Urban Mobility Readiness Index - HOW CITIES RANK ON MOBILITY ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT - Oliver Wyman Forum
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MOBILITY Urban Mobility Readiness Index HOW CITIES RANK ON MOBILITY ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Nowhere will mobility innovation be felt more acutely than in cities
Executive
Summary
The planet is getting more urban. By 2030, a top priority of cities around the globe. If a
more than five billion people — about 60 city can’t move its people, goods, and data
percent of the world population — will live in efficiently, it’s hard to see how it thrives.
cities. By then, the United Nations predicts Today, in order to keep up, city leaders
that as many as 43 megacities will exist, each must think in terms of creating mobility
with 10 million or more residents and most ecosystems rather than building a subway
in Asia and Africa. That will be up from 33 here or bike lanes there. Ecosystems are
in 2018. holistic approaches to the challenge of
We’re also becoming more mobile urban mobility. With the latest technologies
and connected. New technologies and blurring the lines between infrastructure,
business models are pushing aside the once vehicles, sensors, and mobility applications,
indomitable privately owned automobile and these ecosystems — just like in biology —
other less efficient modes of transportation. develop around the interaction of various
Whether from drones, autonomous networks and modes of transport. At their
vehicles, hyperloops, the electrification of best, they operate seamlessly, constantly
transportation, shared networks of cars, connected in real time. Ultimately, they
scooters, and bicycles, or the advent of 5G become a competitive advantage for
wireless, the world of mobility is changing their cities.
almost daily.
Nowhere will that transformation be felt
more acutely in the coming decades than Behind The Index
in the world’s major cities where increased That’s why the Oliver Wyman Forum created
urban density and congestion make the tasks the Urban Mobility Readiness Index: How Cities
of creating and maintaining urban transport Rank on Mobility Ecosystem Development. It is
systems ever more complex. That’s why a tool to help cities evaluate their capacity —
developing and improving urban mobility is now and in the future — to exploit new forms
3
of mobility to gain an economic edge. To transport operating hours, public transport
compete effectively for business and skilled affordability, public transport reliability, and
labor, municipal leaders will need to provide traffic management;
policies, regulation, and infrastructure that Social impact, which focuses on volatile
allow these ecosystems to flourish, while metrics, such as road safety, air quality,
also protecting residents against risks from vehicle occupancy rates, car ownership rates,
mobility innovation. and traffic fluidity;
The index serves as a predictive metric Innovation, which focuses on
that gauges and compares various cities’ technology-related metrics, such as the
capabilities to compete and distinguish concentration of skilled workers and
themselves in mobility. In this first edition, startups, electric vehicle market share,
30 global cities from six regions were ranked. and government investment in connected,
The first edition of the index identifies five autonomous vehicle technologies;
cities, listed in descending order, as the Market attractiveness, which focuses on
best prepared overall for the New Mobility: market-driven metrics, such as international
the city of Singapore, Amsterdam, London, airport connectivity, multimodal
Shanghai, and New York. app maturity, and mobility sharing
The index uses five criteria to rank cities. competitiveness and penetration; and
They are: Infrastructure, which focuses on static
System efficiency, which focuses metrics that don’t change quickly or easily,
on controllable metrics, such as public such as the density of public transit stations,
the walkability of a city, and the strength of a
city’s multimodal networks.
The top five cities share a healthy
combination of heritage infrastructure from
past investments, sustained investment,
rapid technology adoption, an engaged
private sector, and forward-looking policies
that aim for managed growth. The highest-
ranked cities performed well across all
categories rather than excelling in one or
two, but generally, leading cities performed
best in system efficiency and innovation
Leading cities metrics. The average score across all 30 cities
was 51, 19.8 percentage points below index
leader Singapore’s score and 24.2 points
tend to perform above the lowest score.
The index analyzes existing public
and private mobility networks; current
best in system regulation, policy, and infrastructure; a city’s
livability, and capacity to incorporate future
technologies and efforts to support them.
efficiency and The rankings and commentary are designed
to help officials, businesses, and others
interested in urban economic development
innovation to identify best practices and strategies for
cities in need of mobility upgrades.
4
Overall Rankings Of Cities
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100, based on how well they meet five core criteria
System Efficiency Social Impact Innovation Market Attractiveness Infrastructure
1 Singapore 70.8
2 Amsterdam 65.5
3 London 62.7
4 Shanghai 62.4
5 New York 61.9
6 Tokyo 61.5
7 Helsinki 61.1
8 Beijing 59.6
9 Seoul 59.0
10 Berlin 58.4
11 Hong Kong 58.2
12 San Francisco 58.0
13 Barcelona 56.8
14 Los Angeles 56.5
15 Paris 53.8
16 Dubai 53.2
17 Chicago 53.1
18 Boston 50.8
19 Toronto 50.4
20 Istanbul 49.9
21 Sydney 48.5
22 Dublin 48.2
23 Warsaw 45.5
24 São Paulo 41.3
25 Mexico City 36.6
26 Riyadh 34.6
27 Bangkok 34.4
28 Mumbai 31.4
29 Johannesburg 30.1
30 Cairo 26.8
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 51.0
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
5
The
Impact Of
New Mobility
Around the globe today, cities operate at encourage experimentation by nearby
vastly different stages of development when universities, and partner with both to create
it comes to mobility. In Los Angeles, 89 an urban laboratory for new tech. That
percent of travel involves a car; in Hong Kong, requires a regulatory environment that
only seven percent does. In Amsterdam, 60 nurtures innovation while still policing its
percent of people get around by cycling or effects on residents.
walking; in Mexico City, 70 percent take mass
transit. With urban mobility, one-size-fits-all
solutions will never work. Transformational Trends
What should be the pivotal factors in But it’s not just cities under pressure. Mobility
determining a city’s success? The Urban itself is being transformed by revolutionary
Mobility Readiness Index reveals that a technologies and solutions that are changing
willingness to innovate and the consistent how people, goods and data are moved.
support of mobility systems over time are The Urban Mobility Readiness Index is being
key. The index strives to be predictive, developed at a pivotal time as city officials and
comparing urban areas not only on their mobility businesses grapple with developing
current operational efficiencies, networks, strategies to incorporate emerging
and services, but also on their capacity technologies and solutions.
to encourage and absorb emerging Three broad technological trends will
technologies. The index evaluates the be primarily responsible for reshaping
trajectory of a city, not a snapshot of how that urban mobility in every city — digitization,
city is doing. Cities score high not just because automation, and electrification. The sharing
their subways run on time, but because they economy, a fourth trend, has led to new
have established a pattern of policymaking business models in which the mobility
and investing in mass transit that ensures service provided is more important than
incorporation of innovations over time. its ownership.
Another differentiating element is this All four are already changing the mobility
index’s focus on cities’ exposure to cutting- choices people have in the biggest urban
edge technologies and how actively cities areas. They also are compounding problems.
support the establishment of startups, For instance, as ride-hailing increases, so do
6
congestion and the concurrent pollution. The cities. Eventually, it will turn everything into
rising adoption of electric vehicles is forcing self-driving vehicles — from cars and trucks,
urban areas to find the funds to invest in to passenger rail, to air taxis, to cargo ships,
charging stations and may eventually prompt to maybe even airliners. In the interim, this
new investment in power generation capacity technology trend is providing autonomous
to support the new demand. functionality that improves safety, efficiency,
and reliability.
Digitization is also bringing the same
Going Electric technology-enabled convenience, efficiency,
The electrification of transportation holds and accessibility to mobility that it brought
the promise of moving the planet away from to banking and shopping. Many of the
fossil fuels. Every form of transport — from new technologies will aid efforts to create
cars, trucks and rail to ships and airplanes seamless, multimodal mobility networks
— is moving in that direction and will need through apps, digital platforms, centralized
new infrastructure to support them. That databases, and artificial intelligence. Cities
will include private and public charging have seen a proliferation of platforms and
stations and more renewable energy apps, including mass transit apps, taxi-
sources to provide sustainably the additional hailing apps, car-pooling platforms, and apps
power required. that give directions and help drivers avoid
For cities, electrification offers the prospect traffic. These apps and platforms coordinate
of reduced greenhouse gas emissions and less urban commuting, last-mile deliveries,
air pollution, less noise with the elimination booking and ticketing, and real-time updates
of internal combustion engines, and on transit, traffic, weather, and shipments.
enhanced livability. A few of the cities on the Ride-hailing and car-sharing services
list are making the switch to electric quickly, are early examples of the seamlessness
especially in China, where the government that these technologies can bring to
has actively supported the transition. Of the transportation and also foreshadow the
425,000 electric buses operating worldwide, rise of a sharing economy business model
421,000 are in Chinese cities and urban areas, that stresses shared assets over individual
partially explaining why Chinese cities score ownership. Here, mobility is defined by the
so high on the index. service provided rather than the vehicle
Cities are also feeling the need to digitize providing it. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
their mobility networks. The push to digitize is enabling mobility on demand, and cities
stems from the development of multiple have already seen increases in ride-hailing
revolutionary technologies like artificial services as well as scooter- and bicycle-
intelligence, machine learning, big data, sharing programs.
predictive analytics, and the Internet of
Things. They are changing the face of mobility
by enabling such capabilities as real-time More Than Transport
traffic control, predictive maintenance of Understanding a city’s mobility involves
vehicles, and seamless trip planning. Future analyzing mass transit, traffic flows, road
applications are nearly limitless. conditions, and operations at airports,
rail stations, and harbors. But any study
of mobility must expand far beyond those
All Things Digital obvious systems to include the efficiency of a
Automation is already responsible for robo- city’s telecommunications, the sophistication
taxis and driverless buses and trains in some and breadth of its networks for moving
7money, and the safety and reliability of all frequent disruption in urban mobility and
the above. incorporate the latest ways of integrating
The cities destined to become tomorrow’s mobility options.
mobility leaders will score high on the When it comes to New Mobility, each
Urban Mobility Readiness Index based city is unique — distinctive on the basis of
on how forward-thinking, user-centric, such factors as climate, geospatial layouts,
and data driven their approach is to population densities, age of the municipality
mobility. In partnership with the private and its infrastructure, and governance. Urban
sector, they will focus on optimal transit leaders and planners must recognize what
solutions — not just legacy systems and makes their city different and reflect those
not just new technologies. They will seek unique challenges in their mobility strategies.
The Future Mobility Ecosystem Playbook
Cities should address four strategic questions before building an ecosystem
Expected impact Key stakeholders
Social Impact
1. What are a city’s
(economic contribution,
strategic goals in Vision Policymakers
safety, employment, and
Mobility?
quality of life )
2. Which Mobility Mobility master plan Infrastructure Mobility
solutions work best (quality of user experience,
& infrastructure Users
for a particular city? reliability cost of mobility)
Private sector Financing Market Attractiveness Mobility
(market growth
activation strategy Providers
and profitability)
System Efficiency
3. What type of operating Mobility
(public transport quality,
model works best for Governance Regulation
traffic and infrastructure Authorities
a particular city?
management)
Innovation
4. What resources are Businesses, Labor,
(technology adoption,
needed for a city to
Education Research economic growth, quality City Economy,
fulfill its Mobility goals
and vision?
of human capital, growth Investors
of investment)
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
8Index
Methodology
For the inaugural 2019 edition of the Urban of real-time connected, multimodal networks
Mobility Readiness Index, the Oliver Wyman that ultimately provide city residents and
Forum selected a set of 30 global cities for in- businesses door-to-door planning, reliability,
depth analysis. These cities are geographically and transparency when moving people
diverse, representing six regions — North or goods.
America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle Based on internal discussions and
East, Asia-Pacific, and Africa. These cities conversations with leading professionals and
— comprising sprawling metropolises like experts in the mobility and transportation
Beijing and more compact cities such as fields, the research team arrived at five key
Helsinki and Amsterdam — were identified attributes of these New Mobility ecosystems:
because of their distinct mobility challenges Integrated. Mobility in the future will
and the varied solutions they are pursuing. stress intermodal, one-stop service providers
They tend to be leaders in understanding that provide seamless travel, commutes, and
the importance of mobility, and they also delivery experiences.
represent economic epicenters for their Accessible. Future mobility will focus
regions, making their efforts to improve on user-oriented approaches that are
mobility vital to growth for the entire region. transparent, easy to use, affordable,
The initial batch also was chosen, to some convenient, efficient, and available
extent, on the availability of data that would to everyone.
enable the Forum team to assess, compare, Sustainable. Systems and solutions will
and track the evolution of their mobility not degrade the environment or health of city
capabilities over time in future versions of residents and can be supported economically
the index. The 2020 edition will include an by the local community.
additional 20 cities. Innovative. Cities should take advantage
To build the index, we began by creating of the latest technologies, reinterpreting them
a vision of what cities should be striving to fit their needs.
for in mobility — the characteristics that Collaborative. Municipalities need
businesses, consumers, and policymakers to create coalitions with private-sector
consider indispensable now and will still enterprises — both large legacy players and
pursue a decade from now. The ultimate startups — so they can work together to shape
strategic goal of cities must be to build the future.
mobility ecosystems that reflect New It follows then that leading cities in the
Mobility technologies and priorities, mobility revolution will likely expand their
such as seamlessness, electrification, and public transportation modes, availability,
digitization. These ecosystems are made up and linkages; embrace the sharing economy;
10Ranking Criteria
The index uses five basic criteria to rank the cities — system efficiency, social impact, innovation, market attractiveness,
and infrastructure. Below find the 35 components that fall under these five metrics — key performance indicators that
identify which cities will excel in mobility
Expected impact Type of metrics Metrics
System Efficiency Controllable Metrics Transit Estimated Time Of Arrival
Primarily influenced by market Public Transport Operating Hours
dynamics and the private sector Public Transport Affordability
ICT Preparedness
Electric Charging Stations Availability
Government Investment In Charging Stations
Direct EV Incentivization
Traffic Management Grade
Noise Pollution Restraint
Municipality Population Concentration
Social Impact Volatile Metrics Road Safety
Often controversial for Air Quality
municipal governments to regulate Transit Commute Speed
Traffic Fluidity
Public Transport Utilization
Commuter Volume
Car Ownership Moderation
Vehicle Occupancy Rate
Population Density
International Airport Volumes
Innovation Technology-Related Metrics CAV Adoption
Linked to emerging technologies Government Investment In CAV Technologies
Autonomous Transit Vehicles In Use
Concentration Of Human Capital & Innovation
Electric Market Share In Sales
Market Attractiveness Market-Driven Metrics Mobility Sharing Economy Competitiveness
Municipal governments have Mobility Sharing Economy Penetration
the greatest impact Municipal Investment In Mobility Sharing Economy
Multimodal App Maturity
Fleet Management Activity
International Airport Connectivity
Infrastructure Static Assets Public Transport Station Density
Remain nearly consistent over time Walkability
City Resilience
Strength Of Multimodal Network
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
11experiment with emerging technologies
like autonomous vehicles (AVs); prioritize
digitization and sustainability; and align
municipal policies, regulations, and
budgets accordingly.
Index Reliability
In the process of constructing the index, the
key performance indicators that make up each
category have been assigned a weight based
on their relative importance to the ultimate
task of building urban mobility ecosystems.
The Forum index gives extra weight to factors
that capture the ability of a city to become
a future leader and ensure rankings reflect
performance prospects rather than the
competitive status quo.
Weights of the key performance indicators
were determined based on discussions that
our index team conducted with a wide range
of experts including urban planners, traffic
managers, transportation finance specialists,
and mobility technology executives as well
as data collected by Oliver Wyman and the
Institute of Transportation Studies. As part of
the construction and testing of the index, we
conducted a principal component analysis
on the data to determine alternate weights
as well as a 10 million-sample statistical
analysis of possible weight combinations. The
extensive testing yielded results very similar to
the weights chosen by our team, reinforcing
our confidence in the index composition and
metrics’ weighting.
12Efforts to improve mobility in these economic epicenters is vital for regions to grow
FIVE
Metrics to
Rank Cities
The index breaks out rankings for each
performance indicator as a way for cities
to see areas where they need to focus
moving forward to improve their standing.
Quantitative data took priority wherever
available. Yet, some indicators required
qualitative judgments, for which the
Oliver Wyman Forum enlisted the knowledge
of leading experts in transportation and
mobility-related industries. Qualitative
judgments were then assigned a numerical
value for the Index calculation. Any indicators
with qualitative components are noted.System Efficiency
Definition Example
System efficiency metrics focus on New York ranked first because of its subway
controllable factors that are influenced by network, which boasts the most stations of
market dynamics and the public sector, such any system worldwide and offers 24-hour
as public transport operating hours, public service 365 days a year; its growing bicycle
transport affordability, public transport network and protected bicycle lanes; its
reliability, and traffic management. dedicated Select Bus Service corridors;
and its traffic management with connected
vehicle technologies.
Ranking Results
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100
1 New York 82.6
2 Berlin 81.3
3 Tokyo 81.3
4 Singapore 76.4
5 Shanghai 75.5
6 Hong Kong 72.6
7 Sydney 70.7
8 Amsterdam 69.8
9 Helsinki 68.1
10 Warsaw 67.7
11 Chicago 67.0
12 Los Angeles 65.5
13 Dubai 65.2
14 Dublin 64.6
15 London 63.8
16 Beijing 62.4
17 San Francisco 62.0
18 Seoul 61.1
19 Barcelona 61.0
20 Paris 60.1
21 Boston 56.5
22 Mexico City 54.6
23 Bangkok 54.3
24 Istanbul 54.1
25 Toronto 53.6
26 Riyadh 53.5
27 São Paulo 47.1
28 Mumbai 46.3
29 Johannesburg 33.1
30 Cairo 27.1
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 62.0
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
15Social Impact
Definition Example
Social impact metrics are based on Hong Kong excelled because of its high mass
volatile variable measures that often prove transit utilization, representing 88 percent
controversial for municipal governments to of Hong Kong’s transport; the city initiative
regulate, such as commuting time, traffic that led to a 32 percent drop in traffic fatalities
fluidity, public transit utilization, commuter between 2007 and 2017; and city efforts that
density, car ownership, vehicle occupancy, led to a 50 percent drop in roadside levels of
population density, road safety, air quality, and nitrogen dioxide.
international airport volumes.
Ranking Results
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100
1 Hong Kong 74.9
2 Amsterdam 67.1
3 Singapore 67.0
4 Tokyo 63.3
5 Seoul 61.4
6 London 60.5
7 New York 57.6
8 Barcelona 57.2
9 Chicago 56.5
10 Johannesburg 56.3
11 Toronto 55.1
12 San Francisco 54.8
13 Berlin 54.3
14 Shanghai 53.9
15 Helsinki 53.8
16 Paris 53.6
17 Istanbul 50.8
18 Boston 50.4
19 Sydney 50.1
20 Cairo 49.9
21 Dubai 49.8
22 São Paulo 47.8
23 Dublin 46.7
24 Los Angeles 46.6
25 Warsaw 43.7
26 Mumbai 40.5
27 Beijing 39.4
28 Mexico City 37.8
29 Riyadh 31.2
30 Bangkok 30.1
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 52.1
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
16Innovation
Definition Example
Innovation is a technology-related metric Singapore tops the list because of its
linked to emerging technologies, such development of world-class facilities for
as connected autonomous vehicles, autonomous vehicle testing; facilitating
electrification, and advanced connectivity. It collaboration among government, industry,
considers the city government’s investment and academia to research New Mobility
and commitment to these technologies, and technologies and business models;
the city’s abilities to attract and keep high- outstanding smart traffic management;
tech labor and startups. and its nurturing environment for
mobility startups.
Ranking Results
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100
1 Singapore 77.5
2 Amsterdam 70.0
3 Shanghai 69.3
4 Beijing 67.4
5 San Francisco 66.4
6 London 63.4
7 Helsinki 59.5
8 Tokyo 58.5
9 Seoul 57.0
10 Barcelona 55.1
11 Boston 52.0
12 Los Angeles 50.0
13 New York 49.9
14 Berlin
49.2
15 Chicago
46.0
16 Toronto
42.5
17 Hong Kong
42.1
18 Dubai
39.9
19 Paris
34.2
20 São Paulo
33.8
21 Dublin
31.7
22 Istanbul
30.9
23 Sydney
26.8
24 Riyadh
21.5
25 Warsaw
16.9
26 Bangkok
7.0
27 Mumbai
28 Mexico City 6.4
29 Johannesburg 4.5
30 Cairo 2.1
0.8
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 41.1
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
17Market Attractiveness
Definition Example
Market attractiveness is based on Beijing ranks first because of sizable
market‑driven metrics over which municipal government investments in public
governments can exert influence, such as transportation infrastructures; investment
the competitiveness and penetration of in innovation in new energy and connected
sharing-economy business models in mobility, vehicles; the city’s significant measures to
multimodal app maturity and availability, fleet advance its logistics industry; efforts to expand
management, internet connectivity, and the ride-hailing and vehicle-sharing through well-
scope of international airport connections. funded startups; and the largest scheduled
airline capacity and highest number of seats
on flights worldwide at its airport.
Ranking Results
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100
1 Beijing 74.3
2 London 71.0
3 Los Angeles 68.1
4 Singapore 66.7
5 Dubai 61.0
6 Paris 60.0
7 San Francisco 54.7
8 New York 53.9
9 Amsterdam 53.0
10 Seoul 52.2
11 Shanghai 51.9
12 Toronto 51.8
13 Istanbul 51.5
14 Helsinki 49.7
15 Mexico City 48.2
16 Barcelona 45.7
17 Boston 44.9
18 Warsaw 38.9
19 Dublin 38.5
20 Chicago 38.0
21 Berlin 37.7
22 Sydney 37.3
23 Tokyo 36.8
24 Bangkok 36.2
25 Hong Kong 34.5
26 Riyadh 30.6
27 São Paulo 27.1
28 Cairo 25.1
29 Mumbai 23.8
30 Johannesburg 23.5
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 46.2
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
18Infrastructure
Definition Example
Infrastructure metrics focus on static Helsinki claimed the top spot because of
measures that are likely to remain near its walkability, accounting for 21 percent of
constant over time or are at least difficult to total modal share; the performance of its grid
change, such as the density of public transit road system and public transport network,
stations, the walkability of a city, and the especially during rush hours; and Whim,
strength of a city’s multimodal networks. a journey planner app that integrates all
transportation modes in the city.
Ranking Results
Cities are ranked on a scale of 1 to 100
1 Helsinki 80.6
2 Istanbul 69.9
3 Barcelona 68.8
4 Amsterdam 65.4
5 Seoul 65.3
6 Paris 61.5
7 Hong Kong 60.7
8 Berlin 57.4
9 Singapore 56.5
10 Dublin 54.4
11 São Paulo 54.4
12 Tokyo 53.6
13 Warsaw 52.6
14 Chicago 49.0
15 New York 48.2
16 Shanghai 47.3
17 Beijing 46.8
18 London 46.1
19 Toronto 44.6
20 Sydney 44.6
21 Boston 43.9
22 San Francisco 42.2
23 Los Angeles 38.6
24 Johannesburg 38.1
25 Dubai 35.2
26 Cairo 35.1
27 Bangkok 34.5
28 Mumbai 33.6
29 Mexico City 20.9
30 Riyadh 19.2
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 49.0
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
19Leaders
And Laggards
The index identifies the maturity levels of services. Governing bodies in these cities
mobility efforts in various cities. Leading cities also often lack the political will to realize a
have invested consistently over the years in brighter future for mobility, which can lead
their infrastructure and adopted an aggressive to substantial delays in mobility projects and
approach in integrating cutting-edge limit direct investments in mobility solutions.
technology with progressive transportation The mobility ecosystems in these cities will
policies. These cities are the leaders in New not develop at a comparable pace with those
Mobility advancements, such as integrated in cities with money and resources and that
mobility platforms, innovative digital mobility score higher in rankings.
services, and autonomous driving. They often
embrace new technology quickly and reap
the advantages of early technology adoption The Leader Of The Pack
in mobility. In addition, these cities have Singapore, the index’s number one city, scores
developed the necessary local capacity to well above average and even well above
address future mobility challenges, increasing Amsterdam, the number two city — with a score
their readiness to succeed in the future. 39 percent above the index average. Disparities
Developing cities tend to take a less that big between cities do not tend to develop
aggressive approach in disrupting the status the bottom half of the index. Singapore is first
quo and advancing urban mobility services. in innovation and in the top five for three out of
They often approach new technologies the remaining four categories.
with caution and are less proactive when What makes Singapore so special? For one
experimenting with new policies. As a result, thing, Singapore has been a pioneer on the
they find themselves playing catch-up with policy front, reducing congestion through
the leaders. Compared with leading cities, road-use charges and even limited bans on
the distribution of developing cities on the automobiles. It has demonstrated a strong
mobility curve is flatter. political will to push mobility beyond the
Lagging cities tend to fall toward the status quo, a heavy reliance on technology,
bottom of all five metrics rankings, suffering and close working alliances with academia
from chronic infrastructure inefficiencies and business. In fact, Singapore has become
coupled with limited investment by the private a tech hub rivaling Silicon Valley, with leading
and public sector in mobility. Their tendency universities, proliferating startups, and an
to lack major universities and research centers active National Research Foundation.
results in limited innovation and advancement The city-state of Singapore is known
to support the development of local mobility for its Smart Nation initiatives, aimed at
20improving life and its comparative advantage This explains the strong showing of the more
in business through technology. One of the developed economies, but also suggests that
six initiatives is focused on the transport cities like Riyadh and Dubai, where investment
sector. And the work has substantially helped resources exist, may have the ability to
Singapore advance its mobility aspirations, improve their performance in the coming
allowing it to essentially transform itself years if they spend their funds wisely.
into a living laboratory for urban mobility What this also suggests is that mobility
solutions. Numerous urban mobility startups could exacerbate global economic inequality
have set up shop there, and the city has around the world. Cities with slow-growing
supported extensive experimentation in economies tend not to have the money
autonomous vehicle technology and smart to invest in infrastructure or to attract the
traffic management. startups and businesses leading the mobility
revolution, which could put those cities even
further behind when competing for new
Levers To Moving Up business. We already see this inequity playing
First and foremost, investment is key to out in the current index rankings.
progress, and overall capital availability may But there are aspects that have nothing
differentiate tomorrow’s mobility leaders. to do with money. The political landscape of
Cities Ranked By Level Of Maturity
Lagging Developing Leading
Singapore
Beijing Amsterdam
Hong Kong Tokyo
Barcelona Seoul London
Los Angeles Helsinki Shanghai
Boston Dubai Berlin New York
Istanbul San Francisco
Dublin Paris
Chicago
Toronto
Sydney
Mexico City
Warsaw
Bangkok São Paulo
Mumbai
Riyadh
Johannesburg
Cairo
Source: Oliver Wyman Forum analysis
21Cities must recognize risks when adopting the latest innovations
a city can serve as either an accelerator or a
barrier. Proactive governments tend to help
cities make progress, which is certainly behind
Singapore’s success. In terms of index scoring,
Shanghai (number four), Beijing (number
eight), and Hong Kong (number 11) have
also been beneficiaries of China’s aggressive
incentives to encourage electric car ownership
and mobility research.
As cities become increasingly congested,
they also must overcome social norms
that stigmatize public transportation while
elevating car ownership. Although technology
is their friend, they also must better anticipate
negative impacts from incorporating the
latest innovations, such as business closures
and loss of employment. Ride-hailing service,
for instance, has experienced considerable
backlash because of its relatively unregulated
introduction in most cities.
The Future Of The Index
The Oliver Wyman Forum anticipates
significant movement in rankings over the
coming years as cities increasingly recognize
the importance of mobility and as new
technologies become more available. The
index itself is also likely to evolve, including
an effort in the coming year to enhance its
predictive capabilities. It will also reflect the
availability of new data sources, and the list
of cities will expand substantially. Finally,
the rapid pace of change in mobility and
the potential for more new technologies
will probably compel the addition of new
indicators to reflect the latest developments
in the field. Themes already on the radar for
possible inclusion are three-dimensional
travel, regulatory developments, and
hydrogen-powered vehicles.About the Authors
ALEXANDRE M. BAYEN holds the Liao-Cho Innovation Endowed Chair
at the University of California, Berkeley in the Electrical Engineering
and Computer Sciences department and is the director of the
university’s Institute of Transportation Studies. He conducts research
in machine learning and control and optimization, with applications to
transportation systems, water networks, and healthcare systems.
MATTHIEU DE CLERCQ, a Dubai-based partner with Oliver Wyman,
is a senior strategy and economic development expert who
provides insights and recommendations to governments, state-
owned enterprises, and private sector companies. He has extensive
experience in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia where he supports
large-scale urban development and infrastructure projects and advises
on sectorial development, investment strategies, future technologies,
localization, and foreign direct investment.
GUILLAUME THIBAULT, a Paris-based partner with Oliver Wyman,
is a transportation expert with a special focus on the analysis and
deployment of disruptive digital business models in mobility and
defense-related industries, as well as professional services. In recent
years, he has spent considerable time advising on the development of
the global drone market and urban air transport.
EMILIO ELASMAR, a Dubai-based Oliver Wyman engagement
manager, contributed substantial research and analysis to the
formulation of the Urban Mobility Readiness Index and this report.
About the Oliver Wyman Forum
The Oliver Wyman Forum is committed to bringing together
business, public policy, and social enterprise leaders to help solve
the world’s toughest problems. The Oliver Wyman Forum strives to
discover and develop innovative solutions by conducting research,
convening leading thinkers, analyzing options, and inspiring action
on three fronts: Reframing Industry, Business in Society, and Global
Economic and Political Change. Together with our growing and diverse
community of experts in business, public policy, social enterprises,
For an analysis of the and academia, we think we can make a difference. For more
rankings for each city, information, visit www.oliverwymanforum.com
please visit:
https://owy.mn/2QkI59d
About Berkeley ITS
The Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California,
Berkeley was created in 1947 by the State of California to support
research efforts related to future mobility. It is an organized research
unit on campus, comprising seven research centers, a startup
accelerator program, a technology transfer program, a library, and
testing facilities for automated vehicles. It employs over 200 faculty,
researchers and technical staff, focused around verticals of mobility,
which include digitalization, automation, electrification, the shared
economy, policy, planning, and finance.Copyright © 2019 Oliver Wyman Forum. All rights reserved.
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