Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, survival rate and body composition in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)
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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(2) 457- 468 2017
Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth
performance, survival rate and body composition in Siberian
sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)
Sharif Rohani M.1*; Haghighi M. 2; Bazari Moghaddam S.3
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Received: July 2016 Accepted: October 2016
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in drug delivery and a variety of supplements is
very impressive. In this regard, the use of this knowledge can be effective in the
performance of medicinal plants in aquaculture. In the present study Aloe vera was
extracted and its nanoparticles were produced. Three levels of Aloe vera nanoparticles
in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) were evaluated for the effects on growth
performance, survival rate and body composition. A total of 360 Siberian sturgeon (A.
baerii) with an average of 10.95 ± 0.04 (g) randomly divided into four treatment groups
with three replicates each. The treatment groups were fed with diets that included 0%
(control), 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of Aloe vera nanoparticles for 60 days. Weight gain, initial
body weight, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein
efficiency ratio, survival rate, and body composition (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash
and moisture) were measured and compared among the fish in the different groups. The
results showed that growth indices of fish fed the Aloe vera nanoparticles were higher
than the control diet, so that the difference between the control group and 1% Aloe vera
nanoparticles was more than that in other treatments. In each of the body composition
parameters, no significant differences were observed among the treatments and control
groups (p>0.05). Considering that there are no significant differences in results
between 1% and 1.5% Aloe vera nanoparticles, the results showed that adding 1% Aloe
vera nanoparticles to the fish diet improves the growth factors of Siberian sturgeon.
Keywords: Aloe vera extract, Nanoparticles, Growth, Body composition, Acipenser
baerii
1-Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension
Organization (AREEO), Tehran- Iran
2-Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Cold-water Fishes Research Center, Agricultural
Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tonekabon-Iran
3-International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension
Organization (AREEO), Rasht-Iran
*Corresponding author's email: mostafasharif@yahoo.com458 Sharif Rohani et al., Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, …
Introduction digestibility, nutrition effectiveness and
In recent years, preparing nanoparticles food taste, to affect the growth in
for drug delivery is regarded as one of aquaculture.
the research areas in new methods of There has been published many
drug delivery. One of the favorite studies which confirmed that the
characteristics of drug nanoparticles is addition of plants and their extracts in
their biocompatibility so that they can the diets has a beneficial effect to
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adapt to the body of the organism improve growth parameters and protect
without causing harm. Today it is from diseases in aquaculture (Shalaby,
proved that the drug delivery systems 2004; Sasmal et al., 2005; Johnson and
based on nanoparticles are more Banerji, 2007; Hajibeglou and Sudagar,
effective and have less side effects, 2010; Farahi et al., 2012).
more acceptability and more Aloe vera (synonym: Aloe
accumulation in the considered site barbadensis Miller) belonging to the
(Douglas et al., 1987). Therefore, in family liliaceae is widely distributed in
view of this science it is very important the tropical and subtropical regions of
to make use of the advantages of this the world. Most of Aloe species are
science to improve productivity in indigenous to Africa, but now have
aquaculture. wide distribution in the tropical and
During the past two decades, much subtropical regions of the world
success in the use of medicinal plants (Mahdavi et al., 2013).
has been achieved in the aquaculture Acemannan and the other
industry (Ham et al., 2001). Siberian constituents of A. vera have been found
sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) is an to improve macrophage activity as
anadromous fish and is imported into much as tenfold, enhance macrophage
Iran. It is easily adapted to the effectiveness in modulating the entire
conditions of breeding and resistant to immune system, and to stimulate,
changes in environmental conditions produce, and release antibodies
(Pyka and Kolman, 2003). Fast growth, (Haghighi et al., 2014). Despite
short sexual maturity and caviar numerous studies on the therapeutic
production in a short time, the wide effects of this plant in warm-blooded
range and variety in the diets are the animals, few studies concerning the
various reasons that this species has effects of immune stimulation and
been introduced for farming , in growth in fish have are executed
freshwater to produce sturgeon meat (Alishahi et al., 2010).
(Adamek et al., 2007). Considering that Because no study has been
aquaculture development is influenced conducted on nonmetal nanoparticles in
by various environmental factors and transferring natural material such as
nutrition are placed, so herbal additives herbal compounds to fish diets up to
can affect indicators such as now, the present study evaluates theIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(2) 2017 459
effects of three doses of A. vera At the end of the process of producing
nanoparticles on growth parameters, A. vera nanoparticles, gas
survival rate and body composition of chromatography (GC-MS) and liquid
this valuable species (Siberian chromatography (HPLC) were used to
sturgeon). analyze compounds in Aloe vera extract
(Table 1) )Rouessac and Rouessac,
Materials and methods 2007; Lakhsmi and Rajalakshmi, 2011(.
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Preparation of Aloe vera extract
The plant of A. vera was procured from Experimental food preparation
Medicinal Plants Production In order to produce food containing
Cooperation of Havin (Havin Co.). The different percentages of A. vera
leaves were collected and washed in nanoparticles (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%),
sterile distilled water and evacuated Biomar commercial plate containing 49%
from gel. The leaves were separately Crude protein, 15% Crude lipid, 2.5%
shade-dried. The extract was prepared cellulose, 1.24% phosphorus, 8.7% ash,
with the standard method of 1.85% calcium and 0.55% sodium was
percolation. This crude extract was applied. To add extract powder and
stored at -18ºC until use (Ozakan et al., prepare food diets containing different
2007; Haghighi et al., 2014). amounts of A. vera nanoparticles, the
method of dissolving the powder in water
and spraying the extract on the food was
Preparation of Aloe vera nanoparticles
used and then the levels of these
In order to create A. vera nanoparticles,
compounds were stirred in.
the produced extract was transferred to
The prepared foods were dried on
the Pharmaceutics Lab of School of
separated trays at room temperature for
Pharmacy in Zanjan University of
24hr. Then, oil was sprayed on the dried
Medical Sciences. Nanoparticles were food according to a standard method
produced according to patent no.73360 (Noga, 2000). The prepared food was
(Hamidi et al., 2011). In order to placed in special closed dishes and
measure size of particles and confirm preserved in 4-6°C for distribution in
them to be nanoparticles, and also to different feeding times.
calculate electric charge in them,
Zetasizer Set was used (Fig. 1). The
diameter of A. vera nanoparticles is
152nm and PDI=0.25 (Poly dispersity
Index). After confirming the size of
nanoparticles, cryoprotector was added
to nano extract suspension at 40° C to
increase preservation time and change it
to a powdery extract.460 Sharif Rohani et al., Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, …
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Figure 1: Size distribution by intensity.
Table 1: Types and amounts of compounds in Aloe vera nanoparticles.
Compounds Amount (%) Compounds Amount (%)
Aloin 28.7 Comaric acid 7.59
Oleic acid 5.98 Squalene 13.7
B-Sitostrol 1.4 Limoene 9.12
Lupeol 4.7 n- Hexadecanoic acid 10.22
Campestrol 2.06
other components 8.14
Carvone 8.39
Experimental design month breeding, prepared foods
The study was carried out at containing nanoparticles of A. vera
International Sturgeon Research extract (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) and
Institute, Rasht, Iran. A total of 360 Biomar normal diet (for control group)
Siberian sturgeons (average weight of at a rate of 3% of body weight were fed
10.95±0.04g) were randomly divided at 8:00, 15:00 and 22:00 hours.
into 12 tanks of dewatering volume 350
liters. Fishes were randomly divided Growth performance
into 4 groups (3 treatments and one In order to measure the growth indices
control group) in 3 replications, each of the Siberian sturgeon, biometry was
containing 30 fish. After the adaptation done in all groups once every two
period, the fish were kept in a weeks during the experiment. After two
controlled condition (Temperature months, all of the fish in experimental
=22.8 ± 0.88˚C, pH= 6.8 ± 0.19 and groups were weighed using a digital
dissolved oxygen= 6.74 ± 0.42 mg/L). scale (0.01 g). Weight Gain (WG),
Environmental parameters and survival Initial body weight (IBW), Specific
were controlled daily. During the two- growth rate (SGR), feed conversionIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(2) 2017 461
ratio (FCR), condition factor (CF), Statistical analysis
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and Statistical analyses were performed
Survival rate (SR) were calculated using SPSS (version 20) software. Data
using standard formula (Lee and Kim, are presented as mean±SE. All the data
2001; Tachjian et al., 2006; Mohseni et were tested for normality (Kolmogorov-
al., 2014). Smirnov test). Data were analyzed by
Weight Gain (WG) = Wf – Wi one-way variance analysis (ANOVA).
Initial body weight (IBW) = (Wf–Wi) × 100/Wi
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The significant means were compared
Specific growth rate (SGR) = 100 × (Ln Wf– Ln
by Duncan’s test and a p462 Sharif Rohani et al., Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, …
Table 2: Growth performance in Siberian sturgeon fed with different levels of Aloe vera
nanoparticles (mean ±SE)
Parameters/treatments Control 0.5% 1% 1.5%
Initial weight (g) 10.98±0.02a 10.85±0.04a 10.97±0.06a 11.05±0.05a
Final weight (g) 62.4±0.28a 83.79±0.59b 98.02±0.24c 98.82±0.21c
Initial length (cm) 15.61±0.02a 15.51±0.06a 15.52±0.09a 15.6±0.06a
Final length (g) 28.04±0.05a 30.51±0.19b 31.52±0.11c 31.7±0.07c
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weight gain (g) 51.42±0.19a 72.94±0.46b 87.05±0.39c 87.77±0.41c
SGR (%) 2.89±0.003a 3.4±0.016b 3.64±0.012c 3.65±0.09c
FCR (%) 1.28±0.007c 0.94±0.009b 0.88±0.003a 0.87±0.003a
Initial body weight (%) 468.13±2.52a 672.33±7.54b 793.19±6.92c 794.16±5.48c
condition factor 0.28±0.003a 0.29±0.004b 0.31±0.004c 0.31±0.002c
Protein efficiency ratio 1.27±0.14a 1.71±0.2b 2±0.25c 2.01±0.11c
Survival rate (%) 100 100 100 100
Differences in Latin letters in each row shows a significant difference (pIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(2) 2017 463
Table 3: Body composition amounts in Siberian sturgeon fed with different levels of Aloe
vera nanoparticles (mean ±SD).
Parameters /treatments Control 0.5% 1% 1.5%
Protein % 18.34±0.14a 18.86±0.21a 19.55±0.12a 19.67±0.03a
Lipid % 3.56±0.08a 4.8±0.13a 4.39±0.11a 4.31±0.09a
Carbohydrate % 0.81±0.02a 0.44±0.02a 0.34±0.01a 0.39±0.03a
Ash %
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2.15±0.06a 1.55±0.06a 1.45±0.07a 1.2±0.04a
Moisture % 75.14±0.04a 74.15±0.06a 74.27±0.11a 74.43±0.19a
Means with the same superscript letter at the same row are not significantly different (p>0.05).
Discussion end of two months of rearing, weight
Regarding the advantages of applying increase was observed in treatments
medicinal plants in different areas, with A. Vera extract compared to
particularly for the prevention and cure control group (p464 Sharif Rohani et al., Study on nanoparticles of Aloe vera extract on growth performance, …
treatments and control groups and in the recent study using the A. Vera
survival rate was 100%. extract in nanoparticle form had
Given that the FCR is one of suitable effects on Siberian sturgeon. A.
economic factors of aquaculture, in vera is formed from 75 potential active
addition to reducing the cost of feed the compounds such as vitamins, enzymes,
consumption of food is also reduced. minerals, sugars, lignin, saponins,
Also, lower FCR values prevent the amino acids and salicylic acid (Surjushe
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pollution of the rearing water et al., 2008).
(Falahatkar et al., 2007). Improvements on growth
So far, different results have been performance of fish, can thus be better
obtained from the effects of A. vera on digestion and absorption of nutrients, as
growth of fish species (Farahi et al., well as better activity of digestive
2012). According to Farahi et al (2012), enzymes and intestinal structure
food supplements containing A. vera (Ngamkala et al., 2010) The improved
were not effective on growth indices growth performance in the present
(IBW, SGR and FCR) of rainbow trout study is justified based on the results
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) in treatments in Namkala et al. (2010). So far, no study
comparison with the control group. has been conducted on the effects of
However, in the present study, the nanoparticles of medicinal plants on
positive effects of A. vera nanoparticles growth and body composition of
on the indices have been obtained. aquatic organisms. This study is the
Alishahi et al (2010) reported that the first research of this kind, while some
use of three levels of crude extract of A. studies have been conducted up to now
vera (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%), within 60 on the effects of medicinal plants on
days of feeding to Amphiophus growth of aquatics.
labiatus, resulted in a significant The chemical composition of the
increase in the amounts of weight gain body is affected by a combination of
and FCR. The results of Alishahi et al diets and amount of daily feeding
(2010) are in agreement with those of (Hung et al., 1987; Gawlicka et al.,
the present study although the recent 2002). Results of this study showed no
study showed that 1% and 1.5% A. vera significant differences in protein, lipid,
extract are more effective. carbohydrate, ash and moisture in
In another study Farahi et al (2012) Siberian sturgeon carcass in different
showed that the use of different levels treatments compared with the control
of A. vera (0.1% and 1%) has a positive group had no significant difference
effect on growth performance in (p>0.05). In other words, body
rainbow trout. However, the use of the composition was not affected by the use
same level of A. vera in Siberian of A. vera extract.
sturgeon had no effect on growth of the With the increased use of A. vera
fish )Wang et al., 2011). Even though, extract in the diet, protein contentIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(2) 2017 465
increased and lipid level was reduced so improvements in oral drug
that the maximum amount of protein consumption, a very wide area among
and lipid were observed in the 1.5% and drug delivery systems, more studies are
0.5% treatments, respectively, and needed in this area (Hughes, 2005).
minimum levels of protein and lipid Considering the results of this
were observed in the control group. In research it can be concluded that A.
addition, carbohydrate, ash and vera nanoparticles as a dietary
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moisture content in treatments were supplement can play a useful role in
associated with a reduction compared to increasing the growth performance and
the control. be used as an additive in diets for
The results of Mahdavi et al (2013) Siberian sturgeon.
on the effects of adding the essential oil
of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in the Acknowledgement
diets of juvenile Kutum (Rutilus kutum) We are grateful to Dr. Mohammad Ali
and the present study conform with Yazdani, Director of the International
each other (except for the amount of Sturgeon Research Institute and Dr.
body lipid). Zheng et al (2009) reported Shahram Abdolmaleki, Research
an increase in protein content in the deputy of this institute for supporting us
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) during this study. Also, sincere thanks
fed Greek Marjoram (Origanum to colleagues in Dept. of fish diseases in
heracleoticum) Shalaby et al. (2006) institute. This article is part of project
reported that adding a mixture of garlic with No. 92026531 by the Iranian
and chloramphenicol in tilapia diets National Science Foundation: INSF that
caused significant increase in protein was implemented with financial support
content and significant reduction in of INSF.
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