UNIFIED COVID-19 ALGORITHMS - LAST UPDATED: JUNE 21, 2021
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UNIFIED COVID-19
ALGORITHMS
LAST UPDATED: JUNE 21, 2021DISCLAIMER
The current algorithms are based on the best evidence available in scientific literature at the
time of its formulation. However, these algorithms are not a comprehensive guide to all
practice questions and management options on COVID-19. This is not meant to restrict the
practitioner in using sound clinical judgement and sharing the decision with the patient, and
from considering other management options according to the patient’s particular needs and
preferences. The algorithms can serve to inform policy, but are not meant to serve as a basis
for approving or denying financial coverage or insurance claims merely because of
nonconformance with recommendations. Neither are the recommendations supposed to be
considered as legal rules for dictating certain modes of action to the exclusion of others.
2BACKGROUND
The Unified COVID-19 Algorithms is an ongoing collaboration between volunteer facilitators,
technical specialists and algorithm constructors, contributors and reviewers from different medical
organizations, and coordinated with the DOH Disease Prevention and Control Bureau. This release
reflects evidence and policy updates, as well as medical community consensus since the call of the
Health Professionals’ Alliance Against COVID-19 to re-strategize the country’s response against
COVID-19.
Each algorithm was reviewed by subject matter experts, stakeholders, as well as end- users. With
the Philippine context in perspective, the algorithms provide clear guidelines for COVID-19
management from both the community and hospital levels. Algorithms reinforce the Philippine
COVID-19 Living Recommendations. The development process was guided by evidence-based,
patient-centered, and equity-driven principles.
Work on the first version of the Unified Algorithms was started as early as March 2020 with a small
team of volunteer algorithm constructors and five core medical societies, facilitated by volunteers
from the Asia-Pacific Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare (APCEBH), Alliance for Improving
Health Outcomes (AIHO), and Kalusugan ng Mag-Ina (KMI). The first version was hosted by the
Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (PSMID). With continued support from
PSMID, this expansion was carried out by the HPAAC Steering Committee through its network of
volunteers and the leadership of various medical professional societies.
These algorithms are subject to change as evidence emerges and guidelines are updated.
Recommendations on patient care are not absolute. Final decisions remain under the discretion of
the healthcare provider.
As the unified algorithms are utilized, end-users are enjoined to provide feedback as to their
experience with use of the algorithms in the field through: secretariat@psmid.org and
hpaac.org.ph/contact or secretariat@hpaac.org.ph.
3DEVELOPED BY
Philippine Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Philippine College of Physicians
Philippine Society of Public Health Physicians
Philippine Society of General Internal Medicine
Philippine College of Emergency Medicine
Philippine College of Occupational Medicine
Philippine Society of Hospice and Palliative Medicine
Philippine College of Chest Physicians
Philippine Society of Newborn Medicine
Philippine Academy of Pediatric Pulmonologists
Philippine Hospital Infection Control Society
Asia Pacific Center for Evidence Based Healthcare
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes
Kalusugan ng Mag-Ina
Healthcare Professionals Alliance Against COVID-19
4ALGORITHM CONSTRUCTORS
Dr. Alberto E. Antonio, Jr.
Dr. Fae Princess Bermudez
Dr. Johannes Paolo B. Cerrado
Dr. Alexander Leandro B. Dela Fuente
Dr. Ronna Cheska V. De Leon-Yao
Dr. Enrico Ian L. Deliso
Dr. Zashka Alexis M. Gomez
Dr. John Michael B. Hega
Dr. Sarah Reem D. Hesham Mohamed Hagag
Dr. Jan Derek D. Junio
Dr. Richard Raymund R. Ragasa
Dr. Sitti Khadija U. Salabi
Dr. Philine Aurea Grace S. Salvador
Dr. Justin Alan A. Yao
Intern Lara Mara Marielle L. Castillo
Intern Patricia S. Sy
5STEERING COMMITTEE
Dr. Marissa M. Alejandria
Dr. Maaliddin B. Biruar
Dr. Romelei S. Camiling-Alfonso
Dr. Antonio Miguel L. Dans
Dr. Pauline F. Convocar
Dr. Anna Sofia Victoria S. Fajardo
Dr. Rodney M. Jimenez
Dr. Mario M. Panaligan
Dr. Aileen T. Riel-Espina
Dr. Maria Asuncion A. Silvestre
6CONTRIBUTORS
Dr. Cybele Lara R. Abad Dr. Maria Margarita Ballon-Malabanan
Dr. Dennis James E. Absin Dr. Wendel Marcelo
Dr. Roselle S. Andres Dr. Faith Joan Mesa-Gaerlan
Dr. Ann Joan D. Bandonill Dr. Katerina Nono-Abiertas
Dr. Jubert Benedicto Dr. Arabelle Colleen Ofina
Dr. Regina Berba Dr. Phil M. Pangilinan
Dr. Donna Isabel S. Capili Dr. Michal Emy Pasaporte-Hafalla
Dr. Criselda Isable C. Cenizal Dr. Djhoanna A. Pedro
Dr. Rumalie A. Corvera Dr. Rommel B. Punongbayan
Dr. Marilen Evangeline M. Cruz Dr. Josephine S. Raymundo
Dr. Luningnging P. Cubero Dr. Neil P. Rodrigo
Dr. Guinevere Dy-Agra Dr. Generoso Roberto
Dr. Barbara Amity Flores Dr. Arthur Dessi E. Roman
Dr. Karin Estepa-Garcia Dr. Rachel Rosario
Dr. Lester Sam A. Geroy Dr. Evalyn A. Roxas
Dr. Elaisa M. Hasse Dr. Rowena Samares
Dr. Mari Joanne Joson Dr. Richard Henry S. Santos
Dr. Melissa M. Juico Dr. Gerard Danielle K. Sio
Dr. Felix F. Labanda, Jr. Dr. Rojim Sorrosa
Dr. Margaret Leachon Dr. Arnold P. Tabun, Jr.
Dr. Aurora Gloria I. Libadia Dr. Jeanne V. Tiangha-Gonzales
Dr. Dax Ronald O. Librado Dr. Patrick Joseph G. Tiglao
Dr. Bryan Albert T. Lim Dr. Ma. Esterlita V. Uy
Dr. April Llaneta Dr. Ivan N. Villespin
Dr. Leslie Ann Luces
7NAVIGATION TABLE FOR COVID-19 (See Figure 1 for Instructions)
COVID-19 Classification Triage and Management Discharge and
Testing Reintegration
Asymptomatic patients Figure A1 Figure A2 Figure A3
- No symptom but travels from or lives in areas with community transmission
COVID-19 Contacts Figure B1 Figure B2 Figure B3
- Close contacts1 of confirmed, probable or suspected cases;
Mild COVID-19 (suspected2 or confirmed) Figure C1 Figure C2 Figure C3
- Symptoms present, with no risk factors3 and no signs of pneumonia
Moderate COVID-19 (suspected2 or confirmed) Figure D1 Figure D2 Figure D3
- Symptoms present plus risk factors3 , OR signs of pneumonia4
Severe COVID-19 (suspected2 or confirmed) Figure E1 Figure E2 Figure E3
- Symptoms present plus signs of respiratory failure5
Critical COVID-19 (suspected2 or confirmed) Figure F1 Figure F2 Figure F3
- Symptoms present plus deteriorating vital signs6
Other Algorithms
Emergency Department and Transport Figure G1-5
Pregnancy (H1), Labor (H2) and Newborn (H3) Figure H1 Figure H2 Figure H3
Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Figure J
Advanced Care Planning Figure K
End-of-life Care Figure L
Post-mortem Care Post-Mortem Care Guidelines
FOOTNOTES
1 Close Contact - failed in two or more of the following exposures to a probable or confirmed case in the past 14 days: poorly ventilated indoor area,
distance < 1 meter, unprotected/no PPE, exposure >15 mins. Examples: living with or caring for a COVID-19 patient
2 COVID-19 Suspect - A person who meets the clinical AND epidemiological criteria:
Clinical Criteria (symptoms):
- Acute onset of fever AND cough; OR
- Acute onset of ANY THREE OR MORE of the following signs or symptoms: Fever, cough, general weakness/fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat,
coryza, dyspnea, anorexia/nausea/vomiting1, diarrhea, altered mental status
Epidemiological Criteria
- Residing or working in an area with high risk of transmission of virus: closed residential settings, humanitarian settings such as camp and camp-like
settings for displaced persons; anytime within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or
- Residing or travel to an area with community transmission anytime within the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or
- Working in any health care setting, including within health facilities or within the community; any time within the 14 days prior of symptom onset
3 Risk factors: age > 60 OR comorbid conditions like chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic neurological
conditions, diabetes, problems with the spleen, weakened immune system such as HIVm AUDS or medicines (steroid, chemotherapy), morbid obesity (BMI >
40)
4 Signs of pneumonia: difficulty of breathing, crackles on PE, Xray findings.
5 Respiratory failure: difficulty of breathing OR O2 saturation < 94 OR RR > 30
6 Hypotension, shock, diminished sensorium, ARDS, sepsis, or end organ failureINSTRUCTIONS
HOW TO READ THE ALGORITHMS
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The clinical algorithm (flow chart) is a text format that is specially suited for
representing a sequence of clinical decisions which are intended to improve and
standardize decisions in delivery of medical care. For the purpose of clarity, a typical
clinical algorithm is depicted with basic symbols that represent clinical steps in decision-
making:
Clinical State Decision Y Action Connection
Box Box Box Box
N
1. The rectangle with rounded edges depicts the current clinical state of an individual
patient;
2. The hexagon is decision box which contains a question answerable by yes or no; one
arrow going to the right signifies “yes”, and one arrow going downwards signifies
“no”;
3. The rectangle with sharp edges depicts the action to be done; and
4. The oval depicts connection to another algorithm in a different page.
Note that the following algorithms are adapted from multiple guidelines as
released by the World Health Organization, Department of Health, and other societies.
This document was also reviewed by different experts with the end-goal of having a
summarized and comprehensive compilation of guidelines that will aid in management of
COVID-19 patients by healthcare workers from both the community and hospital levels.
Lastly, while these patient-centered algorithms intend to summarize and
simplify recommendations, these may be subject to change as evidence emerges and
guidelines are updated. Any recommendations on patient care are not absolute. Final
decisions remain under the discretion of the healthcare provider.
1PART A
ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS
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10Figure A1 – Asymptomatic COVID-19 (Triage and Evaluation)
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1
ASYMPTOMATIC
patient for
COVID-19
clearance
2
Presents with Y
a positive RT-
PCR result?
N
3
Exposure by
close contact Y
with a known
case?
N
4
5
Exposure by Y See Figure B2
travel from
Management of
area of high
transmission? Contacts
N
6 7 8 9 10
Exposure by
Fulfills any of the Are there Enough human
residence in a Y Y
Y ff? Y sufficient RT-PCR resources for RT-PCR on Day 5-7
community after exposure
- elderly >60 tests to cover for additional contact
with high
- with comorbidity symptomatics? tracing?
transmission?
N N N N
11 12 13
Adhere to minimum ASYMPTOMATIC
Positive RT- Y
public health Confirmed
PCR result?
standards COVID-19
N
14 15
Complete 14-day Ensure that contact
quarantine from last tracing has been
day of exposure initiated thru
(Day 0) BHERTS/ CESU/MESU
16
See Figure A2
Management of
Asymptomatic
CasesFigure A2 – Asymptomatic COVID-19 (Management)
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1
From Figure A1
2
ASYMPTOMATIC
Confirmed
COVID-19
3
Ensure contact
tracing initiated
through BHERT/
CESU/MESU/
employer
4 5 6 7
Available Can adequately
separate room in Y monitor and Y Does the patient Y
the household treat patient’s prefer to stay in Isolate at Home a
and with proper clinical evolution at home?
air ventilation? at home?
N N N 8 9 10 11
d
Identify close Begin Monitoring
Isolate at LIGTAS Quarantine c the contacts. of cases:
COVID Center b entire household Refer to B1: (Day 0 = date sample
Contacts Triage taken)
12 13
Reclassify.
Patient with Y
e See Navigation
symptoms ?
Table
FOOTNOTES
a
Self-isolate at Home - Patient in home isolation must stay separate from other household members who are also in home N
14
quarantine. Caregivers must wear mask properly when attending to patient, observe hand hygiene, and limit duration of
15
contact. If there is no separate CR for the patient, disinfect touched surfaces and ventilate the room (e.g. exhaust, open
doors and windows) after every use. See Figure A3
End monitoring and
Discharge and
home isolation
b Reintegration
LIGTAS COVID Center - Contacts shall be provided with individual isolation rooms, separate from those who are
symptomatic. In community-based isolation, special consideration must be afforded to individuals requiring assistance with
activities of daily living e.g. elderly living alone, young children, persons with disabilities, mothers with young infants, etc.
c
Home Quarantine - All members of the household must strictly stay at home per LGU protocol.
d Monitoring by Barangay Health Emergency Response Team (BHERT) for isolation:
- Accomplish a Case Investigation Form (CIF) by BHERT and/or Primary Care Provider.
- Ensure daily monitoring throughout the duration of isolation and household quarantine.
- Facilitate home care and social safety nets as needed.
e COVID-19 common signs and symptoms – fever, cough, general weakness/fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coryza,
dyspnea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, altered mental status, anosmia, ageusia/dysgeusia
12Figure A3 – Asymptomatic COVID-19 (Discharge and Reintegration)
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1
From Figure A2
2
ASYMPTOMATIC
Confirmed
COVID-19
3
Complete 10-day
isolation from day
that patient tested
positive
4
Is the patient Y
immuno-
a
Compromised ?
N
5 6 7 8 9
Is the patient Repeat
a healthcare Y RT-PCR test Y Do RT-PCR Y Refer to Infectious
available? RT-PCR
worker? Disease specialist
Positive?
N N N 10 11 12
Recovered c
May return to work .
Discharge from Y ASYMPTOMATIC
No further tests
isolation b Confirmed
necessary
COVID-19
FOOTNOTES
a
Immunocompromised individuals are patients
• On chemotherapy for cancer
• Untreated HIV infection with CD4 T-lymphocyte countPART B
CONTACTS
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14Figure B1 – Contacts (Triage and Evaluation)
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1
a
CLOSE CONTACT
of a Probable or
Confirmed COVID-
19 patient in the
past 14 days
2
Ensure that BHERT/
CESU/MESU/
Employer are
informed
3 4 5 6
Fulfils ANY Are there
Enough human
of the ff: Y sufficient RT-PCR Y Y Option to test IF RT-
resources for
- Elderly (>60 y/o) kits to cover for PCR is accessible and
additional contact
- with comorbidity contacts & affordable at Day 5-7
tracing?
asymptomatics?
N N N
7 8
ASYMPTOMATIC
Positive RT-PCR Y
Confirmed
result Test?
COVID-19
N
9 10
Recommend 14- Refer to A2:
day quarantine Management of
from last day of Asymptomatic
exposure (Day 0) Case
11
Refer to
Figure B2:
Management
FOOTNOTE of Contacts
a
Close Contact: failed in two or more of the
following exposures to a probable or confirmed case
in the past 14 days: poorly ventilated indoor area,
distance < 1 meter, unprotected/no PPE, exposure
>15 mins. Examples: living with or caring for a
COVID-19 patient
15Figure B2 – Contacts (Management)
Return to Navigation
1
From Figure A1
OR
Figure B1
2
Exposure by
travel or
Close Contact
3 4 5 6
Available Can adequately
separate room in Y monitor and Y Does the patient Y Quarantine at
the household treat patient’s prefer to stay in a
Home
and with proper clinical evolution at home?
air ventilation? at home?
N N N
7
8 9 10
COVID-19 Reclassify.
Quarantine at Y
common signs Suspect See
LIGTAS COVID
b and COVID-19 Navigation
Center
symptoms? d Table
N 11
Complete
recommended
quarantine
period
Refer to Figure
12
B3: Discharge
and
reintegration
of contacts
FOOTNOTES
a
Self-quarantine at Home - Members of the same household who have been exposed must strictly separate from non-
exposed members and stay at home per LGU protocol. If there is no separate CR for the patient, disinfect touched
surfaces and ventilate the room (e.g. exhaust, open doors and windows) after every use.
b LIGTAs COVID Center – Contacts shall be provided with individual quarantine rooms separate from those who are
symptomatic. In community-based quarantine, special consideration must be attributed to individuals requiring assistance
with activities of daily living (e.g., elderly living alone, young children, persons with disabilities, mothers of young infants)
c
Monitoring by Barangay Health Emergency Response Team (BHERT) for quarantine:
- Accomplish a Case Investigation Form (CIF) by BHERT and/or Primary Care Provider.
- Ensure daily monitoring throughout the duration of isolation and household quarantine.
- Facilitate home care and social safety nets as needed.
d
COVID-19 common signs and symptoms – fever, cough, general weakness/fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coryza,
dyspnea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, altered mental status, anosmia, ageusia/dysgeusia
16Figure B3 – Contacts (Discharge and Reintegration)
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1
From Figure B2
2
Close Contact
under quarantine
3
End monitoring and
home quarantine
after 14 days
4
Discharge; No further
testing necessary;
May return to worka
FOOTNOTE
a RT-PCR tests, rapid antibody tests, and rapid antigen tests are NOT
recommended for work clearance.
Refer to workplace guidelines
1. DOLE-DTI Joint Memorandum Circular 20-04-A (August 15, 2020)
2. DOH Workplace Handbook as of September 30, 2020
17PART C
MILD COVID-19
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181 Figure C1 – Mild Covid-19 (Triage and Evaluation)
MILD
Suspect a
COVID-19
Return to Navigation
2
Isolate and
facilitate testing.
Inform
b
close contacts .
3 4
RT-PCR test
available in a
Y
nationally Do RT-PCR test
accredited
laboratory?
N 5 6 7
Rapid antigen Y Y Y
test available? Do Rapid Ag Test Positive?
N N 8
Previous
b
contact or Y
linked to a
c
cluster of
cases
N 9
Recent
anosmia or
ageusia
Y
without
identified
cause?
N 10 11 12 13 14
IF chest imaging
Y RT-PCR/Antigen Y Repeat RT-PCR/ Positive MILD
was done, are Y
test available and Antigen Test; Confirmed
findingsd suggestive RT-PCR/Antigen
feasible? Maintain isolation test results? COVID-19
of COVID-19?
N 15 N N 16 17
Ensure that contact
Non-COVID ARI MILD
tracing has been
(Usual Care) Probable
initiated thru
COVID-19
CESU/MESU
18
See Figure C2
FOOTNOTES
a Suspect for Management
of Mild
I. A person who meets the clinical AND epidemiological criteria:
1. Clinical criteria:
• Acute onset of fever AND cough; OR b
• Acute onset of ANY THREE OR MORE of the following signs or symptoms: fever, cough, Close Contact
general weakness/fatigue, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coryza, dyspnea, • Failed in two or more of the following exposures to a probable or confirmed case in the past 14 days:
anorexia/nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, altered mental status. poorly ventilated indoor area, distance < 1 meter, unprotected/no PPE, exposure >15 mins
AND • Examples: living with or caring for a COVID-19 patient
2. Epidemiological criteria: c
• Residing or working in an area with a high risk of transmission of the virus: for example, A cluster is a group of symptomatic individuals linked by time, geographic location and common exposures,
closed residential settings and humanitarian settings, such as camp and camp-like settings for containing at least one RT-PCR confirmed case OR at least two epidemiologically linked, symptomatic
displaced persons, anytime within 14 days prior to symptom onset; OR {meeting clinical criteria in footnote b) persons with positive Rapid Antigen Test.
• Residing in or travel to an area with community transmission anytime within 14 days prior to d Typical chest imaging findings of COVID-19:
symptom onset; OR
• Working in a health setting, including within health facilities and within households, anytime 1. Chest radiography - hazy opacities, often rounded in morphology, with peripheral and lower lung
within 14 days prior to symptom onset. distribution;
2. Chest CT - multiple bilateral ground glass opacities, often rounded in morphology, with peripheral and
II. A patient with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI: acute respiratory infection with history of lower lung distribution;
fever or measured fever of > 38 degree Celsius; and cough; with onset within the last 10 days; and 3. Lung ultrasound - thickened pleural lines, B lines, consolidative patterns with or without air
which requires hospitalization) bronchograms. 19Figure C2 – Mild Covid-19 (Management)
1 2 Return to Navigation
MILD
Probable or
From Figure C1
Confirmed
COVID-19
3
Ensure that contact
tracing has been
initiated thru
BHERTs/CESU/MESU
/Employer
4 5 6 7
Available Can adequately
separate room monitor and Does the
in the Y treat patient’s Y patient prefer Y a
Isolate at Home
household and clinical to stay in at
with proper air evolution at home?
ventilation? home?
N N N
8 9
c
Isolate at LIGTAS Quarantine the
b entire household
COVID Center
10
Identify close
contacts .
Refer to B1:
Contacts Triage
FOOTNOTES
a Self-isolate at Home - Patient in home isolation must stay separate from other household 11
members who are also in home quarantine. Caregivers must wear mask properly when attending to d
Begin Monitoring
patient, observe hand hygiene, and limit duration of contact. If there is no separate CR for the
of cases
patient, disinfect touched surfaces and ventilate the room (e.g. exhaust, open doors and windows)
after every use.
b
LIGTAS COVID Center - In community-based isolation, special consideration must be afforded to
individuals requiring assistance with activities of daily living e.g. elderly living alone, young
children, persons with disabilities, mothers with young infants, etc. 12
Provide symptomatic
c Home Quarantine - All members of the household must strictly stay at home per LGU protocol. treatment. No
antibiotic needed.
d No prophylaxis.
Monitoring by Barangay Health Emergency Response Team (BHERT) for isolation:
- Accomplish a Case Investigation Form (CIF) by BHERT and/or Primary Care Provider.
- Ensure daily monitoring throughout the duration of isolation and household quarantine.
- Facilitate home care and social safety nets as needed.
13 14
e
Improvement of clinical status:
- No fever for at least 24 hours without antipyretics Worsening signs Y Reclassify. Return
- Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly and symptoms? to navigation
- CXR shows significant improvement if available table
N
16
15
Refer to
Improvement Figure C3
of Clinical Statuse DischargeFigure C3 – Mild Covid-19 (Discharge and Reintegration)
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FOOTNOTES
1
a
Improvement of clinical status
• No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 3 days
From Figure C2 • Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
• CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
b Immunocompromised individuals are patients
• On chemotherapy for cancer
2 • Untreated HIV infection with CD4 T-lymphocyte countPART D
MODERATE COVID-19
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22Figure D1 – Moderate COVID-19 (Triage and Evaluation)
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1
MODERATE FOOTNOTES
Suspect a a Risk Factors: age > 60 OR any comorbid conditions as listed below:
COVID-19
chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease or hypertension
chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic neurological conditions
diabetes, problems with the spleen, morbid obesity (BMI > 40)
2 3 4 weakened immune system such as HIV or AIDS, or medicines such as steroid
Recommend admit tablets or chemotherapy
HESU to inform
With pneumonia
Y patient. b b
CESU/MESU so that Administer acute care for the patient while considering admission and service
or other indications Inform and prepare
contact tracing can capability. Service capability as basis for admission can depend on multiple
for admission? patient for
be anticipated. factors including: (1) best clinical judgement of the health provider (2)
transport (Figure G)
appropriateness of health care facility (3) geographical
N access to the next higher level facility (4) patient context.
5 6 7 c
Close Contact: Failed in two or more of the following exposures to a probable
Isolate and facilitate RT-PCR available or confirmed case in the past 14 days: poorly ventilated indoor area, distance < 1
May opt Y
testing. in a nationally meter, unprotected/no PPE, exposure >15 mins
NOT to admit
Inform close accredited Examples: living with or caring for a COVID-19 patient
(e.g. during a surge) laboratory?
contacts.
d
A cluster is a group of symptomatic individuals linked by time, geographic
N 9 location and common exposures, containing at least one RT-PCR confirmed case
8 OR at least two epidemiologically linked, symptomatic {meeting clinical criteria in
footnote b) persons with positive Rapid Antigen Test.
Rapid Antigen test Y e
Typical chest imaging findings of COVID-19:
available? Do Test
1. Chest radiography - hazy opacities, often rounded in morphology, with
peripheral and lower lung distribution;
2. Chest CT - multiple bilateral ground glass opacities, often rounded in
N morphology, with peripheral and lower lung distribution;
10 3. Lung ultrasound - thickened pleural lines, B lines, consolidative patterns with
or without air bronchograms.
Positive
Y
result?
N
11
Previous
contactc or Y
linked to a
d
cluster of
cases?
N 12
Recent
anosmia or ageusia Y
without
identified cause?
N
13 14 15 16 17
IF chest imaging Repeat RT-PCR/
was done, are Y RT-PCR/Antigen Y Antigen Test;
Positive
Y
MODERATE
e test available and RT-PCR/Antigen Confirmed
findings suggestive Maintain
feasible? test results? COVID-19
of COVID-19? isolation
N 18 N N 19 20
Ensure that contact
Non-COVID ARI MODERATE
tracing has been
(Usual Care) Probable
initiated thru
COVID-19 HESU/CESU/MESU
21
See Figure D2.1
for Management
of Moderate CasesFigure D2.1 – Moderate COVID-19 (Outpatient Management)
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1
From Figure D1
FOOTNOTES
2 a
Administer acute care for the patient while considering admission and service
MODERATE capability. Service capability as basis for admission can depend on multiple factors including: (1)
Confirmed or best clinical judgement of the health provider (2) appropriateness of health care facility (3)
Probable geographical access to the next higher level facility (4) patient context.
COVID-19 b
Isolate at home Patient in home isolation must stay separate from other household members
who are also in home quarantine. Caregivers must wear mask properly when attending to
3 patient, observe hand hygiene, and limit duration of contact. If there is no separate CR for the
4 5 patient, disinfect touched surfaces and ventilate the room (e.g. exhaust, open doors and
MODERATE
Was the windows) after every use.
Confirmed or See Figure D2.2 for
patient Y Inpatient Management c
Probable LIGTAS COVID Center - In community-based isolation, special consideration must be afforded
a COVID-19 of Moderate Cases
admitted? to individuals requiring assistance with activities of daily living e.g. elderly living alone, young
(Inpatient) children, persons with disabilities, mothers with young infants, etc.
N d
6 Home Quarantine - All members of the household must strictly stay at home per LGU
protocol.
MODERATE
Confirmed or Probable e
Monitoring by Barangay Health Emergency Response Team (BHERT) for isolation
COVID-19 - Accomplish a Case Investigation Form (CIF) (by BHERT and/or Primary Care Provider
(Outpatient) - Ensure daily monitoring throughout the duration of quarantine
- Facilitate home care and basic needs
7 f
Improvement of clinical status:
Ensure contact - No fever for at least 24 hours without antipyretics
tracing initiated - Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
through BHERT/ - CXR shows significant improvement if available
CESU/MESU/
employer
8 9 10 11
Available separate Can adequately
Y Y Does the patient
room in the household monitor and treat
prefer to stay
Y Isolate at home
b
and with proper patient’s clinical
air ventilation? at home?
evolution at home?
N N N 12 15
13 14
Identify close
Isolate in LIGTAS Quarantine the contacts . e
Begin Monitoring
COVID Centerc entire householdd Refer to B1: of cases
Contacts Triage
16
Provide symptomatic
treatment. No
antibiotic needed.
No prophylaxis.
17
18
Y Reclassify patient.
Patient worsening?
See Navigation Table
N
19 20
See Figure D3 for
Improvement Discharge and
f
of Clinical Status Reintegration of
Moderate CasesFigure D2.2 – Moderate COVID-19 (Inpatient Management)
Return to Navigation
1
FOOTNOTES
From Figure D2.1 a Informed consent is needed BEFORE using COVID-19
investigational drugs and interventions in trials or
compassionate use.
2 b
Investigational Drugs For Moderate COVID-19 – Individual
MODERATE hospitals will have lists of trials they are involved in.
Confirmed or
c Improvement of clinical status:
Probable
COVID-19 - Afebrile for at least 24 hours without antipyretics
(Inpatient) - Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
- CXR shows significant improvement if available
3
Consider
Advance Care
Planning (Figure K)
4
Continue
supportive therapy
5
Consider participation
a,b
in a clinical trial
6
Consider
compassionate use
of investigational
a,b
Drugs
7 8
Y Reclassify patient.
Patient worsening?
See Navigation Table
N
9 10
See Figure D3 for
Improvement of Discharge and
Clinical Statusc Reintegration
of Moderate CasesFigure D3 – Moderate COVID-19 (Discharge and Reintegration)
Return to Navigation
1
FOOTNOTES
From Figure D2.1
OR a Improvement of clinical status
Figure D2.2 • No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 3 days
• Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
• CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
2 b
Immunocompromised individuals are patients
Improving • On chemotherapy for cancer
MODERATE • Untreated HIV infection with CD4 T-lymphocyte countPART E
SEVERE COVID-19
Return to Navigation
271
Figure E1 – Severe COVID-19 (Triage and Evaluation)
SEVERE
Suspect
COVID-19
Return to Navigation
2
FOOTNOTES
a
Stabilize patient a
Administer acute care for the patient while considering admission and service
capability. Service capability as basis for admission can depend on multiple factors including:
(1) Best clinical judgement of the health provider
(2) Appropriateness of health care facility
3 (3) Geographical access to the next higher level facility
See Figure K (4) Patient context
for b Close contact: A person who failed in two or more of the following exposures to a probable or
Advance Care
Planning confirmed case:
- Poorly ventilated indoor area
- Distance less than 1 meter
5 - Unprotected/no PPE
4 COVID-19 test - Exposure >15 mins
See Figure G
Emergency
available in a Y c
nationally A cluster is a group of symptomatic individuals linked by time, geographic location and common
Department & exposures, containing at least one RT-PCR confirmed case OR at least two epidemiologically
accredited
Transport linked, symptomatic {meeting clinical criteria in footnote b) persons with positive Rapid Antigen
laboratory?
Test.
N 7
6 d
Typical chest imaging findings of COVID-19:
- Chest radiography – hazy opacities, often rounded in morphology, with peripheral and lower
Rapid Ag test Y lung distribution
available? Do Test - Chest CT – multiple bilateral ground glass opacities, often rounded in morphology, with
peripheral and lower lung distribution;
- Lung ultrasound – thickened pleural lines, B lines, consolidative patterns with or without air
bronchograms.
N
8
Positive Y
result?
N
9
Previous
b
contact or Y
linked to a
c
cluster of
cases?
N
10
Recent
anosmia or ageusia Y
without
identified cause?
N
11 12 13 14 15
IF chest imaging
Y RT-PCR/Antigen Y Repeat RT-PCR/ Positive SEVERE
was done, are
d test available and Antigen Test;
Y
findings suggestive RT-PCR/Antigen Confirmed
of COVID-19? feasible? Maintain isolation test results? COVID-19
N N
16 N 17 18
Ensure that contact
SEVERE
Non-COVID ARI tracing has been
Probable
(Usual Care) initiated thru
COVID-19
HESU/CESU/MESU
19
See Figure E2
for Management
of Severe1
Figure E2 – Severe COVID-19 (Management)
From Figure E1
Return to Navigation
2
SEVERE
Suspect, Probable or
Confirmed
COVID-19
3
Refer to
FOOTNOTES
Pulmonologist and
Infectious Disease a
Informed consent is needed BEFORE using COVID-19 investigational
Specialist drugs and interventions in trials or compassionate use.
b Investigational drugs for Severe COVID-19
4 - Individual hospitals will have lists of trials they are involved in.
Secure Advanced c Improvement of clinical status
Care Planning
- No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 24 hours
(See Figure K) - Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
- CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
5
Confirm Advanced
Directives
6
Give LMWH as
thromboprophylaxis
7
Give Dexamethasone
6 mg IV x 10 days
8
Consider participation
in clinical trial OR
compassionate use
of investigational
a, b
Drugs
9 10 11 12
Not recommended
Y Patient is on
Does patient Y Y to start Remdesivir
SpO2 < 94% invasive
require O2 (Remdesivir can be
at room air? mechanical
support? continued if initiated prior
ventilation?
to invasive ventilation)
N N N
13
Consider addition of
Remdesivir
in treatment
14 15 16
Y Consider reclassifying See Navigation
Deteriorating
clinical status? as CRITICAL Table
COVID-19
N 17 18
Improvement of See Figure E3
c Discharge of Severe
Clinical Status COVID-19Figure E3 – Severe COVID-19 (Discharge and Reintegration)
Return to Navigation
FOOTNOTES
a
1 Improvement of clinical status
• No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 3 days
• Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
From Figure E2 • CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
b Immunocompromised individuals are patients:
• On chemotherapy for cancer
• With untreated HIV infection with CD4 T-lymphocyte countPART F
CRITICAL COVID-19
Return to Navigation
31Figure F1 – Critical COVID-19 (Triage and Evaluation)
1
Return to Navigation
CRITICAL
FOOTNOTES
Suspect
COVID-19 a
3 Administer acute care for the patient while considering admission and service
capability. Service capability as basis for admission can depend on multiple factors
including: (1) best clinical judgement of the health provider (2) appropriateness of health
2 4 5 care facility (3) geographical access to the next higher level facility (4) patient context.
Cardiopulmonary b
RT-PCR
Patient gasping, not Y (CP) Arrest,
breathing or COVID-19 Suspect Is the patient in a Y See Figure F2.1 - Nasopharyngeal swab, saliva drool/spit samples can be used
hospital? for Advanced ACLS c Rapid Antigen Test
without pulse? until proven
otherwise - Sample collected should be via nasopharyngeal swab
- Should not be used in settings with an expected low prevalence of disease, and for
N N populations with no known exposure
6 7 8 d Close Contact: Two or more of the following exposures to a probable or confirmed case
a See Figure G2
Stabilize patient See Figure G1 in the past 14 days: poorly ventilated indoor area, distance < 1 meter, unprotected/no PPE,
Emergency
Prepare for for Out of Hospital exposure >15 mins
and Transport
transport if needed Cardiac Arrest Examples: living with or caring for a COVID-19 patient
Algorithms
e
A cluster is a group of symptomatic individuals linked by time, geographic location and
common exposures, containing at least one RT-PCR confirmed case OR at least two
10 epidemiologically linked, symptomatic persons with positive Rapid Antigen Test.
9
See Figure K COVID-19 RT-PCR f Typical chest imaging findings of COVID-19:
for Advance Care
Y
test available and 1. Chest radiography - hazy opacities, often rounded in morphology, with peripheral and
Planning b lower lung distribution;
feasible?
2. Chest CT - multiple bilateral ground glass opacities, often rounded in morphology, with
peripheral and lower lung distribution;
N 11 12 3. Lung ultrasound - thickened pleural lines, B lines, consolidative patterns with or without
air bronchograms.
Do test;
Rapid Antigen
Y Maintain isolation
test available and
of symptomatic
feasible c
patient
N 13
Positive RT-
PCR/Antigen Test
Y
results?
N 14
Close Contact d
or linked to a Y
COVID-19
clustere?
N 15
With recent
anosmia or
Y
ageusia in the
absence of other
identified cause?
N 16 17 18 19 20
IF chest
imaging done, RT-PCR/Antigen Y Repeat RT-PCR/ Positive CRITICAL
Y Y
findings test available and Antigen Test; RT-PCR/Antigen Confirmed
f
suggestive of feasible? Maintain isolation test results? COVID-19
COVID-19?
N N N
21 22 23
Ensure that contact
CRITICAL
NON-COVID tracing has been
(Usual Care) Probable
initiated thru
COVID-19
CESU/MESU
24
See Figure F2
for Management of
CRITICAL
16Figure F2 – Critical COVID-19 (Management)
1 Return to Navigation
From Figure F1
FOOTNOTES
a The advance directive should always be reviewed with the family.
2
See Figure K for Advance Care Planning
CRITICAL
Suspect, Probable Guidelines on Advance Directives (DNR)
or Confirmed
COVID-19 1. Medical team may withhold CPR on critically ill patients with NO reasonable
chance of recovery (i.e., ARDS secondary to high-risk pneumonia and
unresponsive to treatment, refractory septic shock, multi-organ failure)
3 2. Free and informed decision for DNR made by competent patient through an
advanced directive should be followed
Secure Advanced
Directives 3. Without advanced directive, the free and informed decision of proxy of an
(Figure K) incompetent patient should be followed
4. Without patient’s or proxy’s decision, the medical team can decide based on
4 futility, the best interest of patient, and scarcity of resources
Confirm Advance 5.Efforts to provide spiritual care and counseling to the patient and family must
Directive as be done
a
Necessary b
Improvement of clinical status
- No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 24 hours
- Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
5 6 - CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
Patient not See Figure F2.1
breathing or
Y for Advanced Cardiac
without pulse? Life Support (ACLS)
N
7 8
Patient develops
See Figure F2.2
respiratory distress Y for Management
AND unstable
of ARDS
vital signs?
N 9 10
Patient develops See Figure F2.3
Y for Sepsis
sepsis or
septic shock? Management
N
11 12
Irreversible Y See Figure L for
respiratory failure? End of Life Care
N
13 14
Patient expired?
Y See Figure M for
Post Mortem Care
N 15
16
Refer to
Improvement
b Figure F3
of clinical status
for dischargeFigure F2.1 – Critical COVID-19 (Advanced Cardiac Life Support or ACLS)
1
From Figure F2 Return to Navigation
FOOTNOTES
2
a
The advance directive should always be reviewed with the family. See Figure K for
CRITICAL
COVID-19 Patient Advance Care Planning
in Arrest Guidelines on Advance Directives (DNR)
1. Medical team may withhold CPR on critically ill patients with NO reasonable chance of
recovery (i.e., ARDS secondary to high-risk pneumonia and unresponsive to treatment,
3 refractory septic shock, multi-organ failure)
2. Free and informed decision for DNR made by competent patient through an advanced
directive should be followed
Advance Y
a 3. Without advanced directive, the free and informed decision of proxy of an incompetent
directive available patient should be followed
4. Without patient’s or proxy’s decision, the medical team can decide based on futility, the
best interest of patient, and scarcity of resources
N 5.Efforts to provide spiritual care and counseling to the patient and family must be done
4 5
b The medical team becomes decision maker in the absence of proxy
Proxy decision Does the Y
Y
b directive favor c
maker is available Early Intubation
resuscitation?
Do early intubation with most experienced person with the use of video-guided
laryngoscope. Can start bag-mask ventilation with HEPA filter.
N N d Hands-only CPR
6 7
Chest compressions only. Consider use of mechanical compressor if available to eliminate
Consider need for manual compressions. Cover patient's mouth and nose with cloth/barrier. Limit
Y Do-Not- number of team to limit exposure. Continue CPR on the following mechanical ventilator
Recovery unlikely?
Resuscitate settings: mechanical ventilator at FiO2 100%, back-up rate 12/min. Avoid bag-mask
(DNR) ventilation (BMV).
N
8
Provide
postmortem care
and bereavement
support
9 10
Initiate CPR with On mechanical Y
proper PPE ventilator?
N
11 12 13
c Continue CPR on
Early intubation Y Do early intubation mechanical
possible? with proper PPE ventilator a, d
N
14 15 16
Return of Continue
d Y supportive or
Do hands only CPR spontaneous
circulation? critical care
N
17 18
Provide Reassess.
postmortem care See Figure F2
and bereavement Management of
support Critical of Patients
19
34
See Figure M for
Post Mortem CareFigure F2.2 – Critical COVID-19 (Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome or CARDS)
Return to Navigation
FOOTNOTES
a d Intensive pulmonary care bundle
Oxygen support therapy
Oxygen support is delivered via face mask or non- 1. Airborne precautions should be followed
rebreather mask with hepa filter. • Bag-mask ventilation is not recommended, unless with hepa filter.
May use high flow nasal cannula at 40-60 L/min Place patient on 6L oxygen support via nasal cannula for pre-oxygenation.
overlapped with a face mask and non-invasive • Avoid disconnecting patient from the ventilator
positive pressure ventilation in a single negative • Nebulization is not recommended. Use metered dose inhalers.
pressure room. Maintain O2St >92% • Use in-line catheters for suctioning.
1 • Endotracheal intubation should be performed by a trained provider using
b the proper PPE. One-time intubation only using rapid sequence intubation
ROX Index (SpO2/FiO2)/RR
From Figure F2 Perform intubation if the ROX index are less than is ideal. Use video laryngoscope if available.
these values at the hours of checking 2. ICU admission
2 hours - < 2.8 3. Conservative fluid management
6 hours - < 3.47 4. Give empiric antimicrobials, guided by the guidelines on Community-
12 hours - < 3.85 Acquired Pneumonia, only if highly suspecting bacterial co-infection.
2 5. Consider neuromuscular blockade in intubated patient with moderate-
CRITICAL c severe ARDS.
Intubation
COVID-19 Patient Intubate with most experienced person with the 6. Give anticoagulation therapy.
with respiratory use of video-guided laryngoscope. Can start bag- 7. Give dexamethasone 6 mg/day for 10 days
distress and mask ventilation with HEPA filter. 8. Refer to pulmonologist or intensivist
unstable vital signs 9. Initiate recruitment maneuvers and lung protection strategies
• Tidal volume 6-8mL/kg of predicted body weight
• Plateau pressure 30 • Consider extracorporeal life support
10. Consider investigational drugs for Critical COVID-19
• Informed consent is needed BEFORE using COVID-19 investigational drugs
and interventions in trials or compassionate use.
N
4
Peripheral
capillary
Y
oxygen saturationFigure F2.3 – Critical COVID-19 (Management of Sepsis)
Return to Navigation
1
See Figure F2
2
COVID-19 Patient
with suspected
sepsis
3 4
a Y
qSOFA > 2? Sepsis
N
5 6 7 8
Systemic Consider referral to
b Y Inflammatory Standard care for
SIRS> 2? intensive care
Response sepsis c specialist
Syndrome
N
9
10
Reassess.
See Figure F2
Sepsis not likely
Management of
Critical of Patients
FOOTNOTES
a
qSOFA Variables
-Respiratory rate >22 breaths/min
-Altered mentation
-Systolic blood pressure 38°C or 90 beats/min
3.Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min, or paCO2 12,000 or 20% immature (band) forms
c
Standard of care for sepsis: (Intensive Care for Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock)
1. Admit patient to the ICU.
2. Give antimicrobials within 1 hour of initial patient assessment. Follow current Guidelines for Diagnosis and
Treatment of CAP in Adults.
3. Blood cultures ideally should be collected prior to antimicrobial treatment, but should not delay administration of
antimicrobials.
4. Early effective fluid resuscitation needed
• Administer at least 30 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid in adults in the first 3 hours.
• Monitor for volume overload during resuscitation.
5. Apply vasopressors when shock persists in the for of norepinephrine, vasopressin, or dobutamine (if with signs of
poor perfusion and cardiac dysfunction.
6. Maintain initial BP target as MAP > or = to 65 mmHg.
7. Insert central venous catheters. If not available, vasopressors may be given through peripheral IV access with the
use of a large vein.
36Figure F3 – Critical COVID-19 (Discharge and Reintegration)
Return to Navigation
1
FOOTNOTES
See Figure F2 a
Improvement of clinical status
• No fever or use of antipyretic for at least 3 days
• Respiratory symptoms reduced significantly
• CXR (if available) shows significant improvement
2 b Immunocompromised individuals are patients
Improving • On chemotherapy for cancer
CRITICAL • Untreated HIV infection with CD4 T-lymphocyte countPART G
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
AND TRANSPORT
Return to Navigation
38Figure G1 – Management of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in Adults
Return to Navigation
1
From Figure F1
2 3
CHECK
own safety prior to See Figure J1 PPE
attending to patient.
Wear PPE.
4
RECHECK
that patient is
unconscious with no
a
normal breathing .
5 6
CALL
COVER
Medical help or EMS c
Cover patient’s mouth
for Telephone-
b and nose with mask or
Assisted CPR if
cloth
available
7 8 9
COMPRESS CONNECT.
Automated Y
Start hands-only CPR Attach AED and
Defibrillator
until EMS or medical follow voice
help arrivesd
present? prompte.
N
10
FOOTNOTES Continue CPR.
Prepare for rapid
transport 10
5C's of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (Check, Call, Cover, Compress, Connect).
aCHECK for personal safety, safety of the environment and patient's status.
Abnormal Breathing- No breathing or agonal, gasping without pulse. 11 12
Is Return of See Figure G4 .
b CALL EMS for Telephone-Assisted CPR and follow instructions Spontaneous Y Management
Circulation of COVID
c COVER the patient's mouth with mask if available or cloth and cover yourself with a mask achieved? Patient in transit
dDo the following:
1. Place the victim flat on his back on the floor.
N 13 14
2. Kneel by the victim’s side. Is Direct
3. Put the heel of your hand on the center of the victim’s chest. Medical Y See Figure M for
4. Put your other hand on top of that hand. Oversight Post Mortem Care
5. With your arms straight, COMPRESS as hard as you can with the heels of your hands. Do it 10 times at the rate availablef?
of 100-120 compressions per minute. Keep going, push hard and fast and count out loud to10 over and over
again. II will stay on the phone. Keep doing it until help/dispatched ambulance arrives.
Call may be re-attempted to known institutional or local government unit emergency operations center hotlines or
follow-up with the person asked to do so; until help arrives. 15
Coordinate with
e CONNECT AED and follow voice prompt institutional or LGU
Command Center for
fDirect Medical Oversight a physician overseeing the emergency medical services and Follow institutional transfer to hospital
protocol or local EMS ProtocolFigure G2 –Primary Transport to a Healthcare Facility*
Return to Navigation
1
Patient for
transport to
healthcare facility
2 3 4
Is direct Call for medical
Is patient
Y medical Y supervision and
unstable on
supervision initiate patient care
scene?
availablea? as instructed
N N
Coordinate with
5 6
institutional or LGU
Command Center for Coordinate with
b c
destination and receiving facility
ambulance/transport
7
Transport patient via
a COVID-ready
ambulance/vehicle
with IPCd measures
FOOTNOTES
* Primary transport also known as pre-hospital transport: Transfer of a patient from
the site of an emergency (e.g., public place, residence or workplace) to a healthcare 8
facility. See Figure G4
Management
a of COVID
Medical supervision may be thru the patient’s primary care physician or a formal
institutional medical director who gives instructions for initial patient care while Patient in transit
waiting and preparing for the medical transport to a health facility
b
Receiving health facility equipped with appropriate resources, specialties, capacity
and availability to receive and treat patient.
c
Confirm that receiving facility is ready for patient's arrival and patient's transfer
location. Communicate patient updates and management steps taken to facilitate
event-free transport. Provide estimated time of arrival (ETA) for ambulance at sending
facility.
d
Satisfy following criteria: (1.) Isolate the ambulance driver from the patient
compartment and keep pass-through doors and windows tightly shut; (2.) Use vehicles
that have isolated driver and patient compartments that can provide separate
ventilation to each area.(3.) If 1 and 2 are not met, all windows are kept open to
ensure adequate airflow.Figure G3 – Secondary Transport (Inter-Facility Transport) *
Return to Navigation
1
Patient for
transport to
appropriate facility
2
Is patient
clinically Y
stable for
a
transport ?
N 3 4 5 6
Continue
management at Coordinate with c e
Communicate with Arrange patient
current facility until institutional or LGU d
receiving facility transport
patient stabilizes Command Centerb
(See Fig C2 and D2)
7
FOOTNOTES Transport patient to
a COVID-ready
*Secondary transport also known as inter-facility transfer is any transfer, after initial assessment and ambulance with IPCf
stabilization, from and to a health care facility (Level 1, 2 or 3 non-COVID hospitals to COVID-19 hospitals, TTMF measures
and LIGTAS centers).
a Reassess patient if clinically stable and safe for transport. Transport only clinically stable patient with stable vital 8
signs. This also includes transport of stable high risk patients who require advanced airway but secured
Healthcare worker
(intubated, on ventilator) and patients on vasoactive medication drips.
team endorse
patient to
b Coordinate with One COVID Referral Center or local government unit Emergency Operations Centers transporting team
9
c
Confirm that receiving facility is ready for patient's arrival and patient's transfer location. Communicate patient
updates and management steps taken to facilitate event-free transport. Provide estimated time of arrival (ETA)
for ambulance at sending facility. Transporting team
receives patient
d
Receiving health facility equipped with appropriate resources, specialties, capacity and availability to receive
and treat patient.
e 10
Ensure that destination facility can be reached timely and safely. Communicate directly with an accepting See Figure G4
provider and check that patient's needs match the available services in the destination facilities: Management
(a.) Admit Moderate (>60 years old) to Severe Suspect, Probable or Confirmed COVID-19 to Level 3 COVID of COVID
Hospital. Admit Moderate (Figure G4 – Management of Patient in Transit
1
Patient for
a
Return to Navigation
transport to
appropriate facility FOOTNOTES
a All patients transported by an appropriate transport vehicle (Advanced Life Support or Basic Life Support that is either
2 institution or LGU-based) accompanied by a team of healthcare workers from residence or any referring point of care to a
designated facility and vice versa.
Check own safety b
Re-assess every 15 minute for initially stable patients; every 5 minutes for severe/critical patients. If no pulse and no breathing,
See Figure J1 for follow BLS/ACLS Protocols with medical supeervision.
proper PPE
C
The ABCDE (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) approach also known as Primary Survey is a systematic way of
assessing a patient for emergency conditions; this is to ensure that life-threatening conditions are recognized early. The ABCDE
3 approach ensures rapid assessment of the patient’s condition and that critical interventions are first done before transport
b d
Re-assess with If conversant, airway is patent. If altered mentation, may not be able to protect the airway and may be at risk for choking or
obstructing airway. Presence of snoring, stridor (high-pitched wheezing sound)
ABCDE c approach
(Primary Survey) e
Jaw thrust technique if trauma is suspected. Provide mask; If choking, do Heimlich maneuver; Suction secretions with viral
filter. Put oropharyngeal airway if without gag reflex.
4 f
Look for signs of difficulty in breathing or cyanosis. Look, listen and feel to see if the patient is breathing. Assess if the breathing
is very fast, very slow or very shallow. Look for increased work of breathing - accessory muscle work, chest indrawing, nasal
Is the flaring, abnormal chest wall movement. Listen for abnormal breath sounds. Check for oxygen saturation if available.
AIRWAY
Y
d g
patent ? Give oxygen titrated accordingly if warranted 92%
N 5 6 h
Look, listen and feel for signs of poor perfusion/shock : cool, moist extremities, delayed capillary refill (CRT>2 secs);
diaphoresis; low blood pressure, increased work of breathing, increased heart rate; or faint/absent pulses. Look for
Open airway using external active bleeding.
Is the patient Y
head-tilt chin-lift
BREATHING i
maneuver if no f Start IV line if not yet inserted. Provide IV crystalloid at 10cc/kg then reassess, or start intravenous hydration with direct medical
normally?
history of traumae supervision. If you cannot start an IV line, consider nasogastric tube or Intraosseous line. Warm the patient. Stop external
bleeding (if present) with direct pressure.
N 7 j
Check for altered mental state using AVPU or GCS scale : check general response to stimulus if Alert, responds to Verbal
stimulus, responds to Painful stimulus or Unresponsive and check eyes, motor and verbal response using Glasgow Coma Scale.
Provide oxygenation Check pupil. Check motor strength and sensation. Check capillary blood glucose.
and ventilation g
k
Hypoglycemia with CBG of < 80 mg/dl or with altered mental status, Call for Direct Medical Supervision to give glucose : 50-
100 ml (1-2 amps) of D50water then recheck for improvement of sensorium and glucose level. Hyperglycemia: Call for Direct
Medical Supervision If entertaining Diabetic Ketoacidosis, treat with IV fluid hydration. Start at 2 liters of crystalloid solution for
8 adults and 20cc/kg hydration for pediatrics. If extremely ill, transfer with no delay to a facility with intensive care facility. Fever
Is the airway with Altered Sensorium: Call for Direct Medical Oversight (EMS)/Supervision, give with Paracetamol.
and breathing Y l
Examine the entire body for hidden injuries, rashes, bites, lesions. Respect the
status
patient’s modesty. Remove constricting clothing/jewelry. Check for temperature.
improved?
Cover the patient to prevent hypothermia; spray with cool water mist, fan and give IV
fluids for severe hyperthermia.
N 9 10
m
Does the patient SAMPLE history is the mnemonic used for targeted history-taking for Signs and
See Algorithm F2.2 have adequate Y Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Last meal/oral intake and Events surrounding
for ARDS CIRCULATION and injury/illness. Secondary Survey is the head-to-foot assessment or physical examination
h of the patient and to be initiated only when all life-threatening conditions in the
perfusion ?
Primary Survey are addressed. Reevaluation should be done every 15 minutes and
emergency interventions in transit should be seamless with continuous coordination
N 11 12 with the medical oversight until arrival at the appropriate receiving facility for handover.
Provide appropriate Does the patient
circulation and have intact
perfusion DISABILITY and
i j
management mental status?
N 13 14 15 16
Assessment of
Provide appropriate Set SAMPLE history Handover to
l
k EXPOSURE and and perform appropriate receiving
Disability
thermoregulate Secondary Survey facility
Management
properly
17
Return to navigation
table for further
Management.Figure G5 – Infection Prevention and Control for Ambulance EMS Team
Return to Navigation
1
HCW to accompany
patient for
transport
2 3 4 5 6
Does the EMS team
Does the vehicle Keep pass-through doors passenger member with
have a separate Y and windows tightly shut Y Y Stay in the Driver’s
compartment NO direct
patient and provide separate have IPC patient Compartment
compartment? ventilation to each area measure? contact?
N 7 N N 8 9
Keep all windows
Wear appropriate
open to ensure Level 3a PPE
adequate airflow? PPE
11
10
Follow proper
See Figure J1 PPE donning, doffing,
cleaning and disposal
of PPE
12
FOOTNOTES
a Observe frequent
Fit Tested N95 or any equivalent filtering face-piece respirator, water impermeable
gown, double gloves, dedicated shoes, shoe covers and goggles or face shield and proper hand-
hygieneYou can also read
