Smarter Parking May 2019 - The NRMA
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Smarter Parking
May 2019
Foreword DIVVY’s original vision was to solve
the parking problem by application
of market leading technology
DIVVY unlocks underutilised car
spaces in commercial buildings,
giving drivers exclusive access
using a combination of hardware at the touch of a button through
and software to enable a better the DIVVY App. We provide
parking experience. However, now commuters access to Australia’s
DIVVY provides a seamless journey fastest growing parking network
through all bookable assets. DIVVY with unparalleled convenience and
can apply the same technology flexibility. And we enable owners to
that has been used for parking enjoy the benefits of a new income
to end of trip facilities, meeting stream.
rooms, hot desks and share
workspaces, because population
We believe that smarter technology
growth isn’t just an issue for our
and more efficient utilisation of
roads.
spaces is essential in handling
growth in our cities, and we look
David Stuart-Watt
While DIVVY is expanding into forward to playing a part in the
President
other industries, parking remains solution.
our focus because there are
literally thousands of parking
Population growth and densification
spacesare placing
hidden That’s
in corporate not to say roads are the problem – in fact,
office
pressures on Australian cities,buildings
the likes and
of which they
hotels in our are (and will remain) an integral part of the
CBDs
we’ve not before seen. solution. The challenge for us here in Australia is
that could be utilised smarter.
to evolve to a more integrated transport system,
where all the parts contribute to a more efficient
Perhaps the most visible evidence of this is urban
whole, where new modes and choices are not just
congestion. Despite on-going investment by
supported but encouraged.
governments and the advent of new technologies
and solutions, our roads are seemingly
Better roadmore
and transport Today, we work with policy makers
congested than ever; our public transport services
infrastructure has been aAnd in that context,
core we can reinvent
and industry leaders, and
advocating
stretched to breaking. reinvigorate
focus of the NRMA since 1920 much of our existing infrastructure
for increased investment in road
when our founders lobbiedandfor
transport solutions – aided
infrastructure bytransport
and and integrating
smart technologies – to create positive outcomes
Last year Roads Australia led improvements
a delegation ofto the condition solutions to make mobility safer,
of Parramatta for people living and working in our cities.
public and private transport leaders to Tokyo,Road in Sydney. provide value for money and peace
Seoul and Singapore to look atIndependent advocacy was our
how these three of mind for our Members, and
‘mega-cities’ were managing the foundation activity, and itDivvy
integration remains
is one suchdeliver sustainable
example communities.
of a technology that
of transport strategy and landcritical to who we are asleverages
use planning, we By working
real-time data ontogether with allspots
vacant parking levels
employing smart infrastructure approach our first centenary.
and technologies, in high demandof government
CBD, to deliver
metropolitan integrated
and suburban
and delivering customer-focussed mobility transport options, we give our
areas around Australia.
solutions. Members real choice about how
We’ve grown to represent over
they get around.
2.6 million Australians, principally
There’s no question technology will make our
One of the key take-outs for us from
wasNew
the South Wales and the
cities ‘smarter’. But if we really want to make out
importance of collaboration –Australian
high level,Capital
national Territory. Webetter places
cities We firmly
to live,believe thatplay,
work and integrated
it starts
provideindustry
collaboration between government, motoring,
andmobility,
withtravel transport networks, including
collaboration.
academia. Governments in these and countries
tourism services
are to our efficient roads, high-quality public
Members–and
working closely with key stakeholders not the
in acommunity. transport and improved facilities
That’s what our near-neighbours are doing to
traditional client-contractor relationship, but as for cyclists and pedestrians,
improve mobility and liveability in their largest
genuine partners – to unlock the real benefits of are essential in addressing the
cities. And it’s what Australian policy makers must
new technology. challenge of growing congestion
embrace if we’re to do likewise.
and providing for the future growth
of our communities.
Another key characteristic of these cities was their
reliance on mass transit to do the heavy lifting
– in sharp contrast to the Australian experience,
where private vehicle trips still dominate the urban
transport mix.
Smarter Parking
Table of Contents Foreword
Foreword 3
Areas for further inquiry 4
Introduction 7
Parked Policy
Land-use and development 10
David Stuart-Watt
Cost, time and demand 12 President
The traditional approach 16
Population growth and densification are placing That’s not to say roads are the problem – in fact,
Case Study: Zurich 17 pressures on Australian cities, the likes of which they are (and will remain) an integral part of the
we’ve not before seen. solution. The challenge for us here in Australia is
to evolve to a more integrated transport system,
Parking utilisation audit – Sydney 18 Perhaps the most visible evidence of this is urban where all the parts contribute to a more efficient
congestion. Despite on-going investment by whole, where new modes and choices are not just
governments and the advent of new technologies supported but encouraged.
Parking – part of the solution
and solutions, our roads are seemingly more
Smart cities 20 congested than ever; our public transport services And in that context, we can reinvent and
stretched to breaking. reinvigorate much of our existing infrastructure
The sharing economy 22 and transport solutions – aided by and integrating
Last year Roads Australia led a delegation of smart technologies – to create positive outcomes
public and private sector transport leaders to for people living and working in our cities.
Case Study: GoGet 23
Tokyo, Seoul and Singapore to look at how these
three ‘mega-cities’ were managing the integration DIVVY is one such example of a technology that
Transport hubs and park-and-ride 24 of transport strategy and land use planning, leverages real-time data on vacant parking spots
employing smart infrastructure and technologies, in high demand CBD, metropolitan and suburban
Case Study: B-Line / Sydney Metro Northwest 26 and delivering customer-focussed mobility areas around Australia.
solutions.
Parking as a policy lever 29 There’s no question technology will make our
One of the key take-outs for us was the cities ‘smarter’. But if we really want to make out
importance of collaboration – high level, national cities better places to live, work and play, it starts
Technology and space utilisation 30
collaboration between government, industry and with collaboration.
academia. Governments in these countries are
Case Study: DIVVY 33 working closely with key stakeholders – not in a That’s what our near-neighbours are doing to
traditional client-contractor relationship, but as improve mobility and liveability in their largest
Complementary amenities 37 genuine partners – to unlock the real benefits of cities. And it’s what Australian policy makers must
new technology. embrace if we’re to do likewise.
Integrated land-use planning 38
Another key characteristic of these cities was their
reliance on mass transit to do the heavy lifting
Conclusion 40
– in sharp contrast to the Australian experience,
where private vehicle trips still dominate the urban
Comments and queries 42 transport mix.
Smart Parking May 2019 - Introduction Page 2 Page 3 Smart Parking May 2019 - Introduction
Smarter Parking Smarter Parking
Areas for further inquiry
Planning Productivity Pricing
Regulatory land-use planning system Parking guidelines for local government Parking infrastructure utilisation Price reporting for parking facilities
reform areas
In conjunction with quality transport services The NSW Government’s online ‘Fuel Check’
The traditional passive approach to the Transport provision and local government and appropriate on-street parking pricing that program and the NRMA’s fuel app on Blue,
development of cities and places is progressively parking policies can play a critical role as policy considers the true value of land provision, which allows motorists to compare fuel
being tested due to technology and rapid pace levers to incentivise or disincentivise car use. improving the utilisation of private, off-street prices in real-time, are simple tools that were
of change. To develop the built environment State guidelines for local governments where parking by members of the public through app- introduced to improve pricing transparency for
holistically, frameworks and environmental state significant mass transit exists could help based technology can improve access and ease consumers. Given the success of these initiatives,
planning instruments that enable the regulatory to minimise street congestion by discouraging urban road congestion in densifying centres by consideration should be given to the introduction
land-use planning system to be more agile will on-street parking (where alternatives are present) encouraging cars off surface roads and promoting of price reporting for major commercial and public
provide for a stronger focus on future community and incentivising the expansion of available transport use. parking facilities.
needs and improved mobility. Existing planning private parking spaces for use by members of the
instruments and development control plans public. While state parking guidelines should be Complementary additions for parking Longitudinal pricing study on parking
should be reviewed to give greater consideration supported in-principle by local governments, they
to current major projects and trends. must be reviewed and adapted to fully consider facilities
Despite its importance for transport modelling
local circumstances. and decision-making, relatively little data exists
Parking facilities have traditionally been used
for a sole purpose, however pace of change has about car park pricing across Australia’s largest
Transport and land-use planning cities, particularly price changes over time.
State significant mass transit parking presented opportunities to improve productivity.
The provision and expansion of desirable features To improve knowledge and support strategic
integration strategies transport modelling, consideration should be
such as ticketless access, smart parking, electric
vehicle charging, car servicing, maintenance given to the collection and collation of car park
Through the Greater Sydney Commission, New and efficient transport options that provide pricing data for Australia’s largest cities.
the State Infrastructure Strategy and Future value and reliability must also be accessible for and mobile eSafety checks (pink slips) improve
Transport 2056, the NSW Government has customers. While parking management strategies convenience and flexibility for consumers.
strengthened alignment between transport aim to provide parking capacity to meet projected
and land-use planning. However, to manage commuter demands, they are often focused on Parking space levy review
Strategic park-and-ride infrastructure
population growth and improve liveability, it is the transit precinct and do not fully consider
critical that development and transport planning surrounding locations in close proximity to The delivery of state-of-the-art public transport The parking space levy, administered by Revenue
are carefully and fully coordinated. While the transport services. To further incentivise the use services will continue to incentivise use, however NSW, aims to reduce road congestion by
Australian Transport Assessment and Planning of quality transport, localised parking strategies accessibility remains key to attracting commuters. discouraging trips made by car and improving
Guidelines provide a framework for progressing within a defined geo-fence should be implemented The NSW Government’s ‘Opal Park-and-Ride’ public transport. While the objectives of
transport and related initiatives, opportunities for existing and new infrastructure where state program has demonstrated that value, reliability the Parking Space Levy Act and Regulation
exist for greater collaboration between planning, significant mass transit exists (e.g. Sydney Metro). and accessibility can encourage mode shift. 2009 remain valid, new trends and emerging
environment and transport departments. While the program has recently expanded, further technologies and revised transport and planning
opportunities exist to reduce road congestion in strategies demand that the levy is considered in a
strategic locations. far wider context.
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Smarter Parking Smarter Parking
Introduction
NRMA Member statistics More often than not, the mere notion of parking
conjures up gloomy and discouraging thoughts,
particularly for those in urban centres who are
There has been much discussion around what
the future of transport will look like given the
advent of electrification and connected and
unable to regularly utilise quality public transport. automated vehicles. Theories on future transport
models, car numbers, and road space and
77% 58% 97% 69%
Public car parks and streets full of cars; parking requirements are easy to come by,
inconsistent signage and restrictions; slow- however most investigation and modelling has
moving queues and surface traffic at entry and concentrated efforts on the anticipated end state
exit points; drivers jostling for position; hard-to- (full automation) without fully considering any
use and malfunctioning ticket machines; and no transitionary phase.
find parking often or always have avoided believe there guarantees that a parking space will be available
too expensive worry about a trip due to are generally at one’s destination is a snapshot of what NRMA With technology progressing at an exponential
Members experience in search of parking. rate, new ways of combatting old challenges
finding parking perceived not enough are emerging. Cities are becoming ‘smarter’
and more integrated through the use of data
parking available car Based on this feedback and much empirical
and streamlined communication technologies.
observation, it’s not a stretch to submit that
difficulties spaces Australians don’t like parking. Planners are gaining insights into consumer
behaviour like never before, and are progressively
acknowledging that integrated policies can lead to
Australians do, however, love cars – they are improved outcomes if properly managed.
easily our principal mode of transport, and
60% 66% 44% 26%
planning has traditionally placed the motor vehicle
at the centre of decision-making. While parking policy in itself is relatively
unexciting, it is a key component within broader
transport and spatial strategies that ultimately
In the past, the effects of population boom, impact on liveability.
generally find would consider have returned would consider increased car ownership, concentration of
public car pre-booking home due to making their traffic in CBDs and substandard public transport
on parking have been addressed by building Through technology, opportunities now exist
parks too parking lack of home parking more infrastructure and increasing capacity. that can improve parking availability and
Sizeable parking structures in close proximity to efficiency. NRMA research suggests there are
crowded parking space available commercial infrastructure and increased on-street mechanisms and levers available today that could
help to reduce urban congestion and improve
availability for public use parking are some of the approaches that have
productivity.
been used to accommodate increasing parking
demand.
The time has come to look at parking – our
However, urbanisation is putting immense lives and needs are changing and we need to
strain on urban roads, transport networks and get smarter about tackling new and emerging
associated physical infrastructure, making it clear challenges.
that new strategies are needed to accommodate
the increasing populations projected for most of This report examines issues plaguing parking in
our cities. Australian cities, highlights the ineffectiveness
of existing strategies, and provides suggested
In addition, space allocated for parking is reform areas for further inquiry. In doing so, the
becoming increasingly valuable – and is often at report shines a light on the imbalance between
odds with best use. parking supply and demand, particularly focusing
on areas that could improve productivity through
curbing road congestion and incentivising the use
of public transport.
Smart Parking May 2019 - Introduction Page 6 Page 7 Smart Parking May 2019 - Introduction
Across the NRMA
Membership, millions of hours
Smarter Parking Smarter Parking
have been wasted searching
for parking.
Parked Policy
Smart Parking May 2019 - Introduction Page 8
Smarter Parking Smarter Parking
Land-use and development
Australia’s approach to land-use and planning has capitals were developed to accommodate In support of this major shift to private vehicles, While this shift in focus no longer places the
traditionally been focused around private vehicles, families, with urban renewal occurring at the large parking structures were thought necessary private vehicle at the centre of decision-making,
which has aided dependence and encouraged same time throughout inner city areas.2 Due to where major commercial development was there are many existing barriers to reducing
Australia’s fixation with the car. This scenario, increased accessibility to car travel from the mid- occurring, and private developments increasingly car use and road congestion to keep up with
however, is not exclusive to Australian cities – 1940s, cars quickly became the most desirable were constructed with parking spaces or garages population growth and urbanisation.
North American cities, for example, exhibit even means to get around and were the sole transport as this added to the their value. As the Australian
higher levels of car dependence, with around 90 option for many setting up life around Australia’s population continued to increase and the number
Prior to these recent strategic initiatives, land-use
per cent of all trips made by car.1 capitals. of cars ballooned, on-street and off-street parking
policy in NSW from around 2000 acknowledged
provision continued to expand to support the use
that more needed to be done to encourage mode
of vehicles.
Car dependence has perhaps transpired due to Increasing accessibility and desire for the motor shift to public transport, however implementing
strong government intervention in land-use and vehicle ushered in burgeoning numbers of cars, any meaningful change was likely hampered
development in the post war era throughout significantly reducing public transport patronage Today, in addition to on-street and off-street due to substandard transport infrastructure and
Australia, North America and Britain. In Australia, across buses, trains, trams and ferries over the government-managed parking spaces, parking services.
new suburbs on the metropolitan fringes of ensuing decades.3 facilities for use by the public can be owned
and operated by commercial organisations,
Despite the challenges of progressing practical
retailers, shopping centres, hospitals, airports and
initiatives to incentivise mode shift to public
universities.
transport, government departments around
Aggregate mode share for metropolitan travel in Australia – private vehicles vs public transport
this time contributed to the formulation of a
100
Place making and public transport Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) model, which
90 determines likely vehicle distances for different
One traditional approach to land-use has been the households based on a number of variables.
80
% of Total Urban Passenger Task
expansion of on-street parking for cars, however The model incorporated data from the Transport
70
the provision of on-street parking today comes at and Population Data Centre’s Household Travel
60 a significant cost to some local government areas Survey4 and has been a useful tool for determining
through congestion, maintenance, landholding, the impacts of policy levers designed to minimise
50 Private Vehicles
Public Transport constrained street capacity, and limited growth private car use among other objectives.
40 Active Transport options for retail and public spaces.
30
20 This has led to governments at all levels exploring
10
ways to curb car use and incentivise public
transport, particularly for those commuting for
work or education on a regular basis.
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Through the Greater Sydney Commission, the
Source: Cosgrove (2011)
State Infrastructure Strategy 2018–2038 and
Future Transport 2056, the NSW Government has
strengthened alignment between land-use, place
making, infrastructure development and transport
with the aim of meeting some of the challenges
presented due to changing times and community
needs.
1 https://atrf.info/papers/2006/2006_Holden.pdf
2 Gurran, N 2006, ‘Australian Urban Land-use Planning: Introducing Statutory Planning Practice in New South Wales’, Sydney University Press, pp. 9–10.
3 https://atrf.info/papers/2011/2011_Cosgrove.pdf 4 https://atrf.info/papers/2006/2006_Holden.pdf
Smart Parking May 2019 - Parked Policy Page 10 Page 11 Smart Parking May 2019 - Parked Policy
Smarter Parking Smarter Parking
Cost, time and demand
NRMA research suggests the overwhelming In Sydney, one mechanism that has likely put Given the success of these initiatives, In Germany, cruising for a parking space takes an
majority of Members find parking too expensive upward pressure on pricing is the parking space consideration should be given to the introduction average of almost 10 minutes; in Italy, the average
and, quite often, too time consuming. levy, which is administered by Revenue NSW. of price reporting for major commercial and is closer to 15 minutes.8
The levy aims to reduce road congestion by public parking facilities. This would improve
discouraging trips made by car and improving transparency for consumers through real-time
In Sydney, 77 per cent of Members believe that There is a significant productivity cost associated
public transport, however while the objectives information.
parking prices are too high, making cost the with cruising, urban congestion and lost time.
of the Parking Space Levy Act and Regulation
greatest parking concern for motorists – this
2009 remain valid, new trends and emerging
is closely followed by the limited availability of In addition, relatively little data exists about car
technologies and revised transport and planning In the past 12 months, around 20 per cent of
parking spaces. park price changes over time across Australia’s
strategies demand that the levy is considered in a NRMA Members have spent in excess of 30
largest cities, despite the importance for transport
far wider context. minutes on one occasion searching for parking –
In Australia, the Adelaide CBD has one of the modelling and decision-making. To improve
more than half of the Membership have spent in
cheapest average daily parking rates at $22.29, knowledge and support strategic transport
excess of 15 minutes.
A further frustration for NRMA Members, modelling, consideration should be given to the
with the Sydney CBD the highest at $70.85. The
particularly in the Sydney CBD, is the ambiguity collection and collation of car park pricing data for
biggest jump in average daily rates over a five-
of parking pricing and availability throughout the Australia’s largest cities. Across the NRMA Membership, millions of hours
year period occurred in Brisbane between 2011
day. This includes on-street and off-street parking have been wasted searching for parking.
and 2015, where rates increased from $39.00 to
where unclear or confusing signage means pricing
$69.03.5 Crowded surface streets and accessibility to
is not readily transparent.
parking also frustrate motorists, which is not
surprising given that past studies show around 30
The NSW Government’s online ‘Fuel Check’ per cent of cars in congested urban centres are
Car park daily rates for Australian CBDs
program and the NRMA’s fuel app on Blue, which ‘cruising’ or searching for parking.7
Early allows motorists to compare fuel prices in real-
Min. Max. Avg. Bird time, are simple tools that were introduced to
Avg. improve clarity and pricing transparency for
Adelaide $10.00 $29.00 $22.29 $13.08 consumers. In the case of the NRMA’s fuel app,
motorists can save more than $500 per year on Typical parking duration
Brisbane $40.00 $89.00 $69.03 $25.25
average by comparing fuel prices and selecting for NRMA Members is 2–3
Past studies show that
Canberra $7.00 $30.00 $18.21 $11.33 the most cost competitive service stations.6 hours for leisure and 8–9
Melbourne $15.00 $89.00 $63.61 $17.74
hours for work.
Perth $15.00 $55.00 $31.89 $18.75
around 30% of cars
Sydney $25.00 $89.00 $70.85 $27.00
NRMA Members find the Sydney
Source: Colliers Edge
CBD the most frustrating location
in congested urban
for parking, followed by Parramatta, centres are ‘cruising’
North Sydney, the Eastern Suburbs,
the Inner West, and Chatswood. or searching for
parking.*
NRMA Members’ main concern about parking in * Shoup, D C., 2005, ‘The High Cost of Free Parking’, Planners Press,
American Planning Association, Chicago.
Sydney is cost – 77% find parking too expensive.
7 Shoup, D C., 2005, ‘The High Cost of Free Parking’, Planners Press, American Planning Association, Chicago.
5 https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Car-Parking-White-Paper-2015-1.pdf 8 https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/stories/mobility/smarter-parking.html
6 https://www.mynrma.com.au/-/media/documents/annual-reports/nrma-annual-report-2017.pdf
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How do workers commute?
On Census day 2016, more than 7.2 million commuters (85 per cent) travelled to work by private vehicle, In Australian cities, Sydney commuters make best use of public transport, with around 66 per cent
compared with just under 1.3 million (15 per cent) who opted for public transport (bus, train, ferry, tram relying on private vehicle travel. In Hobart and Adelaide, around 84 per cent rely on private vehicles for
or taxi). commuting.
This statistic mirrors the journey to work habits of NRMA Members. Share of commuting by mode of transport (2016)
Greater Sydney 65.8%
2016 Census NRMA Members
Greater Melbourne 74.4%
85% 86% Greater Brisbane 79.5%
Greater Adelaide 83.8%
Greater Perth 82.7%
Greater Hobart 84.1%
Greater Darwin 79.6%
15% 14%
ACT 82.9%
The overwhelming preference for private vehicle travel is relatively consistent with most other OECD
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
nations, suggesting that the accessibility, flexibility and convenience that comes from private transport
remains highly valued, despite evidence to suggest that the growth of private vehicle travel volumes has %
decelerated in several high-income economies over the past 10 to 15 years.9 Private Vehicles Public Transport Active Transport
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
In March 2019, The University of Sydney Business In Tokyo, where one of the world’s best and most
School’s Institute of Transport and Logistics extensive rail networks exists, public and active
Studies’ Transport Opinion Survey found that “the transport account for close to 90 per cent of total
vast majority of Australians remain wedded to journeys. And it’s not a dissimilar story in Seoul
private cars despite the heavy promotion of public and Singapore, with public and active transport
57% of NRMA Members who rely on driving to work transport”.10 (bus, subway, rail, ferry, mass rapid transit, walking
and cycling) accounting for more than 70 per cent
(and who don’t have access to permanent or pre- While this comes as no surprise, exceptions to
of total journeys.11
booked spaces) are concerned no parking will be this preference do exist in other jurisdictions.
Some of our neighbouring cities such as Tokyo, It is not enough to merely promote public
Seoul and Singapore incentivise mass public transport to achieve meaningful behavioural
available close to their place of employment. transport through the provision of quality services change – quality infrastructure and services that
and a range of complementary and cohesive meet the needs of consumers must be delivered
policies, including dynamic road pricing, transport alongside supportive policies and incentives to
timetable integration, and time-of-day travel inspire mode shift.
incentives.
The Sydney and Melbourne CBDs have the lowest ratio of car spaces In Australian CBDs, Melbourne has the highest number of non-residential
to workers, with 12.2 and 14.2 spaces for every 100 workers. Globally, car spaces (41,687), followed by Sydney (28,939), Adelaide (26,720),
these ratios are some of the lowest, making utilisation rates extremely Brisbane (25,633) and Perth (24,424).
important.
10 https://sydney.edu.au/content/dam/corporate/documents/business-school/research/itls/TOPS-2019-Q1.pdf
9 https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/long-run-trends-in-car-use_9789282105931-en 11 https://roads.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=j7u2FMiSCIg%3D&portalid=3
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The traditional approach Zurich
The traditional approach to managing increasing Changes to planning, zoning or parking are Contrary to the usual practice of regulating parking in urban centres to ensure
Case Study
demand for parking in Australia has mostly naturally met with negativity or caution as a policy minimum provision (‘parking minimums’), parking spaces have been capped in Zurich
involved the utilisation of all or a combination of shift could lessen the perceived value of an asset since 1989. Through the introduction of ‘parking maximums’ – which were further
the following strategies: without any corresponding benefit. restricted in 1996 – surface level (on-street) parking has steadily been repurposed
for public open space, retail facilities or mass transport. Any new parking spaces
• Increasing supply to address demand by When someone makes a property purchase, constructed are required to be constructed underground.16 This policy restriction on
building more off-street car parks technically they are purchasing just that – the parking spaces was ratified by the public at a 2010 referendum and remains in place
property. However, people often operate on today.
• Providing more street space for on-street
parking the assumption that purchasing includes other
tangible additions, such as the right to park on- To offset the decrease in surface level or on-street parking resulting from the policy,
• Setting parking requirements for developments
street, just outside their property. parking spaces accessible to the public through private provision have increased
(‘parking minimums’)
significantly.17
• Introducing parking levies in selected urban
Governments have traditionally encouraged
centres to discourage car use
this type of thinking, which is evident through While this policy has been successful in Zurich, it is arguably underpinned by one of
• Encouraging the use of public transport in and schemes such as on-street parking permits. the leading public transport systems in the world.
out of urban centres These schemes exist even in some areas where
• Developing planning policies that incorporate public transport provision is excellent and rated
parking strategies exceptionally highly by residents and members of From innovative tracking solutions that measure real-time travel to efficient tram,
the public. train and bus networks, the city’s transport efficiency has kept pace with its growing
While these strategies have provided solutions or economy and increasing population. The Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 2017 by
desirable objectives in the past, inquiry into their ARCADIS ranked Zurich second overall for sustainable urban mobility out of 100
Caution, however, does not mean that all parking
current validity and effectiveness is likely required cities, highlighting its very affordable and efficient public transport system as a key
related strategies have not progressed with
given the mobility challenges of today. contributor to its success.18
the aim of meeting our changing needs. The
Government of Western Australia, in cooperation
Of particular note, the traditional requirement for with the City of Perth, implemented a new parking
buildings to provide parking facilities has led to policy around 2000 to better manage parking, the
too many underutilised parking spaces12, which amenity of the environment in Perth, and urban
have been allowed to remain inefficient due to road and pedestrian traffic. The policy introduced
stagnant parking policies.13 licensing fees for parking facilities and placed
restrictions on the quantity and placement of
parking within the Perth Parking Management
Proceed with caution Area.14
With the ever existing need to balance the Following the adoption of this policy, parking
desires of current and future citizens and home supply decreased by approximately 10 per cent
or building occupants, governments have with little public resistance. At the same time,
traditionally been relatively cautious when it despite not possessing or claiming one of the
comes to policy changes related to parking. world’s best mobility systems, vehicle traffic
within the city also reduced.15
Established occupants are generally reluctant to
change, and tend to react negatively to anything While complexities exist with policy change
that could bring higher density or put at risk their and the management of parking across various
freedom to park, especially outside their property. governments and operators, a continued
traditional approach will either exacerbate
problems or, at the very least, ensure that parking
policy remains stagnant and unfit for purpose.
12 https://www.parking.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TPP-2014-08-The-future-of-Parking-Policies.pdf
13 https://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/909-Remarkably-adaptive-Australian-cities-in-a-time-of-growth.pdf https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/uploaded-
Files/_State_Revenue/Other_Schemes/Perth-Parking-Management-Area-(PPMA).pdf
14 https://www.finance.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/_State_Revenue/Other_Schemes/Perth-Parking-Management-Area-(PPMA).pdf 16 https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2012/08/lessons-zurichs-parking-revolution/2874/
15 McCahill, C & Garrick, N 2014, ‘Parking Supply and Urban Impacts’ in Ison, S & Mulley, C (eds), Parking Issues and Policies, Transport and Sustainability (vol. 5), Emerald, 17 https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/ted/Deutsch/stadtverkehr2025/Publikationen_und_Broschueren/Stadtverkehr-Report-2012-en.pdf
Bingley, p. 51. 18 https://www.arcadis.com/assets/images/sustainable-cities-mobility-index_spreads.pdf
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Parking utilisation audit – Sydney
NRMA Members have highlighted the Sydney CBD, Parramatta and North Sydney as the three most
Parking – part of the
solution
frustrating locations for parking.
With even some of the largest institutional owners of car spaces forced to leave parking assets dormant
– often due to restrictions and regulations – the NRMA presents the results of a sample comparison of
parking utilisation rates across seven buildings in Sydney with off-street parking assets.19
While not all buildings lend themselves to public access, utilisation rates are noticeably lower where
parking is restricted. This highlights the fact that, even where road congestion is significant, off-street
parking assets are being underutilised.
Sample comparison of parking utilisation rates
Building Utilisation Rate Avg. Advertised DIVVY Price
PUBLIC ACCESS
George Street, Parramatta 97% $15 Daily (weekday)
Hickson Road, Sydney 96% $24 Daily (weekday)
Margaret Street, Sydney 95% $35 Daily (weekday)
Clarence Street, Sydney 94% $30 Daily (weekday)
PRIVATE ACCESS
Clarence Street, Sydney 80%
Harris Street, Sydney 74%
Walker Street, North Sydney 32%
With restricted parking facilities not visible or accessible to the general public, the issue of parking asset
underutilisation is somewhat masked.
From this sample comparison, it is clear that thousands of off-street parking spaces at any given time
are sitting unused – a frustrating deduction when our urban places are jammed with cars searching for
parking.
And in the case of the Sydney CBD, the frustration is compounded with $70.85 being the average price
for a daily parking space.20
19 Parking utilisation audit conducted throughout the month of March 2019.
20 https://www.commercialrealestate.com.au/news/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Car-Parking-White-Paper-2015-1.pdf
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Smart cities
There are transformative and inescapable forces Through advancing technologies and improved The Smart Islands Energy System project across Smart parking tools that collate information from
that will disrupt economies and societies to define data knowledge, visions of cities groaning through Madeira (Portugal), the Orkney Islands (Scotland) above-ground sensors can guide drivers via apps
the future of cities, including: congestion and pollution are slowly being replaced and Samsø (Denmark) is piloting smart grids and digital signage to empty parking spaces, and
by inspiring illustrations of smart and connected – energy networks that automatically monitor even advise on the most optimum route to that
cities making better and more efficient use of flows to optimise grid efficiency and manage location.
• V2V, V2I and V2N communications21
existing transport and infrastructure assets. power plants, storage and distribution to power
• Battery and fuel-cell electric vehicles everything from streets, homes and offices to
In the case of DIVVY’s technology, unused or
• Transport autonomy electric vehicles.26
Wirelessly connected city utilities and underutilised off-street spaces can be unlocked
• Data and monitoring technology infrastructure – everything from trash cans to for public parking, leading to less congestion and
• Augmented reality parking meters and road sensors – feeding These are just some examples of what is in store pollution, and greater choice for those commuting
• Demographics and densification systems that help decision makers will help in the not too distant future. by car.
• Distributed assets and resources transform cities into greener and more efficient
places.
• Health and wellness infrastructure In an increasingly digital economy and There is increased recognition of the benefits
technology-driven age, jurisdictions need to look of adopting connected technologies to manage
• Artificial intelligence and robotics
Combined technological advancements could towards new approaches, innovative technologies parking, with 11 per cent of public parking spaces
• Changing consumer preferences mean better productivity through more reliable and smart infrastructure to create an environment globally (on-street and off-street) now considered
information, less road traffic, quicker deliveries, that supports community and economic growth. ‘smart’ – this is expected to increase to 16 per
The image of the ‘smart city’ – where data, enhanced mobility, and the improved utilisation cent by 2023.28 Adopting connected, data-driven
technology, infrastructure and services work of services and assets, including water and parking technologies is not just the smart thing
together harmoniously to enhance liveability and electricity. Parking to do to make our cities more liveable, productive
economic output – is fast becoming a reality. and sustainable, it is also inevitable.
Parking data, when combined and leveraged with
While much remains unknown, many jurisdictions other local data sets, will be extremely valuable for
Cities will increasingly leverage data, have begun to put in place plans to try and help progressive cities looking to optimise the use of While some small steps have been made
including real-time data, from information and manage some aspects of the imminent transition technology and data to improve services and the domestically through the Australian Government’s
communications technology systems, sensors, to new technologies and norms. visitor experience. Smart Cities and Suburbs Program – which has
devices and other connected assets to improve funded around 10 proposals for ‘Smart Parking’
decision-making across multiple urban challenges The entire country of Japan is currently being initiatives29 – far greater progress is possible, even
related to physical and social infrastructure.22 Parking policy is a key consideration in the smart in the absence of future mobility technologies
mapped in readiness for Connected and cities discussion – and there is already a strong
Automated Vehicles (CAVs) by 2020,24 and in such as CAVs.
case for parking reform.27 Technology exists today
Cisco suggests that approximately 500 billion Jutland (Denmark), nine independent electricity, that can provide the ability to tap into existing,
devices globally will be ‘connected’ by 2030,23 heat and water companies have created a underutilised assets to deliver greater societal Transport infrastructure, including parking, is the
highlighting a shift of focus from personal common data platform to optimise the efficiency value. backbone of any urban centre – and as Australian
connectivity to infrastructure connectivity. of all operations across the network while cities steadily explore the Smart Cities concept to
reducing maintenance.25 improve mobility and living standards, parking will
have an increasingly important role to play.
The integration of technology into the urban
liveability agenda raises the possibility of
collecting data and information on things like
traffic, parking and pedestrian movements. When
collated, this data and information can provide
powerful insights into city functionality that can be
used to enhance mobility, access and safety.
21 Vehicle-to-Vehicle; Vehicle-to-Infrastructure; and Vehicle-to-Network.
26 https://www.h2020smile.eu/about-the-project/
22 https://www.ey.com/gl/en/issues/business-environment/ey-megatrends-urban-world
27 Guerra, E & Morris, E 2018, ‘Cities, Automation, and the Self-parking Elephant in the Room’, Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 291–-297.
23 https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/reports/Citi_GPS_Technology_Work_2.pdf
28 https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/11-of-global-parking-spaces-now-smart-3694
24 https://japan.kantei.go.jp/policy/it/2018/2018_roadmaps.pdf
29 https://infrastructure.gov.au/cities/smart-cities/index.aspx
25 https://stateofgreen.com/en/uploads/2018/05/Smart-Grid.pdf?time=1546533259
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The sharing economy GoGet 36
GoGet CarShare is Australia’s first and largest car sharing service. Started in 2003 with
Case Study
The sharing economy facilitates the sharing and The impact of the sharing economy on the
use of unused or underutilised assets or services transportation sector is more than evident through three vehicles shared by 12 members, today GoGet has over 3,000 vehicles shared by
between individuals or organisations.30 Airbnb Uber. Ride sharing and multi modal apps are more than 130,000 members nationwide.
is an example of a worldwide company that disrupting transportation through technological
More than 20 per cent of drivers in the City of Sydney are GoGet members, with similar
has encouraged sharing to flourish by enabling innovation and embracing new customer
rates existing across many other local government areas. Back to base car share –
individuals to leverage technology to make preferences. Companies like General Motors,
GoGet’s model – involves a vehicle shared by around 20 people, which can be booked
passive income through renting out spare spaces who are heavily investing in mobility-related
for as little as one hour, accessed from a designated space known as a “pod”, and
or rooms. technology, have acknowledged how vital sharing
then returned once a trip is complete.
is to mobility due to urbanisation and congestion.
In defiance of traditional business logic, Airbnb One shared vehicle removes around 10 private vehicles from public roads (the City of
is an enabler that owns no hotels or real estate. With services like DIVVY, the sharing economy Sydney car share fleet alone has removed approximately 10,000 cars from the area).
Despite this, Airbnb is easily the largest provider of revolution is now ready to address parking
accommodation in the world.31 challenges in congested cities while generating Car share is a proven solution for improving parking conditions across Australia, and
income for owners of empty or underutilised preferencing spaces for car share should be a priority for planners, developers and
parking spaces. In a recent research study by The governments seeking to improve congestion and reduce infrastructure costs. By
Sharing is a major global disruptor that will
Committee for Sydney and Arcadis into property actively incorporating a Super Pod (10 or more car share vehicles) into a development
continue to impact industries. According to PwC,
and infrastructure preparedness for future or commuter hub, transport amenity is provided, which in some cases can eliminate
the sharing economy was estimated at US$15
transport technologies, it has been suggested that the need to build extra levels of parking, saving tens of millions of dollars.
billion in 2015, and has the potential to reach
the sharing economy will likely permeate through
US$335 billion by 2025 – an increase of more
car parks. The decoupling of parking spaces from
than 2000 per cent.32
individual lots, which is already starting to occur in
the Sydney CBD, could support the expansion of
And it’s not just companies that are reaping this practice.35
benefits. Airbnb has estimated that over a one
year period in Paris, approximately 10,000 hosts
While harnessing real time information on the
welcomed more than 220,000 guests, generating
availability of public and private parking spaces
€185 million of economic activity and supporting
presents challenges, current technological
1,100 jobs.33
advances in remote monitoring, and the ease
of scheduling and reporting through apps, will
Australia is not immune to this phenomenon. potentially deliver significant growth in this space.
Collaboration in Cities: From Sharing to ‘Sharing Harnessing the power of the shared economy
Economy’, a 2017 World Economic Forum report will deliver benefits to the transportation and
in collaboration with PwC, ranks Melbourne in the infrastructure sectors, and create another lever for
top three cities globally for its food-sharing sector, policy makers and planners to address traffic flow
with some 144 technology-mediated food-sharing issues and better manage the utilisation of urban
initiatives. From 99 designs which connects spaces.
producers and consumers of graphic design and
has a turnover of $60 million, to Bright Sparks,
a social enterprise that repairs or reuses small
electronic appliances to help reduce wastage, the
sharing economy is thriving. Jobs growth in this
sector is expected to increase by around 25 per One shared vehicle removes around 10 private vehicles from
cent over the next decade in Melbourne alone.34 public roads.
A network of 100 share cars releases 30,000m2 of net floor
area in a building or 15,000m2 of kerbside space.
30 https://rachelbotsman.com/blog/the-sharing-economy-dictionary-of-commonly-used-terms/
31 https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/03/in-the-age-of-disintermediation-the-battle-is-all-for-the-customer-interface/
32 https://timreview.ca/article/1215
33 https://www.oxera.com/agenda/a-fair-share-the-economics-of-the-sharing-economy/
34 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/White_Paper_Collaboration_in_Cities_report_2017.pdf
35 https://www.arcadis.com/media/3/3/1/%7B3313EA9B-1261-48C5-B625-B5510096A144%7DAutonomous%20Mobility_WEB%20SPREAD%20PAGE.pdf 36 Case study provided by GoGet.
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Transport hubs and park-and-ride
Public transport is becoming smarter and more The program was initially rolled out in Ashfield, At present, the number of people utilising commuter parking is limited, which is mainly due to a
accessible as new infrastructure is delivered, Brookvale, Dee Why, Gordon, Kogarah, Manly relatively small number of facilities being available.
which is likely to increase demand for bus, rail Vale, Mona Vale, Narrabeen, Seven Hills and
and ferry services. This scenario will progressively Warriewood. Recently, it was announced Opal Frequency of using Park-and-Ride for commuting purposes (NRMA Members)
drive the need for parking provision in close Park-and-Ride would be expanded to Kiama,
proximity to these services as users seek to utilise Sutherland, Penrith, Holsworthy, Gosford,
new and improved transport. Campbelltown, Hornsby, Warwick Farm, Revesby Never: 75.8%
and Jannali.
The objectives of transport hubs and park-
and-ride (commuter parking) facilities include Also in 2017, the NSW Committee on Transport
improving the user experience and reducing the and Infrastructure resolved to conduct an inquiry
number of single car commute trips to achieve into commuter car parking.
congestion and environmental benefits.37
The Committee ultimately found that commuter
In the past, public funding has primarily been car parking has an important role to play in
targeted at roads as opposed to transport hubs. helping people to access transport interchanges,
However, governments have begun to realise the and that it should be offered free for genuine Every working day: 4.0% Less than weekly: 12.1%
benefits – and necessity – of incentivising greater commuters as this is likely to increase use of
A few times a week: 5.1% About once a week: 3.0%
public transport use through new and improved public transport.38 This finding is consistent with
infrastructure provision and complementary the NRMA’s position on access to government-
policies, which has led to a recent focus on the managed commuter car parking facilities.
provision of these types of facilities.
Most recently, through the federal budget in April Where facilities do exist, it is important they are While the continuing delivery of state-of-the-art
In 2017, the NSW Government rolled out a new 2019, the Australian Government announced the managed, as oversubscribed commuter car public transport services will act to incentivise
form of commuter parking called ‘Opal Park-and- allocation of $500 million for a new commuter car parking can contribute to surface congestion transport use, accessibility and seamless
Ride’, which utilises Transport for NSW’s ‘Opal park fund aimed at combatting urban congestion in surrounding streets and neighbourhoods, connectivity remain key to attracting commuters.
card’ to enable customers to access commuter by improving access to rail stations.39 affecting residents and businesses. Unlocking
car parks. underutilised private, off-street parking spaces
The NSW Government’s Opal Park-and-Ride
Increasing parking availability and commuter car can help to alleviate this issue by increasing
program has demonstrated that value, reliability
Opal Park-and-Ride allows commuters using parking facilities around strategic transport hubs, provision and creating the sense for local
and accessibility can encourage mode shift,
an Opal card to park for free for up to 18 hours, including the expansion of existing, government- customers that transport can be a viable
which is positive for future transport planning.
provided it is for the purpose of accessing public owned infrastructure where practicable, will alternative to driving.
And while the program has recently expanded,
transport. incentivise more commuters to use public many more opportunities exist to combat road
transport. Leveraging both public and private parking congestion through this initiative, especially in
solutions in close proximity to transport services strategic locations where congestion causes
maximises parking supply and encourages more significant commuter delays.
people to use public transport.
To further incentivise the use of these facilities,
real-time information for commuters to ascertain
Increasing parking availability around strategic transport hubs will the availability of parking spaces at commuter
incentivise more commuters to use public transport. car parks is important, as lost time searching for
parking can contribute to congestion, delays and
missed connections.
37 Marsden, G, 2006, ‘The evidence base for parking policies — A review’, Transport Policy, No. 13, p. 447–457.
38 https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/ladocs/inquiries/2448/FINAL%20REPORT%20-%20Commuter%20car%20parking%20in%20NSW.pdf
39 https://www.budget.gov.au/2019-20/content/bp1/download/bp1_bs1.pdf
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B-Line / Sydney Metro Northwest Sydney Metro Northwest
Case Study
The new B-Line bus and Sydney Metro Northwest (formerly North West Rail Link) services were designed Sydney Metro Northwest, initially allocated a budget of $8.3 billion (making it
to improve public transport options for commuters along some of Sydney’s most congested corridors. Australia’s most significant public transport project), will offer customers a fast metro
train every four minutes during the peak at 13 metro stations between Tallawong and
These services represent high quality transport provision, with the associated ‘Park-and-Ride’ Chatswood.
infrastructure offering a glimpse into the future of state-of-the-art commuter parking.
New stations – Tallawong, Rouse Hill, Kellyville, Bella Vista, Norwest, Hills
Showground, Castle Hill and Cherrybrook – have been designed as multi-modal
transport interchanges to enhance accessibility and improve the customer experience.
B-Line
Case Study
Commencing initial services in November 2017 from Mona Vale, B-Line has resulted in The 36 kilometre project aims to transform commuting in Sydney’s North West Growth
high satisfaction levels. As part of the program and to incentivise use, 900 car spaces Area, where some of the highest levels of car ownership per household in Australia
at six locations can be accessed by commuters through their Opal card. exist.40
The Manly Vale B-Line car park – featuring 150 commuter parking spaces and bike Sydney Metro Northwest was designed to be supported by the establishment of 3,000
storage facilities – is the first of its kind to use rotating Junglefy Breathing WallTM commuter car spaces; an expanded parking program increased this initial target
modules. These state-of-the-art modules, which rotate 180 degrees to provide easy to 4,000 new car spaces across five locations, with an additional 340 spaces for
and safe access for plant maintenance, support cleaner air for users and local bicycle parking and more than 100 ‘kiss and ride’ (pick up and drop off) spaces also
residents. incorporated into the design to incentivise metro use.
The native and exotic plants that now surround the car park were chosen to encourage Sydney’s new metro system – featuring new-generation, fully air-conditioned trains
biodiversity and transform the internal and external visual appeal of the building. and Australian-first, state-of-the-art platform safety screen doors41 – will be extended
into the Sydney CBD and beyond to Bankstown by 2024, and will incorporate a
The Manly Vale B-Line car park is an example of successful commuter parking connection to the proposed Sydney Metro West project (between the Sydney CBD and
infrastructure that has enabled residents to use quality public transport instead of Westmead through Sydney Olympic Park and Parramatta), which is likely to extend to
relying on private vehicles. Western Sydney International (Nancy-Bird Walton) Airport in time.
B-Line commuter car park at Manly Vale
Bella Vista Station
800 commuter car spaces
• 35 spaces for bikes
• 16 ‘kiss and ride’ spaces
• 6 bus bays
• 4 taxi spaces
Cherrybrook Station
400 commuter car spaces
Image courtesy of Junglefy
• 45 spaces for bikes
• 14 ‘kiss and ride’ spaces
In NRMA’s recent road and transport survey, all areas • 5 bus bays
serviced by B-Line were rated in the top 20 in NSW for public • 4 taxi spaces
transport services and options. Images courtesy of Sydney Metro
40 https://www.sydneymetro.info/sites/default/files/document-library/Parking_management_strategy_overview_report.pdf
41 https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/media/documents/2017/sydney-metro-factsheet_0.PDF
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