MODULE 4 Food Production Participant Workbook - The ...

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MODULE 4 Food Production Participant Workbook - The ...
MODULE 4

                    Food Production
                  Participant Workbook

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Food Production                          Participant Workbook
MODULE 4 Food Production Participant Workbook - The ...
Key Terms and Definitions

Additional foods - Items that are in recipes or served, but do not contribute
to a component. Examples are packets of ketchup or mustard.
Contribution Size - Size of the portions of meal components required to meet
the food and nutritional needs of children according to their ages/groups.
Corrective action: Procedures followed when a deviation occurs.
Critical Control Point (CCP) - A point, step, or procedure in a food
preparation step at which control can be applied and as a result, a food
safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to an acceptable
level.
Cycle Menu - Used to prepare, forecast and predict the food that is available
during a period of time, generally 21 days to 1 month. Cycle menus allow
organizations and schools to have an idea of the costs of upcoming meals
and allow them to prepare
Emergency - Severe situation or occurrence that happens unexpectedly and
demands immediate action.
Factor Method of Recipe Adjustment - A formula to adjust recipe
amounts/yield to produce the specific number needed.
Fluid Ounce – A liquid measure equal to 1/16 of a pint or 1/8 of a cup.
Food Biosecurity - Actions taken to limit or counter the threat of biological
contamination by acts of bioterrorism and procedures aimed at restricting
access to biohazardous materials or to information relating to their
production.
Foodborne Illness - An illness resulting from the consumption of
contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that
contaminate food, as well as chemical or natural toxins such as poisonous
mushrooms.

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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) - A systematic
preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical
hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be
unsafe.
Measuring - The preferred method of determining the amount of volume of a
liquid food item or a small amount of a dry food item.
Product Tampering - Deliberate contamination of foods/goods after they
have been prepared/manufactured.
Production Planning - Making sure that sufficient ingredients and supplies,
staff, and other necessary items are procured and ready to create meals
according to the service schedule(s).
Production Records - Required documentation that reimbursable meals being
served meet nutrient standards in the National School Lunch and School
Breakfast Program.
Recipe Yield - The amount of a product after all parts of food procurement
and production have been completed.
Scheduling - The work to be done and who will do the work is a vital element
of production planning.
Scoop - A portion control tool used to serve specific-sized portions. The size
or number on the scoop is based on how many level scoops it takes to fill
one quart (or 32-ounce container).
Spoodle - A foodservice utensil that can be used as a both a spoon and a
ladle.
Standard Operating Procedures - Established procedures to be followed in
carrying out a given operation or in a given situation.
Standardized recipe – A recipe that has been tried, adapted, and retried
several times for use by a given foodservice operation and has been found to
produce the same good results and yield every time when the exact

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procedures are used with the same type of equipment and the same
quantity and quality of ingredients.
Tare Weight - The weight of an empty container is referred to as tare
weight. Tare weight is accounted for in kitchen weighing scales and other
scales that include a button that resets the zero of the scale display when an
empty container is placed on the weighing platform, in order to subsequently
display only the weight of the contents of the container.
Undocumented Meals - Meals that cannot be certified to be in compliance
with the new meal patterns.
Weighing - The preferred method for determining the quantity of dry
ingredients using a scale.

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Section 1: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)

Objective: Understand procedures used in a HACCP-based food safety
program.

Decision-Making Process
Determine the Issue
Are my employees following basic time and temperature controls and food
safety rules on the job?

Explain the Issue
   1. HACCP is an important element of school nutrition programs and all
       employees must be trained in the correct rules to follow.
   2. The manager is responsible for encouraging employees to follow
       HACCP and food safety and sanitation rules.

Create Procedures to Address the Issue
   1. All employees must practice HACCP time and temperature controls and
       food safety and sanitation rules to ensure safe food is served to the
       children and other customers.
   2. All school nutrition program employees must practice HACCP time and
       temperature controls and food safety and sanitation rules to prevent
       food contamination.

Involve Others: Who & How
   1. School Nutrition Director: Discuss special problems you have with
       employees following the rules.
   2. Employees: Work together to protect employee and customer health.

Decide to Succeed: Take Action
   1. Learn and practice all HACCP time and temperature controls and food
       safety and sanitation rules.
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2. Be a role model for your employees.
   3. Train employees to practice HACCP and food safety and sanitation in
       the kitchen.

Evaluate Success:
Are my employees following basic HACCP time and temperature controls and
food safety and sanitation rules on the job?

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Review

Handout

The Seven (7) Principles of HACCP

       1. Hazard analysis - A review your school nutrition program to find
          areas where food safety problems might occur.
       2. Critical control points (CCP) - A point in food preparation at which
          control can be applied and a food safety hazard can be prevented,
       3. Critical limits for each CCP - The maximum or minimum value at a
          CCP to prevent, eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level.
       4. CCP monitoring requirements - Monitoring activities that are
          necessary to ensure that the process is under control at each CCP.
          Each monitoring procedure and its frequency must be listed in the
          HACCP plan.
       5. Corrective actions - Actions to be taken when a deviation from an
          established critical limit occurs.
       6. Record keeping procedures - Documentation of monitoring CCPs,
          critical limits, verification activities, and handling of processing
          deviations.
       7. Verification - Verification ensures the HACCP plan is adequate and is
          working as intended.

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Partner Activity

Your School’s Plan

What do you think the manager’s major responsibilities are for food safety at
school? Make notes as you discuss the responsibilities. Decide on the top
three responsibilities and write the list on a sticky note or card and post on a
flip chart paper.

Notes

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Individual Activity

HACCP-Based Recipes

Instructions: Locate the recipes MRS 715 Tuna Salad in a Bread Bowl and
MRS 184 Taco Pie in the Recipe Section your workbook. Review each recipe
carefully and then Circle Critical Control Point (CCP) instructions that are
part of a HACCP-based food safety plan.

   •   Tuna Salad in a Bread Bowl
   •   Taco Pie

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Group Activity

Hazards in Food Handling
Instructions: Read the following scenario and highlight the sentences that
indicate a food handling hazard. Answer the questions posed at the
conclusion.

Scenario
Rosie is the lead cook and reported to work at 6:45 am. She is feeling a
little under the weather. Her stomach is upset and she has to visit the
bathroom before she heads into the kitchen. She is in a hurry and runs out
of the bathroom to catch up the manager because she has a question about
the upcoming holidays. When Rosie checks her schedule, she sees that she
has been assigned the preparation of the Tuna Salad in a Bread Bowl and
Taco Pie menu items. She begins her duties by removing the shelled, hard-
cooked eggs first from the refrigerator at 7:00 am to be chopped and added
to the tuna salad mix. Rosie then has to visit the restroom again. When she
returns to her station she begins preparation of the Taco Pie recipe. She
cannot find her individual thermometer so she skips checking temperatures
until she can find it. When the Taco Pie is completed, she places it in the
warming oven and goes on her break. Upon return from the break she finds
that someone has used her station and has left cleaning supplies and a
bucket with dirty water on her counter. She is running behind and just
slides them under the table and begins preparing the bread bowls for filling
with tuna salad. Then she mixes the tuna salad, adding the set-aside eggs.
She fills the salad bowls and places the trays of Taco Pie in the refrigerator.
She places two trays of Tuna Salad in a Bread Bowl on the line to begin
service in 30 minutes at 11:30 am. She leaves the rest of the trays in the

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open, rolling cart positioned close to the serving line for convenience in
replenishing the line.

Answer the following questions.
  1. How many food safety rule violations did Rosie commit?

  2. What kind of hazards were they? (specific/biological and non-specific)

  3. What were they?

  4. As manager, what actions would you take immediately?

  5. What actions would you take for the long term?

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Individual Activity

Using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to Identify Food Safety
Violations

Instructions: Review Rosie’s activities in the previous scenario. Use the
SOP, Cleaning and Sanitizing Food Contact Surfaces, to identify the
violations against a non-specific food safety hazard that Rosie committed
and write them in the space provided.

  1. What violations did Rosie commit?

  2. What should you, as the manager, do to correct the situation for the
      next time?

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Activity Handout

                          Sample Standard Operating Procedure
                    Cleaning and Sanitizing Food Contact Surfaces
                                        http://theicn.org.
PURPOSE: To prevent foodborne illness by ensuring that all food contact surfaces are properly
cleaned and sanitized.

SCOPE: This procedure applies to foodservice employees involved in cleaning and sanitizing food
contact surfaces.

KEY WORDS: Food Contact Surface, Cleaning, Sanitizing
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Train foodservice employees on using the procedures in this SOP.
2. Follow State or local health department requirements.
3. Follow manufacturer’s instructions regarding the use and maintenance of equipment and use of
   chemicals for cleaning and sanitizing food contact surfaces. Refer to Storing and Using Poisonous or
   Toxic Chemicals SOP.
4. If State or local requirements are based on the 2001 FDA Food Code, wash, rinse, and sanitize food
   contact surfaces of sinks, tables, equipment, utensils, thermometers, carts, and equipment:
   • Before each use
   • Between uses when preparing different types of raw animal foods, such as eggs, fish, meat, and
        poultry
   • Between uses when preparing ready-to-eat foods and raw animal foods, such as eggs, fish,
        meat, and poultry
   • Any time contamination occurs or is suspected
5. Wash, rinse, and sanitize food contact surfaces of sinks, tables, equipment, utensils, thermometers,
   carts, and equipment using the following procedure:
   • Wash surface with detergent solution.
   • Rinse surface with clean water.
   • Sanitize surface using a sanitizing solution mixed at a concentration specified on the
        manufacturer’s label.
   • Place wet items in a manner to allow air drying.
6. If a 3-compartment sink is used, setup and use the sink in the following manner:
   • In the first compartment, wash with a clean detergent solution at or above 110 oF or at the
        temperature specified by the detergent manufacturer.
   • In the second compartment, rinse with clean water.
   • In the third compartment, sanitize with a sanitizing solution mixed at a concentration specified
        on the manufacturer’s label or by immersing in hot water at or above 171 oF for 30 seconds.
        Test the chemical sanitizer concentration by using an appropriate test kit.
7. If a dishmachine is used:
   • Check with the dishmachine manufacturer to verify that the information on the data plate is
        correct.

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•   Refer to the information on the data plate for determining wash, rinse, and sanitization (final)
        rinse temperatures; sanitizing solution concentrations; and water pressures, if applicable.

    •   Follow manufacturer’s instructions for use.
    •   Ensure that food contact surfaces reach a surface temperature of 160 oF or above if using hot
        water to sanitize.

MONITORING:
Foodservice employees will:

1. During all hours of operation, visually and physically inspect food contact surfaces of equipment and
   utensils to ensure that the surfaces are clean.
2. In a 3-compartment sink, on a daily basis:
   • Visually monitor that the water in each compartment is clean.
   • Take the water temperature in the first compartment of the sink by using a calibrated
        thermometer.
   • If using chemicals to sanitize, test the sanitizer concentration by using the appropriate test kit
        for the chemical.
   • If using hot water to sanitize, use a calibrated thermometer to measure the water temperature.
        Refer to Using and Calibrating Thermometers SOPs.
        In a dishmachine, on a daily basis:
   • Visually monitor that the water and the interior parts of the machine are clean and free of
        debris.
   • Continually monitor the temperature and pressure gauges, if applicable, to ensure that the
        machine is operating according to the data plate.
   • For hot water sanitizing dishmachine, ensure that food contact surfaces are reaching the
        appropriate temperature by placing a piece of heat sensitive tape on a smallware item or a
        maximum registering thermometer on a rack and running the item or rack through the
        dishmachine.
   1. For chemical sanitizing dishmachine, check the sanitizer concentration on a recently washed
        food-contact surface using an appropriate test kit.

CORRECTIVE ACTION:
   Retrain any foodservice employee found not following the procedures in this SOP.
1. Wash, rinse, and sanitize dirty food contact surfaces. Sanitize food contact surfaces if it is
   discovered that the surfaces were not properly sanitized. Discard food that comes in contact with
   food contact surfaces that have not been sanitized properly.
2. In a 3-compartment sink:
   • Drain and refill compartments periodically and as needed to keep the water clean.
   • Adjust the water temperature by adding hot water until the desired temperature is reached.
   • Add more sanitizer or water, as appropriate, until the proper concentration is achieved.
3. In a dishmachine:
   • Drain and refill the machine periodically and as needed to keep the water clean.
   • Contact the appropriate individual(s) to have the machine repaired if the machine is not
        reaching the proper wash temperature indicated on the data plate.
   • For a hot water sanitizing dishmachine, retest by running the machine again. If the appropriate
        surface temperature is still not achieved on the second run, contact the appropriate individual(s)
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to have the machine repaired. Wash, rinse, and sanitize in the 3-compartment sink until the
        machine is repaired or use disposable single service/single-use items if a 3-compartment sink is
        not available.
    •   For a chemical sanitizing dishmachine, check the level of sanitizer remaining in bulk container.
        Fill, if needed. “Prime” the machine according to the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure that
        the sanitizer is being pumped through the machine. Retest. If the proper sanitizer
        concentration level is not achieved, stop using the machine and contact the appropriate
        individual(s) to have it repaired. Use a 3-compartment sink to wash, rinse, and sanitize until the
        machine is repaired.

VERIFICATION AND RECORD KEEPING:
Foodservice employees will record monitoring activities and any corrective action taken on the Food
Contact Surfaces Cleaning and Sanitizing Log. The foodservice manager will verify that foodservice
employees have taken the required temperatures and tested the sanitizer concentration by visually
monitoring foodservice employees during the shift and reviewing, initialing, and dating the Food Contact
Surfaces Cleaning and Sanitizing Log. The log will be kept on file for at least 1 year. The foodservice
manager will complete the Food Safety Checklist daily. The Food Safety Checklist is to be kept on file for
a minimum of 1 year.

DATE IMPLEMENTED: __________________                     BY: _______________________

DATE REVIEWED: _____________________                     BY: _______________________

DATE REVISED: _______________________                    BY: _______________________

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Individual Activity

Food Safety Checklist
Observer: ____________________________________ Date: ________
Directions: Complete the checklist daily in your kitchen to monitor food
safety and sanitation practices.

PERSONAL HYGIENE                                                     Yes    No
Employees wear clean and proper clothing, including closed toe
shoes.
Effective hair restraints, such as a hairnet or hat, are properly
worn.
Hands are washed properly, frequently, and at appropriate
times.
Eating, chewing gum, smoking and using tobacco are allowed
only in designated areas away from preparation, service, and
food storage.
Staff beverages have lids, and are kept where they cannot spill
into foods.
Employees use disposable tissues when coughing or sneezing
and immediately wash hands and change gloves.
Hand sinks supply soap, disposable towels, and warm water.

FOOD PREPARATION                                                     Yes    No
Food equipment, utensils, and food contact surfaces are
properly washed, rinsed, and sanitized before every use.
Frozen food is thawed under refrigeration, in the microwave,
cooked to proper temperature from frozen state, or under cold
running water.
Food is handled with suitable utensils, such as single use gloves
or tongs.
Clean reusable towels are used only for sanitizing equipment
and surfaces and not for drying hands, utensils, or the floor.
Food is cooked to the proper internal temperature and is tested
with a clean, calibrated thermometer and documented.

REFRIGERATOR AND FREEZER                                             Yes    No
Refrigerator and freezer units are clean and neat.

Refrigerator temperature is at or below 410 F.

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Food is protected from contamination.

Freezer temperature is at or below 00F.

FOOD STORAGE AND DRY STORAGE                                         Yes    No
All food is stored 6 – 8 inches off the floor.

Food is stored in the original containers or a food grade
container.
There are no bulging or leaking canned goods.

Food is protected from contamination.

Chemicals are clearly labeled and stored away from food.

UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT                                               Yes    No

Utensils and equipment are cleaned and sanitized between uses.

Work surfaces and utensils are clean.

Food cart or container used to transport food is cleaned daily.

Thermometer is cleaned and sanitized between uses.

DISHWASHING                                                          Yes    No
Three-compartment sink is properly set up for ware washing or
dish machine is working properly.

Water temperatures are correct.

Small ware and utensils are allowed to air dry.

GARBAGE STORAGE AND PEST CONTROL                                     Yes    No

Kitchen garbage cans are clean and emptied as necessary.

Boxes and containers are removed from site.

No evidence of pests is present.

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Section 2: Food Biosecurity

Objective: Become aware of the threat to foods by bioterrorism.

                               Group Activity

What Would You Do?
Instructions: Work with your group to decide how the school should handle
each scenario and write an answer to the question.

   1. An unknown delivery person brings an unexpected delivery. How
       would you react?

   2. An unescorted visitor appears near the serving line. What is the
       procedure for identifying this person?

   3. A delivery includes an open box. What do you do?

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Section 3: Standardized Recipes

Objective: Understand the importance of standardized recipes and their
uses.

Decision-Making Process

Determine the Issue
Have the recipes and preparation techniques used in preparing and serving
food been standardized for my school?

Explain the Issue
   1. Using standardized recipes and proper preparation tools helps ensure
        quality food that meets meal pattern requirements.
   2. Using standardized recipes and proper preparation/serving tools helps
        control food cost and food waste.
   3. Recipe yields can be adjusted by following correct procedures.

Create Procedures to Address the Issue
   1. Tell employees why they must follow a recipe as it is written.
   2. Explain to employees the importance of using proper weights and
        measurement tools in the preparation of food.
   3. Show employees how to use correct portion control tools and
        procedures when serving food.
   4. Follow the formula when adjusting the yield of a tested recipe.

Involve Others: Who and How

   1. Employees: Follow standardized recipes as written, use accurate
        measuring tools and techniques when preparing food, and practice
        accurate portion control of menu items.
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1. School Nutrition Director: Discuss special problems in following
       standardized recipes, ensuring accuracy in measurement of
       ingredients, and practicing portion control.
   2. Students: Get students involved in testing for acceptable taste and
       appearance.

Decide to Succeed: Take Action
   1. Supervise food production to be sure only tested and standardized
       recipes are followed.
   2. When a recipe yield needs to be adjusted, use the appropriate formula
       for adjusting yields.
   3. Work with employees to be sure that correct procedures are followed
       when measuring ingredients and portioning food.

Evaluate Success:
   1. Are the cooked foods served made by following recipes that have been
       standardized for your school?
   2. Invite my director to observe employees use standardized recipes,
      adjust recipe yields, measure ingredients, and serve food using portion
      control.

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Class Activity

Follow a Recipe Exactly

Instructions: Read the scenario below and discuss with your group whether
the recipe that was modified by the cook is still standardized, and then
answer the questions at the end of the scenario. Be prepared to discuss
“why” or “why not” the recipe is no longer standardized.

Scenario

Mrs. Jones was assigned to prepare chili. She followed the directions and
combined all ingredients in the recipe. Then, she remembered that she had
1/2 gallon of tomato sauce left over. She decided to add it to the recipe.
After all, it would serve more students and she used up a left-over item. As
the manager, you must tell Mrs. Jones why she should have followed the
recipe as written. Write the reasons in the space provided

   1. What are possible ways the chili food product can be different due to
       the adding of the extra ingredient?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

   2. What reasons should the manager give Mrs. Jones for following the
       recipe exactly as written?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________

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Review
Handout
                        Steps for Standardizing a Recipe

   1. Begin with a tested recipe.
       Mississippi Recipes for Success and USDA Recipes for Schools contain
       recipes that have been tested for schools. Another source of tested
       recipes for schools is School Nutrition, a magazine sent monthly to
       members of the School Nutrition Association.
   2. Review the ingredients and the directions.
       Make sure the recipe can be prepared with the equipment and staff
       available in your school kitchen.
   3. Prepare the recipe in a 25-portion amount.
       Make sure that ingredients are weighed or measured exactly and that
       the directions are followed exactly. Make a note of any problems with
       preparation.
   4. Taste the product and judge it for quality.
       Does it taste good? Does it look good?
   5. Taste-test the product with a small number of students.
       This is easy to do if you offer choices. Ask a group of students how
       they think the food tastes and looks. Remember, the students are
       your customers so their preferences are very important.
   6. Write the changes on the recipe if they are simple changes. If the
       changes are major, you may need to prepare a new recipe card.
       The changes could include
       •   substitution of a specific ingredient (low-fat milk instead of whole
           milk),
       •   baking time or temperature (particularly if you use a convection
           oven in your kitchen),

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•   size of the pan in which it is served, and
       •   serving size
   7. Review the recipe with the employee who will usually prepare it.
       Make sure the employee understands each step. During food
       preparation, check to make sure the recipe is followed exactly as
       written.
   8. Remember, as the manager, you should always taste test each food
       before it is placed on the serving line.
       Do not serve food that does not taste good to you! It probably will not
       taste good to the students either.

   Notes

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Section 4: Weights and Measures

Objective: Understand procedures and techniques for correct measuring
and weighing.
                            Individual Activity

Recipe Weights and Measures

Instructions: Locate the MRS Taco Pie recipe #184 in the Recipe Section of
your workbook. Observe how some of the ingredients in the recipe are
listed by weight and some are listed by measure or volume. In the USDA
recipes, the term measure is used to indicate the volume.

   1. What ingredients are listed by weight?

   2. Which ingredients are listed by measure (volume)?

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Individual Activity

Common Abbreviations used in School Nutrition Recipes

Instructions: Write the meaning of the abbreviation in the blank provided.
Use the Abbreviations and Common Measures handout on the next two
pages to find the abbreviations and meanings.

   1. CND ______________________________________________
   2. LS      ______________________________________________
   3. vac     ______________________________________________
   4. WG      ______________________________________________
   5. WGR _____________ _________________________________
   6. FZN ______ ________________________________________
   7. CCP _________________ _____________________________
   8. °F      _______________________________________________

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Handout

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Individual Activity

Largest Possible Measure
Instructions: Use your chart of Common Measures to fill in the common
measures information in the second column of the activity below, and then
use that information to determine the largest possible measure for each
measurement listed. The first row is completed for you.

    Amount            Common Measures              Largest Possible Measure
                         Information

   1. 6 tsp.               3 tsp. = 1 T.                     2 T.

   2. 4 pts.

   3. 16 fl. oz.

   4. 8 qts.

   5. 34 oz.

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Review

Handout

                           Food Measure Equivalents

Instructions: Review the Food Weights and Approximate Equivalents in
Measuring. Keep as a future reference.
                                                         Approximate
                                   Weight                 Measure
Bread crumbs, dry                  1 lb.                     4 c.
Butter                              1 lb.                     2 c.
Corn meal                           1 lb.                     3 c.
Flour                               1 lb.                     4 c.
Gelatin, flavored                   1 lb.                     2 1/3 c.
Lettuce, average head               9 oz.                     1 head
Milk, fluid, whole                  1 lb.1 oz.                2 c.
Oats, rolled, A.P.                  1 lb.                     6 c.
Sugar, brown, solid pack            1 lb.                     2 c.
Sugar, granulated                   1 lb.                     2 c.

Sugar, powdered                     1 lb.                     3 c.

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Individual Activity

Using #10 Cans as a Measure
Instructions: Use an index card from your table to write the answer to the
following question. What would happen to your product if you used a #10
can as a measure when the recipe called for using a gallon? Name 3 things.
1.

2.

3.

                              Individual Activity

Scales in MY Kitchen
Instructions: Answer the questions listed below. If you are unable to answer
any of these questions, be sure to identify the scales in your kitchen and
complete the exercise when you return to your kitchen.

     1. How many scales are in my school kitchen?
       ________________________________________________________
     2. In which area(s) are they located?
       ________________________________________________________

     3. What is the capacity of each scale?

       ________________________________________________________

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Section 5: Portion Control

Objective: Understand the importance of portion control to the nutritional
requirements of school meals.

                                Group Activity

Portion Control and Costs
Instructions: Complete the activity with your learning partner or table group.
You will need your calculator. Be prepared to share answers.

                            Portion Control and Costs

Magnolia School serves 300 students per day in its lunch program. If a serving of
one item costs 8¢ more than planned, what would be the total cost increase?
    For the day?                  300 X .08 = $ ________
    For the week?                 300 X .08 X 5 days = $ _______
    For the month?                300 X .08 X 20 days = $ _______
    For the year?                 300 X .08 X 180 days = $ _______

What if all 5 components had an increase of 8¢ more than planned?
    For the day?        300 X .08 X 5 components = $ _______
    For the week?       300 X .08 X 5 components X 5 days = $ _______
    For the month?      300 X .08 X 5 components X 20 day = $ _______
    For the year?       300 X .08 X 5 components X 180 days = $ ________

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Group Activity

Portioning Correctly

Instructions: Work in pairs or small groups. Costs are based on the
assumption that a recipe will yield a certain number of servings.

Scenario

A small elementary school is preparing a Beef Casserole recipe that specifies
a yield of 200 servings/portions. Use the following information to calculate
the cost per serving.
   •   According to the recipe directions, the casserole is to be prepared in 8
       pans with 25 servings (5 x 5) in each pan.
   •   The recipe calls for 35 lbs. to yield 200 servings. The ground beef
       costs $3.00 per lbs.
   •   The cost per serving is determined using the following formula:
              Costs per Serving = Units of Food Required x Price per Unit
                                            Recipe Yield

The manager applied the formula to make the following calculations:

   1. Multiplied 35 lbs. of ground beef x cost of $3.00 per lb. for a total cost
       of $105.
   2. Divided the $105 total cost of the ground beef by the yield of 200 for a
       cost of $0.525 per serving.

       Or
   3. 35 lbs. x $3.00 ($105) = $0.525 per serving
                  200 portions

Module 4                                                                         32
Food Production                                                Participant Workbook
Problem: Portioning Correctly

Instructions: Check your understanding by calculating the answers to the
following questions.

   1. What if the pans were cut 4 x 5 and yielded 20 servings instead of 25
       servings?
       An additional ___ pans cut 4 x 5 would be required for 200 servings.
            8 pans x 20 servings per pan (4 x 5) = _____ servings/portions
          10 pans x 20 servings per pan (4 x 5) = _____ servings/portions

   2. What is the cost of the servings cut 4 x 5?
       35 lbs. x $3.00 per lb. = $ ______ ÷ 160 servings = $ _____ per
       serving for the ground beef in the casserole

   3. How much more Beef Casserole is required with pans cut 4 x 5?
       An additional 2 pans will be required for 200 servings.
       200 servings x $ _______ per serving = $________

   4. How does this affect the cost of the menu item?
       Cost of 200 servings of larger portions (4 x 5) = $ ______.
       Cost of 200 servings of recipe portions (5 x 5) = $________.
       Total cost increase of larger portions: $131.20 - $105.00 =$_______.

   5. If similar portioning errors of any of the menu items for a meal were
       made each day of a 180-day school year, what would the total annual
       cost be?
       Total cost increase ($26.20) x 180 days = $___________annual cost

Module 4                                                                           33
Food Production                                                  Participant Workbook
Individual Activity

Using Standardized Recipes to Portion
Instructions: Locate the recipe for Taco Pie in the Recipe Section and use it
to answer the questions about portioning.
   1. What size steamtable pan is specified in the recipe?

   2. How many half-tortillas are specified to form the bottom on the pie?

   3. How many and what size portions are specified by the recipe?

   4. If the recipe yield is 100 portions, how many pans will be needed to
      serve 250 portions of Taco Pie?

                            Individual Activity
Portioning by Cutting

Instructions: The box below shows a sample pan of cornbread. Draw lines
to indicate how you would cut 48 portions.

Module 4                                                                       34
Food Production                                              Participant Workbook
Section 6: Production Planning and Scheduling

Objective: Identify key elements in scheduling and managing time.

                                Group Activity
Work Schedules
Instructions:
   •   Review the menu and the sample work schedule provided in this
       activity. The schedule is for the day of service for the menus
       provided.
   •   The cafeteria has two serving lines and one cashier for lunch service.
   •   Breakfast is served from 7:30 am – 8:00 am.
   •    Lunch is served from 11:00 am - 1:00 pm.
   •    Review the two menus and the work schedule assignments for
       Beatrice (the manager) and the employees and answer the four
       questions following the work schedule.

                         School Breakfast and Lunch Menu
Chili Con Carne with Beans      Tossed Salad with Dressing   Carrots and Tomatoes
Veggie WGR* Pizza               Sliced Peaches               Choice of Milks (L/B)
Turkey-Cheese WGR Slider        Yeast Rolls                  WGR Cheese Toast (B)
Whole Kernel corn               WGR Slider Buns              Orange Smiles (B)

*Whole Grain Rich

Module 4                                                                         35
Food Production                                                Participant Workbook
Work Schedule
    TIME            Beatrice           Marcy                Ben             Linda           Louis       Tawanda      Ethel
   6:30 am          Manager          Lead Cook            Asst. Cook        Tech            Tech         Tech       Cashier
   7:00 am          Paperwork       Cheese Toast          Orange          Breakfast
                                                           Smiles           Prep
   7:30 am                        Portion carrots and    Dish room       Line Server
                                        tomatoes
   8:00 am                                               Make rolls      Salad Prep
   8:30 am                                                              Portion Peaches
   9:00 am         Food Prep                                              Prep corn
   9:30 am                           Salad prep          Make sliders     Pan pizza
  10:00 am                           Line setup
  10:30 am                                              L Line backup    Line server      Line server Line Server   Cashier
  11:00 am        S Supervision      Dish room

  11:30 am
  12:00 pm
  12:30 pm
   1:00 pm
   1:30 pm         Count money                            Cleaning        Cleaning         Dish roomD   Dish room
   2:00 pm         Place orders    Breakfast prep

   2:30 pm

                                                                                                            36
Food Production                                                           Participant Workbook
1. How do you think the work schedule helps the manager control food
       production?

   2. What assignments could remain the same every day?

   3. Check the menu. Is the preparation of all menu items accounted for in
       the sample work schedule?

   4. Are all the needed repetitive tasks placed in the work schedule?

Module 4                                                                      37
Food Production                                                Participant Manual
Individual Activity

Time Management Matrix of Activities

Instructions: Review the Time Management Matrix of Activities

       URGENT                                           NOT URGENT
                        I                  II
 I
 M     Activities                          Activities
 P
 O
            Crises                              Prevention, capability
 R          Pressing problems                   improvement
 T
 A          Deadline-driven projects            Relationship building
 N
 T                                              Recognizing new
                                                opportunities
                                                Planning recreation
 N                     III                                  IV
 O     Activities                          Activities
 T
            Interruptions, some                 Trivia, busy work
 I
 M          Some mail, some                     Some mail
 P
 O          Some meetings                       Some phone calls
 R
 T
            Direct or leading), pressing        Time wasters
 A          matters                             Pleasant activities
 N
 T

Module 4                                                                             38
Food Production                                                       Participant Manual
Review
Handout
Steps for Preparing Work Schedules

Step 1: Identify Available Time

Start by establishing the time you want to make available for your work.

STEP 2: Schedule Essential Actions

Block in the actions you ABSOLUTELY must take to do a good job.

STEP 3: Schedule High-Priority Activities

Schedule high priority and urgent activities, as well as essential maintenance
tasks that cannot be delegated or avoided.

STEP 4: Schedule Contingency Time

Schedule some extra time to handle unpredictable events and interruptions

STEP 5: Schedule Discretionary Time

The space you have left in your plans that time that is available to deliver
your priorities and achieve your goals.

STEP 6: Analyze your Activities.

Analyze your activities to identify tasks that can be delegated, outsourced,
or cut altogether.

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Food Production                                                  Participant Manual
Handout
Instructions: Use the blank schedule form provided in your workbook below
to begin managing your time more effectively.
                        WORK SCHEDULE
Name: _________________________________ DAY: _________________
TIME              TASK(S)
6:00 am
6:30 am
7:00 am
7:30 am
8:00 am
8:30 am
9:00 am
9:30 am
10:00 am
10:30 am
11:00 am
11:30 am
12:00 pm
12:30 pm
1:00 pm
1:30 pm
2:00 pm
2:30 pm
3:30 pm
4:00 pm
4:30 pm
5:00 pm

Module 4                                                                   40
Food Production                                             Participant Manual
General Session: Laboratory Activities

                  (1) Weights and Measures (2) Portion Control

                                   Overview

It’s now time for our measuring, weighing, and portion control laboratory.
The lab activities will give you an opportunity to practice the correct
procedures for weighing and measuring food items, portion control, and
calibrating a thermometer. The State Agency has set up a laboratory in the
cafeteria for this activity.

Turn to the Lab Manual located at the end of Module 4 on Food Production.
Take a minute to review the manual and instructions for the lab. You may
want to remove the manual from your workbook binder when you begin the
laboratory assignments.

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Food Production                                                  Participant Manual
Section 7: Required Planning and Production Record

                               General Session
       • Special Needs Presentation
          Presenter: State Agency Representative, Office of Child Nutrition,
          Mississippi State Department of Education

       • PowerPoint Presentation: Planning and Productions
         Records
          Presenter: Bill Urban, Office of Child Nutrition, Mississippi State
          Department of Education

                                   Classroom
Objective: Complete daily Required Planning and Production Record to
document reimbursable meals are served to students participating in the
school nutrition program.

Decision-Making Process
Determine the Issue:
How much of each menu item should be prepared for the planned number of
students to be served?
Explain the Issue:
   1. In successful school nutrition programs, the amount to prepare for
      each menu item at lunch and breakfast is carefully planned.
   2. USDA requires that the production record indicate how meals offered
      contribute to each required food component and quantities required for
      each age/grade group every day.

Create Procedures to Address the Issue:
   1. Use the Required Planning and Production Record as a tool for food
      preparation and service.
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Food Production                                                    Participant Manual
2. Use the Required Planning and Production Record for documenting the
      amount of each menu item that is served to age/grade groups daily.
   3. Keep the Required Planning and Production Record on file for the
      current year plus the three previous years.

Involve Others: Who and How:
   1. School Nutrition Director: Discuss using the Required Planning and
      Production Record as a planning and documentation tool.
   2. All Employees: Train employees to use standardized recipes to ensure
      all prepared menu items meet meal contribution requirements.

Decide to Succeed: Take Action:
   1. Use Required Planning and Production Record as documentation of
      how meals offered contribute to the required food components and
      food quantities for appropriate age groups.
   2. Enter required information in Required Planning and Production Record
      on a daily basis.
   3. Designate a safe place for keeping the Required Planning and
      Production Record on file as required by the federal and state
      agencies.

Evaluate Success:
Periodically discuss the Required Planning and Production Record with my
School Nutrition Director to see if I am documenting meal production in
accordance with all federal and state requirements.

Module 4                                                                    43
Food Production                                              Participant Manual
Class Activity
Required Planning and Production Record
Instructions: Find each of the columns on the production record and make a
note of the information found in the column.

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Food Production                                             Participant Manual
Column 1: Date and Participation - Record total number of reimbursable
meals served for each meal service by age/grade groups. Do not include
extra food items served.
Column 2: Menus - Write menu for each meal service offered. You may
prefer to attach a printed copy.
Column 3: Planned Portions - Record number of servings planned for each
menu item in 3a and extra food sale portions in 3b.
Column 4: Food Items - List all food items used in the day’s food preparation
under the appropriate meal component.
Column 5: B - Enter a check if food item is served at breakfast. If the item
is a meat/meat alternate record as a “Grain” or Additional Food” item.
Column 6: L - Enter a check if food item is served at lunch.
Column 7: SN - Enter a check if food item is served in After School Snack
service.
Column 8: Contribution Size - Write contribution size in appropriate column.

Module 4                                                                      45
Food Production                                                Participant Manual
Class Activity
Required Planning and Production Record
Instructions: Find each of the columns on the production record and make a
note of the information found in the column.

Module 4                                                                   46
Food Production                                             Participant Manual
Column 9: Leftover Servings Used Today - If using leftover food items,
record the number of servings. For example, the column in the handout
shows 3 servings of leftover turkey ham is being used in today’s menu.
Column 10a: Portions Actually Prepared Today - Record number of portions
actually prepared in 10a. This may differ from portions planned. For
example, column 3a shows 45 portions of turkey ham planned, but column
10a shows 42 actually prepared because there were 3 leftover servings
stored for later use.
Column 10b: Amount of Food Required - Record the amount of food used to
prepare the food item. This includes extra food items listed in 3b. Use
portion size, weight, number of pounds, size of cans, etc., as applicable.
In the example, column 10b tells us the cook used 2 lbs. 10 oz. of diced
turkey ham to prepare 42 portions on this day.
Column 11: Total Portions Prepared - Record total number of portions
prepared including leftovers in column 9 and food prepared for the day in
column 10a. The example tells us there were a total of 45 servings
available; 3 servings leftover and 42 servings prepared today.
Column 12: Number of Portions Served - Record total number of actual
portions served for the day.
Column 13: Number of Portions Stored - Record number of portions stored
for later use. The production record handout indicates 4 portions of turkey
ham were leftover and stored.
Column 14: Number of Portions Discarded - Record the number of servings
discarded.
Column 15: Use this section to clarify any action that is not self-explanatory.
Make a note of any special events and weather factors that affected
participation.
Additional Foods: Record items that are in recipes or served, but do not
contribute to a component. Examples are packets of ketchup or mustard.

Module 4                                                                        47
Food Production                                                  Participant Manual
Group Activity
Using a Completed Production Record
Instructions: Use columns 9-15 in the completed production record to locate
answers to the questions below.
   1. How many portions of the Chicken Tetrazzini were served?

   2. How many serving of Chicken Tetrazzini were leftover?

   3. What happened to the leftovers?

   4. How many pounds of cooked diced chicken were used to make 180
       servings of Chicken Tetrazzini?

   5. How many portions of French Fries were actually prepared on this
       date? Hint: Check Column 11.

   6. How many portions of French Fries were served? (Column 12)

   7. What happened to the leftover fries? (Column 14)

   8. How many portions of canned pears from the lunch menu were
       recorded as stored for future use? (Column 13)

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Food Production                                               Participant Manual
9. What instructions are given in the comment section for using the
       leftover pears? (Column 15)

   10. What additional foods are listed?

Module 4                                                                     49
Food Production                                               Participant Manual
Individual Activity

Entering Information in Column 10b of the Required Planning and Production
Record

Instructions: Look at the calculations in the table and compare with the MRS
791 Sloppy Joe on a Bun recipe. Answer the questions below the table.
             A      x           B             x          C          =     D
Steps      Purchase       Number       Number          Serving   ÷ Servings         Quantity
           Unit for       servings   ÷ portions        size        size in    =    (Purchase
           Recipe         needed       in recipe       needed      FBG               Units)
           Servings
Lists
             8 lbs.         310            50           2 oz.        2 oz.
             10 oz.
Change                                                           ÷
to                                                        2           2
Decimal
Compute                                                                             53.475
                                                                              =     or 53.5
AxBxC        8.625    x              6.2           x             1
                                                                                      lbs.
=D

   1. Look at the recipe. How many lbs. of ground beef are required to
      make 50 servings?

   2. If the manager plans 310 servings and the recipe makes 50, what is
      the conversion factor used to increase the yield?

   3. How much ground beef is needed to prepare 310 servings of Sloppy
      Joe on a Bun with a contribution of 2 oz. of ground beef per serving?

Module 4                                                                                 50
Food Production                                                           Participant Manual
Group Activity

Required Planning and Production Records
Scenario:
The Happy Valley Elementary School serves Grades K-6 grades. The
manager uses the Required Planning and Production Record to forecast the
number of servings for each food item on the menu. At the end of each day,
the manager enters the required information for the day.

Instructions: Work with your team to complete all columns in the production
record handout provided in your packet. Decide as a team how you want to
handle leftovers, discard or store. Recipes are included in the Recipe Section
of your workbook.
Date: May 19, 2016
Grades: K-6

   A. Table A provides the MRS Recipe numbers and the portions planned
      for each menu item.
        Breakfast          Portions           Lunch              Portions
                           Planned                               Planned
Biscuit (1 oz.) WGR (1601)    250 for    Country Fried Steak (136)           200
Sausage Patty (sm.) (1664)   each item   Chicken Tetrazzini (550)          280+ 20
Fresh Grapes (1226)                      Chef Salad (600)                     55
100% Fruit Juice (1246)                  Brown Rice (1341)                   300
Low Fat Reg. Milk                        Steamed Broccoli Spears (1014)       96
Chocolate FF Milk                        Carrot Raisin Salad (1112)          200
                                         Blushing Chilled Pears (1276)       250
                                         Melon Cubes (Fresh) (1234)        300 + 10
                                         WG Yeast Roll (1353)                480
                                         Fat Free Chocolate Milk
                                         Low Fat Reg. Milk
Leftover Portions Used        None       Leftover Chef Salad used              5

Additional Foods: Check MRS recipes for additional foods. For example, the
Chicken Tetrazzini recipe includes 2 quarts of Cream of Chicken Soup per 100
servings.

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Food Production                                                      Participant Manual
B. Table B provides the participation numbers for each meal.
Meal Service                       Breakfast                          Lunch
K-6 Students                          238                              506
Adults                                 5                               12
Inkind                                 3                                5

   C. Table C provides the amounts served for each menu item.
      Breakfast         Portions                 Lunch                       Portions
                        Served                                               Served
Biscuit (1 oz.) WGR       246       Country Fried Steak                        194
Sausage Patty (small)     246       Chicken Tetrazzini                       277+ 20
Fresh Grapes              245       Chef Salad                                 52
100% Fruit Juice          235       Brown Rice                                 289
Low Fat Reg. Milk         190       Steamed Broccoli Spears                    90
Chocolate FF Milk         56        Carrot Raisin Salad                        196
                                    Blushing Chilled Pears (canned)            248
                                    Melon Cubes, Fresh                       300 + 8
                                    WG Yeast Roll                              477
                                    Fat Free Chocolate Milk                    305
                                    Low Fat Reg. Milk                          215

Module 4                                                                             52
Food Production                                                       Participant Manual
Accountability in Food Production

Instructions: Use the following checklist to assess accountability
performance in your school related to HACCP, employee safety, workplace
security, food biosecurity, weights, measures, portion control, production
planning and scheduling and required food planning and production record.
Accountability Performance                Score = 5        Score = 3        Score = 1
Indicator                                 Full             Considerable     Limited
                                          Implementation   Implementation   Implementation
HACCP procedures are followed.
Standard Operating Procedures
are used.
Employees receive food safety,
sanitation, and HACCP training.
Employees adhere to food
safety and sanitation rules.
Workplace and food biosecurity
training is provided.
Employees adhere to
workplace and food biosecurity
guidelines.
Employees utilize accurate
measurement and portion
control techniques.
Production records contain all
components/menu items and meet
daily and weekly requirements.
All food items listed in the production
record match menus for meals
served.
All food items offered during meal
service are listed under the correct
component.
The crediting information provided is
accurate for age/grade group.
Documentation is provided for
portion planned and portions served.
Additional comments are used to
clarify actions not self-explanatory.
Additional foods are listed as
appropriate.
Labels and formulation sheets are
available for verification of product
served.
                                                                             Total
Score 75 total points: 70% = 53 points; 80% = 60 points; 90% = 68 points; 100% = 75
points

Module 4                                                                                     53
Food Production                                                               Participant Manual
Case Study Assessment
                              Food Production
The School Board for Brandon School District has received complaints from
parents about the school lunch serving unhealthy foods. The Board
conferred with the business manager, Mr. Conrad, and decided to bring in
Chef Boudreau to “jazz” up the menu and develop some healthy alternatives
to current menu items. Board members feel sure the chef can improve the
menu because he is the nephew of one of the Board members and they
know he will do a good job.

The chef was scheduled to work with the Brandon Heights Elementary child
nutrition program to make some changes in their standard procedures. The
child nutrition manager, Shonda Harper, was not too happy with this turn of
events but had to cooperate with the Board and Business Manager.

Chef Boudreaux arrived full of ideas about how healthy foods can be exciting
and creative. The staff quickly became anxious and concerned with Chef
Boudreaux’s lack of interest in food safety. When he cooked, he did not use
recipes. He was a great believer in sampling the food and adding additional
ingredients to taste. He kept no records to tell staff how many students
were served, what was served, and what foods were left over. What also
was not clear to the staff was how much of each item to serve each student.
Although Chef Boudreaux developed sample plate presentations to show the
staff, he did not provide information about scoop, ladle, or spoodle sizes.

Employees came to Mrs. Harper to complain that Chef Boudreaux was not
conscientious about washing his hands frequently and never wore gloves
when he worked with ready-to-eat foods.

While Chef was demonstrating a new recipe for oven-baked potatoes to
replace the currently served fried potatoes, a man dressed in a t-shirt,
Module 4                                                                       54
Food Production                                                 Participant Manual
jeans, and baseball cap wandered into the kitchen and left a case of frozen
chicken nuggets in the manager’s office. When an employee asked Chef
Boudreaux what to do about the delivery, he told her to put them in the
freezer right away. While putting the nuggets away, the employee noticed
that 2 of the packets within the case had been opened.

Chef Boudreaux is exciting and charismatic but has trouble organizing his
time or the tasks of the employees.   When asked about checking the
temperature of foods and refrigerator/freezers, he said they were too busy
getting the meal ready to serve on time and that taking temperatures could
wait until they had more time.

Chef Boudreaux introduced some healthy items into the school menu but
students were not willing to give up their favorite dishes. School nutrition
employees were unhappy with his lack of concern for standard food safety
procedures, and Shonda Harper was upset that accurate information for
completing the required food planning and production record (“Red Book”)
was unavailable.

Answer the following questions.

   1. What results will occur because Chef Boudreaux did not use recipes?

   2. List two food safety infractions that you noted.

   3. What basic principle of HACCP was ignored?

Module 4                                                                       55
Food Production                                                 Participant Manual
4. Were workplace security measures followed? If not, what was/were
       the infractions?

   5. Why was Shonda Harper unable to complete the required planning and
       production record and what could happen because of this?

Module 4                                                                     56
Food Production                                               Participant Manual
Decide to Succeed Laboratory Manual
                         General Meeting Room

                    General Session: Videos
              On the Road to Professional Food Preparation
   A Flash of Food Safety Calibrating a Thermometer: Ice Water
                              Method

              Group Activity: Laboratory Stations
                     Lab 1: Weights and Measures
                              Stations 1-8
                         Lab 2: Portion Control
                              Stations 1-5

                         Participant Workbook

Module 4                                                               57
Food Production                                         Participant Manual
General Session: Weights, Measurements, and Portion Control

Welcome to the On the Road to Professional Food Preparation laboratory on
weighing and measuring ingredients for standardized recipes, and portioning
food for meal service. You will also calibrate a thermometer using the ice
water method. Accurate food temperature measurements are important to
food safety.

Expectations: Our responsibility, as school nutrition professionals, is to
prepare and serve foods that are nutritious, appealing, good tasting, and
safe. To do this we must use basic procedures for preparing and serving
food. This weights and measurements lab experience will provide an
opportunity to practice correct procedures for measuring and weighing
ingredients for standardized recipes. The portion control lab will provide an
opportunity to practice dividing food items as specified to meet meal
requirements.

Video Activity:
The videos used in this session are provided by the Institute of Child
Nutrition (ICN) and are available at
http://nfsmi.org/documentlibraryfiles/PDF/20111118033712.pdf

The calibration of a thermometer is from the USDA website and is available
at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCjb85pZb6c

Module 4                                                                        58
Food Production                                                  Participant Manual
Video 1: On the Road to Professional Food Preparation, Weights and
Measures

Instructions: Pay close attention to this video. It is an excellent
demonstration of correct weighing and measuring techniques that
participants will use in their work as a school nutrition manager.

Video 2: On the Road to Professional Food Preparation, Portion Control
Instructions: Listen for the information missing on the video listening guide
and fill in the blanks as you watch the video.

Video 3: A Flash of Food Safety Calibrating a Thermometer: Ice Water
Method
Instructions: Pay close attention to the technique used in the video; you will
be asked to calibrate a thermometer in the lab activity.

                  Portion Control Video Listening Guide with Answers

Fill in the blanks as you watch the video.
   1. There are several ways to portion foods. List four.

        1.
        2.
        3.
        4.

   2. Ladle size can be found on _______________.
   3. Chicken nuggets and cookies are portioned by_____________ .
   4. Student satisfaction is increased when everyone gets an _________.
   5. The number of the ____________ is the number of level scoops it
       takes to equal __________________.

Module 4                                                                          59
Food Production                                                    Participant Manual
Laboratory Activity:
                           Laboratory Check List
Instructions: Participants MUST visit each Lab Station. Group leaders will be
responsible for making sure their group stops at each of the 13 stations.
Place a check (√) mark next to the station when you finish.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: YELLOW
   •   Station 1 ______

   •   Station 2 ______

   •   Station 3 ______

   •   Station 4 ______

   •   Station 5 ______

   •   Station 6 ______

   •   Station 7 ______

   •   Station 8 ______

PORTION CONTROL: BLUE
   •   Station 1 ______

   •   Station 2 ______

   •   Station 3 ______

   •   Station 4 ______

   •   Station 5 ______

Group Leader Signature _________________________________________

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Food Production                                                Participant Manual
Weights and Measures
                            Laboratory Activities

Weights and Measures
Instructions:
Work with your group to complete the laboratory activities. You will be given
a Station number by your instructor. Go to the laboratory and find the
Laboratory Weights and Measures Station that matches the station number
you were given in the classroom. Complete the first activity, record your
answers, and move to the next available station. Fill in the worksheet as
you complete each lab station. Be sure that you leave each station set up as
you found it. Return to the classroom when you have completed all the
activities.
STATION 1
Measuring Utensil: 1 cup, dry
Instructions:
Pull the measure through the flour to fill. Level the top of the flour with a
straight-edge spatula. Record the measure of the flour. Weigh the flour and
record the weight in the space below. After weighing the flour, return it to
the original container.
       Volume of flour     _____________
       Weight of flour    ____________

Answer:

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