield - Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic Buildings Appraisal - Planning Alerts | UK
Document Information
Document title                   The Hive, Kelham Island, Sheffield
Document subtitle                Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic
                                 Buildings Appraisal
Document reference               242400.2

Commissioned by                  Grantside Ltd
Address                          Middlethorpe Manor
                                 York
                                 YO23 2QB
National grid reference          435080, 388019

Project management by            Mark Turner
Document compiled by             Andrew Reid/Seth Price

Quality Assurance
Issue and date            Status                             Author   Approved by
1     05/01/2021          First Internal Draft               AR/SP

                                                                                     AR
2     22/01/2021          Second Internal Draft              AR/SP
                                                                                         LEM
3     04/02/2021          External Draft                     AR/SP
                                                                                    MT
The Hive, Kelham Island, Sheffield
                                                         Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment including Historic Buildings Appraisal

Contents
Summary........................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgements ............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1       INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1
        1.1 Project background .........................................................................................................1
        1.2 Development proposals ...................................................................................................1
        1.3 Aims and purpose of the assessment .............................................................................1
2       METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................2
        2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................2
        2.2 Study Area .......................................................................................................................2
        2.3 Sources ...........................................................................................................................2
        2.4 Site visit ...........................................................................................................................2
        2.5 Assessment of significance .............................................................................................3
        2.6 Setting assessment .........................................................................................................3
        2.7 Assumptions and limitations ............................................................................................4
        2.8 Copyright .........................................................................................................................5
3       BASELINE RESOURCE ..........................................................................................................5
        3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................5
        3.2 Site description ................................................................................................................5
        3.3 Designated heritage assets .............................................................................................5
        3.4 Historical and archaeological background .......................................................................6
4       ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST AND SIGNIFICANCE .........................................................9
        4.1 Potential impact ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
        4.2 Conditions for survival .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
        4.3 Interest and significance ..................................................................................................9
5       BUILT HERITAGE..................................................................................................................10
        5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................10
        5.2 2-4 South Parade ..........................................................................................................11
        5.3 Kelham Island Conservation Area .................................................................................14
6       SETTING ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................16
        6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................16
        6.2 Scoping exercise (Step 1) .............................................................................................16
        6.3 Setting – (Steps 2 and 3) ...............................................................................................17
        6.4 William Brothers of Sheffield (NHLE 1247393) .............................................................17
        6.5 Crucible Workshop at Former Williams Brothers (NHLE 1392551)...............................18
        6.6 The Fat Cat (NHLE 1388269) .......................................................................................19
7       CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................23
    Bibliography ............................................................................................................................23
    Site and Monuments Records ................................................................................................24
    Cartographic and documentary sources (accessed online)....................................................24
    Online resources.....................................................................................................................24
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................II
    Appendix 1: Terminology ..........................................................................................................II
    Appendix 2: Legislative and planning framework ....................................................................III
    Appendix 3: Gazetteer ............................................................................................................ VI

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Figures
Figure 1   Site location and key designated heritage assets
Figure 2   Site and relevant SMR entries identified in text
Figure 3   Site and previous excavations in the surrounding area
Figure 4   1894 Ordnance Survey Map
Figure 5   1924 Ordnance Survey Map
Figure 6   1974 Ordnance Survey Map
Figure 7   2-4 South Parade Phased Plan

Plates
Plate 1    Southeast and northeast elevations of 2-4 South Parade, from the junction of South
           Parade and Bowling Green Street
Plate 2    Northeast elevation of 2-4 South Parade, with the roof line of the northern range to the
           building visible to the top right, facing southeast from South Parade
Plate 3    View to the southeast elevation of 2-4 South Parade along Bowling Cross Street from
           the south
Plate 4    View of modern opening to the rear elevation of the South Parade range from within
           the Site, facing northeast. Note the modern stud wall elements dividing the interior of
           the building.
Plate 5    View of modern kitchen extension to the rear of the Bowling Green Street range, facing
           southwest.
Plate 6    Southeast elevation of the northern range from within the Site – note the blocked
           windows to the ground floor and extant timber sash windows to first floor.
Plate 7    Lobby and main stair within the Bowling Green Street range ground floor, facing
           northwest
Plate 8    Reception, ground floor of Bowling Green Street range, facing west
Plate 9    Office, ground floor of Bowling Green Street range, facing northeast
Plate 10   Office, first floor of Bowling Green Street range, facing northeast
Plate 11   Kitchen, with modern store beyond, first floor of Bowling Green Street range, facing
           northwest
Plate 12   Bedroom, first floor of Bowling Green Street range, facing west
Plate 13   Original window architrave to the first-floor bedroom, Bowling Green Street range,
           facing southeast
Plate 14   Garage, ground floor South Parade range, facing north
Plate 15   Welding shop, ground floor South Parade range, facing north
Plate 16   Welding shop, ground floor South Parade range, facing east
Plate 17   Toilets, ground floor South Parade range, facing north
Plate 18   Staircase accessing first floor of the South Parade range and north range, north range,
           facing northwest
Plate 19   Timber-framed sash to former courtyard, stairwell landing, north range, facing
           southeast
Plate 20   Storage room, first floor South Parade range, facing southeast
Plate 21   Workshop, first floor north range, facing south – note original sash windows
Plate 22   Surviving walls to an earlier structure within the centre of the Site – note the inserted
           openings (left) and truncated brickwork (centre)
Plate 23   Surviving walling pertaining to previous structures within the centre of the Site
Plate 24   View to the Site looking northwest, emphasising the poor character and appearance of
           the area to the southeast of the Site.
Plate 25   View to the Site from the south – note the scale and character of the surrounding
           development in comparison with that within the Site
Plate 26   Character of development to the north of the Site, facing northeast along Ebenezer
           Place

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Front cover
View of 2-4 South Parade

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Summary
Wessex Archaeology were commissioned by Grantside Ltd to prepare a Historic Environment Desk-
based Assessment for a parcel of land situated off Bowling Green Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
The report is intended to inform the design process and to be submitted as part of the planning
application for the construction of a new five-storey building.

This report provides an assessment of the historic environment considerations of the proposed
development and includes a historic buildings appraisal of 2-4 South Parade which has been
identified as a non-designated heritage asset and are located within the Kelham Island Conservation
Area.

There is an archaeological interest within the site which is characterised as a very high potential for
encountering the remains of former 19th century buildings visible on historic mapping with a low
potential for earlier remains due to disturbance from development. While further assessment in the
form of intrusive excavation is likely to be required, there are no indications that, if present, the
archaeological resource within the site would be so complex, rare, and well-preserved so as to
elevate its significance and preclude development therein. The details of any further works should
be agreed in consultation with the Principal Archaeologist for South Yorkshire Archaeology Service.

2-4 South Parade derives its significance primarily from its historic interest, being illustrative of the
once large and common place Sheffield steel and cutlery manufacturing industry in the Kelham
Island area, and forming part of the former Ashberry Metal Works. It has some architectural interest
also, albeit reduced by unsympathetic repair and alteration. The physical fabric of the building
provides evidence of its past use, development and architectural features associated with 19th-
century industry, contributing to its archaeological interest. Similarly, the limited structural remains
within the centre of the Site have some historic and archaeological interest, attesting to the past
character and function of the Site as a whole.

2-4 South Parade is a non-designated heritage asset and its demolition will result in a total loss of
its significance. This total loss will equate to harm in line with the criteria set out in paragraph 197 of
NPPF. This loss should form part of a balanced judgement where the benefits of the proposed
development should be taken into account when determining an application where harm will occur
to a non-designated heritage asset.

The loss of 2-4 South Parade could be partially offset through a programme of building recording.

2-4 South Parade makes a contribution to significance of the Conservation Area through both its
character and appearance, while the remainder of the site does not. This contribution is, however,
limited by its stilted appearance within the surrounding later 20th century and early 21st century
townscape which serves to sever any consistent appearance of historic value.

Its loss will therefore lead to harm on a designated heritage asset, which has been assessed as less
than substantial as the significance embroiled in its character will still be appreciable through the
larger works buildings and river views as set out above. That less than substantial harm should be
weighed against the public benefits of the proposal as set out within paragraph 195 of NPPF.

The construction of the proposed development will not have an effect on the character or appearance
of the Conservation Area. The recent development undertaken within the past 20 years has
dramatically altered the character and appearance with a further addition on its southern edge away
from the core areas of significance will not lead to an appreciable change and thus, will not lead to
any harm to its significance.

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The settings assessment considered designated heritage assets within a 1 km study area which had
the potential for their identified significance to be impacted through a change in their setting. Scoping
identified three assets which required further assessment, the Grade II listed William Brothers of
Sheffield (a former chapel and Sunday school), the Grade II listed Crucible Workshop at Former
Williams Brothers and the Grade II listed Fat Cat public house. Other assets were scoped out as the
site does not lie within their setting or make any meaningful contribution to their significance; the
significance of these assets will not be effected by the proposed development.

The assessment identified that the Site does not lie within the setting of any of these assets which
makes a contribution to their significance and therefore the introduction of a new modern
development will not change how these assets are appreciated.

Similarly, as the non-designated asset 2-4 South Parade makes no discernible contribution to the
significance of these assets and its removal will not alter how any of the designated assets are
understood as remaining elements of the former landscape.

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                                         The Hive
                                       Kelham Island
                                         Sheffield
                 Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
                     including Historic Buildings Appraisal

1       INTRODUCTION

1.1     Project background
1.1.1   This Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment (HEDBA) was commissioned by
        Grantside Ltd to assess the potential impact to the historic environment resource from a
        new development on a parcel of land situated off Bowling Green Street, Sheffield, South
        Yorkshire centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) 435080, 388019 (hereafter ‘the Site’;
        Figure 1).

1.1.2   This study seeks to inform the design process and will be submitted as part of the planning
        application.

1.2     Development proposals
1.2.1   At the time of writing, development proposals set out the construction of a new five-storey
        building arranged around an internal courtyard which would necessitate the demolition of
        all existing structures within the Site.

1.2.2   The proposals seek to respect the historic development of the area by mimicking the
        traditional courtyard layout of the former steel and metal trades industries in Sheffield, whilst
        using masonry from the existing buildings to incorporate into the design to provide a strong
        link to the former character of the area.

1.3     Aims and purpose of the assessment
        Introduction
1.3.1   The purpose of this assessment is to comply with the appropriate assessment planning
        guidance as outlined in paragraph 189 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF),
        2019 and in line with CIfA Guidance Standards and Guidance (2020). This assessment will
        also identify and reference any other relevant and/or appropriate documents such as
        existing heritage or archaeological site management plans that may be in operation in the
        locality.

        Aim
1.3.2   This report will determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature,
        extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area. The desk-based
        assessment will be undertaken using appropriate methods and practices which satisfy the
        stated aims of the project, and which comply with the Code of Conduct and other relevant
        regulations of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. Historic Environment here includes
        archaeological remains as well as built heritage assets.

1.3.3   This report will establish the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the
        historic environment or will identify the need for further evaluation to do so and will enable
        reasoned proposals and decisions to be made to mitigate, offset or accept without further
        intervention that impact.
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2       METHODOLOGY

2.1     Introduction
2.1.1   The methodology employed during this assessment was based upon relevant professional
        guidance, including the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists' Standard and guidance for
        historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2020).

2.2     Study Area
2.2.1   Baseline conditions were established through a desk-based review of publicly accessible
        sources of primary and synthesised information pertaining to the historic environment within
        a 500 m radial Study Area. The recorded historic environment resource within the Study
        Area was considered to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known
        and potential historic environment resource (heritage assets) that could be affected by the
        proposed development, via the application of informed professional judgement.

2.3     Sources
2.3.1   The following publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were
        consulted:

        •   the National Heritage List for England (NHLE), which is the only official and up to date
            database of all nationally designated heritage assets;

        •   the South Yorkshire Sites and Monuments Record (SYSMR), comprising a database
            of recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and archaeological events within the
            county;

        •   relevant national, regional and thematic Research Frameworks;

        •   national heritage datasets including the Archaeological Data Service (ADS), Heritage
            Gateway, OASIS, PastScape and the National Record of the Historic Environment
            (NRHE) Excavation Index;

        •   historic manuscripts, surveyed maps, and Ordnance Survey maps; and

        •   relevant primary and secondary sources, including published and unpublished
            archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the vicinity of the
            Site.

2.3.2   Sources consulted during the preparation of this assessment are listed in the References
        section at the end of this report. All records obtained from the NHLE and SYSMR are listed
        in Appendix 3 and those key to the assessment are illustrated in Figures 1, 2 and 3.

2.3.3   This report was written during a period of national lockdown to slow the spread of
        coronavirus. All local archives, record offices and the SYSMR were closed in accordance
        with Covid-19 regulations. To comply with government requirements, all sources within this
        document have been obtained from online repositories, or Wessex Archaeology’s in-house
        collection.

2.4     Site visit
2.4.1   The Site was visited on the 11th January 2021 with internal access gained to 2-4 South
        Parade. Site conditions are summarised below (see Section 3.1).

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2.4.2   The aim of the Site visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting
        of the Site and to identify any prior impacts not evident from secondary sources. The Site
        visit also sought to ascertain if the Site contained any previously unidentified features of
        archaeological, architectural or historic interest.

2.4.3   A key objective of the Site visit was the gathering of observations upon which to assess the
        potential for the development proposals to change the settings of heritage assets (see
        Section 6).

2.5     Assessment of significance
2.5.1   National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) defines significance as: the value of a heritage
        asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. The interest may be
        archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a
        heritage asset's physical presence, but also from its setting. For World Heritage Sites, the
        cultural value described within each site's Statement of Outstanding Universal Value forms
        part of its significance.

2.5.2   Current national guidance for the assessment of the significance of heritage assets is based
        on criteria provided by Historic England in Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance
        for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (English Heritage 2008).
        Within the guidance, significance is weighed by consideration of the potential for the asset
        to demonstrate differing 'values'.

2.5.3   These values are broadly analogous to the 'interests' defined by NPPF, which are used
        within this report, as per Statements of Heritage Significance: Analysing Significance in
        Heritage Assets (Historic England 2019). These are:

           •   Archaeological Interest: there will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it
               holds, or potentially holds, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert
               investigation at some point.

           •   Architectural and Artistic Interest: these are interests in the design and general
               aesthetics of a place. They can arise from conscious design or fortuitously from the
               way the heritage asset has evolved. More specifically, architectural interest is an
               interest in the art or science of the design, construction, craftsmanship and
               decoration of buildings and structures of all types. Artistic interest is an interest in
               other human creative skill, like sculpture.

           •   Historic Interest: An interest in past lives and events (including prehistoric). Heritage
               assets can illustrate or be associated with them. Heritage assets with historic
               interest not only provide a material record of our nation's history but can also provide
               meaning for communities derived from their collective experience of a place and can
               symbolise wider values such as faith and cultural identity.

2.5.4   This assessment was also informed by the advice published by Historic England in the
        document entitled Managing Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment:
        Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 (2015).

2.6     Setting assessment
2.6.1   Annex 2 of the NPPF defines the setting of a heritage asset as:

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        'the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may
        change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive
        or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate
        that significance or may be neutral.'

2.6.2   The setting assessment was guided by The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic
        Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 (GPA 3; Historic England 2017),
        which states that:

        'Setting is not itself a heritage asset, nor a heritage designation, although land comprising
        a setting may itself be designated…. Its importance lies in what it contributes to the
        significance of the heritage asset or to the ability to appreciate that significance.' (GPA 3,
        para. 9)

2.6.3   When undertaking settings assessment, intervisibility between the development and a
        heritage asset does not, in and off itself, constitute an adverse effect to significance. A
        specific adverse effect on the significance of an asset, occurring as a result of changes
        within its setting, must be identified in order for 'harm' to be deemed to occur.

2.6.4   GPA3 advocates a systematic and staged approach to the assessment of the effects of
        development:

        •   Step 1 of the approach is to 'identify which heritage assets and their settings are
            affected'

        •   Step 2 requires assessment of 'the degree to which these settings and views make a
            contribution to the significance of the heritage asset(s) or allow significance to be
            appreciated'

        •   Step 3 is to 'assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or
            harmful, on the significance or on the ability to appreciate it'

        •   Step 4 is to explore ways to 'maximise enhancement and avoid or minimise harm'

        •   Step 5 is to 'make and document the decision and monitor outcomes'

2.6.5   For the purposes of this assessment, only Steps 1-4 of the process have been followed.

2.7     Assumptions and limitations
2.7.1   Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of
        sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study.
        The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary
        sources, is reasonably accurate.

2.7.2   The records held by the SYSMR are not a record of all surviving heritage assets, but a
        record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the
        historic environment. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude
        the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at
        present, unknown.

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2.8     Copyright
2.8.1   This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g., Ordnance
        Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third
        parties, which Wessex Archaeology are able to provide for limited reproduction under the
        terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non-transferable by
        Wessex Archaeology. Users remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and
        Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

3       BASELINE RESOURCE

3.1     Introduction
3.1.1   The following section provides a summary of the recorded historic environment within the
        Study Area, compiled from the sources summarised above and detailed in the references
        section of this report. The aim is to identify the known and potential components of the
        historic environment (heritage assets) that could be affected by the proposed development.

3.1.2   All heritage assets identified within the Study Area are listed in Appendix 3 with those
        relevant to the assessment shown referenced in the text below.

3.2     Site description
3.2.1   The Site is located within the Kelham Island area of Sheffield, approximately 700 m to the
        north-east of the city centre (Figure 1).

3.2.2   The Site is approximately 0.12 ha in size and is situated at an elevation of approximately
        60 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

3.2.3   The Site is underlain by a solid bedrock geology comprising the Pennine Lower Coal
        Measures Formation which is overlain by superficial deposits of alluvium from the nearby
        River Don which covered all but the southern corner of the Site (British Geological Survey
        online).

3.3     Designated heritage assets
3.3.1   The northern section of the Site is located within the Kelham Island Conservation Area,
        although there are no designated heritage assets within the Site (Figure 1).

3.3.2   The closest designated heritage asset is the Grade II listed Williams Brothers of Sheffield
        (NHLE no. 1247393; Figure 1) which is an early 19th century Wesleyan Methodist Chapel
        with a later 19th century adjoining Sunday school. The building was later taken over by the
        expanding Williams Brothers industrial works which used the building as a warehouse until
        1997, hence the naming on the NHLE.

3.3.3   Within the surrounding area there are a number of other designated heritage assets
        including the Grade II listed Crucible Workshop at Williams Brothers (NHLE no. 1392551),
        the Grade II* listed Entrance Gateway to Green Lane Works (NHLE no. 1255044), the
        Grade II* listed Globe Works (NHLE no. 1271128) and the Scheduled and Grade II listed
        Cementation Furnace (NHLE no. 1004791 & 1247524).

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3.4     Historical and archaeological background
        Prehistoric (970,000 BC–AD 43) to Romano-British (AD 43–410)
3.4.1   There are no finds or features dating from the prehistoric or Romano-British periods
        recorded by the SMR within the Site or Study Area and there is limited evidence for
        prehistoric activity within the area around Sheffield City Centre.

3.4.2   The Roman fort at Templeborough, Rotherham was constructed in c. AD 50 and is the
        closest known area of settlement to the Site during the Romano-British period. The route of
        a Roman road is recorded as running through the city to Templeborough from Brough in
        Derbyshire, although no evidence for the road has ever been identified within Sheffield City
        Centre.

        Anglo-Saxon (AD 410–1066) and medieval (AD 1066–1500)
3.4.3   The settlement at Sheffield is recorded in the Domesday Book as a being quite small in size
        (opendomesday.org), However, its inclusion in the Domesday Book, which was the record
        of a survey of taxable assets carried out following the Norman Conquest of 1066, indicates
        its establishment some time prior to this. Its name is derived from a combination of two Old
        English words, ‘Sheaf’ meaning a boundary, and ‘feld’, meaning open country (University
        of Nottingham 2021).

3.4.4   Sheffield Castle was originally constructed in the early 12th century on top of the purported
        site of a three-bayed timber building which formed the administrative centre for the Anglo-
        Saxon settlement (Hey 1979). The Castle was destroyed in 1266 and later rebuilt in 1270
        by Thomas de Furnival who was also responsible for establishing the settlement’s
        marketplace (ibid.).

3.4.5   There are no finds or features recorded by the SMR within the Site or Study Area which
        date to the Anglo-Saxon or medieval period. Later cartographic evidence indicates this area
        formed part of the agricultural hinterland for the settlement at Sheffield which was centred
        around the Castle, Cathedral and market located approximately 750 m south-east of the
        Site.

        Post-medieval (AD 1500–1800)
3.4.6   Industry in Sheffield is recorded as far back as the 13th century, although it is likely to be
        much earlier as it was already a noted location for knife manufacturing (Hey 2005, 17). The
        growth of industry was largely due to the presence of fiver rivers which were used to power
        works via water wheels as well as the transportation of goods in and out (Hey 1991).

3.4.7   The primary metal worked in Sheffield was steel which was being formed in cementation
        furnaces in the 17th and 18th centuries, although this production technique was inefficient
        and led to steel of varying quality. The steel was mainly used in the production of cutlery
        and by the middle of the 17th century, Sheffield had a highly specialised workforce with
        three out of five men working within the cutlery industry (Hey 2005, 60). By the 18th century,
        Sheffield was at the forefront of technological advances in steel production which included
        the invention of the process to create crucible steel by Benjamin Huntsman. Steel produced
        in the crucible furnaces was of significantly better quality than that previously produced
        using the cementation process.

3.4.8   The former sites of the purported first cementation furnace (SMR ref. 05537; Figure 2),
        which was in place by 1716, and possibly the first crucible furnace (05759), in operation
        from 1760, in Sheffield are both located within the Study Area, approximately 230 m south-
        east and 50 m south of the Site respectively. The presence of the early 18th century
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         cementation furnace is thought to have led to the naming of its surrounding area as
         ‘Furnace Hill’.

3.4.9    The focus of steel production was along the banks of the River Don immediately to the north
         of the main settlement centre, which included the Kelham Island Area. However, the initial
         development of Kelham Island was much earlier and came in the form of corn and textile
         mills with the first reference made to the Kelham grinding wheel and mill (01691/01; Figure
         2) in 1604. Documentary evidence suggests that this original wheel was destroyed in the
         1650s, and later rebuilt.

3.4.10   The area continued to see this kind of development with the Kelham Mill (01690/01; Figure
         2) constructed in 1758 which was initially used for silk production before being converted
         into a cotton mill (01691/02) in the late 18th century. The mill went on to become the Poor
         House in the early 19th century before being converted back to a corn mill (01690/03) in
         1864. The mill was demolished in 1946.

3.4.11   Beyond Furnace Hill to the south, the settlement at Sheffield began to develop beyond its
         medieval extent in the mid-17th century into the area known as “The Crofts” which extended
         to Upper Allen Street (Belford 2001). By the 18th century, the Crofts was a densely packed
         area with a range of industrial activities being undertaken as well as being used for housing
         (ibid.). Recent excavations at Hollis Croft (Wessex Archaeology 2017; Figure 3), located
         approximately 420 m south of the Site, uncovered the remains of two well-preserved mid-
         to-late 19th century cementation furnaces along with worker’s housing and public houses.

3.4.12   While this development was taking place to the south, late 18th century cartographic
         evidence from the 1771 Fairbank Map of Sheffield (Accessed via Picture Sheffield) indicates
         the Site lay within an area known as ‘Long Croft’.

3.4.13   By the latter decades of the 18th century, the surrounding area began to see more intensive
         development with a number of large industrial works established. This includes the now
         Grade II* listed Cornish Place Works (NHLE no. 1270962 & 1270928), located
         approximately 320 m north-west of the Site which was an integrated steel and cutlery works
         where a number of process, both powered and unpowered, were gathered together on the
         one site.

         19th century (1801 – 1900)
3.4.14   Mapping from the early 19th century indicates the Site was still undeveloped by 1808
         (Sheffield by W and J Fairbank; not reproduced), however, it does show that Bowling Green
         Street had been laid out with a number of small buildings visible to the south along Moor
         Fields. The Site clearly lay just outside of the ever-increasing city limits and a number of
         new/planned streets including Blue Boy Street and Shepherd Street are noted indicating
         further development was imminent.

3.4.15   By 1838, White’s map of Sheffield (accessed via Picture Sheffield; not reproduced) the Site
         is shown to have been entirely developed along with the rest of the surrounding area. Detail
         relating to the layout of the buildings on the Site, however, is not visible from available online
         sources until the 1853 Ordnance Survey Town Plan (Accessed online) or on reproducible
         sources until the 1894 Ordnance Survey Map (Figure 4).

3.4.16   In 1853, the Site includes a number of buildings located along Ward Street and Bowling
         Green Street with a range of buildings fronting onto Ebenezer Square noted as ‘South
         Parade’. The area is later occupied by 2-4 South Parade is shown as a walled yard with
         access provided from Bowling Green Street and Ebenezer Square. It is not known who
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         occupied or used the yard at this time, however, Ashberry’s Metal Works’ is located on the
         opposite side of Ebenezer Square and fronting Bowling Green Street (SMR ref. 05479;
         Figure 2).

3.4.17   Ashberry’s was established in 1829 and was originally based in Copper Street in Furnace
         Hill. They later moved to Bowling Green Street and, by 1849, were described in a
         contemporary trade directory advertisement as maker of spoons, tea, and coffee pots, and
         rolled tin (see hawleysheffieldknives.com https://www.hawleysheffieldknives.com/n-
         fulldetails.php?val=a&kel=346 accessed 25th January 2021). These were flatware (spoons
         and forks) and hollow-ware (dishes, bowls, teapots etc.) products which accompanied the
         cutlery trade, making matching items to form entire dining sets. Later, the firm also
         expanded into electro-plating, and registered silver marks in 1872 and 1892.

3.4.18   Following the demolition of the main Ashberry’s site, excavations carried out uncovered
         three ranges of brick-built and steel-framed buildings dating to the late 19th to mid-20th
         centuries (ARCUS 2006; Figure 3).

3.4.19   By the time of the 1890 OS Town Plan (not reproducible), coinciding with the Ashberry’s
         expansion into electro-plating, the former yard has been developed with ranges of buildings
         set around a central yard, and is labelled as ‘Ashberry’s Metal Works’, expanding their site
         located across the road which is also labelled as such. The new site fronted South Parade,
         the former Ebenezer Square having now been renamed, and included a cart passage
         accessing the central yard through the principal range. The general layout can be seen on
         the 1894 OS map (Figure 4), although in less detail and without the works’ being labelled.

3.4.20   The remainder of the Site at this time includes buildings generally arranged around two
         internal courtyards (Courts 1 and 3) with back-to-back housing fronting South Parade
         between Ashberry’s Metal Works and a building marked as a ‘school’. Along Ward Street
         are further buildings arranged around two yards, accessed via cart passages from Ward
         Street. The composition of the Site is similar along Bowling Green Street, although there
         are no cart passages suggesting the courtyards to the rear were accessed via South Parade
         or Ward Street. These are most likely small-scale industrial works associated with the
         cutlery and steel industries.

3.4.21   Beyond the Site and its immediate environs, the SMR records multiple works in Kelham
         Island relating to the steel and cutlery industry including the site of the former Eagle
         Works/Green Lane Works which later became part of the Globe Steel Works (05483;
         Figures 1 and 2). The main entrance gate is the only element that remains of the former
         works site and is Grade II* listed (NHLE no.1255044), although a programme of historic
         building recording and subsequent archaeological excavations prior to redevelopment, (not
         yet recorded within the SMR), uncovered substantial remains of the 19th century works
         buildings (Figure 3).

3.4.22   In the mid-19th century, Kelham Island was not just an area comprising industrial buildings,
         as its development included industry interspersed with living accommodation. This mainly
         consisted of back-to-back houses like those excavated at Dun Street (05691; Wessex
         Archaeology 2015; Figures 2 and 3), and by amenities. Amenities included the now Grade
         II listed Fat Cat public house (NHLE no. 1388269; Figure 1), shops, school, like the building
         adjacent to the Site along South Parade and churches, like the former Ebenezer Chapel
         (now Grade II listed as Williams Brothers). The ever-increasing demands of industrial
         production led to the demolition of much of the back-to-back housing to make way for
         expanding works, displacing the population to other parts of the city (Sheffield City Council
         1999).

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         Modern (1901 – Present)
3.4.23   The Site remained relatively unchanged throughout the earlier decades of the 20th century
         as is shown on the 1924 Ordnance Survey Map (Figure 5). The industrial prowess of
         Sheffield and its steel industry continued to grow in the first half of the 20th century, largely
         thanks to the requirements of the military during both the First and Second World Wars.

3.4.24   The latter half of the 20th century, however, saw significant decline in industry across the
         country. By the 1950s (1954 OS Map; not reproducible), the back-to-back housing along
         South Parade has been removed while many of the individual units have been merged
         together, this is most visible on the buildings fronting onto Ward Street. The building at 2-4
         South Parade, however, appear to have either been sub-divided or elements demolished
         and replaced with new units.

3.4.25   By the 1960s, the whole Site is now shown to be occupied with works buildings including
         the courtyard to the rear of 2-4 South Parade. Historic mapping from the 1970s (Figure 6)
         shows the redeveloped Site which comprises small-scale industrial buildings, some of which
         remain extant. While the buildings on the Site originally formed separate works, the Site is
         now under the same ownership and comprises a single works. The amalgamation and
         redevelopment of the Site has led to all of the units now being interconnected with each
         other.

3.4.26   During the 21st century, the Kelham Island area has been subject to significant
         redevelopment with numerous apartment blocks and associated amenities erected. While
         some buildings from the 19th century remain having been renovated, as is the case with
         the Grade II* listed Cornish Works buildings (NHLE no. 1270962), a substantial proportion
         of its industrial character has been removed.

4        ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST AND SIGNIFICANCE

4.1      Interest and significance
4.1.1    Through the consideration of available cartographic evidence, the evidence gathered from
         the SMR, the NHLE and from historic cartographic sources our understanding of the
         archaeological potential within the Site is good.

4.1.2    The primary archaeological remains will be associated with the former 19th century
         buildings visible on historic mapping which includes a number of back-to-back terraced
         houses arranged around courtyards to their rear which were common features of this area.
         Examples of these terraced houses have been excavated in Kelham Island in recent years
         (Wessex Archaeology 2015) so our understanding of the associated archaeological remains
         is very good. Any such remains uncovered may contribute to the understanding and
         significance of the of the industrial development at a local level and the living and working
         conditions of 19th century Sheffield.

4.1.3    Currently, there is a lack of definitive evidence for the presence or absence of remains from
         other periods within the Site. Historic mapping indicates the Site was part of an agricultural
         area prior to its development in the late 18th and early 19th century and excavations in the
         Kelham Island area have uncovered some limited evidence of this former landscape in the
         form of buried soils (Wessex Archaeology 2015). There is therefore a potential, albeit low,
         for similar remains to be present within the Site which may contribute to the understanding
         and significance of the post-medieval agricultural landscape at a local level

4.1.4    The presence of superficial alluvium deposits which cover the majority of the Site (British
         Geological Survey Online Viewer) does indicate a potential for paleoenvironmental remains
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        to be present, albeit likely to be at significant depths below the current ground level and
        unlikely to be disturbed by the construction of the proposed development. However, any
        such remains uncovered would contribute to the understanding and significance of the of
        the prehistoric landscape at a local level.

4.2     Conditions for survival
4.2.1   The Site was mostly developed in the 1830s, with the corner plot now occupied by 2-4 South
        Parade developed later in the mid-19th century, and has remained so since. Aside from the
        building at 2-4 South Parade, all the other buildings dating to the 19th century have been
        either demolished with modern structures replacing them, or substantially altered. The
        construction of the modern buildings will have caused some disturbance or truncation to
        any potential archaeological remains, particularly to those from the 19th century.

4.2.2   However, previous investigations in the surrounding area including at Dun Street (Wessex
        Archaeology 2015), on the site of the former Ashberry’s Metal Works which was located
        opposite the Site (ARCUS 2006) and at the site of the former Green Lane Works along
        Green Lane (currently not recorded on the SMR) have uncovered well preserved
        archaeological remains from the 19th century in areas with later development. This is
        consistent with the general levels of preservation present across Sheffield and is highly
        likely to be the case within the Site.

4.3     Potential effect of the development
4.3.1   The current design proposals require the demolition of the existing buildings, including the
        non-designated asset of 2-4 South Parade, and the erection of a new five-storey apartment
        block.

4.3.2   This will require large scale excavation for foundations, services and utilities etc. which is
        likely to lead to significant disturbance/truncation of any surviving archaeological remains.

5       BUILT HERITAGE

5.1     Introduction
5.1.1   There are two principal considerations regarding built heritage within the Site, namely the
        presence of an extant mid-to-late 19th century set of buildings at 2-4 South Parade
        (themselves considered to constitute a non-designated heritage asset) which are now part
        of an interconnected set of associated structures which form a single works, and the position
        of approximately half of the Site within the Kelham Island Conservation Area. No.s 2-4 South
        Parade lie within the Conservation Area Boundary.

5.1.2   Historically, the Site comprised a number of discrete works, with a row of back-to-back
        housing fronting onto South Parade, while Nos. 2-4 South Parade were originally
        constructed as part of the former Ashberry’s Metal Works which lay to the north-east of
        South Parade. By the mid-to-late 20th century however, the former housing had been
        removed, and the entire Site area had been brought into the ownership of the Site’s current
        owners, Aircraft & Commercial Tools (Sheffield) Limited, with a large interconnected factory
        floor enveloping much of the Site area. The former Ashberry’s Metal Works north-east of
        South Parade were replaced by the Debesco Works by the mid-20th century.

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5.2     2-4 South Parade
        Description
5.2.1   2-4 South Parade comprises a late 19th-century purpose-built complex of two-storey brick-
        built buildings covered with a modern cement render which have been altered and extended
        in response to changing functions, process flows and technological advancements (Plates
        1-3). It is situated on the south end and western side of South Parade. Information from
        available late 19th century mapping indicates the complex within the Site was constructed
        by 1890 and was part of the ‘Ashberry’s Metal Works’ located directly opposite the Site to
        the north-east. Nos. 2-4 South Parade was formed by three ranges, at the intersection of
        South Parade and Bowling Green Street, et around a central courtyard, accessed via a cart
        passage from the principal range fronting north-east onto South Parade. This was a typical
        arrangement in Sheffield for works associated with the steel and cutlery industries and is
        similar to the layout of the main complex of Ashberry’s Metal Works across the road.

5.2.2   The Ashberry’s Metal Works main complex across the road is depicted on the 1853 OS
        Town Plan (viewed online), with the addition later built within the Site (Nos. 2-4 South
        Parade) infilling what was an open yard area. The main component of Ashberry’s Metal
        Works north-east of South Parade appears to have been the location for the principal
        industrial processes associated with the production of flatware and hollow-ware, as well as
        a public rolling mill. 2-4 South Parade most likely functioned as offices and perhaps
        warehousing with other un-powered processes, as no evidence for powered processes or
        industrial remains were noted during the Site visit. It is not known which of the two
        Ashberry’s sites were undertaking the electro-plating process, but it was most likely
        undertaken within their main site. The three ranges which form Nos. 2-4 South Parade are
        labelled on Figure 7, and comprise the Bowling Green Street range to the southeast, the
        South Parade range to the northeast, and the northern range to the northwest, with a former
        yard area, now roofed over, to their rear.

5.2.3   The three ranges comprising Nos. 2-4 South Parade are poorly preserved. A later cement
        render has been added to the principal elevations fronting Bowling Green Street and South
        Parade, most likely to cover later alterations, but it is now beginning to deteriorate. The
        majority of the original openings remain ornamented by stone sills and lintels, although all
        have modern replacement doors and windows, whilst some have been blocked, removed,
        or altered to varying degrees of aesthetic quality and finish. In addition, the use of modern
        steel roller shutters to openings has also had a detrimental effect. The roof covering
        comprises replacement corrugated asbestos sheeting, with the original slates having been
        lost in the mid-to-late 20th century. A single chimney stack breaks the roof line of the South
        Parade range, with the remainder of original stacks most likely having been truncated or
        removed.

5.2.4   From within the former courtyard, now covered over and incorporated into the factory floor
        to the south-west, elements of the rear elevations of the three ranges survive, though again
        in a deteriorated state of repair. The former window openings are blocked and, to the west
        elevation of the South Parade range, the ground floor has been opened up to form a
        continuation of the existing factory floor (the wall above being carried by a modern RSJ –
        Plate 4). The north elevation of the Bowling Green Street range is largely occluded by a
        later extension, containing a kitchen (Plate 5), with utility room over. Three windows to the
        upper floor of the northern range retain original six-over-six timber sash windows; this is the
        best preserved of the courtyard elevations (Plate 6).

5.2.5   Internally, the range fronting onto Bowling Green Street, which functions as the building’s
        principal access at this time, is the best preserved. To the ground floor, the main entrance

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        leads to a small lobby, with original tongue and groove panelling and an original stone
        staircase protected by steel balusters with a timber handrail and newel post (Plate 7). Single
        office rooms are situated to the east and west of the lobby, presently a reception and office
        (Plates 8 and 9). The room to the west is better preserved, retaining original tongue and
        groove panelling and window architraves, while the room to the east has been stripped of
        its original finishes. To the first floor, two rooms are arranged off the stair landing. To the
        east is an office, which retains an original chimney breast (though the fireplace has been
        blocked; Plate 10). To the west, the original single room has been divided by later stud-
        walling to form a small kitchen and bedroom (Plates 11 and 12). As with the ground floor,
        original window architraves survive here (Plate 13). To the north-west of the kitchen, an
        inserted doorway (within a former window opening) leads to the modern extension within
        the former courtyard, with utilities and storage.

5.2.6   Within the South Parade range, the ground floor interior has been largely removed to
        accommodate a garage and modern welding shop, and is subdivided by modern stud walls
        with part of its south-west wall being opened-up to the factory floor beyond (Plates 4, 14 -
        16). Two W.C.s have been constructed to the courtyard-side of the former cart passage of
        the range (Plate 17). The upper floor of the range is accessed via the northern range. The
        upper floor of the South Parade range comprises a series of storage rooms with modern
        finishes throughout (Plate 20). Chimney breasts remain, though former fireplaces are
        blocked.

5.2.7   The northern range, originally accessed via the South Parade range, or externally from the
        former courtyard, features a single storage room at ground-floor level with blocked window
        openings, and a workshop on the first floor. An original stone stair, similar to that within the
        Bowling Green Street range, is situated within the east end of the northern range (Plate 18).
        The stair’s landing, which provides access to the first floor of the South Parade range,
        retains an original timber-framed sash window, partially boarded up (Plate 19). The first-
        floor workshop retains original timber floors and sash windows within timber frames and has
        most recently been used for woodworking (Plate 21). The room, which has not been used
        for several years, is in a dilapidated state of repair, with crumbling plaster and damage to
        the ceiling and flooring due to water ingress.

        Significance
5.2.8   2-4 South Parade derives its significance primarily from its historic interest, being illustrative
        of the once large and common place Sheffield steel and cutlery manufacturing industry in
        the Kelham Island area, and forming part of the former Ashberry Metal Works. It has some
        architectural interest also, albeit impacted by unsympathetic repair and alteration, which
        contributes to a tangible sense of place and a link back to the former operations dominating
        the surrounding area, including the retained larger integrated complexes that remain in the
        Kelham Island Conservation Area (all designated assets). The physical fabric of the building
        provides evidence of its past use, development and architectural features associated with
        19th-century industry, contributing to its archaeological interest. The small to medium scale
        of the building and the legibility of its original layout contribute to its significance, and
        provides evidence for former process flow and its intrinsic relationship with the larger
        Ashberry’s site across the road. Similarly, the limited structural remains within the centre of
        the Site have some historic and archaeological interest, attesting to the past character and
        function of the Site as a whole.

5.2.9   2-4 South Parade have been subjected to numerous changes and adaptations, which have
        negatively impacted its significance. Externally, the building has been covered in a modern
        cement render, windows and doors have been blocked or replaced, the roof has been
        recovered with corrugated asbestos, and only a single chimney stack remains. Internally,
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