THE PEOPLE'S VICTORY What lies ahead? - SPECIAL SECTION FRANCOPHONIE SUMMIT IN ARMENIA P.14 - AGBU
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SPECIAL SECTION FRANCOPHONIE SUMMIT IN ARMENIA P.14
ARMENIAN GENERAL BENEVOLENT UNION AUG. 2018
THE PEOPLE’S
VICTORY
Armenia’s citizens showed the world
what peaceful revolution looks like.
What lies ahead?
Armenian General
ESTABLISHED IN 1906
Benevolent Union
Central Board of Directors Հայկական Բարեգործական Ընդհանուր Միութիւն
President
Berge Setrakian
Vice Presidents
Mission
To preserve and promote the Armenian heritage through worldwide educational,
Sam Simonian
cultural and humanitarian programs
Sinan Sinanian
Treasurer Annual International Budget
Nazareth A. Festekjian Forty-six million dollars ( USD)
Assistant Treasurer
Yervant Demirjian Education
Secretary 24 primary, secondary, preparatory and Saturday schools; scholarships; alterna-
Sarkis Jebejian tive educational resources (apps, e-books, AGBU WebTalks & more); American
Assistant Secretary University of Armenia (AUA); AUA Extension—AGBU NKR Program; Armenian
Arda Haratunian Virtual College (AVC); TUMO x AGBU
Honorary Member
His Holiness Karekin II, Cultural, Humanitarian and Religious
Catholicos of All Armenians AGBU News Magazine; the AGBU Humanitarian Emergency Relief Fund for Syrian
Armenians; athletics; camps; choral groups; concerts; dance; films; lectures; library
Members
research centers; medical centers; mentorships; music competitions; publications; radio;
UNITED STATES
scouts; summer internships; theater; youth trips to Armenia. Armenia: Holy
Noubar Afeyan
Etchmiadzin; Arapkir, Malatya and Nork Children’s Centers and Senior Dining
Eric Esrailian
Centers; Hye Geen Women’s Centers; Sevan Theological Seminary; Ultrasound
Ani Manoukian
Center. Republic of Artsakh: Chamber Orchestra
Lori Muncherian
Levon Nazarian
Yervant Zorian
Districts, Chapters, Centers and Offices
Argentina: Buenos Aires, Córdoba; Armenia: Yerevan; Artsakh: Stepanakert;
ARMENIA
Australia: Melbourne, Sydney; Austria: Vienna; Belgium: Brussels; Brazil: São Paulo;
Armen Sarkissian Bulgaria: Sofia, Plovdiv, Burgas, Dobrich, Haskovo, Russe, Silistra, Sliven, Yambol;
Vasken Yacoubian Canada: Montréal, Toronto; Cyprus: Larnaca, Nicosia; Egypt: Alexandria, Heliopolis;
CANADA Ethiopia: Addis Ababa; France: Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Paris, St. Chamond-St.
Lena Sarkissian Étienne, Valence, Vienne; Germany: Hamburg; Greece: Athens; Iran: Tehran; Iraq:
FRANCE Baghdad; Italy: Milan; Lebanon: Beirut, Zahlé, Amanos, Antelias, Sin el-Fil; The
Aris Atamian Netherlands: Almelo; South Africa: Johannesburg; Spain: Barcelona; Switzerland:
RUSSIA Geneva; Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Kamishli, Kessab, Latakia, Yacoubieh; Uruguay:
Ruben Vardanyan Montevideo; UAE: Dubai; United Kingdom: London; United States: Arizona,
SWITZERLAND Boston, Canoga Park, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Fresno, Glendale, Las Vegas, Los
Vahé Gabrache Angeles, New York, Orange County, Pasadena, San Diego, San Fernando Valley,
UNITED KINGDOM Silicon Valley, Washington, D.C.
Arnaud Attamian
Joseph Oughourlian Young Professionals
Council of Trustees Argentina: YP Buenos Aires; Armenia: YP Yerevan; Austria: YP Austria; Belgium:
Sarkis Demirdjian YP Belgium; Brazil: YP Brazil; Bulgaria: YP Sofia, YP Plovdiv; Canada: YP Montréal,
Richard Manoogian YP Toronto; Denmark: YP Copenhagen; France: YP Lyon Rhône-Alpes, YP Marseille,
Vatche Manoukian YP Paris; Germany: HAIK (Frankfurt); Greece: YP Athens; Iran: YP Tehran; Lebanon:
Nazar Nazarian YP Lebanon; The Netherlands: YP Amsterdam; Russia: YP Moscow; Switzerland: YP
Louise Manoogian Simone Switzerland; Turkey: (UTI) Istanbul; United Kingdom: YP London; United States:
Karnig Yacoubian YP Arizona, YP Boston, YP Chicago, YP Detroit, YP Houston, YP Los Angeles, YP
In Memoriam
Greater New York, YP Philadelphia, YP Northern California, YP Washington, D.C.
Boghos Nubar, Founder
Alex Manoogian, Honorary Life President
2 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.org
Editorial
A
new climate in which ideals and values are citizens. If successful, Armenia will not only enhance its
taking precedence as drivers of social and international standing, but also attract much needed foreign
economic opportunity is taking root in investment to help improve its economic position in an
Armenia. April’s Velvet Revolution, a increasingly competitive world economy.
powerful expression of democratic free There are promising signs the government led by Nikol
will, set in motion the start of a remark- Pashinyan is pursuing a campaign to tackle corruption, and
able political transition. What began in preparation of the parliamentary
as a dynamic and clever display of elections, planning necessary reforms
activism triggered a broad social trans- to the institutions of the rule of law.
formation, encompassing women and In October the nation’s capital will
men from every generation and sector host the largest international summit
of society, proving that the govern- ever on Armenian soil.The Francophonie
ment is not the ultimate source of summit will provide an important oppor-
power, but its people. tunity for increased international coop-
The transformation is being acclaim- eration and to cement its existing close
ed with promise and pride by Armenians relationship with France while at the
the world over. Once again Armenia has same time showcasing the nation’s cul-
captured global attention, offering a ture and values to tens of thousands of
model of civil disobedience and peace- expected attendees.
ful revolution. The new government It is an exciting moment in the
brings hope for a lasting democratic history of the independent republic, a
consolidation. The mood is best time of transition where support and
described as cautious optimism, as encouragement from the diaspora is
the new government will have to needed more than ever. In this cli-
overcome great obstacles in its path, mate of change, AGBU will continue
not least of which will be to hold to play a vital role in improving the
transparent and fair parliamentary elections in a timely lives of the people, with the hope that much needed polit-
manner or risk losing valuable momentum and having ical reforms will not only solidify the positive gains
potential gains rolled back. Armenia has made since independence but also hasten
The upcoming elections offer Armenia a golden opportu- the day when all Armenians are united behind core
nity to progress and establish a legitimate and democratically national values, whether religious, cultural, historical or
elected government that is responsive and accountable to its moral.
COVER PHOTO: TIGRAN MEHRABYAN/PAN PHOTOS
Berge Setrakian
President
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 3
ARMENIAN GENERAL BENEVOLENT UNION AUG. 2018
Volume 28/Number 2
www.agbu.org
03 Editorial
06 Features
07 Turning the Page
A new relationship between citizens and their government
gives democracy in Armenia a fighting chance
14 The French Connection
In anticipation of the 2018 Francophonie Summit in
Armenia, a reminder of the special ties that bind
20 Friends in High Places
French defenders of the Armenian Cause
23 Voice of the People
Boghos Nubar represents the Armenian Nation in Paris
24 Francophone Armenian Leading Ladies
Crusader queen, activist writer and freedom fighter
30 Connecting Points
Little and lesser known facts about Franco-Armenian
relations through the ages
34 France’s Favorite Son
Legendary ambassador of the French language
Charles Aznavour continues to promote ties between
French-speaking countries
38 In Pictures: French Accents
44 Armenia: Creating Home
Armenian traditions come alive at the Smithsonian
Folklife Festival
46 Armenian Legacy in America
Retracing a 400-year old history
48 Education
48 Armenian Heritage on Demand
How digital technology is revolutionizing
identity preservation
52 Socio-Economic Development
52 Yes W.E. Can
Empowering Armenia’s women—through a cycle
of support
56 Mentors For Missions
A call to the diaspora to help strengthen civil society
in Armenia
60 AGBU Donors
60 Charles Joseph Churukian: Life at the Crossroad
of Science and Religion
61 Vahé Baladouni: The Philosopher at Heart
62 AGBU News
62 Highlights
68 Young Professionals
72 Chapters
84 AGBU Bookstore
AGBU News Magazine is published by the Armenian General Benevolent Union: 55 East 59th Street,
New York, NY 10022-1112. Tel:212 319-6383 Fax: 212 319-6507/08. E-Mail: agbuny@agbu.org.
POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to above. Printed in U.S.A. © Armenian General
Benevolent Union, August 2018. All Rights Reserved.
4 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.org
AGBU News Magazine
MANAGING EDITOR
Kathryn Manuelian
EDITOR
Daniel Halton
ART DIRECTOR
Levi Nicholson
EDITORIAL TEAM
Randa Akda, Anita Anserian, Alex
Basmagian, Anouch Dzagoyan,
Natalie Gabrelian, Talar Kazanjian,
Vahe Kiljian, Linda Ravul,
Gloria Sanders, Olya Yordanyan
CONTRIBUTORS
Laura L. Constantine, Rene Dzagoyan,
14
Davit Hakobyan, Raymond H. Kevorkian,
Jennifer Manoukian, Zara Nazarian,
Jirair Tutunjian, Achren Verdian
Page This publication of the Armenian General Benevolent
Union is mailed free of charge to members and donors
The logo of La Francophonie Summit 2018, of the organization. If you are not a regular contributor
and wish to continue receiving the AGBU News Magazine,
a soon-to-be ubiquitous image from October please send a minimum contribution of $25.00 in the
7-12 in Armenia, the official host of this high envelope enclosed in the issue. The AGBU News Magazine
profile global event. is circulated in twenty-eight countries around the world.
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 5
Turning
the Page
A new relationship between citizens
and their government gives democracy in
Armenia a fighting chance
By DAN HALTON
I
n the wake of April’s historic Velvet democratic consolidation, and may well
Revolution, a mood of hope and deliver in Armenia.”
optimism has swept across Armenia. The work of consolidating what began as
The will of the people, manifested in a popular movement into lasting democratic
peaceful protests throughout the reform is now underway and will require an
streets of Yerevan, unleashed a wave even greater effort on the part of the new
of change that forced the resignation of a government to work together with citizens
prime minister and in the process rede- and civic society organizations if it is to be
fined the relationship between Armenian successful in the long term. The challenges
citizenry and its government. As Nikol they must confront together are daunting:
Pashinyan told the crowds gathered in overturning more than two decades of one-
Republic Square after his election, “your party rule, curbing entrenched corruption
victory is not that I was elected as prime and cronyism and eradicating a culture of
minister of Armenia. Your victory is that electoral fraud in which vote-buying and
you decided who should be prime minister voter intimidation have tainted parliamen-
of Armenia.” Empowered by a newfound tary and presidential elections in the past. If
sense of individual agency, for the first time the standard measure of democracy is con-
Armenians now feel they have a role in sidered two successive peaceful transfers of
deciding the future of their country. A power from one party to another, this pro-
promising new path toward democracy cess will take several years, but the end result
has opened in Armenia. However, the will be well worth the effort, establishing
political climate remains very fragile, and greater prosperity, equality, and opportunity
ordinary citizens are well aware the for its citizens while advancing Armenia’s
remarkable change they helped create standing in the world.
could be short-lived, depending upon the
outcome of the country’s future parlia- The roots of change
mentary elections. The unexpected success of the protest
The social movement revealed the extent movement caught virtually everyone off
of “the schism between the legitimacy of the guard, including organizers themselves
streets and the illegitimacy of the formal who never anticipated such an outpouring
institutions,” observed Professor of Political of public support as tens of thousands of
Science and International Relations at Armenian citizens from every age and
Stonehill College Anna Ohanyan. In an social strata took to the streets to voice
op-ed published in the Washington Post, their dissatisfaction with the former gov-
Ohanyan argued however that the move- ernment. The spark that ignited the
ment must still “continue working through powder keg of protest—an accumulation
[those] institutions, no matter how flawed
and fragile. A path that is incremental, Newly-elected Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan
inclusive and open to compromise appears arrives at the Republic Square to greet the
to be one that has worked in other cases of citizens celebrating his victory. May 8, 2018
6 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.org
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 7
of discontent built up over successive sum- alliance of issue-based civic society groups maturity and sophistication on the part
mers beginning in 2008 and compounded that could no longer be ignored or dis- of the Armenian people.”
by economic crisis—was the decision by missed by the ruling elite. This powerful
former president Serzh Sargsyan to sud- dynamic helped explain why the former Lessons Learned
denly appoint himself prime minister after president did not resort to force to repress The success of the Pashinyan’s protest
changing the Constitution, despite repeat- the demonstrators as was the case in pre- movement set a new benchmark for the
edly promising not to do so previously. vious protests. rest of the world, offering a master class in
What differed dramatically in this case The size and demographics of the how to execute a non-violent revolution.
compared to protests past, was the emer- social movement, however critical, Clear lessons were learned from the suc-
gence of a new younger generation of alone were not enough to sustain the cesses and failures of prior protest move-
informed activists that had come of age in protests. It was the pivotal role played ments, including Electric Yerevan in
an independent Armenian republic and by opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan, a which Pashinyan had participated. Clever
were not afraid to challenge what they former newspaper editor and populist tactics confounded police, as crowds
viewed as an arrogance of power on the
part of the former president. The apathy
and fear common to their parents’ genera- “Empowered by a newfound sense of
tion—raised in the Soviet education
system and indoctrinated to believe the
individual agency, for the first time
individual was not important—was Armenians now feel they have a role in
replaced by a new wave of civic engage-
ment and activism that reflected a major
deciding the future of their country.”
transformation in political thinking and
delivered a powerful message that indi- opposition critic who was able to mobi- became more agile, gathering in one
viduals have agency, power in numbers lize and this widening movement to street never longer than a few hours to
and can use their voice to effect political force Sargsyan’s resignation. Pashinyan avoid being corralled by the authorities.
change. That message resonated across accurately gauged the temperature The carefully coordinated campaign
the generational divide, attracting senior of the political climate and adeptly made use of every tool at its disposal,
citizens, middle-age workers and espe- orchestrated change. If there is one from catchy slogans, and theatrics to
cially more women, including mothers defining characteristic of Armenia’s music and humor to draw attention to the
with their young children, lending greater peaceful revolution however, says Anna cause.
legitimacy to a broad decentralized Ohanyan, it is that it was not centered “The protesters grew smarter, learning
around any cult of personality. “It was f rom previous protests both within
Armenian MP from Yelk bloc Nikol Pashinyan not about Serzh. It’s not about Nikol,” Armenia which had served as their train-
launched a 14-day campaign dubbed “My she noted. “It’s about people coming ing ground or baptism of fire, as well as
Step” from Vardanants Square in Gyumri to together and pushing back against this from revolutions around the world, includ-
Yerevan, seeking to prevent former PM Serzh attempt at constitutional engineering ing the Arab Spring, Georgia and Ukraine
Sargsyan’s third term at the helm of the country. and saying no, you have to transfer from which they borrowed civil disobedi-
April 10, 2018 power. That showed enormous political ence tactics and applied them to an
Armenian context,” observed Bentley
University Global Studies Senior Lecturer
Asbed Kotchikian.
Their success was also largely dependent
on social media, including Facebook and
its livestream capacity, which allowed ini-
tially small groups of protests to connect to
protesters in other cities in real time to
amplify their voice. At the same time, the
emergence of several independent advo-
cacy media outlets including EVN Report
and CivilNet helped broadcast their mes-
PREVIOUS PAGE: HRANT KHACHATRYAN/PAN PHOTO
sage to a global audience. Together they
overrode the ability of the ruling party and
the state-run media—whose narrative had
been with a few notable exceptions pre-
NAREK ALEKSANYAN/PAN PHOTO;
dominantly pro-government—to connect
to the population, creating an important
echo chamber that helped propel momen-
tum early on. In this respect the revolution
underscored the important practical role
of independent media to question the gov-
ernment. By providing timely and relevant
8 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.org
MPs from Yelk bloc Ararat Mirzoyan and Lena on the part of a number of companies crime figure Artur Astaryan. They found
Nazaryan fire flares at the National Assembly including several controlled by a former not only a large cache of illegal weapons
urging everyone to come to the Freedom Square member of the Republican party. While including explosives and ammunition, but
“to light the torch of freedom together.” April criminal charges in that case were dropped also vehicles and supplies donated to the
11, 2018 in exchange for reimbursement of the army, including cans of food sent by
damages, the NSS has since ramped up schoolchildren in April 2016 intended for
information about the protests, the out- their efforts with the arrests of two senior soldiers on the frontlines in Artsakh. The
pouring of independent coverage also officials in the Yerevan municipal govern- men were arrested on charges of acquisi-
called into question the role of Armenia’s ment, also controlled by the Republican tion and possession of illegal firearms and
mainstream media and highlighted its party. Then this past June, officers raided ammunition. Video of the raids broadcast
ineffectiveness to offer objective and plu- the homes of Republican MP Manvel by Armenian public television provoked
ralistic information to citizens. One Grigoryan, a retired lieutenant general in widespread condemnation, deeply under-
important consequence of the protests is the Armenian armed forces and former mining any support for Grigoryan and his
that it has forced traditional news outlets Deputy Defense Minister, and reputed son Karen, who later resigned as mayor of
to re-evaluate their role in Armenia’s the municipality of Vagharshapat in the
newly transformed political landscape. Nikol Pashinyan who had injured his hand province of Armavir. Perhaps more impor-
while trying to break through the barbed wire tant, the case helped foster positive public
Consolidating Change fence, arrived at the France Square to urge the opinion about the NSS, which according to
The new government of Nikol Pashinyan demonstrators to block interstate roads starting its Director, has since received thousands
is now focused on rebuilding the public’s from next morning. April 16, 2018 of job applications.
trust in the country’s political institutions,
beginning by pursuing an aggressive anti-
corruption campaign and much-needed
reforms to the country’s electoral code. As
leader of a minority coalition government
formed by three parliamentary groups,
Way Out Alliance, Tsarukyan Alliance
and the Armenian Revolutionar y
Federation, Pashinyan has proceeded cau-
tiously, seeking to discredit the former
ruling Republican party while avoiding an
outright confrontation with its members
who retain the majority of seats in parlia-
KARO SAHAKYAN/PAN PHOTO
ment, despite an increasing number of
defections.
Under Pashinyan’s direction, the
National Security Service (NSS) began
targeting allegedly corrupt officials by pre-
senting evidence to the public of tax fraud
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 9
It is that type of communication that will the public in a way that emphasizes the The number of those joining rallies at the
be critical to the success of the new govern- clear democratic dividends of its efforts for Republic Square keeps growing. April 19, 2018
ment, argues Alex Sardar, who worked citizens. “Whether it is shutting down
closely with protest organizers on their monopolies, driving down banana prices, or campaign that must reinforce the notion
media campaign and serves as the Chief cracking down on tax fraud, the construc- that corruption, no matter how entrenched,
Innovation Officer at Civicus, a global alli- tion worker who goes home to his family at is not the norm but an aberration, and that
ance that works to strengthen citizen action night needs to understand how the govern- a government post is not an opportunity for
and civil society. He insists the new govern- ment helped him that day, or how his take self-enrichment.
ment must clearly articulate a cohesive home pay increased as a result.” This can be
strategy and effectively communicate it to achieved through a national public relations Electoral Reform
The path to democratic consolidation
begins with the ballot box, and will only
succeed if elections are administered and
voting conducted with unimpeachable
integrity. In preparation for parliamentary
elections anticipated within the next
twelve months, the new government is
focused on reforming the electoral code,
which will require a majority vote in par-
liament. Current electoral provisions,
noted Sardar, are “set up for one party rule,
lack professional administration at all
levels of government and are prone to par-
tisan influence and manipulation.”
Previous presidential and parliamentary
Above: The protest campaign across Yerevan is gathering pace, with students going on strike to elections in particular have been marred by
join the demonstrators and block the streets. April 20, 2018 Below: Armenian President Armen instances of voter fraud and vote suppres-
Sarkissian arrives at the Republic Square to negotiate with Nikol Pashinyan. April 21, 2018 sion in the absence of professional admin-
ARTYOM GEODAKYAN/ALAMY; KARO SAHAKYAN/PAN PHOTO;
istrative procedures and guidelines,
severely eroding public trust in the elec-
toral process. There are also no clear provi-
sions governing the list of eligible voters in
Armenia, where that information resides
and who should administer it.
ARAM KIRAKOSYAN/PAN PHOTO
Addressing these shortcomings in the
electoral code must not wait.The European
Union has already announced its readiness
to provide the needed technical assistance.
Implementing necessary reforms to the
electoral code, accompanied by an effective
communications campaign, will go a long
10 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgDemonstrators hug each other after hearing
the news of Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan’s
resignation. April 23, 2018
way in restoring faith in ballot outcomes in
Armenia.
Free and fair parliamentary elections,
while a critical test of a healthy democracy,
represents only one of several steps along
the path toward democratic consolidation
for Armenia. There is a strong possibility
that even if Pashinyan is elected, given the
current makeup of the parliament, he will
lead a coalition government. Whether it can
succeed in a working together and negotiat-
ing compromises among a growing number
of political parties with often shifting alle-
giances, including the Republican party
whose influence in the decision-making
process, while weakened remains strong, is
far from clear. Considerable compromise
might undermine the spirit of April’s Velvet Engaging the Diaspora most effective ways diasporans can assist
Revolution and the new government’s cam- Just as it inspired a collective sense of democratic transition is by filling the acute
paign to tackle entrenched corruption. It euphoria at home, Armenia’s Velvet Revo- need for international election monitors.
will require maintaining a delicate balance lution was followed with an unprecedented Previous elections attracted approximately
to work with broad coalitions of political interest and hope throughout Armenian 300 volunteers, no where near sufficient to
parties to manage expectations while communities around the world. Engaging observe the vote in 2000 electoral precincts.
reforming the institutions of the rule of law the global Armenian diaspora in supporting
to ensure democratic gains are not rolled these nation-building efforts is high on the Nikol Pashinyan honors the memory of the
back in the future. agenda of the new government. One of the Armenian Genocide victims. April 24, 2018
ARAM KIRAKOSYAN/PAN PHOTO; FOLLOWING SPREAD: LILIAN GALSTYAN/PAN PHOTO;
Above: Negotiations in front of the media between newly-elected Prime
HRANT KHACHATRYAN/PAN PHOTO; NAREK ALEKSANYAN/PAN PHOTO;
Minister Serzh Sargsyan and Nikol Pashinyan lasted 170 seconds
overall as the former rejected the latter’s agenda. April 22, 2018
Below: Demonstrators waiting for the start of a rally called by opposition
leader Nikol Pashinyan at the Republic Square. April 25, 2018
VAHAN STEPANYAN/PAN PHOTO; NATALIE GABRELIAN
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 11Yelk lawmaker Edmon Marukyan congratu-
lates Nikol Pashinyan who was elected
Armenia’s 16th Prime Minister at a special
parliament sitting. May 8, 2018.
Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan.
However he acknowledged for that to
happen, there needs to be a conducive
environment. “It’s not possible to negotiate
peace when you have war mongering,
sabre rattling, and actual violations of the
cease-fire. We should not change the
negotiating process.”
Any future flare-ups however, would
likely favor a more hardline, centralized
approach, jeopardizing continued efforts
at democratization. Armenia has yet to
demonstrate it can pursue both increased
security and openness. “The traditional
narrative of security of the Armenian
state has involved a trade-off, but it is not
an either or,” notes Ohanhyan. “Armenia
can and must have both security and
democracy for the government to be
legitimate and respected internationally.”
Experts suggest ideally 5000 volunteers lose sight of the shifting and unpredict-
are needed to serve as an effective deter- able geopolitical landscape. What unfolds
rent. “The more observers who are able to in Russia, Turkey and Iran has the poten-
document what occurs, the less violations tial to disrupt the tenuous state of domes-
you will see,” says longtime democracy tic affairs in Armenia. To date, Pashinyan
advocate Ara Araz of Justice Armenia, has managed to maintain the country’s
a non-partisan diaspora organization partnership with Russia, upon which
that promotes justice and human rights Armenia depends for military security
in Armenia. In 2017 Araz organized a and economic stability, while at the same
Transparency Tour to expose diasporan time pursuing increased ties with Europe,
Armenians to the political realities in the including via implementation of CEPA
homeland, serving as election monitors and and hosting the Francophonie Summit in
meeting with local politicians, journalists Yerevan, thus gathering all the leaders of
and activists. He has a simple plea for Francophone countries in Armenia.
anyone contemplating how they can help Pashinyan will need to demonstrate that
Armenia: “Be an ambassador for democ- Armenia’s domestic politics and foreign
racy,” he implores, “help combat systemic policy are not threatening to Russia (as
corruption and send a message of hope to already indicated in the program of the
citizens that seek justice and the rule of law.” government), and that it is in the regional
As much as Armenians in the diaspora power’s interest for Armenia to succeed in
want the new government to succeed, the Eurasian Economic Union, a model
Araz cautions however that Armenia “does that is increasingly struggling for legiti-
not need us to be cheerleaders of whatever macy internationally.
government is in place at the moment. We In a volatile region, Armenia’s security
should be thinking about what if the new remains a paramount concern. Despite
government does not succeed? What are relative calm, recent events have shown
the steps we can take now to further just how little it takes to reignite the intrac-
empower Armenian society to respond to table conflict between Artsakh and its
such an outcome? If we approach the neighboring Azerbaijan. Pashinyan’s elec-
matter that way, we will also increase the tion changed the context in which nego-
likelihood of it succeeding.” tiations to resolve the conflict are taking
place. “Our priority is peace as a negotiated
The Geopolitical Landscape outcome, the strictly peaceful resolution of
Amidst all the internal challenges facing the conflict within the internationally
the new government, Armenia cannot agreed format,” affirms newly-appointed
12 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgyoung people who believed they deserved
better and were willing to fight for it and
as a consequence the Armenian nation
now has a better shot.”
Conclusion
Despite the tremendous challenges that lie
ahead, in remarkably short order the new
government has embarked upon an ambi-
tious path that seeks to repair the broken
bonds of trust between its political institu-
tions and the people it is intended to serve.
The true measure of its success will take
the form of open and fair elections—the
cornerstone of democracy—leading to a
peaceful and uncontested transfer of
power. After more than two decades of one
A teenager celebrating Nikol Pashinyan’s affairs expert Ian Bremmer, expressing party rule, however, the fear of a moving
election as PM at the Republic Square. May hope for the nation’s political transforma- from one oligarchic system of governance
8, 2018 tion. “That this movement succeeded to another is well founded. At the same
against political leaders who were trying to time, Armenians are cautiously optimistic,
Facing such challenges both at home and subvert the democratic process, and did so buoyed by an extraordinary level of civic
abroad, it is all the more remarkable that without violence and without any interfer- engagement that has provided both the
Armenia has avoided Russian intervention ence from the Russian government is quite homeland and diaspora, new hope for a
to date, affirms renowned international something. And it was due primarily to bright future.
Dinner, Dialogue
and Democracy
AGBU sets the table for a new relationship
between Armenia and Diaspora
Making good on its promise to reinvigorate relations with
the Armenian diaspora, on July 15, 2018 senior members
of the Pashinyan administration met with invited members
of the Greater New York AGBU community to experience
a new dynamic in interactive engagement: candid and open
dialogue.
Inspired by the British-derived Chatham House Rule in
which both speakers and participants can exchange ideas in the
spirit of strict public anonymity, over 50 guests participated in
round table, moderated discussions on relevant issues such as
more inclusive Armenia-Diaspora relations, institutional capac-
ity building through financial investments and technical exper-
tise as well as creating cultural programs as a channel for
fostering mutual understanding and trust. Armenia’s leadership
committed itself to following up on the issues discussed while
AGBU continues to provide opportunities to enhance the
growing civil society movement in Armenia.
Left to Right: Republic of Armenia (RA) First Deputy Minister
of Transport, Communications and IT Hakob Arshakyan;
AGBU Central Board member and the evening’s moderator
Arda Haratunian; AGBU President Berge Setrakian; RA
First Deputy Prime Minister Ararat Mirzoyan; RA Deputy
Minister of the Diaspora Babken DerGrigorian; and AGBU-
Armenia Outreach Director Lilia Planjyan.
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 13SPECIAL FRANCOPHONIE SECTION
The French
Connection
In anticipation of the 2018 Francophonie
Summit in Armenia, a reminder
of the special ties that bind
By DAN HALTON
T
he special relationship says Armenia’s newly-appointed Foreign
between Armenia and Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan, “The
France, forged by centu- language is the medium. The values are
ries-old connections, the foundation. We embrace those values
shared values and mutual of solidarity, diversity and democracy.
respect and admiration for Indeed, the upcoming summit will pro-
each other’s culture, has steadily grown vide an unprecedented opportunity to
closer and stronger over the past quarter bring Armenia closer to the whole
century. From the very first days following Francophone family, including France.”
the declaration of independence of the
Republic of Armenia, France has always Political Cooperation
proven willing to extend a hand in a show It has become an annual tradition for the
of support, becoming the first European Presidents and Foreign Ministers of
nation to officially recognize the Armenian France and Armenia to visit each other, Armenia after the formation of the new
Genocide in 2001, and helping mediate a maintaining a high-level political dia- government. Together the foreign minis-
resolution to the conflict in Artsakh. A cor- logue, well-established cultural and edu- ters visited the Memorial of Musa Ler,
nerstone of the partnership has long been cational ties and supporting each other on commemorating the famed resistance of
the successful Armenian community in issues of mutual concern. It was no sur- Armenians during the Genocide and
France, the largest in Europe with more prise then that this past May, the French their salvation by the French, a historic
than half a million French-Armenian citi- Foreign Minister, Jean-Yves Le Drian, manifestation of the Armenian-French
zens whose ancestors more than a century was the first foreign minister to visit friendship.
ago were offered refuge in France. As the
two nations continue to actively pursue
increased political, economic, and cultural
cooperation, Armenia and France are
poised to celebrate the ties that bind them
together in historic fashion during this
year’s Francophonie Summit in Yerevan,
October 11-16th.
HAYK BAGHDASARYAN/PHOTOLURE
While Armenia may not be considered
a traditional Francophone country, lan-
guage is not the basis of its membership,
Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean-
Yves Le Drian accompanied with RA Foreign
Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan paid a visit to
the Musa Dagh Memorial on May 28, 2018.
14 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgPolitical discourse between the two areas including tourism and healthcare. Jean-Yves Le Drian, France’s minister of
nations is reinforced through the In terms of regional cooperation, France Europe and Foreign Affairs, meets with
Parliaments of each country as well as on serves as a key partner for Armenia’s rela- Armenia’s Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan
a municipal level. Within the National tions with Europe, and welcomed Armenia’s in May, 2018 in Yerevan.
Assembly of France, French Parlia- participation in the Comprehensive and
mentarians formed the Armenia-France Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) Culture and Education
Friendship Group, facilitating close with the European Union in 2017, which In the heart of Yerevan lies France Square,
inter-parliamentary cooperation while aims to step up the political dialogue marked by the statue of the renowned
French sculptor Auguste Rodin, symbol-
izing the unbreakable cultural bond
“France, for so many reasons, has been a between the two countries. “France, for so
source of inspiration for Armenia, a source of many reasons, has been a source of inspira-
tion for Armenia, a source of engagement,
engagement, and a partner with whom we and a partner with whom we have been
have been through quite a lot in our history.” through quite alot in our history,” notes
Mnatsakanyan. Since Independence, bilat-
eral relations beyond the political sphere
enriching and expanding the agenda of between Armenia and the EU in regards to were established with an intergovernmen-
bilateral interstate relations. There is also their shared commitment to democracy, tal agreement on cultural, scientific and
an extensive degree of decentralized human rights, and the rule of law. The part- technical cooperation signed in 1995, with
cooperation, with approximately twenty nership will create new opportunities for both governments agreeing to foster cul-
French local governments involved in trade and investment and also facilitate tural ties between French and Armenian
twinning schemes and cooperation proj- cooperation on energy, transportation and citizens. A decade later, France officially
ects with Armenia on a wide range of the environment. proclaimed 2006 the Year of Armenia.
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 15All Armenian Catholicos Karekin II meets
with French President Nicolas Sarkozy
at Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin Cathedral
on October 6, 2011.
cooperation,” declared Mnatsakanyan,
one of whose sons graduated from the
distinguished university. “It is very impor-
tant that the educational institution con-
tinues to expand and this year, it is
planning to add new faculty.”
Economy
Although the political relationship and
cultural ties between the two countries are
highly developed, economic relations fall
There have since been several joint projects further strengthen the connection between short in comparison. While France is the
in tourism, agriculture, education, culture, Armenian and French citizens. second-largest foreign investor in
healthcare and other spheres within the In the field of education, the flagship of Armenia, behind Russia, trade amounts to
frameworks of numerous mutual coopera- bilateral relations is the French University just €50 million a year, lagging far behind
tion agreements signed between the cities in Armenia (UFAR), which accepts more other countries in the Caucasus. The new
and regions of Armenia and France. Most than 1,000 students each year who will go government in Armenia and France have
recently, the opening of the National on to obtain a dual French and Armenian pledged to redress the situation and this
Center of Armenian Memory in Paris and degree in law, business or management, in past May signed an agreement to establish
the establishment of a French Cultural partnership with Lyon III University. the French Development Agency (AFD)
Center in Yerevan as part of the Maison “Both Armenia and France are proud of and the Investment and Promotion
Charles Aznavour will both serve a bridge the French University of Armenia, one of Company for Economic Cooperation
to promote cross-cultural awareness and the most successful examples of our close (Proparco) in Armenia. Recognizing that
Above: French President Jacques Chirac wel-
comes his Armenian counterpart Levon Ter
Petrosyan prior to talks they had at Elysee
Palace on October 14, 1997. Below: President
François Hollande visits Tsitsernakaberd, the
memorial complex of Armenian Genocide, on
May 8, 2014.
16 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgFrench companies have made significant
investments in the economy of Armenia,
particularly in the agri-food and banking
sectors, Armenia is aiming to expand the
scope of French entrepreneurship in the
country by creating highly favorable con-
ditions for new French investors and rais-
ing awareness about Armenia’s strategic
value as a platform for entering markets of
Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union.
In tandem with October’s Francophonie
Summit, a Francophone Business Forum
will be held to help increase progress
within Armenian-French economic
relations.
Francophonie 2018
The Francophonie Summit of course, is
not only about strengthening relations
with France, but with all 84 member
states and governments (58 members
and 26 observers), which together rep-
resent over one-third of the United
Nations’ member states and account for
a population of over 900 million people.
It offers Armenia a valuable platform to
engage with these other nations and
advertise cultural and economic oppor-
tunities on a global scale. “The summit
will promote our standing among the
Francophonie nations, knowledge of
Armenia, and open new opportunities,
channels of cooperation and friendship discovering something native, authentic French President Emmanuel Macron greets
which will be pursued and strengthened and thrilling. That is the spirit of New Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan
in the future,” insists Mnatsakanyan. Armenia—a small country of bright at the NATO Summit in Brussels, followed
It also stands to positively impact one of minds and big dreams—which just a few by discussions on such issues as Karabakh and
the three main industry sectors, namely months ago took a firm step forward to the upcoming Francophonie Summit in
tourism. According to Hripsime Grigoryan, become part of the democratic world. The Armenia. July 11, 2018.
the new chair of Armenia’s Tourism spirit of a more hopeful and united soci-
Committee of the Ministry of Economic ety can be felt everywhere from streets to about equals. I would also mention the
Development and Investments, the cafés to politics and business. That is we agriculture and energy sectors, notably
Armenian government is leveraging the want our visitors to remember when they alternative energy and the pharmaceutical
Francophonie mega event to maximize its return to their home counties.” sector but also finance, which is a very
tourism benefits. Tours are planned for Armenia’s important relationship with dynamic and high-performing sector in
Summit participants who will be staying in Switzerland provides a key example of the Armenia. More generally, the culture of
CHRISTIAN HARTMANN/REUTERS; VAHRAM BAGHDASARYAN/PHOTOLURE;
Armenia for 5-7 days on average. These important benefits other Francophonie the country, the education level and the
excursions will tour Yerevan and especially members can offer Armenia’s developing capacity for academic research have put
MELIK N. BAGHDASARYAN/PHOTOLURE; SERGE MOURARET/ALAMY;
the Francophonie Village that will be industries. For the first time last year, Armenia in a very good position.”
created to showcase the culture, history Armenia exported more merchandise As the new government in Armenia
and products of Francophonie member (141 Million Swiss francs) to Switzerland prepares for the upcoming official state
countries, including Armenia. than the Swiss sent to Armenians (91 visit of French President Emmanuel
PRESS OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMENIA
Grigoryan also pointed out that, “We Million francs). Interest among Swiss Macron this fall to coincide with the
want visitors to take home the feeling of companies in Armenia has grown dra- Francophonie Summit, France has
matically in the past few years, affirmed pledged its commitment to continue to
Opposite Page Above: People light candles at His Excellency Lukas Gasser, ambassador stand by Armenia in helping to build its
Yerevan’s French Square in memory of the of the Swiss Confederation to Armenia. democracy. Bound by history and fueled
victims of the terror attack in Paris, France “The IT sector and, more generally, the by a vibrant cultural rapport, the shared
on November 13, 2015. Opposite Page Below: research and development sector, are very future of these two nations has never
French Armenians march in Lyon, France promising…It is a field in which Armenia looked more promising, proving that
to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the is a partner, not a service provider, which Armenia has a great friend in France.
Armenian Genocide. is very important. We are talking here WITH FILES FROM ZARA NAZARIAN
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 17during the Yerevan Summit. To this end,
Liaison-in-Chief Armenia intends to work in close liaison
with the International Organization of
Insights and answers from Ambassador Christian Ter Stepanian, La Francophonie, to give visibility to La
Representative of the Republic of Armenia to the International Francophonie at the international level
and to strengthen, as part of its presi-
Organization of La Francophonie dency, cooperation of la Francophonie
with our regional and international part-
Interview by ZARA NAZARIAN ners on joint projects.
Q What does La Francophonie represent
Q Armenia is the second country in the women—which are the foundation of for Armenia and vice versa?
region of Central and Eastern Europe living together in the Francophonie. A La Francophonie represents, first of all, a
(after Romania in 2006) to host a Summit With this theme in mind, we proposed vast area of cooperation and exchange.
of La Francophonie, having only become a the development of a Francophonie refer- Armenia clearly has its place here and
full member in 2012. Why was Armenia ence document “A Francophone Pact for must invest in it to promote cooperation in
selected to host this year’s summit? Living Together”, which will aim to under- the political, economic, cultural and com-
A Several factors can account for the choice score the Francophone vision of “Living mercial fields with member countries.
of Armenia to host the XVII Summit of La Together” and the principles that underlie Armenia has a number of strengths to
Francophonie in 2018. First, I would say it. As we are very committed to the partici- assert in order to deepen these relation-
that the Heads of State and Government of pation of youth in the work of our organi- ships, such as in the field of digital technol-
La Francophonie wanted to highlight the zations, we wanted the Francophonie ogy and new technologies.
strength of Armenia’s commitment to the La Francophonie also opens Armenia
Francophonie, since we are a very young to the world, with opportunities for con-
member of the organization. Armenia’s tacts with countries with whom relations
candidacy revealed all the merits of its con- can only be fortified, such as the French-
tribution, dynamism and creative spirit in speaking countries of Africa, which con-
the service of La Francophonie, as well as its stitute a majority of the Francophonie’s
desire to make La Francophonie shine in a member states and governments. The
region where it has little presence. attraction of La Francophonie for many
new observer states is also largely due to
Q What is the significance of this year’s this opening that the organization pro-
theme of “Living Together” in relation to vides to the African world. As far as we
Armenia? are concerned, important work has
A Located at the crossroads of civilizations, already been done to strengthen our ties
Armenia is strongly committed to cultural with the African member countries.
exchange and the desire to promote toler- Since Armenia became a full member of
ance, respect for human dignity and diver- La Francophonie in 2012, diplomatic
sity—the same values promoted by relations have been established with
Francophonie. For the Armenian people almost all these countries and a number
who survived the Genocide—massacres, Christian Ter Stepanian of agreements and memoranda have been
deportation, exile—the notion of “living signed. The perception of Armenia
together” has special significance. youth network to be involved in the devel- among African delegations has changed
These values and principles are also fully opment of this document, based on a considerably. The organization in Yerevan
in tune with the citizen-led democratic broad consultation of Francophone youth. of the Ministerial Conference in 2015
movement at the root of the political It is very important for us that this and the Summit of La Francophonie in
changes in Armenia; a peaceful movement, “Francophone Pact for Living Together” 2018 certainly contributed to this.
carried by the youth but shared with all the be adopted by the Heads of State and The dynamism that we deploy in the ser-
people of the country as part of a collective Government of La Francophonie at the vice of La Francophonie and its values, the
aspiration to “live together” in a free, just Yerevan Summit. efforts we are taking to promote La
and united society. Francophonie for greater visibility are rec-
The choice of this theme is also based on Q How will Armenia’s role within the ognized. This is obviously a long-term plan
an assessment of the international environ- Francophonie change as a result of hosting which will lead to a more sustained presence
ment, marked by a resurgence of intolerance this year’s summit? of Armenia in some of these countries.
and discrimination, and the worrisome pro- A At the 17th Francophonie Summit,
liferation of hate speech and extremism. Armenia will take over the presidency of Q As part of the Summit, there will be other
TATEV MNATSAKANYAN
Therefore, this theme will form the basis of the Conference of Heads of State and important events such as the Economic
the Yerevan Summit Declaration; it empha- Government of La Francophonie for Forum and a number of cultural concerts
sizes this set of common values—peace, a period of two years. During the two and exhibits. What can we expect?
democracy, respect for the rule of law and years of presidency, Armenia will take A We wanted the economic dimension of
human rights, equality between men and initiatives based on the priorities adopted La Francophonie to be fully taken into
18 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgaccount during the Yerevan Summit and Q Since being designated to host the than three months before the Summit, all
this is why we are holding the Economic Summit, a revolution took place that energies are mobilized to ensure the success
Forum on October 10th. It will bring changed Armenia considerably. Do these of this event.
together about 300 representatives of the changes impact the Summit, and if so,
business community and employers’ orga- how? Q What will change for Armenia as a
nizations from the various countries of La A It is clear that Nikol Pachinyan, the prime result of hosting this Summit?
Francophonie. The forum will place par- minister of the Republic of Armenia, has A By organizing this Summit, Armenia
ticular emphasis on digital and new tech- made several declarations on this subject, will be, for a few days, at the center of the
nologies which is a particularly developed and has made a very clear commitment to international diplomatic world with
sector of the Armenian economy. A net- organize the Summit under the best condi- increased global visibility. Its stature at the
international level will certainly be
enhanced. I have no doubt that there are
“Armenia is strongly committed to cultural positive effects of this event for the domes-
exchange and the desire to promote tolerance, tic economy, both economically and cul-
turally while the French language and the
respect for human dignity and diversity—the francophone culture will certainly be
same values promoted by Francophonie.” bolstered.
We also hope that the success of this
Summit marks for a long time the spirit of
work of French-speaking digital ministers tions. An Intergovernmental Committee the delegations that will have participated.
will be established in which Armenia chaired by the Prime Minister meets regu- We will be keen to ensure that, at the end
intends to fully engage during the years of larly; all organizational arrangements are of the Yerevan Summit, the place and role
his presidency of the Summit. made at the senior governmental level to of La Francophonie as a player in interna-
We will also unveil the “Village of La coordinate preparations for the Summit. It tional relations is reaffirmed and that the
Francophonie” where a public gala concert can build on the work completed by the decisions taken contribute to giving a new
will take place on October 11th, featuring National Organizing Committee at the impetus to La Francophonie. By taking
internationally recognized artists includ- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, over the presidency of the Summit for the
ing Charles Aznavour, Angélique Kidjo which operates in close cooperation with next two years, Armenia will work to
and Garou, that will highlight the rich cul- the Steering Committee of the International achieve these goals.
tural diversity of La Francophonie. Organization of La Francophonie. Less Thank you.
Learn About
Armenian Culture,
History and Heritage
from Influential Thinkers
Around the World
VOD Video on Demand
agbuwebtalks.orgFriends in High Places
French defenders of the Armenian Cause
By RAYMOND H. KÉVORKIAN
A
t the turn of the 20th French Socialist leader Jean Jaurès’ speech one-and-a-half-hour speech marked the
c e n t u r y, t h e m a s s on November 3, 1896 in the Chamber of true start of the Armenophile movement in
violence perpetrated Deputies that set the Armenian solidarity France. Parisian newspapers, which were
against the civilian pop- movement into motion. It came as a sur- known to receive large sums from agents of
ulations of the Ottoman prise, because no one expected to see him the Ottoman sultan, changed their tone. In
Empire—in Bulgaria, intervene on a matter relating to foreign particular, he pointed out the cynicism of
LEBRECHT MUSIC & ARTS/ALAMY
Macedonia and Armenia—prompted a politics. Its effect on aid and public opinion the minister.
mobilization in French intellectual and was considerable; in particular, he blamed But Jaurès was not the only one to con-
political circles. The massacres ordered by the French government for the policy it demn this violence. Georges Clemenceau,
Sultan Abdülhamid II against the had pursued toward Turkey for four years, a journalist and political activist, worked
Armenians between 1894 and 1896—long taking specific aim at the Minister of alongside Jean Jaurès and Anatole France.
ignored by the French press—were ulti- Foreign Affairs, Gabriel Hanotaux, He led an information campaign in his
mately made known to the public. It was who was in the room at the time. His newspaper, La Justice, which was one of
20 AGBU August 2018 | www.agbu.orgLeft: Anatole France: French poet, journalist,
and 1921 winner of Nobel Prize in Litera-
ture, in his off ice in 1904. Right: Georges
Clemenceau: French politician, physician,
and journalist who was Prime Minister of
France during WWI. Inset: Pro Armenia, a
journal established by leaders of the Armeno-
phile movement.
turn of the 20th century as well as the vice
president—and later secretary-general—of
the Human Rights League.
The most recent scholarship on these
issues illustrate the impact of this mobiliza-
tion on the ethical struggles that would
follow, particularly the struggle beginning
in 1898 to exonerate Captain Dreyfus, a
Jewish officer in the French army who was
wrongly convicted of treason in 1894. The
case divided French society into those who
believed him guilty and those who did not,
the latter of which was led by Georges
Clemenceau alongside Emile Zola and
Jean Jaurès, among others. In fact, in the
mind of Clemenceau, there was an ethical
connection between the Armenian massa-
cres of 1894-1896 and the Dreyfus
Affair—a kind of continuum that brought
together the same intellectual and political
networks in the name of injustice and in the
name of its arbitrariness. In the newspaper
L’Aurore on February 26, 1898, he draws a
clear parallel between the two struggles: “In
the Jew, we saw a man to defend. Similarly,
I defended the Christians of Armenia who
the few publications to report on the eye to the massacre of hundreds of thou- were massacred by the Turks at a time when
large-scale massacres in the Ottoman sands of Ottoman Armenian subjects was so many newspapers that accuse us of being
Empire against the Armenians in the also a way to lead the fight against colonial paid by the Jewish syndicate were remark-
final months of 1895. They both policies; denouncing the authoritarian ably silent, as the syndicate of elite Jewish
denounced the state policy that prevented inclinations rooted in the practices of power and Christian banking families needed to
France from intervening and anti-Semitism was let this human blood flow to make Ottoman
in—or even from con- also a way to refuse a drift money grow.” For him, as for his colleagues,
demning—the policies toward the arbitrary, this struggle left a scar, because he was not
of Sultan Abdülhamid toward the reactionary able to influence French policy or arrange a
II as well as the groups tendencies of certain diplomatic intervention that would have
“that intended to political circles. It is certainly put an end to the massacres.
turn the massacres in around this struggle that Furthermore, they saw that, by building on
Armenia into an oppor- Georges Clemenceau, their experience, they drew much more
tunity for a religious Anatole France, Jean attention defending Captain Dreyfus than
campaign.” Such con- Jaurès, Jean Longuet, fighting for the Armenians.
demnation raised the Francis de Pressensé and Condemning the repressive policies of
political consciousness Eugène de Roberty, who the Ottoman authorities after the massa-
of ordinary citizens, jointly founded the cres ended, however, remained at the heart
uniting individuals from Human Rights League, of the concerns of the editorial board of the
various walks of life became members of the journal Pro Armenia, which still had Pierre
including academics and intellectuals. editorial board of the journal Pro Armenia, Quillard as its editor. Moreover, it was
These activists were aware of the respon- which was led by Pierre Quillard.1 An around the journal that the International
sibility that had fallen to them: to denounce ardent supporter of Alfred Dreyfus and a Congress of Armenophiles was organized
the cynicism of France’s policies toward close friend of Bernard Lazare and Francis in Brussels in 1902 with the goal of offer-
Turkey, which were mainly driven by eco- de Pressensé, Pierre Quillard was one of the ing insights on the extent of the political
ALAMY
nomic interests. Refusing to turn a blind most active French Armenophiles at the and social branches of the movement. This
www.agbu.org | August 2018 AGBU 21You can also read
