Hydropower and Dams Capability Statement - Royal Haskoning
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Hydropower and Dams
Capability Statement
Contents Capability Statement: Hydropower and Dams For further information please contact: Global Jacques du Plessis – Knowledge Manager: Hydropower and Dams T: +27 (0) 36 342 3159 M: +27 (0) 83 656 0088 E: jacques.du.plessis@rhdhv.com Indonesia Hille Kemp or Yuliant Syukur T: +62 (0) 21 750 4605 M: +62 811 9624 192 E: hille.kemp@rhdhv.com E: m.yuliant.syukur@rhdhv.com Philippines Rudolf Muijtjens – Project Manager T: +63 2 755 8466/67 M: +63 915 7712200 M: +31 6 29376569 E: Rudolf.Muijtjens@rhdhv.com Netherlands/Belgium Leon Pulles – Investment Consultant / Investment Services M: +31 6 4636 3481 E: leon.pulles@rhdhv.com ir. Tom Van Den Noortgaete - Project Manager / Consultant Sustainable Energy M: +32 494 84 72 14 E tom.van.den.noortgaete@rhdhv.com Poland Ryszard Lewandowski – Technical Director Poland T: +48 (0) 22 531 3403 M: +48 (0) 604 967 855 E: ryszard.lewandowski@rhdhv.com South Africa Jan Brink T: +27 (0) 44 802 0600 M: +27 (0) 84 723 1141 E: jan.brink@rhdhv.com Copyright © June 2016 HaskoningDHV Nederland BV Project details throughout this document may have been utilised the services of companies previously acquired by Royal HaskoningDHV. Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 1
Contents
1 Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction to Hydropower ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Hydropower Diversity ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Other Forms of Energy from Water .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Added value by Royal HaskoningDHV ............................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Detail on Expertise ............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.5.1 Project Finance and Origination ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2 Consultancy Services ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.3 Engineering ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.5.4 Health, Safety and Environment. ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.5.5 Specific skills ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Project Experience .................................................................................................... 10
3 Royal HaskoningDHV ............................................................................................... 34
3.1 Company Profile ............................................................................................................................................... 35
3.2 Our Sectors ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 About Royal HaskoningDHV ............................................................................................................................ 37
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 2
1 Introduction
Introduction Food, Water and Energy under pressure More and more people are becoming aware that the growing scarcity of water, food and energy is set to be the biggest crisis of the decades to come. We need to ensure food, water and energy security, but there are hazards on all sides. In the decades to 2050 the world population is set to mushroom to nine billion. Taking into account global urbanisation and rising standards of living in large parts of the world this will put an enormous strain on existing resources. Water consumption is set to rise by at least 30 percent, while the demand for food and energy will jump some 50 percent. Faced with these challenges, a ‘business as usual’ scenario is hopelessly inadequate. In order to survive, a drastic, worldwide switch to sustainable production and consumption is inevitable. The challenge we face is to maximise efficiency and sustainability. Why Water and Energy projects make sense If we want to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels we cannot afford to rule out any single source of renewable energy. Using water as an energy resource too, is desperately needed despite its inherent difficulties – and there is a lot of energy in water. The trick is to utilise it without making scarce water even scarcer and to harmonise plural use of water resources. With its roots in a country where plural use of water resources led to it being used as an ‘organising’ principle, Royal HaskoningDHV not only has 130 years of world-class technical expertise but also the institutional and financial expertise to facilitate Water Infrastructure projects in general and Water and Energy projects in particular. Such skills have proven of tremendous added value for creating the optimal conditions for sustainable and commercially successful Water and Energy projects around the world that help address the global water, energy and food crises. . Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 4
Introduction
High capacity factor compared with 10% for
solar and 30% for wind;
1.1 Introduction to Hydropower High level of predictability, varying with annual
The continuing economical and demographical rainfall patterns or daily tidal movement;
development of the world has lead to an increasing Slow rate of change; and
world energy demand. Today, more than 80% of the It is a proven technology with a history of over
global energy needs are met through the use of fossil a century.
fuels such as coal, oil and gas. There is a strong
According to the UNIDO classification, hydropower can
worldwide political, economical and environmental drive
be subdivided into the following ranges:
to develop alternative energy sources such as wind
power, hydropower and solar power. Classification Power Capacity (kW)
The depleting access to easily accessible oil and gas Micro < 100
fields and increasing costs for new oil and gas Mini 100 – 2,000
exploration adds to the motivation to shift to renewable
Small 2,000 – 10,000
energy.
Big > 10,000
1.2 Hydropower Diversity
Runoff-River HPP
Finding their way down from their wells, rivers continue
to grow and gain more and more energy. Nowadays,
this energy can efficiently be captured and converted
into electricity to power households, communities and
industries. The harnessing of this electrical power from
In this context, hydropower accounts for more than 50% a river flow can be established in two different ways;
of the total renewable energy, with the potential to grow using the head or the speed of the water flow. It may
considerably. The biggest advantages of hydropower involve a short-term storage but it is generally driven by
are that the operational costs are low compared to the natural river flow conditions.
fossil fuel technologies and, hydropower is more
reliable and predictable when compared with wind and Reservoir HPP
solar power. These advantages also apply to other
technologies available to produce energy from water,
such as tidal energy, wave energy or blue energy.
Hydropower is generally defined as ‘power derived from
the energy of falling water’ and uses a hydropower
plant (HPP) to produce electricity from this power.
These can be classified as follows:
Runoff-river (RoR) HPP;
Reservoir (or storage) HPP; and
Pumped Storage Plants.
Hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and
reliable technologies to be considered for providing
renewable energy generation. It has the following Water is stored in a reservoir, mostly created artificially
advantages: by building a dam, to produce electricity in a HPP.
Most of these reservoirs serve multi purposes, such as
High efficiency compared with other renewable
flood reduction or water supply. These reservoirs
energy sources;
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 5
Introduction
provide flexibility in providing electricity, not depending
on daily or seasonal fluctuations of river flow.
Pumped Storage Plants
Electricity can be stored in water using height
differences. In mountainous regions, this seems a very
natural condition of which to take advantage. Using
electricity, water is pumped to higher reservoirs to store
the energy it creates. In a modified (reversed) form, the
system can be used to generate electricity (by means of
turbines). Often the situation is that a surplus of water
is stored at night-time which can be used to produce
energy during the day. In the Netherlands an option is 1.4 Added value by Royal HaskoningDHV
considered to develop a pumped storage scheme We are experienced Water and Energy experts.
where the lower basin is situated more than a thousand Royal HaskoningDHV has the combined expertise
meters underground. required for all stages of the project lifecycle under a
1.3 Other Forms of Energy from Water single roof. Whether you seek greenfield development
of hydropower, need support in your transaction,
Tidal Energy support in design, tendering and supervision of a
The tide occurs due to the motions of sun and moon construction of a new plant or whether you need
around the earth. This large movement of water in the support in Asset Management, we can assist.
sea – tidal energy – can be exploited for potential 1.5 Detail on Expertise
energy (tidal range) but kinetic energy (tidal flow) can
also be harnessed from the tidal stream. To maintain our leading position and to continue to offer
the best possible services and sustainable solutions to
Wave Energy our clients, successful innovation, research and
Wave energy occurs due to movements of water near development are vital constituents of our activities at
the surface of the sea. Waves are formed by winds Royal HaskoningDHV. Our experts are active in
blowing over the water surface, which make the water identifying new trends, emerging challenges and
particles adopt circular motions. This motion carries technical advancements which we develop into
kinetic energy, the amount of which is determined by promising opportunities. By using our advanced skills,
the speed and duration of the wind, the length of sea it network and business model we are able to convert
blows over, the water depth, sea bed conditions as well opportunities into innovative implementation which offer
as interactions with the tides. The energy can be tangible transformational value within society.
harnessed by mechanical systems using the potential
1.5.1 Project Finance and Origination
and/or the kinetic energy.
We understand the commercial needs of our clients and
Blue Energy are at home in the fast-paced world of project finance.
Blue energy is the production of electricity by means of At the same time we are able to liaise closely with
the osmotic power or the power of the salinity gradient technical experts to arrive at an Investment Grade
available from the difference in the salt concentration Business Case that delivers the expected functionality
between seawater and river water. Osmotic power can against mitigated (acceptable) risk and affordable
be gained at locations where there is a border between (optimised) cost and revenue. Our solid project
fresh and salt water. This osmotic power can be management and stakeholder engagement capability
harnessed by two practical methods: reverse comes in handy due to the dynamic nature of
electrodialysis (RED) and pressure-retarded osmosis. establishing a business case for water and energy
projects.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 6
Introduction
Our global network of (private and institutional) team, creating synergy with the developer’s team and
investors and financiers, financial institutions, credit efficient total project delivery.
agencies, governments, contractors and clients allows
us to always provide you with the right local context.
Our global and local network, as well as our presence Royal HaskoningDHV’s consultants have an in-depth
in the market makes us uniquely capable of pinpointing and up-to-date knowledge and understanding of the
greenfield investment opportunities at an early stage environmental and spatial issues, legislation, guidance
and to develop them into business cases worthy of and regulations, management systems and
investment. And of course, all within IFC’s communication involved in the assessment and
Environmental and Social Performance Standards consenting of renewable energy developments. We
which are a global benchmark for sustainability in have the capacity to formulate policy plans, conduct
Project Financing. investigations, manage processes, obtain permits /
consents and develop and assist in implementing
1.5.2 Consultancy Services
solutions. Central to our successful work is good liaison
Royal HaskoningDHV offers market-leading knowledge with competent authorities, regulators and
and experience of the issues associated with renewable stakeholders.
energy developments. We have undertaken numerous
Site Selection
studies (including feasibility and scoping studies,
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), permitting, We are able to carry out top-level assessment of the
business case development, Due Diligence studies, feasibility of a site or area for the development of
monitoring programs, stake holder analysis, Health and renewable energy projects. Parameters and
Safety programs) for a variety of projects including considerations covered include; technical, financial and
wave, current and tidal installations and hydropower environmental constraints and risks, providing
plants next to onshore and offshore wind farms, biofuel foundation upon which financial and development
facilities and grid connections. decisions can be made. Life cycle cost estimates can
also be provided for comprehensive budgeting
requirements.
Geology and Geotechnical
Our experience enables us to understand design and
procurement of ground investigations for marine and
terrestrial structures. Our approach to ground
investigation is to optimise the scope of the field works
and hence cost. Along with our engineers, we can
predict the consequences of the execution, durability
and maintenance of structures, thus minimising
financial risk.
Financial Risk Assessment
Economic and financial evaluation studies, financial and
economic modelling, investment and funding strategies,
project appraisals, economic studies and financial
Royal HaskoningDHV can assist in all components of assessments. Combining our economists with our
the project cycle, from site selection and feasibility engineers we are able to come to an accurate financial
through to decommissioning. We can provide risk assessment for the project.
consultancy related services, such as consultation and
stakeholder engagement, and technological know-how
regarding, for example geotechnical evaluation and
design specifications. State-of-the-art technical
expertise is delivered through a project management
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 7
Introduction
Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement Grid Connection Studies
We are able to talk the same language as our Our engineers are experienced across a wide range of
counterparts and tackling the same issues and conflicts applications including ports and docks, automobile and
to the agreement of all. We can devise communication other major manufacturing plants.
plans and public meetings, as well as exhibitions and
newsletters to ensure the public are fully informed and
1.5.4 Health, Safety and Environment.
their concerns are taken on board and resolved Environmental Impact Studies (EIA)
satisfactorily.
Consulting during the initial project design stages
Consents and Licensing includes communicating with regulatory authorities,
stakeholders, and the community; assisting with
We are able to manage the consents and licenses
environmental approvals and consents; and developing
specified for the development of marine and terrestrial
and implementing monitoring and environmental
renewable energy projects.
management plans and management systems for the
construction, operation, and decommissioning stages of
the project.
Fish Mortality Studies and Solutions
Design and realisation of different types of fish ladder,
fish guidance systems and bypasses. Environmental
Monitoring and Annual Reporting for environmental
conditions associated with consents and agreements.
Health and Safety
A standard Royal HaskoningDHV approach to a project
is to draft a detailed risk assessment report as part of a
complete risk management strategy. These include a
Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), a Quantitative
and Environmental Risk analysis, a Process Safety
1.5.3 Engineering Assessment and a Safety Implementation Report.
Hydraulic Modelling
With hydraulic models energy production of a
hydropower plant can be predicted. Also the models
can assist in identifying changes in water management
and effects on morphology and environment.
Dam Design
Starting in the late 1800’s, Royal HaskoningDHV was
the first consultant in the Netherlands to be involved in
the design of dykes and dams. Throughout the 20th
century and beyond we have moved further afield,
providing advice to the public- as well as private sectors
on various dams, barrages, barriers and weirs.
Foundation Design and Loadings Analysis
We understand the loadings imparted to marine
structures from wind and waves as well as soil loadings
and vessel impacts. We are able to design foundations
for maritime, river, weir and dam structures of all types.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 8
Introduction
1.5.5 Specific skills Royal HaskoningDHV has gained extensive experience
in our own hydraulic laboratory in Wloclawek (Poland).
Fish Migration In this laboratory, designs of more than ten plants have
Fish migration is an important issue in the development been extensively tested. Test results demonstrate that,
of hydropower projects. The installation of a starting from a plant design based on conventional
hydropower plant should not have a negative impact on wisdom and state-of-the art expertise, physical models
the fish. can result in efficiency improvements in plant capacities
of up to 10-15%.
In each design, our experts try to find the optimal
solution regarding fish migration, giving preference to
fish friendly equipment and / or optimal passage
systems combined with fences at the location of the
intakes.
In general several options regarding fish migration can
be applied, going from fish bypasses to more technical
solutions such as a siphon trap or a fish elevator.
Natural bypasses are the optimal solutions from an
environmental point of view, but the safe passage
needs a continuous flow which cannot be applied for
the generation of green electricity.
Optimisation of hydraulic design
A crucial part in the design of a hydropower plant is its
hydraulic design and the configuration of its inlets and
outlets. These configurations determine to a large
extent how the potential energy stored in water is best
utilised for the production of electric energy. The
highest rate of effective utilisation is obtained when
under all circumstances the water flow is optimally
distributed over all turbines of a plant. This is done in
proportion to the installed turbine capacities, while at
the same time excluding any obstructions to the flow in
the outlet structures.
Traditionally, the hydraulic design of a hydropower plant
is tested and optimised in a physical model applying
various physical configurations in the process of
optimisation. All hydraulic structures: inlets, outlets and
the power house are built to scale in a hydraulic
laboratory. In a series of tests, the design is gradually
optimised. Testing of a design in a physical model is an
accurate way to determine its potential efficiency.
Furthermore, it provides an opportunity to improve the
design by streamlining the inlet and outlet structures,
resulting in an optimum distribution of flow over all
turbines.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 92 Project Experience
Project Experience: Hydropower
Detailed Project Development Assessment and
Improvement: Lingsar Mini-Hydropower Plant Review FS for the Selokromo Hydrowpower Plant
Client: PT. Tirta Daya Client: PT Energi Hijau
Rinjani Lingsar Kencana /
Puri Hydro
Country: Lombok, Country: Wonosobo,
Indonesia Central Java Indonesia
Year: 2015-2016 Year: 2015
For the Selokromo (2x4 MW) Mini Hydropower Plants
located in Wonosobo, Royal HaskoningDHV conducted
The proposed mini-hydropower project PLTM Lingsar the following:
with a rated capacity of 2x1.4 MW is located in Batu
Mekar village, Lingsar, District of Lombok Barat, Review of Feasibility Study
Province Nusa Tenggara Barat. The developer is PT. Optimization of options for alignment
Tirta Daya Rinjani Lingsar (TDRL). alternatives based on several aspects.
TDRL, with assistance of RHDHV, applied for a TAPP The scope of services was as follows - the review of the
Grant from the MCA-Indonesia for the development of FS consisted of two stages:
the project. TAPP Grant is being provided on a need- Technical review and gap analysis. After the
basis to strengthen project preparation to meet MCA- technical review, the business case was
Indonesia requirements, address any gaps identified by evaluated including a new financial analysis
MCA-Indonesia as being required to be rectified to model base on revised hydrological study
meet Green Prosperity (GP) requirements and improve results and the FS was turned into a “Go/No
the quality of the required Project’s Design and Go” decision.
Implementation. Recommending the best alternative alignment
The overall scope of work is shown below: option and follow up for the next stage.
Phase 1: Initial Review of Project Documentation The hydrology study review was to validate the Merawu
River discharge data used by the hydrological data
The primary objective of the first phase is to review analysis and modelling, so that the data could be
PLTM Lingsar’s Feasibility Study and identify the gaps recommended as the best value for producing Flow
of the existing PLTM Lingsar. The initial project review Duration Curves (FDC) and related design discharge
was based on a desk review of all existing project (Q).
preparation documents. A field visit was included.
Recommendation for determining the optimal location
Phase 2: Surveys and Analysis considering the existing weir basin and the impact of
RHDHV conducted the required site and geotechnical the back water affecting the water level in the tailrace
investigations, asset condition surveys, stakeholder and power house.
surveys and corresponding analysis. The above stage was referred to the client for a “Go /
Phase 3: Detailed Project Improvement No Go” decision and to agree on the best alignment
and general layout.
Referring to the identified gaps and site surveys and
analysis, RHDHV proposed improvements to the
project design, engineering and other areas which will
be further developed for construction.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 11Project Experience: Hydropower
Davao River 170 MW Hydropower and Pumped In the tunnel between the Chico River and Tanudan
Storage Client: San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders and Reservoir, a 35 MW extra hydropower unit can be
Developers installed.
Country: The Philippines The upper reservoir is located in River Tanudan which
Year: 2014 will get a 67 m high dam. This river has a large natural
inflow which reduces the pumping activity a lot during
6 months of the year.
Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the Pre-Feasibility The PSS is designed to pump 10 hours per day and
Study for this project with an estimated investment of generate 12 hours per day throughout the year. In the
US$ 456 million. wet season no pumping is needed and the generation
The Davao project is a 170 MW Pumped Storage can last for 24 hours per day. The hydraulic head
Scheme (PSS) on the Davao River, in Mindanao. The between reservoirs is 113 m, the flow rate is 260 m3/s
PSS consists of an upper reservoir of 7 million m 3, a and the power rating is 250 MW. The annual gross
lower reservoir with a storage capacity of 7 million m3 generation is estimated at 1,491 GWh.
and a 5 m diameter surface penstock in between. The project is developed by San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders
The upper reservoir will receive a natural inflow from and Developers Inc.
the Davao River. The inflow is partly by gravity and 500 MW Wawa Pumped Storage Project
partly by support of a 38 MW pumping station. This
reduces the PSS pumping activity significantly Client: San Lorenzo Ruiz
throughout the year. Builders and Developers
The PSS is designed to pump 10 hours per day and Country: The Philippines
generate 12 hours per day throughout the year. In the Year: 2014
wet season no pumping is needed and the generation
can last for 24 hours per day. The hydraulic head Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the Pre-Feasibility
between reservoirs is 116 m, the flow rate of the Study for this project with an estimated investment of
turbines is 175 m3/s and the power rating is 170 MW. US$ 591 million.
The project is developed by San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders The Wawa project is a 500 MW Pumped Storage
and Developers Inc. Scheme (PSS) on the Wawa River, just outside Metro
Manila in the Philippines. The PSS consists of an
Chico River Hydropower and Pumped Storage
upper reservoir of 6 million m3, a lower reservoir with a
Project, 250 MW
storage capacity of 6 million m3 and a penstock in
Client: San Lorenzo Ruiz between. The PSS is designed to pump 10 hours per
Builders and Developers day and generate 12 hours per day throughout the
Country: The Philippines year. The hydraulic head between reservoirs is 450 m,
the flow rate is 148 m3/s and the power rating is 500
Year: 2014 MW. The annual gross generation is estimated at
2,015 GWh.
Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the Pre-Feasibility The project is developed by San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders
Study for this project with an estimated investment of and Developers Inc. As an option, an 800 MW scheme
US$ 578 million. can be developed with a power output of 2,658 KWh
per annum. The investment would then amount to
The Chico project is a 250 MW Pumped Storage
US$ 882 million.
Scheme (PSS) on the Chico River, in the Kalinga
Province in Northern Luzon. The PSS consists of an
upper reservoir of 10 million m³, a lower reservoir with a
storage capacity of 20 million m3 and a tunnel penstock
in between.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 12Project Experience: Hydropower
300 MW Boluasao Pumped Storage Project A technical review and gap analysis. After the
technical review, the business case was
Client: San Lorenzo
evaluated including new financial analysis
Ruiz Builders and
Developers model based on revised hydrological study
results and turned the feasibility study into
Country: The “Go/No Go” decision.
Philippines Revised hydrological study (second stage)
Year: 2014 was the correction of the comments in the first
stage, updating newer rainfall data and new
Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the Pre-Feasibility modelling analysis.
Study for this project with an estimated investment of The hydrological study consisted of hydrological data
US$ 418 million. analysis and modelling, water balance in catchment
Bolusao Hydropower and PSS project is located on the area where one of those is the existing Musi
Island of Samar, in the Visayas, the Philippines. The hydropower plant using the discharge of Musi River and
project consists of 2 main components: producing Flow Duration Curves (FDC) with related
design discharges.
A Run-of-River hydropower plant with a
recommended power rating of 5.5 MW Construction Management: Sei Wampu
A Pumped Storage Scheme with a capacity of Hydropower Plant
300 MW Client: Confidential
The PSS project is a 300 MW scheme, based on Country: Sumatera,
12 hours generation per day. The project consists of an Indonesia
upper reservoir of 5 million m3, a lower reservoir of
5 million m3, a surface penstock with 5500 mm diameter
Year: 2015 to 2017
and a power house containing the 2 pump turbines.
The hydraulic head between the reservoirs is 295 m
and the flow rate is 140 m3/s during pumping. The
annual gross generation is 1209 GWh. The Sei Wampu hydropower plant was under
construction (~55% as per November 2015) and was
Review of Feasibility Study and Revised
planned for COD in 2016 but due to the collapse of the
Hydrological Study for the Musi Kotaagung
cofferdam the COD date was delayed. On
Hydropower Plant
2 December 2015, the cofferdam collapsed and
Client: PT. Bio Energi consequently the construction site was flooded.
Wijaya (BEW) Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the cofferdam
Country: Bengkulu, collapse investigation and submitted a report which
Indonesia included recommendations on the way forward for
constructing the hydropower plant.
Year: 2016
The priority of the Client was to take the necessary
steps / activities in order to continue and finalize
The project consists of a Run-of-River hydropower plant
construction of the hydropower plant in 2017. Royal
with river diverging weir, sediment trap, ±9.5 km
HaskoningDHV will further manage the construction on
waterway, forebay, ±800m penstock, powerhouse with
behalf of the Client as Employer’s Representative until
several turbines, transformer yards, ±30 km
the hydropower plant is commissioned and fully
transmission line to the 150 kV grid and access roads.
operational.
The scope of services was as follows – The review of
the feasibility study consisted of 2 stages:
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 13Project Experience: Hydropower
Structural Repair for the Cibalapulang 1 Mini– The scope of services was as follows:
Hydropower Plant
A technical review and gap analysis. After the
Client: PT Bio technical review, the business case was
Jatropha Indonesia evaluated.
Revision (second stage) was the correction of
Country: Cianjur-
West Java, Indonesia the comments collected in the first stage and
to turn the Feasibility Study into a bankable
Year: 2014 feasibility study.
The Cibalapulang (3x3 MW) Mini Hydropower Plant is The hydrological study consisted of hydrological data
located in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. analysis and modelling, on-site discharge
Damages to the weir structure, headpond and penstock measurements and producing Flow Duration Curves
anchor block were witnessed when they were tested for (FDC) with related design discharge.
3 hours operation by running the turbine at maximum
Development of four Mini-Hydropower Plants
water level in the head pond. Royal HaskoningDHV
along the Merawu River in Indonesia
was requested to review the existing condition of the
damaged structures and give recommendations for Client: Tirasa
short term repairing as the Client would like to achieve
Country: Indonesia
the commisoning target.
Year: 2013 to date
The scope of services was as follows:
Site visit and record all damaged structures
Brief analysis of the geology / geotechnical
aspects The project consisted of four cascaded Run-of-River
Prepare recommendation for the repair hydropower plants on the Merawu river: Karekan
(6 MW), Watupayung (2.4 MW), Pandansari (6 MW)
Due to limited soil and geological data at the area which and Tempuran (1.2 MW). Infrastructure includes
is needed to review the rock stability and soil and due diverging weirs, sediment trapsand penstocks. The
to limited time to do the repair, Royal HaskoningDHV powerhouses will each contain several turbines. A
recommended only for short term repair (semi- transmission line will connect to the 20 kV grid, and
permanent) as requested by the Client. Long term access roads will also be constructed. The impact on
repair will be conducted at a later stage. the local environment will be small and manageable.
Review of Feasibility and Hydrological Study for
Royal HaskoningDHV was responsible for the full scope
the Bingai Mini-Hydropower Plant
of service of the hydropower project life-cycle,
Client: TIRASA including:
Country: North
Review local feasibility study – technical
Sumatera, Indonesia
review and gap analysis
Year: 2014 Evaluation of business case
Hydrological study – data analysis and
modelling, on-site discharge measurements,
production of flow duration curves and design
The project is a Run-of-River hydropower plant with a discharge
capacity of 7 MW. The project consists of a river Preparing detailed design and tender
diverging weir, sediment trap, waterway, forebay, documents for the four plants
penstock, powerhouse with several turbines, Tender assistance
transformer yards, transmission line to the 20 kV grid Construction management
and access roads. The electricity will be sold under a
feed-in tariff agreement. The investment is about
$14 million.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 14Project Experience: Hydropower
The electricity will be sold to the electricity company Royal HaskoningDHV is the process manager for the
(PLN) under a feed-in tariff agreement of about 4 $ct for development and implementation of the various hydro
a period of 25 years. The investment is about $30 projects. Royal HaskoningDHV will be the asset
million with a return on investment of about 6 years. manager of the various assets world-wide and be
responsible for operation and maintenance and
GIS Study – Hydropower Mapping and guarantee a certain output.
Assessment in a regency in North Sumatera
Royal HaskoningDHV will select the locations for the
Client: Private hydropower development and also complete feasibility
Developer studies, concept engineering, procurement,
Country: Indonesia construction supervision and assess management.
Year: 2013 Western Uganda Mini-hydropower and Rural
Electrification Project
Client: Ministry of Energy
The objective of the project is to conduct a desk study and Mineral Development
for the selection of potential sites which could be
Country: Uganda
suitable for hydropower development, in a Regency /
Kabupaten in North Sumatra. The desk study is based Year: 2011 – 2015
on amongst others a multi-layer GIS model. The
selected sites should accommodate hydropower
development between 1 and 50 MW. After this stage The project involved a pre investment study, full
pre-feasibility studies will follow for the assessment of feasibility study and concept engineering for the site
the potential hydropower plant. selection for 10 mini hydropower units with a total
capacity of 12 MW. It provided rural electrification for
GIS modelling and mapping based on digital 72,000 housing connections in South-West Uganda.
elevation model (DEM), topography, spatial The project includes 10 dams, 10 mini-hydropower
plans, grid, infrastructure data etc. units, high voltage transmission lines, a distribution
Hydrological and Water Resources Analysis network (mini grids) and house connections. The pre-
Locations of potential hydropower plants feasibility study was made in order to arrange financing
evaluation and assessment. for the project, an estimated €32 million.
Royal HaskoningDHV initiated the project and arranged
Hydroring Global Support the funding, which is 50% grant funding (ORIO).
Client: Hydroring Capital,
IPP Besao Mini Hydropower Project
Country: Rwanda, Client: Private
Philippines, global Development, IPP
Year: 2012 Country: Philippines
Year: 2012
In 2012 Royal HaskoningDHV joined with BREDCO to
develop the 15 MW (4 cascades plants) small
Hydroring Capital is an Independent Power Producer
hydropower project in North Luzon, the Philippines.
(IPP) and turbine manufacturer with an innovative
turbine (40, 80 kW) concept. This turbine concept is Royal HaskoningDHV will join the Special Purpose
used to roll out an IPP concept in 20 countries, starting Vehicle who will operate the assets as an Independent
with Rwanda and Philippines. Hydroring does this in Power Producer (IPP) and sell the electricity to
association with UNESCO-IHE, SIEMENS and TransCo under a feed-in tariff.
Royal HaskoningDHV.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 15Project Experience: Hydropower
The role of Royal HaskoningDHV is the process Wloclawek Barrage and Related Projects
management of the project, location studies,
Client: Regional Water
environmental, technical, hydrological studies, quality
Management Authorities
assurance and financing of the project by associated Warsaw
equity and debt providers.
Country: Poland
Evaluation of PPP Options
Year: 1970 to date
Client: Bureau of Public
Enterprises (BPE)
Country: Nigeria Wloclawek Barrage was designed by Hydroprojekt
Year: 2007 – 2008 (now Royal HaskoningDHV), and constructed back in
the 1970s and has been renovated and adjusted by
Royal HaskoningDHV ever since. The most important
structures of the barrage are a 20m high earth dam and
A study to identify and further elaborate promising and 670 m long, 10-span reinforced-concrete weir 200 m
feasible options for public private partnerships (PPP) wide and flow capacity 11 150 m³/s, vertical lift gates, a
between Nigeria’s River Basin Development Authorities 162 MW hydropower plant, navigation locks and a fish-
(RBDAs) and the private sector (international and pass.
domestic). PPP options are investigated with regard to As a result, a reservoir was created with an area of
the irrigation and hydropower sectors and other 75km2 and capacity of 370 million m3. To drain water
downstream RBDA operations. Services provided: from the areas outside the embankments, eight
recommendations for policy and legal reforms pumping stations were built as well as the network of
to ascertain feasibility for PPP outcomes drainage ditches.
recommendations with regard to the core Royal HaskoningDHV has designed many projects
tasks and responsibilities for RBDAs related to the Barrage. Among others, Conceptual
recommendations and further elaborations for Design of the Vistula River Valley Development and
the most promising PPP options for Nigeria’s Vistula River Training (1997-2000), Multi-variant Pre-
RBDAs and the international and domestic Feasibility Study of the Lower Vistula Development
private sector in the irrigation and dams sector (1998-1999), Conceptual Design with Multi-variant
facilitation to create support within the Federal Feasibility Study for the Proposed Investment:
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources ”Construction of the Barrage in Nieszawa-Ciechocinek
(FMAWR) and their subordinate RBDAs for (supporting barrage)” (2002-2004), Preparatory
PPPs in fields of activities beyond their core Documentation for the Task: ”Ecological Safety of the
areas of operations, such as irrigation and Wloclawek Barrage” (2007-2008), Preliminary and
hydropower Detailed Designs of the Reconstruction and
preparation of a PPP Options Report and a Rehabilitation of the Structures of the Wloclawek
PPP Programme Outline and Programme Barrage (2009-2012), Technical Documentation for the
Implementation Plan Task: ”Reconstruction of the Side Dam in New Duninow
village” (left-bank dam of the Wloclawek Reservoir),
(2010), Preliminary and Detailed Designs of the
Reconstruction of the Side Dams of the Wloclawek
Reservoir, as well as Macro-levelling of the Reservoir’s
Bowl” (2009-2011), Feasibility Study for the Project
”Ecological Safety of the Wloclawek Barrage:
Modernisation of the Barrage in Wloclawek and
Improvement of the Wloclawek Reservoir Flood
Protection” (2011).
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 16Project Experience: Hydropower
1332 MW Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Kabompo Gorge Hydroelectric Project
Client: ESKOM Client: Copperbelt
Energy Corporation
Country: South Africa
Year: 2005 – 2016 Country: Zambia
Year: 2011 – 2012
The Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme is a 1332 MW The Amanzi Consultants JV, of which
project being developed by Eskom to augment the Royal HaskoningDHV was a partner, were contracted
National Grid in peak power usage periods. The for the feasibility study and preparation of the EPC
tender documentation for the Kabompo Gorge
Scheme is located within the little Drakensberg
Hydroelectric Power project.
mountain range of South Africa. The distance between
the upper and lower reservoirs is in the order of 6 km A feasibility study was completed for four options for the
and the elevation difference is approximately 470 m. underground waterways and caverns and range of
The rated generation capacity of the scheme is capacities from 20 MW to 40 MW to determine the most
nominally 1332 MW with an energy storage capacity of economical solution. Preparation of the EPC contract
21,000 MWh. The total capital cost of the project is for a hydropower scheme located on the Kabompo
US$ 1.6 bn. River in Zambia. Royal HaskoningDHV was
Royal HaskoningDHV was part of a joint venture responsible for the technical specifications for hydro-
responsible for tender design, final design and mechanical and auxiliary equipment, electrical plant,
construction supervision. Specific activities included HVAC, fire protection, building works and construction
accommodation as well as the concrete and grouting
structural and civil engineering infrastructure, road
works for underground structures.
engineering, dam engineering, hydrology, hydraulics of
dams and hydro-power waterways and low voltage
electrical aspects.
Dokan and Derbandikhan Emergency
Supervision and Health and Safety Coordination Hydropower Project
of Alqueva Hydropower Plant Reinforcement
Client: Ministry of
Client: EDP Energias de Electricity/Kurdistan
Portugal Regional Government
(Project financed by IDA)
Country: Portugal
Country: Iraq
Year: 2008 – 2012
Year: 2007 – 2008
The Dokan (5x80 MW) and Derbandikhan (3 x 83 MW)
Royal HaskoningDHV won the contracts to develop hydroelectric power plants (DDEHP) have been
supervision and health and safety coordination services operating for the last 17 and 28 years, respectively, with
for the power reinforcement in Alqueva Dam. a progressively deteriorating level of efficiency. The
DDEHP project has the overall objective of improving
The Alqueva reservoir, on the right bank of the
the performance of both power plants and of
Guadiana River, is the largest in Portugal and Western
guaranteeing an extension of their operational life by at
Europe.
least 20 years. The services to be carried out in order
This project involved the construction of a new to achieve the above stated objective were subdivided
hydraulic system and a new power plant, which is into two distinct phases:
equipped with two reversible generators. The project
installed an additional 260 MW of power in the plant.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 17Project Experience: Hydropower
Phase 1 – Emergency repairs, aimed at correcting in Dam Safety Assessment, Emergency Action Plan
the shortest possible time the most critical aspects and Environmental Management Plan for
which negatively affect the electric generation and Akosombo and Kpong Generation Stations
transmission of both plants. They included the
Client: Volta River
installation of a new Electric High Voltage Sub Station Authority
for interconnection with the National Grid. These
include, new control rooms, the replacement of control, Country: Ghana
speed governor and excitation systems and the Year: 2009 – 2011
installation of the dam safety monitoring system.
Phase 2 – General rehabilitation, aimed at conducting
in an organic manner all the interventions on the civil
and electromechanical components of the dam and The Akosombo Dam is a hydroelectric dam in south-
power plant, considered necessary for assuring an eastern Ghana in the Akosombo Gorge on the
efficient and long lasting operation. Volta River. The dam provides electricity to Ghana and
its neighbouring West African countries, including Togo
Namakhvani 450 MW Cascade Hydropower and Benin. The dam is 660 meters wide and 114 m
Project high. The Volta River Authority (VRA) requested Royal
Client: Government HaskoningDHV to prepare a Dam Safety Assessment
for this dam and the much smaller Kpong Dam as well
Country: Georgia as an Emergency Preparedness Plan to minimise
Year: 2007 – 2008 damage and fatalities in case of an emergency.
Additional to these studies an Environmental
Management Plan and Action Plan were prepared that
looked into the mitigation of environmental impacts
A full feasibility study (FS) was done by caused by the dams and management of the
Royal HaskoningDHV for the cascade hydropower environmental challenges while operating both dams.
project consisting of three dams with a total capacity of Supervision of Candemil Hydroelectric Power
450 MW in Rioni River between two existing Plant
hydropower schemes at Lajanuri and Gumati.
Client: Hidroamarante –
The FS included hydraulic computations and Hydraulic Sociedade Elétrica, S.A.
model tests for the Namakhvani Dam. In the physical
Country: Portugal
laboratory of Royal HaskoningDHV the deep tower
water intake device was simulated with a scale model, Year: 2010 – 2011
on which the conditions of the flow of water could be
simulated.
The FS also included structural model testing, dam
break analysis, geotechnical testing and financial
modelling.
Royal HaskoningDHV was commissioned by the
Hidroamarante – Sociedade Elétrica, S.A. to carry out
the supervision works of Candemil Hydroelectric Power
Plant. This project included: a concrete weir with a
height of 6 m from the foundation; a tunnel of 640 m of
extension; a chimney of balance; two turbines of 630
kW and 1270 kW.
Royal HaskoningDHV was responsible for construction
supervision, information management, planning and
cost control and quality, safety and health coordination.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 18Project Experience: Hydropower
Malczyce Barrage in Oder River Mohale Dam, to facilitate the abstraction and
diversion of the waters of the Sequnyane
Client: Government
River,
Country: Poland A 31.5 km long conveyance tunnel for
transferring water from Mohale Dam to
Year: 2011 – 2015
supplement the storage in the reservoir of the
Katse Dam,
A weir on the Matsoku River to divert
additional water through a 6.6 km long tunnel
Royal HaskoningDHV conducted the design and to the Katse reservoir. The Mohale Dam is
detailed engineering for this barrage which consists of a one of the highest concrete faced rock fill
300 m wide weir and with 260 m long spillway, fish dams built in Africa. The dam is 145 m high
passage, a navigation lock, 190 m long and 12 m wide. with a fill volume of 7.7 Million m3. At the full
The hydropower plant has a capacity of 11.4 MW. The supply level of EL 2075, the dam will provide a
average annual production will reach 49,800 MWh. storage volume of 947 Million m3.
The project will include construction of a drainage Royal HaskoningDHV executed the feasibility and
system, drainage canal and pumping station, as well as preliminary designs, preparation of tender and contract
restoration of the Jeziorka River on the reach of 6 km documentation, monitoring of construction, contract
and the Średzka Woda River on the reach of 5 km. In management, scheduling of activities.
addition, detailed land reclamation on the area of
500 ha will be executed. Jozini Hydro Electric Project
After damming the Oder River waters, the water table Client: Umhlosinga
will be raised by 1.0 ÷ 4.0 m comparing to the current Development Agency
level. Country: KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa
Mohale Dam Lesotho
Year: 2008 – 2009
Client: Lesotho
Highlands
Development
Authority Royal HaskoningDHV was appointed to carry out a
study for the Jozini Hydro Electric Project. The project
Country: aimed to generate electricity using water discharging
Lesotho
from the Jozini Dam. Should the feasibility of the
Year: 1996 – scheme be proved the project will include the
2003 preparation of all tender documents, project
management and supervision including an
Mohale Dam was an important component of the organisational design review of the UDA. This project
Lesotho Highlands Development Project (LHDP), which focuses strongly on community upliftment with the aim
was a major project that had been developed to transfer that it provides a platform for further development of the
water from Lesotho to the Vaal River, to the industrial / local community, with staged sequencing of the main
urban heartland of South Africa whilst generating embankment facilitating river diversion through two
hydroelectric power for Lesotho. diversion tunnels at minimum cost and risk.
Phase 1A of the LHDP comprises the Katse Dam The tasks included execution of a Feasibility study,
together with a 45 km long transfer tunnel and a 37 km economic analysis, hydraulic and water resource
long delivery tunnel as well as the Muela hydro-electric analysis, environmental management plan, preliminary
project. design, tender preparation, tender review and
evaluation, project management, construction
Phase 1B, the second and final step of the first phase
supervision, organisational review of the UDA and
of the LHDP, comprises:
setting up an entity to operate and maintain the plant.
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 19Project Experience: Hydropower
Ararghat HE Power Project enhancing tourism and recreation potential in
the areas adjacent to the reservoir
Client: Private
Development, IPP Royal HaskoningDHV’s tasks were: comprehensive
Country: India (Bihar technical documentation, physical modelling studies,
State) construction supervision, and As-built drawings.
Year: 2012 Wiory Flood Protection Reservoir on the Swislina
River
Client: Regional Water
The objective of the project is to mitigate the pressing Management Authorities
power shortage in Bihar State by designing and in Warsaw
constructing a 7 MW hydropower station in the river Country: Poland
Arar Dhar in Bihar State. The power station will be
constructed as a barrage across the river with the Year: 1970 – 2008
turbine house located in-flow.
Royal HaskoningDHV assisted the investment company
and formal ‘contractor’ in preparing the bid for the The first initiatives related to the construction of the
tender launched by Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Wiory Water Storage Reservoir were defined in the
Corporation (BHPC). Tasks executed included; pre-bid early 1970s. In the initial phase, the main purpose of
investigations in construction methodology and costs, the project was to serve as a water supply for the
market survey of local subcontractors, review and Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski steel industry. However, due
analysis of tender documents and designs, advise on to lack of sufficient financing, the function of the
draft contract documents, pre-bid negotiations with sub- planned reservoir changed. The new focus was from
contractors, assistance with contract negotiations and the water supply to flood protection and recreation, with
award. simultaneous power generation, and water supply for
agglomerations located downstream.
Swinna Poreba reservoir on Skawa River
Wiory Reservoir has a total capacity of 35 million m 3,
Client: Regional Water including a flood reserve of 19 million m 3. The surface
Management Authorities of the reservoir at the maximum water level reaches
in Cracow
408 ha. The most important structure of the reservoir is
Country: Poland an earth dam with clay core and a reinforced concrete
control gallery. Discharge structures consist of a
Year: 1989 – 2015
bottom outlet and four span overflow 24 m wide in total.
The underground hydropower plant includes two
The construction of the reservoir in Swinna Poreba is turbosets with installed power capacity of 180 kW and
one of the longest-lasting projects in hydraulic one turboset with installed power capacity of about
engineering in Poland. It was designed as a multi- 50 kW.
purpose reservoir which performs the following
Royal HaskoningDHV tasks were the preparation of
functions:
comprehensive technical documentation, physical
flood protection of the Skawa River Valley modelling studies, construction supervision, and as-built
downstream the reservoir, the Vistula River drawings.
Valley, and of the City of Cracow
drought protection – increasing the minimum
outflow from the reservoir from – 0.77 m3/s to
6.4 m3/s
generation of 4 MW hydropower
water supply for Silesia and in emergency (in
the case of the Tresna Reservoir failure) for
the City of Cracow
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 20Project Experience: Hydropower
Development of 23 Mini Hydropower Plants in of architecture, geotechnical and stability. A study
Western Ukraine related to possible cracks was carried out, as well as
the evaluation of the risks involved.
Client: Evolion
Country: Ukraine Czorsztyn-Niedzica Reservoir on the Dunajec
Year: 2010 – 2012 Client: Regional Water
Management Authorities
in Cracow
Country: Poland
Year: 1971 – 1997
Czorsztyn-Niedzica and Sromowce Wyżne water
The Ukrainian government supports the policy on reservoirs system is serving the following purposes:
stimulating production of green energy. In this frame, a flood protection
subsidy system for small hydropower projects (10 MW) energy production
has been developed. An advantage of this flow control to increase minimum flow rates
development is the supply of water management recreation
systems for local rivers. Royal HaskoningDHV was
selected by EnGreen to develop at least ten mini- The project also included construction of significant
hydropower projects. The development embraces the auxiliary structures such as embankments and drainage
entire project cycle: from feasibility studies to final systems of inhabited areas. The design further included
investment decision and realisation. new roads, power lines and moving or protecting of
historic objects. A system of automatic flow control,
In a pre-feasibility study several possible locations for hydrological protection of the catchment area as well as
barrier and power systems were examined and wastewater treatment plants and waste disposals were
evaluated on both technical and financial criteria. also part of the design.
In a second phase some of these locations were The Czorsztyn-Niedzica reservoir has a total capacity of
elaborated, starting with a hydraulic modelling of the 232 million m3 including flood storage capacity
local river. A global technical design of dam and power 63.3 million m3. It has an inundation area 1,335 ha and
system ends this phase, leading to the next in which a maximum water head 54.5 m.
detailed design will follow.
Main structures:
Moreira de Cónegos Power Plant at the Ave River
earth dam of maximum height 57 m
Client: Sociedade overflow spillway with a three span inlet weir
Hidroelétrica two power tunnels with reinforced concrete
Moreirense, Lda.
lining made out in the bed-rock near spillway
Country: Portugal chute
peak operation water power plant with two
Year: 2000 – 2001
reversible turbines of installed power 92 MW
Royal HaskoningDHV’s tasks were: comprehensive
Vizela River, on the hydrological basin of the Ave River technical documentation, physical modelling studies,
has a steep fall of 11.93 m and flows of 15.0 m3/s. The supervision on behalf of the design author, as-built
installed power is of 1.600 KVA producing an average drawings.
of 5.500 GWh/year.
Royal HaskoningDHV participation included studies
related to general conception, hydraulic project,
environmental integration and civil construction projects
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 21Project Experience: Hydropower
Sromowce Reservoir on Dunajec River progressive reclamation to the excavation for the
recreation and leisure-related purposes.
Client: Regional Water
Management Authorities the weir is equipped with pneumatic rubber
in Cracow gates.
Country: Poland inundation area of the Pilzno reservoir: 240 ha.
small hydropower plant installed capacity:
Year: 1971 – 1997 0.86 MW
Scope of task: technical design of retention reservoir,
water power plant, weir and river training.
The compensation reservoir in Sromowce Wyżne is
located below the main Czorsztyn-Niedzica reservoir Nieszawa-Ciechocinek Barrage on the Vistula
hence it enables a constant outflow to Pieninski Gorge River
independently of the operation of the power plant of the Client: Regional Water
main dam. At the weir there is an inlet for a small water Management Authorities
power plant utilizing a constant outflow to Dunajec in Warsaw
Gorge.
Country: Poland
The reservoir allows for: Year: 2002 – 2004
ensuring constant outflow below Sromowce for
among others navigation purposes in Pieninski
Gorge, appropriate water and sewage The final conclusions of the feasibility study have
management in the Dunajec valley determined that the construction would contribute to
supplementary pumping for the peak avoid ecological disaster that might be caused by a
generation of the Niedzica Water Power possible failure of the Włocławek Barrage. This is due
Station to the Nieszawa barrage supporting the existing
Włocławek barrage as the second and last of the
The Sromowce Wyżne reservoir has a total capacity
barrages on the Lower Vistula River.
6.7 million m3 and has an inundation area of 95 ha.
The hydro plant has an installed capacity of 2.1 MW The Conceptual Design provided among others for
with an average yearly production 7.6 GWh. construction of the hydropower plant:
installed capacity: 51.3 MW / 57.8 MW*
Royal HaskoningDHV’s tasks were: comprehensive
number of units: 6
technical documentation, physical modelling studies,
average yearly production: 304.7 /
construction supervision, and As-built drawings.
354.3 GWh*
Pilzno Reservoir on the Wisloka River designed water head: 5.10 / 5.78 m*
Client: Kruszgeo S.A. *depending on whether it is located in Nieszawa or
Rzeszów Ciechocinek respectively.
Country: Poland Przysieka Barrage on the Nysa Łużycka River
Year: 1994 – 1995 Client: ZEW Dychów SA
Country: Poland
Year: 1997 – 2002
Pilzno reservoir on the Wisłoka River was constructed
on the long-term gravel excavation grounds.
It is a perfect example of reservoirs created in river After demolishing the existing concrete dam and other
valleys within rehabilitation of mining excavations elements of the barrage, a brand new modernised
through construction of water storage reservoirs. Pilzno barrage was built, consisting of the following items:
reservoir in the valley of the river Wisłoka developed
Hydropower & Dams © Royal HaskoningDHV 22You can also read
