Requirements and R&D for a Detector at the Future Electron-Ion-Collider (EIC) - Thomas Ullrich CERN Detector Seminar August 28, 2020
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Requirements and R&D for a Detector
at the Future Electron-Ion-Collider (EIC)
Thomas Ullrich
CERN Detector Seminar
August 28, 2020
1
EIC Physics (= QCD Physics)
Investigate with precision universal dynamics of gluons to understand the
emergence of hadronic and nuclear matter and their properties
Central Questions:
• How are sea quarks and gluons, and their spins, distributed kT
in space and momentum inside the nucleon? How do the
xp
nucleon properties emerge from them and their interactions? bT
• How do color-charged quarks and gluons, and colorless jets,
interact with a nuclear medium? How do confined hadronic
e
jet
states emerge from these quarks and gluons? How do the e
quark-gluon interactions create nuclear binding?
• What happens to the exploding gluon density at low-x in
Q 2s (x)
s
Machine Requirements
‣ Access to gluon dominated region and wide kinematic range in x and Q2
➡ Large center-of-mass energy range √s = 20 -140 GeV
‣ Access to spin structure and 3D spatial and momentum structure
➡ Polarized electron and proton and light nuclear beams ≥ 70% for both
‣ Accessing the highest gluon densities (QS2 ~ A )
⅓
➡ Nuclear beams, the heavier the better (up to U)
‣ Studying observables as a fct. of x, Q2 , A, etc.
➡ High luminosity (100x HERA): 1033-34 cm-2 s-1
3
The Community Behind the EIC
The EIC User Group: http://eicug.org
• Formation of a formal EIC User Group in 2014/2015
• 1156 members, 239 institutions, 33 countries
• EIC Science Centers at JLab (EIC 2) and BNL/Stony Brook University (CFNS)
Members
Europe
25% Asia
11% S. America
Oceania
Africa
North America
60%
4
The Community Behind the EIC
The EIC User Group: http://eicug.org
• Formation of a formal EIC User Group in 2014/2015
• 1156 members, 239 institutions, 33 countries
• EIC Science Centers at JLab (EIC 2) and BNL/Stony Brook University (CFNS)
Members
Europe
25% Asia
11% S. America
Oceania
Africa
North America
60%
Interesting Comparison:
~25% US participants in LHC collaborations 4
Status of US Based EIC
2015: US Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan:
“We recommend a high-energy high-luminosity polarized EIC as
the highest priority for new facility construction following the
completion of FRIB.”
2018: National Academy EIC Review
“The committee finds that the science that can be addressed
by an EIC is compelling, fundamental and timely.”
December 2019/January 2020: DoE
After science, cost, and host review DoE gives EIC CD-0 (Mission
Need) and selects BNL as the hosting site. Project management
officially started 4/1/2020
Original cost estimate: $2 - 2.6 B
$100M from New York State towards infrastructure
5
EIC Project Planning
DOE’s outlines a series of
staged project approvals,
referred to as a “Critical
Decision (CD)
Aggressive Time Schedule:
CD-1: March 2021
Alternative and Cost Range
CD-2: September 2022
Performance baseline
CD-3: September 2023
Start construction
CD-4a: September 2029
Start operation
CD-4b: September 2031
Full RF Power Installed
6
EIC Machine Overview
EIC design will meet NSAC and NAS requirements s = 20 – 141 GeV
• Design using much of existing ℒmax 1034 cm-2 s-1
RHIC facility P(e & p) 80%
A p to Uranium
• 3 accelerator rings:
‣ Existing RHIC yellow ring (275 GeV)
‣ New Rapid Cycling Electron
Synchrotron (18 GeV)
‣ New Electron Storage Ring (18 GeV)
• 2 Injector complexes:
‣ Hadron injectors (existing) Hadron Storage Ring
Electron Storage Ring
‣ Electron Injectors Electron Injector Synchrotron
• 2 detector halls Possible on-energy Hadron
• Hadron Cooling Facility
injector ring
Hadron injector complex
7
Very Complex IR
• IR designed to meet physics
requirements
‣ Machine element free region: ±4.5m for
detector
• Machine requirements
‣ Small β*
y : quads close to IP, high
gradients for hadron quads
‣ Crossing angle: as small as possible
๏ Choice: 25 mrad
‣ Synchrotron radiation background
๏ No bending upstream for leptons
๏ Rear lepton magnets: aperture dominated
by sync fan
87
Very Complex IR
• IR designed to meet physics
requirements
‣ Machine EIC: Notfree
element Your Standard
region: Collider Setup
±4.5m for
detector
• Machine requirements
IR features, asymmetric beam energies,
‣ Small β*
y synchrotron
: quads close backgrounds,
to IP, high crossing angle,
gradientsand
for hadron quads of energies affect detector
wide range
‣ Crossing acceptance
angle: as small as possible
and detector technologies
๏ Choice: 25 mrad
considerably
‣ Synchrotron radiation background
๏ No bending upstream for leptons
๏ Rear lepton magnets: aperture dominated
by sync fan
87Detector Planning
• The DOE-NP supported EIC Project includes one detector and one IR in the
reference costing
• The EIC is capable of supporting a science program that includes two
detectors and two interaction regions.
• The community (EIC User Group) is strongly in favor of two general purpose
detectors
Annual Integrated Luminosity [fb-1]
100
‣ Complementarity
Peak Luminosity [cm-2s-1]
1010
34 100
‣ Cross-checks Tomography (p/A)
‣ IRs with different ℒ( s) profile ?
Spin and Flavor Structure of 10
1
1033 the Nucleon and Nuclei
Internal QCD at Extreme
0.1
1032
Landscape of Parton Densities- 1
the Nucleus Saturation
0.01
0 40 80 120 150
Center
Center of Mass
of Mass Energy
Energy [GeV]
Ecm [GeV]
• A second detector needs substantial international contributions to be realized
9Setting the Stage: EIC Detector(s)
Ongoing EIC User Group “Yellow Report” Effort
• Initiative to advance the state and detail of requirements and detector
concepts in preparation for the realization of the EIC.
• 1 year effort to conclude end of 2020 to be summarized in “Yellow” Report
• Expect formation of proto-collaboration coming out of this effort EIC Project
EIC Project: Expression of Interest (EOI), May - November 2020
• Call EoI for potential cooperation on the experimental equipment as required
for a successful science program at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). This call
emphasizes all detector components to facilitate the full EIC science program.
Next
• March 2021: Issue Call for Detector Proposals
• September 2021: Deadline for Proposals
• December 2021: Start Selection of Detector(s)
10Category of Processes to Study
∫
Measurement categories to address EIC physics: ℒdt
e
• Inclusive DIS
e
machine & detector requirements
‣ fine multi-dimensional binning in 1 fb-1
p
X x, Q2
e e
• Semi-inclusive DIS 10 fb-1
h, ‣ 5-dimensional binning in x, Q2 , z,
p
pT, θ
X
• Exclusive processes
e e
10-100 fb-1
‣ 4-dimensional binning in x, Q2 , t,
θ to reach |t| > 1 GeV2
h,
p p
8
11Electron Measurement is Key
The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x , Q2
2
Q ≈xys
s
Recall:
y (inelasticity) is
Q2
fraction of electron’s
) energy lost in nucleon
0. 95 acceptance 1 )
(~ .0 rest frame
t 0
ns t ( ~ 0Electron Measurement: Range
Electron Measurement is Key and Kinematics
2
• The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xys
103 Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
DY (E772, E866)
102
e+A y
0 . 9 5
Q (GeV )
2
5
0.01 0.9
V,
e y
G
10 90 0 .01
s= V ,
2
e
EIC 5G
4
s=
C
EI
perturbative
1
non-perturbative
0.1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1
x
9
13ectron Measurement is Key
Electron
Electron Measurement:
Measurement Range
is Key and Kinematics
2
e energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xy
2
• The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
56 (Fe): 2
Q ≈xys
A DIS
3
(CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
20 GeV on 100 GeV, 0.1 < Q2 < 1 GeV2 , 3∙10-5 < x < 2∙10-4
10
DY (E772, E866)
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC) p (GeV/c)
e+A A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW,
DY (E772, E866) y
0 . 9 5 CHORUS, NuTeV)
!
24
22
10 2
0 1 9 5 20
e+A 0 . 0 . 5
,
18
. 9
e V y 0
G y
16
Q (GeV )
90 1
2
0. 0
= , .01 .95
14
s V 0 0
e e V, y
I C G
12
G
10 E 45 90 . 01
s=
0
s= V, 10
2
e
I C IC G
8
E E 4 5
perturbative s=
EI
C 6
non-perturbative
perturbative 4
1
non-perturbative 2 e
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
10-40.1 10-3 10-2 10-1 1
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
1 -2.0
x x
-1.5
-1 η
14Electron
Electron Measurement:
Measurement Range
is Key and Kinematics
2
e energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xy
2
• The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
2
Q ≈xys
20 GeV on 100 GeV, 0.1 < Q2 < 1 GeV2 , 5∙10-4 < x < 3∙10-3
103 Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
DY (E772, E866)
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC) p (GeV/c)
e+A A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW,
DY (E772, E866)y
0 . 9 5 CHORUS, NuTeV)
!
24
22
102 . 0 1 . 95 20
e+A ,0 0 5
e V y 0 . 9
18
G y
16
Q (GeV )
90 01
2
.
s= , 0 .01 .95
C G e V
e V , 0
y
0
14
10 EI 4 5
90
G
01 12
= 0 .
s s= V, 10
2
C C G e
EI EI 4 5
8
turbative s=
EI
C 6
n-perturbativeperturbative 4
1
non-perturbative 2 e
-5.0 0
-4.0
-3.0
10-4 0.1 10
-4
-3
-3
10-2 -2
10-1 -1
1 η
10 10 10 10 1
x x
15ectron Measurement is Key
Electron
Electron Measurement:
Measurement Range
is Key and Kinematics
2
e energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xy
2
• The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
2
Q ≈xys
A DIS
3 (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
10 Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
20 GeV on 100 GeV, 3 < Q2 < 20 GeV2 , 1∙10-3 < x < 8∙10-3
DY (E772, E866)
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC) p (GeV/c)
e+A 24
A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, 5 CHORUS, NuTeV)
!
0 . 9
DY (E772, E866) y 22
102
.01 .95 20
e+A e V, 0
y
0
y
0 . 9 5
18
Q (GeV )
G
16
2
0 .01
=
9 0 0.01 0 .95
s eV, e V, y 14
I C G G
10 E 45 90 0 . 01 12
s= s= V,
10
2
e
I C E IC 5 G
perturbative
E
s=
4
8
EI
C 6
non-perturbative
perturbative 4
e
1
non-perturbative 2
-4.0
-3.0
0.1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1
-2.0
-4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10 1
x x
-1.5
-1
-0.5 η
0 16ectron Measurement is Key
Electron
Electron Measurement:
Measurement Range
is Key and Kinematics
2
e energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xy
2
• The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
2
Q ≈xys
A DIS
3 (CCFR,
10
CDHSW,with
Measurements CHORUS, NuTeV)
A 56 (Fe): 20 GeV on 100 GeV, 7 < Q2 < 70 GeV2 , 3∙10-2 < x < 1∙10-1
DY (E772, E866)
p (GeV/c)
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
e+A
A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
5 24
!
0. 9
DY (E772, E866)
y 22
102 1 5 20
e+A . 0 0 . 9 9 5
0 .
e V, y y
0
18
Q (GeV )
G
16
2
90 . 0 1 01 95
0 0. 0 .
s= e V ,
e V ,
y 14
C G G
10 EI 45 =
90 0 . 01 12
= s V,
10
2
s e
C E IC 5 G
EI s=
4
8
perturbative
EI
C
6
non-perturbative
perturbative
4
1
non-perturbative
2 e
-3.0
0.1
10-4 10-3
-4 -3 10-2 -2 10-1 10-1
1
10 10 10 1
-2.0
x x
-1.5
-1
η
17lectron Measurement is Key
Electron Measurement: Range
Electron Measurement is Key and Kinematics
2
The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xys
The energy and angle of scatter electron gives 2 x , Q2
103 • The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
Q ≈xys2
Measurements
103 A DIS with A CHORUS,
(CCFR, CDHSW, 56 (Fe): NuTeV) 20 GeV on 100 GeV, 200 < Q2 < 1000 GeV2 , 0.1 < x < 1
eA/
DY (E772, A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
E866)
p (GeV/c)
102 A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
e+A 102
DY (E772, E866)
y
0 . 9 5
!
24
22
20
e+A 95.95
. 0 1 .
,0 0 0
V y y 18
Q (GeV )
e
2
G
10 90 . 00
1.01
0 .95 16
s= ,e0V,
C G0 e VG
y 14
10 EI 4s5= 9 0 .01 12
sIC= V,
2
C E 5 G e
10
EI =
4
8
perturbative s
1 E IC 6
non-perturbative
perturbative 4
1
non-perturbative 2 e
0
0.1 3.0
0.1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
1 η 2.0
x
x
-1.5 1.5
-1 1
-0.5 0.5
0
18lectron Measurement is Key
Electron Measurement: Range
Electron Measurement is Key and Kinematics
2
The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q 2
Q ≈xys
The energy and angle of scatter electron gives 2 x , Q2
103 • The energy and angle of scatter electron gives x, Q
Measurements with A 56 (Fe):
eA/ A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
Q ≈xys2
Measurements
103 A DIS with A CHORUS,
(CCFR, CDHSW, 56 (Fe): NuTeV) 20 GeV on 100 GeV, 200 < Q2 < 1000 GeV2 , 0.1 < x < 1
eA/
DY (E772, A DIS (E-139, E-665, EMC, NMC)
E866)
p (GeV/c)
102
! resolute of e′ critical
A DIS (CCFR, CDHSW, CHORUS, NuTeV)
e+A 9 5 24
•
.
102
DY (E772, E866)
Momentum/energy and angular
y
0
22
20
e+A 95.95
. 0 1 .
,0 0 0
V y y 18
Q (GeV )
e
2
G
• .95 16
10 90 1.01
Requires: . 00 0
s= ,e0V,
C G0 e VG
y 14
10 EI 4s5= 9 0 .01 12
V,
e/h
sIC=
2
5 G e
10
‣
C E
EI 4
1
perturbative
non-perturbative
Excellent
E electron
IC
=
s
ID ( ) 8
6
perturbative
1 4
non-perturbative 2 e
0.1
‣ Equal rapidity coverage for tracking and calorimetry 0
3.0
‣
0.1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
10 -4
Low
x material budget to reduce bremsstrahlung
10
x
-3 η
10 -2
10 -1
1
1 2.0
-1.5 1.5
-1 1
-0.5 0.5
0
18‣ π ±,K ±,p ± separation over a wide range
Major
|η| 1 GeV2 π
pT & z | η | ≤ 3.5
inrange
‣ need full
‣ Resolution φ -coverage around γ* barrel
p (GeV/c)
e-endcap
• Excellent
‣ π/K ~ 3-4 σ,
vertex resolution for Charm
π±
& Bottom tagging
‣ K/p > 1 σ
• momentum – η correlation ⇒ PID
η correlation ⇒
•detector
Momentum–
technology
different PID detector technology rapidity
10
‣ -5 < η < 2: 0.2 < p < 10 GeV/c
• Hadron-cut off:
‣ 2 < η < 5: 0.2 < p < 50 GeV/c ‣ 1T-Magnet ⇒ pT > 200 MeV/c
‣ 3T-Magnet ⇒ pT > 500 MeV/c
19PID Techniques
• EIC will need for most of the
physics 3-4 σ separation for π/
K and good K/p separation
• Need more than one
technology to cover the entire
momentum ranges at different
rapidities
• Need absolute particle numbers at high purity and low contamination
• EIC PID needs are more demanding then at most collider detector
20Brief Review of Requirements
• Hermetic detector, low mass ‣ backward: σ(E)/E < 2 % / E
inner tracking
• Good hadronic energy resolution
• Moderate radiation hardness
‣ forward: σ(E)/E ≈ 50 % / E
requirements
• Electron measurement & jets in • Excellent PID π/K/p
approx. -4 < η < +4 ‣ forward: up to 50 GeV/c
• Good momentum resolution ‣ central: up to 8 GeV/c
‣ central: σ(p)/p = 0.05% ⊕ 0.5 % ‣ backward: up to 7 GeV/c
‣ fwd/bkd: σ(p)/p = 0.1% ⊕ 0.5 % • Low pile-up, low multiplicity, data
rate ~500kHz (full lumi)
• Good impact parameter
3/2
resolution: σ = 5 ⊕ 15/p sin θ (μm)
Main Challenges:
• Excellent EM resolution ‣ PID
‣ central: σ(E)/E = 10 % / E ‣ EMCal at < 2%/√E
21General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Detector Sketch
Detector Sketch
22
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Magnet
‣ Focus now on Solenoidal Magnet as the option that best integrates with the machine
‣ Detector
Compact EIC detector requires large Sketch
fields: B ~ 3 T?
‣ Available magnet: BaBar B = 1.5 T
‣ Need to balance low-pT acceptance (low field) and good tracking resolution (high field)
23
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Barrel
‣ Si-Vertex tracker: low X/X0, resolve charm vertices MAPS, ….
‣ Main tracker: TPC (dE/dx!) or Si-Tracker - also discussed GEM, MMG, µRWELL, …
Detector
‣ Particle ID (PID): p < 10 GeV DIRC, Sketch
EMCal, …
‣ EM Calorimetry: e/h, γ , π0, …
‣ Hadron Calorimetry: jets (neutral component, e/h) upgrade or day 1?
‣ Muon Detector: vector mesons under discussion 24
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Forward
‣ Si-Vertex tracker: resolve charm vertices MAPS, ….
‣ Tracker: p µTPC, lightweight GEM,Detector Sketch
MMG, µRwell, …
‣ Particle ID (PID): p < 50 GeV RICH, ToF, …
‣ EM Calorimetry: E, e/h, γ , π0, …
‣ Hadron Calorimetry: E, e/h, jets good resolution needed technology?
25
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Far Forward Detector Sketch
‣ Nuclear Breakup/Fragments: ZDC, Roman Pots, Forward proton detector
‣ Proton pT , t measurement: Roman Pots (timing?)
26
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Backward
‣ Si-Vertex tracker
Detector Sketch
‣ Tracker: p lightweight GEM, µTPC, MMG, µRwell, …
‣ Particle ID (PID): RICH, EMCal, TRD
‣ EM Calorimetry: E, e/h excellent resolution needed ( ≤ 2 %/ E )
27
14General Purpose EIC Detectors
0
Backward -0.5 0.5 Forward
-1 1
-1.5 El Barrel 1.5
En ect o
r p
n
-2.0 dc ron a d
c a 2.0
ap H nd
E z
-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 Small angle Small angle
3.0 4.0
5.0
electrons hadrons
p/A e
Detector Sketch
Far Backward
‣ Access to low Q2 region: Low Q2 tracker
28
14Early Generic EIC Detector Concepts
BeAST
TOPSIDE
JLEIC
YR
• Current Yellow Report efforts will produce more mature concepts
• Final decision will rest in hands of collaborations once established 29Generic EIC Detector R&D Program
• Started 2011 BNL, in association with JLab and the DOE Office of NP
• Funded by DOE through RHIC operations funds
• Program explicitly open to international participation
• Standing EIC Detector Advisory Committee consisting of internationally
recognized experts in detector technology
• Typical 10-11 projects supported per year (eRDNN)
• Consortia for Calorimetry, Tracking, PID, Si-Tracking
• Over 281 participants from 77 institutions (37 non-US)
• Will transform into targeted/project funded R&D effort once collaborations are
established and detector designs are fully developed
Current: Marcel Demarteau (ANL, chair), Carl Haber (LBNL), Peter Krizan (Ljubljana),
Ian Shipsey (Oxford), Rick Van Berg (UPenn), Jerry Va’vra (SLAC), Glenn Young (JLab)
URL: https://wiki.bnl.gov/conferences/index.php/EIC_R%25D
3010 Ongoing Projects Funded in FY20
• eRD1 - Calorimeter consortium • eRD17 - Simulations e+A
‣ Tungsten-scintillating fiber EM • eRD20 - Software consortium
calorimeter, Crystal/Glass EMCal,
Shashlik EMCal, HCal, SiPM
• eRD21 - Machine background
studies
• eRD6 - Tracking consortium ‣ Neutron flux, beam gas,
‣ TPC-Cherenkov (TPCC) detector, synchrotron radiation
miniTPC, MPGD (GEM, µRWELL,
MMG), zigzag charge collecting • eRD22 - GEM Transition Radiation
anodes, lightweight GEM tracker
Detector
• eRD14 - PID consortium • eRD23 - Streaming Readout
‣ DIRC, gas & aerogel RICH, ToF • eRD24 - Roman Pots
‣ Borderless Si, AC-LGAD
• eRD25 - Si tracking
‣ Depleted MAPS sensor, waver-
scale sensors (ALICE ITS3),
Geometry optimization 3110 Ongoing Projects Funded in FY20
• eRD1 - Calorimeter consortium • eRD17 - Simulations e+A
‣ Tungsten-scintillating fiber EM • eRD20 - Software consortium
calorimeter, Crystal/Glass EMCal,
Shashlik EMCal, HCal, SiPM
• eRD21 - Machine background
New for FY21 studies
• eRD6 - Tracking consortium ‣ Neutron flux, beam gas,
‣ TPC-Cherenkov
eRD26:(TPCC)
Pulseddetector, synchrotron
Laser System for Compton radiation
Polarimetry
miniTPC, eRD27:
MPGD (GEM, µRWELL,
MMG), zigzag charge collecting •
High Resolution ZDC eRD22 - GEM Transition Radiation
anodes, lightweight GEM tracker
Detector
eRD28: Superconducting Nanowire Detectors
• eRD14 - PID consortium •
eRD29: Precision Timing Silicon
Combined PID and Tracking
Detectors
eRD23 - for
Streaming
System
Readout
‣ DIRC, gas & aerogel RICH, ToF • eRD24 - Roman Pots
‣ Borderless Si, AC-LGAD
• eRD25 - Si tracking
‣ Depleted MAPS sensor, waver-
scale sensors (ALICE ITS3),
Geometry optimization 31Example 1: Mini-Drift GEM Tracking Detector eRD6
• Triple GEM stack with a small (mini) drift
region
• Position and arrival time of the charge
deposited in the drift region is measured
on the readout plane allowing
reconstruction of track (vector) traversing
the chamber
• Mini-Drift overcomes resolution
degradation with increasing incident Normal Chamber
angles for conventional GEM tracker
using only charge centroid information
• Compatible with all forms of planar GEM Mini-Drift
trackers
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
63.3 (June 2016), pp. 1768-1776
32Example 1: Mini-Drift GEM Tracking Detector eRD6
• Triple GEM stack with a small (mini) drift
region New prototype on its way:
• Position and arrival time
Design ofof the
new charge
optimized ZigZag pattern is complete
deposited in the drift region
Received newisPCB
measured
(CERN); ready to be installed
on the readout plane allowing
reconstruction of track (vector) traversing
the chamber
• Mini-Drift overcomes resolution
degradation with increasing incident Normal Chamber
angles for conventional GEM tracker
using only charge centroid information
• Compatible with all forms of planar GEM Mini-Drift
trackers
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
63.3 (June 2016), pp. 1768-1776
32TPC to be varied in order to study potential high voltage
Example 2: Cherenkov TPC problems when the two detectors are brought into close
proximity to each other. The drift volume is 10x10x10
cm3 and the GEM detectors are 10x10 cm2. The entire
eRD6
assembly is mounted inside a common enclosure and will
be filled with a gas mixture that serves as the TPC gas
Combines the functions of a TPC for charged particle tracking and a Cherenkov
and the operating gas for both GEMs, and also provides a
highly UV transparent radiator for Cherenkov light.
detector for particle identification MPGD2015 in same volume
Prototype:
transparency. The photosensitive GEM is mounted on a
Figure 3. Three sided kapton field cage with a separate fourth
kapton foil positioned to the side.
• TPC: 10cm drift + 10x10 cm 4 layer GEM
movable stage to allow the distance between it and the 2
TPC to be varied in order to study potential high voltage
• Cherenkov: 3.3 x 3.3 cm pad array + CsI + 10 x 10 cm2 4 layer GEM
problems when the two detectors are brought into close
proximity to each other. The drift volume is 10x10x10
2
•
cm3 and the GEM detectors are 10x10 cm2. The entire
Common Gas: CF (v = 7.5 cm/µs & large N0)
4
assembly is mounted inside a common enclosure drift
and will
be filled with a gas mixture that serves as the TPC gas
Successful demonstration of proof of principle - TPCC works!
and the operating gas for both GEMs, and also provides a
highly UV transparent radiator for Cherenkov light. Figure 1. 3D model of the prototype TPC/Cherenkov detector.
Figure 3. Three sided kapton field cage with a separate fourth
kapton foil positioned to the side.
Figure 4. Wire plane used as the fourth side of the field cage
when operating with the Cherenkov detector.
3 Electrostatic Field Simulations
The requirement of an optically transparent side of the
field cage and the presence of the photosensitive GEM
detector near the drift volume causes some distortion in
Figure 2. Internal components of the actual TPC-Cherenkov the drift field of the TPC. This problem was studied Cherenkov
using
Figure 1. 3D model of the prototype TPC/Cherenkov detector. prototype detector. The foil on the right is mounted on a an electrostatic simulation program (ANSYS) in order to
movable track such that the distance between the photosensitive
photons
determine the magnitude of these distortions. Figure 5
GEM and the TPC can be varied. shows the deviation of the nominal electric field vector in
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 66.8 (Aug. 2019), pp. 1984 the drift volume as a function of distance along the drift 33Example 3: µRWELL Detectors eRD6
Goal: cylindrical μRWELL layers for fast barrel outer tracking layer
• Combines the advantages of both GEM and Micromega MMGs, needs no stretching
• Located just before and after the PID detector (DIRC)
• Provides precision space point and directional track vectors outside of the TPC field cage
to counteract multiple scattering in the field cage to help with seeding the DIRC
reconstruction
• Envision capacitive-sharing pad readout: Vertical stack of pads layers → transfer of initial
charge from MPGD by capacitive coupling
Support area for
connectors &
cables (foil
backed by ring)
Length: 45 cm
“active” volume
(ca. 1% X0)
Cylindrical μRWELL Mechanical Mock-up
First Full Assembly
34Example 4: Scintillating Glasses eRD1
• e-going direction needs high precision calorimetry (≲ 2%/√E) ︎ SICCAS: failure
• Typically requires Lead Tungstate (PbWO4) crystals
• Crystals are expensive, few vendors (SICCAS, CRYTUR)
‣ Quality and QA issues
‣ Moderate production capacity, raw material shortage
• New effort R&D︎: Scintillating glasses (CUA/Vitreous State Laboratory)
‣ Similar to lead glass in many properties but exhibit >10× the light yield per
GeV
‣ Nano-sized particles of BaSi2O5
๏ Improve scintillation
๏ Allows doping: Gd, Yb, Ce, ...
Samples made at CUA/VSL with new method.
35 times light output of PbWO4 35Example 4: Scintillating Glasses eRD1
• Past: Limited to small samples due to difficulties with scaling up while
maintaining the required purity.
• Now: Possible path to inexpensive high resolution EM calorimeters
‣ Simulation suggests a glass resolution comparable to PbWO4
‣ 40cm long bars match PbWO4 resolution
‣ Radiation test very positive (~1 MeV Co-60, 160 keV Xray, 40 MeV protons)
Scale up
Size
4cm x 4cm x 40cm
2cm x 2cm x
20cm
Beam and Lab 2cm x 2cm x 20cm
test program: 2cm x 2cm x
(2-4)cm
1cm x 1cm x
Test sizes only
Nucl.Instrum.Meth. 0.5cm
A 956 (2020) 163375 2019 2020 2021 Year
36Example 5: Dual RICH Detector eRD14
• Would be the first dRICH for use in solenoidal field dRICH performance
optimization
• Combination of C2F6 gas and n=1.02 aerogel
• Outward-reflecting mirrors reduce backgrounds and (UV) scattering in aerogel
• Requires sophisticated 3D focusing to reduce photosensor area
• 2019/2020: realize first prototype
37Example 5: Dual RICH Detector eRD14
• Full Geant4 studies confirm dRICH as compact and cost-effective solution for
continuous momentum coverage (3-60 GeV/c)
• Strong interest in the dRICH electron-pion separation capability
e/π π/K p/K
3σ 3σ 3σ
L. Barion et al., JINST 15 (2020) 02, C02040
E. Cisbani et al., JINST 15 (2020) 05, P05009 38• Photo Detectors: Big challenge is to provide a reliable highly-pixilate
detectors
Challenges: Photodetectors Sensors
• Full scan in High-B
of 10-µm
Proposed FY21 activities
Fields: FY21
XP85122-S, HiCE P
photodetector working at 2-3 Tesla. This problem is notResults
Proposed FY21 activities
yet solved.
from S
• Studies with changing HV ,H
• ‣ SiPMTs:
Cathode-MCP1
Photo
challenge Detectors:
is to provideBig challenge
in the past rejected
a reliable is to provide
highly-pixilateda reliable
for RICH detectors highly-pixilated
•
because of the neu
Full scan of 10-µm XP85122-S, HiCE Planacon: tim
Assessment of the ef
•• Full
If timescan ofstudies
permits: a 6-µm withPhotek
changingMAPMT253
HV ,
photodetector working at 1.5-3 Tesla. This problem is not yet solved.
Cathode-MCP1
at 2-3 Tesla. This problem
damage. Dedicated studies is Results
not yet from Summer•Size:
solved.
underway. 2019
Full scan of a 6-µm Photek: timing, gain, ion feedba
2
Size: 6x66x6
cm .cm . Channels: 16x16. Pixel:
‣ SiPMTs: in the past rejected
ejected for RICH detectors because for RICH detectors
of the
Assessment neutron
of the
due to sensitivity
effect of different 1.00
Channels:
to neutron
16x16. Pixel:
readout on gain characte
3 mm. A poss
theta%=%0
2
Our past studies of single-anode MCP PMTs suggest sm
‣ damage.
MCP-PMTs:
tudies underway. Dedicated studies underway.
6
Aav(B)/Aav(0)
6 μm pore size HV=-2.79 kV
‣ ‣MCP-PMTs:
Charge (a.u.)
Very expensive 1.00 1.00
0.10 theta%=%0%deg%
99.6% of HV
old%
theta%=%10%deg%
max
๏ Very expensive new%
‣ Not tolerant to G=1.4×105
Aav(B)/Aav(0)
Aav(B)/Aav(0)
0.01
๏ Not tolerant to 0.10 0.10
magnetic fields
old% old%
new% 10-µm Planacon new%
Average
magnetic fields 0.01
HV=-2.6 kV
0.01 0.00
93% of 0
HVmax 0.5 1 1.5
10-µm Planacon B (T)
0.00 0.00 Photonis PP0365G
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
‣ Large-Area Picosecond 1.00 PhotoDetector (L B (T) B (T) B (T) theta%=%2
‣ Large-Area Picosecond 1.00 • Large-Area
๏
PhotoDetectorPicosecond
Promising but (LAPPD)
• Below 1 T, the new readout yiel
PhotoDetector
still not relative (LAPPD)
fully applicable
gain. for E theta%=%20%deg%
av(B)/Aav(0)
‣ Promising but still not fully applicable
0.10 for EIC yet
๏ Need pixelation
๏ Promising but still not fully ‣applicable for EIC yet • Above 1 T, the new readout yiel
Need pixelation, efforts underway
old%
/Aav(0)
new%
0.10
relative gain.
๏ Need pixelation old% 0.01
• Possible explanations: limited39bExample 6: R&D on MPGDs for RICH Detectors eRD1
Table 2: New samples of HND coated substrates used for the 2019 studies.
• Development of MPGD-based Photon Sample PCB13
Sample PCB14
substrate type
THGEM
THGEM
sample label
TB IX
TB VIII
coating material
ND
HND
number of spray shots
300
140
Quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency
Detectors 0.2500 0.6000 THGEM TB III HND 43
THGEM TB VII HND 55
THGEM TB XIX HND 59
‣ At high momenta: gas radiator is
THGEM TB XI HND 250
0.5000 disc PBC1 ND 100
Gaseous Photon Detectio
0.2000
disc PBC2 ND 100
mandatory
disc PBC3 ND 200
0.4000 disc PBC4 ND 200
disc PBC5 ND 50
0.1500 disc PBC6 HND 50
‣ Miniaturized pads Two current tasks (cont.) : 0.3000
disc
disc
disc
PBC9
PBC7
PBC10
HND
HND
HND
25
50
100
2. Initial studies of the compatibility of an innovative photocathode based
‣ Operation in C-F gases
0.1000 before heat disc PBC11 HND 200
treatment before heat disc PBC8 HND 400
on NanoDiamond (ND) particles with the operation in MPGD-based
0.2000
treatment
‣ THGEM for optimal photoelectron 0.0500 photon detectors
after heat
0.1000
3.1.2.2 New Photocathode Materials development at INFN Trieste
collection treatment after heat
• Preliminary exercises
treatment The e↵ort to understand the performance features of Hydrogenated NanoDiamond (HND) pho
0.0000 0.0000 and their coupling to THGEMs has progressed by laboratory studies, along di↵erent lines, a
100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200.0220.0240.0260.0
in the following. These studies required the realization of a new set of THGEMs, as well as
‣ Use of innovative photocathode based
100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200.0220.0240.0260.0
metallized fiberglass, 1 inch diameter. THGEM geometrical parameters are our standard one
Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [nm] • 6 small-size THGEMs ( 30 x 30 mm 2 ) fully characterized before
0.4 mm thickness, 0.4 and afterdiameter, 0.8 mm hole pitch, no rim and 30⇥30 mm2 active surf
mm hole
QE Sample PCB13 220 Shots 20191211 coating
QEwith ND powder
Sample PCB14 & Hydrogenated
260 ND di↵erent
Shots 20191211 substrates have been coated with either ND or HND films. Coating is by the spray
(HND) powder:
on NanoDiamond (ND) particles QE Sample PCB13 220 Shots 20191214
2-D Cherenkov developed in Bari and already described in previous reports. Coating applying di↵erent numbe
QE Sample PCB14 260 Shots 20191214shots have been realized in order to understand the relevance of this parameter. A summary of t
• ND : systematically higher gain
photon distribu4on realized and studied is presented in Table 2.
coupled to MPGDs
• HND : systematically lower breakdown HV, morphology ?
(background subtracted)
In 2018, it was observed that the breakdown voltage of THGEM coated with HND powder is at v
Figure 42: QE versus wavelength of two NHD-coated samples measured before and after the heat treatment. low respect to what required in stable photon detectors, while HND coated THGEMs are of ma
• Current Efforts:
ND coating, because of the high Quantum Efficiency (QE) of the HND converter. A possible cause of the reduce
HND coating,
rigidity is related to the NDH most likely present also inside the THGEM holes after a coating p
no large presence attempt
of to overcome this difficulty is based on THGEMs formed by two layers, each one of th
grain half that of the final THGEM, and where only one of the faces is Cu-coated. The two layers are
large grains
together keeping externally the metallized faces, while one of the two layer is coated before asse
observed
‣ Construction and characterization of 2-
final THGEM. Half-THGEMs have been produced and coupled to form a single THGEM. Very re
evolution versus time has been observed during preliminary exercises performed to characterize
after coating
devices (Fig. 40): these e↵ects are related to the residual hole misalignment, which is playing a
layer THGEM with up-layer ND-coated
relevant than expected. This approach has been suspended.
A di↵erent attempt to increase the electrical rigidity of HND-coated THGEMs has been tried. Hy
materials are hygroscopic. A heat treatment of HND-coated THGEMs has before coating
been applied in order
‣ ND powered characteristics, QE studies
o
the surface humidity: the coated THGEM is kept in oven for 24 h at 120 C degrees. The THGEM
rigidity has been fully recovered (Fig. 41). The stability of the electrical rigidity recovery has b
repeating, approximately one month later, the gain measurement. The e↵ect of the heat treatm
Magnification: x 20
43
40Ø All 5 modules have
tracker
Example 7: GEM Basedfor TRD
EIC ( eRD22) been installed in
front of the DIRC
eRD22
detector ( new
mechanical supportpion electron
Test setup at GlueX@JLab
Ø High resolution tracker. and alignment )
Goal: Electron identification (e/h Ø All 5 modules have
Readout
Amplification
Ø Low material budget detector region
separation) + tracking been integrated into
GlueX DAQ.
Ø How to convert GEM tracker to TRD:
• How to convert GEM tracker to TRD ü Change gas mixture from Argon to Xenon Ø and integrated into
Drift region
the Primary
post-processing
‣ Change from Argonü toIncrease
Xenon (for ( TRD uses a heavy gas for efficient absorption of X-rays )
drift region up to 2-3 cm (for the same reason).
dE/dx
analysis (eJANA)
clusters
efficient absorptionüof X-rays )
Add a radiator in the front of each chamber ( radiator
Xe gas
mixture
‣ Increase drift region up to 2-3
thickness cm
~5-10cm )
ü Number of layers depends on needs: Single layer could
‣ Add a radiator in the front
Entrance
provideof
e/pieach
23 July 2020
rejection at level of 10 with a reasonable
EIC R&D meeting 11 Radiator window
electron efficiency (85-95%).
chamber TR-Radiators length Ø Few runs with the fleece
pion TR radiator 9 cm and 15 cm
electron
Ø Data points are in a good agreement with MC
photon
๏ Best candidate so far is “Fleece” with
23 July 2020 EIC R&D meeting
predictions
5
excellent response, high TR-yield, soft
and hard TR photon’s spectrum
Test results in
‣ Number of layers depends on needs: good
single layer e/π rejection of 10 with agreement with
~90% electron efficiency simulations
41Take Away Message
• An Electron-Ion Collider will contribute profoundly to the
understanding of matter and be an important component in our suite
of tools to revolutionize our knowledge in the next decades
• Detector requirements are known and are currently refined
• EIC Detectors are unique and challenging to realize
‣ Hermiticity & Precision
‣ Forward and backward coverage critical
• Big Issues: PID, photodetectors, high resolution EM calorimetry
• The EIC R&D program is a vital part of the EIC efforts with many
active participants making good progress on many components vital
for an EIC detector
42Upcoming …
• Yellow Report Meeting: September 16-18, 2020 (remote, hosted by CUA)
‣ Physics Requirements, Detector Concepts
‣ See http://eicug.org
• Electron-Ion Collider Workshop: October 7-9, 2020 (remote)
‣ Organized and hosted by Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and
Technology, UK
‣ Promoting Collaboration on the Electron-Ion Collider
๏ Project status, overview of the accelerator and its subsystems, as wells as
presentations from the labs and institutes interested in collaboration on EIC
accelerator, together with discussion of the relevant accelerator science and
technology topics, representing a necessary step on the path to form the multi-lab
collaboration that will deliver the EIC project.
‣ See https://www.cockcroft.ac.uk/events/eic20/
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