URBAN PASSENGER RAIL Light Rail Transit - WSP
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URBAN PASSENGER RAIL Light Rail Transit
Designing
World-Class
Light Rail Transit
Systems
We are WSP
Our cities are evolving. The primacy of the suburbs rising ridership, many governments and transit
is waning, and urban living has become fashionable. agencies are recognizing the urgency to expand
WSP is one of the world's leading engineering Neighbourhoods that were once filled with smoke their services in order to respond to the increased
professional services consulting firms. We are stacks and factories are now gentrifying to welcome demand. New public transit options are essential.
dedicated to our local communities and young professionals with their burgeoning families
propelled by international brainpower. We and empty nesters who want to enjoy the benefits Light Rail Transit (LRT) offers key advantages
are technical experts and strategic advisors of their city. These urbanites do not glorify big that have led to its resurgence in recent decades.
including engineers, technicians, scientists, green front lawns with their requisite hours of It offers a lower price point compared to metros,
architects, planners, surveyors and environmental mowing and two-car garages, preferring instead which require extensive tunnelling. Many cities
specialists, as well as other design, program and shorter commute times, access to restaurants, are also embracing the romance of yesteryear
construction management professionals. We museums and shopping, and freedom from the that comes with the renaissance of tramway
design lasting solutions in the Property & dependency on cars for transportation. At the same and streetcar systems. New LRT lines help
Buildings, Transportation & Infrastructure, time, more people are leaving their rural roots for invigorate neighbourhoods, improving property
Environment, Industry, Resources (including cities, in search of better economic opportunities, values, and encouraging new construction.
Mining and Oil & Gas) and Power & Energy further contributing to population growth. Their overland transport is also beneficial to
sectors as well as project delivery and local businesses situated between stops, who
strategic consulting services. With approximately This shift in population centers, the need to connect lose visibility when trains run underground.
42,000 talented people in more than 550 offices newly gentrified neighbourhoods into the transport
across 40 countries, we engineer projects that will network, and greater reliance on public transit WSP is proud to present this collection of our
help societies grow for lifetimes to come. is changing the way that cities must plan. With work in the domain of light rail transit.
Table of Contents
Adelaide, Australia Macau, China San Diego, United States
Coast to Coast Light Rail, Stage II 6 Macau LRT, Phase I 32 Green Line Extension 55
Mid-Coast Corridor Transit 56
Old Town Trolley Extension 57
Baltimore, United States Manchester, United Kingdom Orange and Blue Lines Rehabilitation 58
Central Line 7 Manchester Metrolink 34
San Francisco, United States
Calgary, Canada Maryland, United States SFMTA Central Subway 61
Calgary West Expansion 8 Purple Line 36
San Jose, United States
Canberra, Australia New Orleans, United States Tasman West Light Rail 63
Capital Metro 10 New Orleans Streetcar Expansion 39
Seattle, United States
Chicago, United States Newark, United States Sound Transit Light Rail 64
Construction Management On-Call Consultant 11 Newark Light Rail Extension 41
Stockholm, Sweden
Cincinnati, United States Newcastle, Australia South Tramway 66
Cincinnati Bell Connector 13 Newcastle Light Rail System 42 Tramway City 69
Cleveland, United States Odense, Denmark Sydney, Australia
Waterfront Transit Line 14 Odense Tramway 43 CBD and South East Light Rail 70
Light Rail Transit 71
Parramatta Light Rail 72
Copenhagen, Denmark Ottawa, Canada
Greater Copenhagen Light Rail 16 Confederation Line 44
Taipei, Taiwan
Taipei Metro, Neihu Line 74
Edinburgh, United Kingdom Perth, Australia
Edinburgh Tram 19 Inner City Transit 46
Toronto, Canada
Agincourt Grade Separation, Sheppard East 75
Gold Coast, Australia Phoenix, United States
Eglinton Crosstown 76
Gold Coast Rapid Transit 20 Valley Metro Rail 49 Spadina Subway Extension 79
Helsinki, Finland Portland, United States Turku, Finland
Raide-Jokeri Line 23 Interstate MAX 51 Turku Tramway 80
Hudson-Bergen, United States Sacramento, United States Vancouver, Canada
Hudson-Bergen System 24 Sacramento South Corridor 52 Canada Line 83
Evergreen Line 84
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Salt Lake City, United States Millennium Line 87
Kuala Lumpur Light Rail, Line III 27 Transit Express (TRAX) 54
About WSP
Our People 91
Los Angeles, United States
LA Metro Gold Line 28
LA Metro Expo Line, Phase II 31
Adelaide Baltimore
Coast to Coast Central Line
Line, Stage II
© 1993 David Sailors
WSP led the general engineering consultant joint With both northbound and southbound trains
venture responsible for development of the 35km, sharing one track, delays were common and a
24 station Phase I of this LRT system, to provide disabled vehicle or system maintenance could shut
service to the city’s central business district. down the line. WSP, in joint venture, provided
The project involved 22.5km of doubletrack construction management and construction
This is the second stage of the South Australia WSP formed part of the Aurecon design team route and 12.9km of single-track route. engineering and inspection services.
government’s long-term strategy to extend the and managed the geometric design, traffic
light rail from the city to Semaphore. It involved a engineering, pavement design, and environmental In December 2004, the MTA completed
The schedule for delivery of this project was
2.8km extension of the light rail facility from North services. In addition, WSP played a key role in the southern half of the project, making
Location ambitious because of the state's desire to initiate
Terrace in the Adelaide Central Business District to the innovation and safety in design workshops, light rail service from downtown Baltimore
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, service for the opening of the new Baltimore
the Adelaide Entertainment Centre via a centre-of- to develop the concept design, detailed UNITED STATES to Baltimore-Washington International
Location road alignment along two six-lane arterial roads. design, and documentation for the project. Orioles baseball stadium in the spring of 1992. The
Airport more reliable and efficient.
ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA Client WSP team received notice-to-proceed on May 18,
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
The project involved refinement of a The final design meets the project objectives and STATE OF MARYLAND MASS TRANSIT 1988, and revenue service began in April 1992. On February 26, 2006, the MTA celebrated
Client ADMINISTRATION (MTA) +
concept route alignment under the Early the design documentation was prepared within the completion of the Light Rail Double
THIESS-DOWNER EDI JOINT VENTURE STATE OF MARYLAND
Contractor Involvement model, followed by very tight time frames, allowing the project to In January 2002, construction began on the Track project by reopening the last few
Status development of design documentation for be delivered by early 2010 and within budget. Status Double Track Project, which added a second set miles of the line to Hunt Valley.
OPENED IN 2010 the construction phase of the project. OPENED IN 2006 of tracks to eight segments of the light rail line.
6 7
Calgary
West Expansion
Location
CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA The West Light Rapid Transit Extension Project Operating conditions, including rapid temperature
consists of an 8.2km addition to the Calgary LRT fluctuations and snowfall accumulations,
Client system between 11th Street SW and 73rd Street SW. were all considered in the design. In addition,
SNC LAVALIN WSP was a key member of the Design-Build stormwater management modelling was
team awarded the contract to design, build, and done to review any potential rainfall events
Status
OPENED IN 2012
undertake procurement for the project. WSP or hail/snow events that locally could
provided the design for the entire civil/structural impact guideway drainage performance.
infrastructure (tunnels, trenches, elevated
guideway, and roadworks) for this P3 project. Throughout the project, WSP coordinated with
STATIONS
all external stakeholders, including the City of
Included in the scope of work were six passenger Calgary, the LRT Safety Committee, franchise
6 stations (an elevated, an underground, two at-
grade, and two located in trenches), nine traction
utilities, and environmental agencies. WSP also
coordinated the third-party designs and vetted the
power substations, a major highway interchange, design with the LRT infrastructure being built.
TRACTION POWER SUBSTATIONS two park-and-ride facilities, a four-storey Strong communication and organization skills
9 office building, and the associated roadworks were key ingredients to successfully managing
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
and utilities. WSP designed two station area all coordination with external stakeholders.
plans: Westbrook Station, which is Calgary’s
PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES first underground station, and 45th Street
2
Station, a trench transition station, as
well as all of the traffic signals.
8 9
Canberra Chicago
Capital Metro Construction
Management
On-Call Consultant
© 2017 Grahamec
As part of its vision to position Canberra as Capital Metro will address many of the key
a sustainable and liveable city, the Australian environmental concerns for the city, including air
Capital Territory government has commissioned quality, traffic volumes and congestion, ambient
the start of the Capital Metro light rail project. noise, greenhouse gas emissions, and urban
It is anticipated that an effective and reliable growth within Canberra. Analysis has shown
light rail system will attract investment that by 2031 without a transit system in place, WSP was chosen by the Chicago Transit Authority of elevated and subway track systems since late
and employment opportunities, bring commuters north of the city will face travel (CTA) to manage the design and construction 2017, and we are currently managing the design-
environmental benefits, and encourage more times of up to an hour during peak periods. phases of the design-build rehabilitation of build rehabilitation of an additional two stations.
active lifestyles for Australia’s capital city. five transit stations on CTA’s Blue Line.
WSP was engaged to provide planning and WSP was also chosen to manage the design and
Key objectives for the project are: increasing environmental assessment services, including The stations restoration project marks the construction phases of the Ravenswood Loop
the mode share of public transport, optimising preparation of a preliminary environmental third consecutive task order for construction Connector Signals Restoration project on the
Location assessment and the subsequent Environmental management services to be completed as part CTA’s heavily travelled Brown Line on Chicago’s
the frequency and service reliability, achieving Location
CANBERRA, AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL Impact Statement for Stage I of the Capital Metro, a of the CTA’s program to reduce rail slow-zones North Side. The signals renewal follows our efforts
affordable capital and operational costs, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, UNITED STATES
TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA 12km light rail line between Gungahlin and Civic. and modernize the stations along this line from in managing the track renewal along much of the
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
growing a more diversified Canberra economy,
Client
Chicago’s central business district to O’Hare same corridor and consists of a three-year project
Client stimulating sustainable urban redevelopment
WSP also provided a preliminary environmental International Airport, including several upgrades that will completely reconstruct and upgrade nearly
CAPITAL METRO AGENCY along the corridor, increasing social and economic CHICAGO TRANSIT AUTHORITY
assessment and a Referral under the Environmental needed to make the stations compliant with the nine miles of rail signalization.
participation, revitalising the Northbourne Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 2001
Status Status Americans with Disabilities Act. WSP has managed
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Avenue corridor, and reducing carbon emissions. for a 3km extension of the light rail to Russell. ONGOING the rehabilitation of eight stations and over 6.4km
10 11
Cincinnati
Bell Connector
The Cincinnati Bell Connector streetcar is an plan, transit network planning, environmental
Location electric mode of transportation operating on a documentation, and completing final design
CINCINNATI, OHIO, UNITED STATES 5.8km loop connecting downtown Cincinnati’s services for all elements of the streetcar system.
Riverfront with the Over-the-Rhine neighbourhood
Client and Findlay Market. WSP was a substantial The maintenance facility was designed to LEED
CITY OF CINCINNATI contributor to the city’s development strategy. The certified standards. Bio-swale is located at the
Cincinnati Streetcar Feasibility Study, completed majority of the station stops. The project will
Status
OPENED IN 2016
in November 2007, assessed the economic impact, improve quality of life by propagating community
cost estimate, and route analysis for Phase I of growth and development and improving
the streetcar system. WSP served as designer and infrastructure by linking transportation systems.
project coordinator and worked with the city to The project will also enhance historic and cultural
AVERAGE RIDERS PER DAY
manage, plan, and design the 5.8km first phase resources and minimize noise vibration.
of the streetcar system that opened in September
3,200 2016. In Phase II, WSP is developing alignments and
routes for connectors and additional uptown loops.
The vision remains to create a streetcar system
that spurs development and is part of a larger
multimodal transportation system that links
LOOP STREETCAR SYSTEM In Phase I, services included identifying and areas outside the downtown core and throughout
5.8km procuring vehicles, creating and executing a the region. Downtown is Cincinnati’s largest
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
management and operational plan, including a employment center, with approximately
projected staffing plan for system management, 70,000 people in the area every day. The system
RAISED STATIONS streetcar operations, and infrastructure will ultimately include a downtown circulator and
18
maintenance (track, electrical, and control a connector to the uptown area that serves the
© 2006 David Sailors systems), establishing and implementing a security region’s hospitals and the University of Cincinnati.
12 13
Cleveland
Waterfront
Transit Line
WSP provided fast-track design and engineering urban, and graphic design services as well as
Location services for the development of Cleveland's engineering support during construction, reducing
CLEVELAND, OHIO, UNITED STATES Waterfront Transit Line. As an extension a typical 4 to 5-year project schedule to 2.5 years.
of the Blue/Green Line, the Waterfront To meet the ambitious schedule, the project team
Client Line consists of a 3.5km, double-track light used various time-saving methods, including a
GREATER CLEVELAND REGIONAL TRANSIT
AUTHORITY
rail line with four stations. It provides precast segmental structure for the viaduct.
continuous public transportation through an
Status area that previously had limited bus service; While the project's deadline was critical, aesthetics
OPENED IN 1996 convenient transfer to the existing Red Line; were also given a great deal of consideration
and stations at key points, improving access in order to promote Cleveland's image. WSP
to businesses and other local attractions. utilized a fully integrated design team, which
included artists and architects together with
LENGTH OF EXTENSION In order for the system to serve Cleveland's civil, structural, and systems engineers to provide
3.5km
Bicentennial celebration in July 1996, the WSP a "cutting-edge urban design" on schedule.
team fast-tracked engineering, architectural,
TIME SAVED DUE TO FAST TRACKING
2.5 Years Awards
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
- Waterfront Center Annual Award for a Quality Waterfront Project, 1996
STATIONS
- The Growth Association, Downtown Marketing, and Development Council of Cleveland -
Downtown Recognition Award, 1996
4 - Ohio Chapter of the American Society of Civil Engineers - Project of the Year Award, 1996 © 1996 David Sailors
14 15
Greater
Copenhagen
Light Rail
Location
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Client
HOVEDSTADENS LETBANE The Greater Copenhagen Light Rail project is production of the Environmental Impact
being delivered under a partnership between Assessment and, ultimately, with the securing
Status
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
the Danish State, the Capital Region and eleven of Construction Act powers for the scheme.
local municipalities. It will extend over 28km
between Lyngby in the north and Ishøj in the In the subsequent phases of the project, WSP has
south, passing through eight municipalities, and delivered strategic advice, design services (including
STATIONS
having 28 stations. At six of the stations (Lyngby, production of the reference design for the light rail
Buddinge, Herlev, Glostrup, Vallensbæk and Ishøj), alignment, roads and structures), utility relocation
28 it will be possible for passengers to change to
the local S-trains which serve the wider Greater
protocols, project management and controls, traffic
planning, tender document preparation, evaluation
Copenhagen region. It will provide a service of tenders and support for the tender negotiations.
MUNICIPALITIES running every five minutes in the daytime and
8 every 10 minutes in the evenings and on weekends. The project remains ongoing, and WSP is
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
continuing to assist Hovestadens Letbane
WSP has provided consultancy services towards final owner’s approval and contract(s)
LENGTH OF LINE for the civil works aspects of the light rail awarded. The utility relocations phase and
28km
project, including early design, planning the main construction works will follow.
and cost estimation in conjunction with the
16 17
Edinburgh
Tram
Location
EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, UNITED KINGDOM
Client With congestion forecasted to double by 2021, WSP’s role included complete design services,
TRANSPORT INITIATIVES EDINBURGH Edinburgh needed to address the issue of transport specifications for overall system functionality,
capacity. The development of a new tram system integration of the system with other transport
Status
OPENED IN 2011 provided a solution to the city’s growing public modes for road use, pedestrians, traffic management
transport needs. Potential routes were assessed, and public transport issues, delivery of a design
and the Leith Waterfront to Edinburgh airport that maximizes the speed of construction,
route was selected for development in Phase system engineering, systems assurance processes,
LENGTH OF LINE
I. WSP designed the first line of the planned safety and RAM procedures, and energy
network, which extends from east to west evaluation and reduction recommendations,
14km across the city and connects to the airport. including regenerative braking designs.
A wide and complex mix of urban realm and WSP also provided support for the client’s
STATIONS streetscape was included in the route. Integration procurement process for trams, covering
16 with existing traffic flows required significant provision of specifications and technical
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
remodelling of roadway and traffic signal support through to the development of the
controlled junctions to permit practical runtimes tender for tram provision and maintenance.
TRAM FREQUENCY for the tram. WSP provided key stakeholder
7-10 Minutes
management, interfacing with the city planning
© Graham_Robson authorities, Network Rail, and the bus operators.
18 19Gold Coast
Rapid Transit
The Gold Coast light rail is one of the largest were applied for each location. The LRT will
public transport projects in the country, as well also reduce the carbon footprint by using clean
as the largest transport infrastructure project electrical energy rather than fossil fuel.
Location ever undertaken on the Gold Coast. It is one of
GOLD COAST, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA Australia’s fastest growing local government areas, The first stage of work connects 16 stations from
with over 400,000 residents and an estimated Griffith University and Gold Coast University
Client 60,000+ visitors each night. Traffic is also growing Hospital near Southport to the Convention
TRANSLINK rapidly, particularly along the urbanized areas of Centre at Broadbeach. This section includes
the coastline between Southport and Broadbeach. 13km of double track, a maintenance depot, and
Status
OPENED IN 2014
As development continues, a greater emphasis is a stabling area. WSP provided detailed design
being placed on the need to provide a sustainable of the overhead line system. The amount of
transport system that caters to future growth documentation required on site was minimised,
and helps shape more sustainable land use. allowing significant time saving while meeting
LENGTH OF TRACK
client’s strict program and cost requirements.
TransLink first commissioned WSP to complete a
16km comparative analysis study for a bus rapid transit
(BRT) or light rail transit (LRT) operation for the
The award and provision of the civil and track
alignment contract allowed for four months
Broadbeach to Parkwood corridor. The Gold Coast to complete design and review. To meet time
STATIONS Light Rail Feasibility Study followed from previous constraints, WSP compressed the design process
18 studies that identified the need for a high- into a three-month period - from release of
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
frequency public transport corridor on the Gold civil and track alignment to complete design
Coast. Since the light rail route is proposed to travel delivery for submission to government and
GOLD COAST RESIDENTS underground, on the surface, and over structures, relevant stakeholder review. WSP’s unique,
400,000+
appropriate geotechnical, hydrogeological, and simplified drawing system contributed to
contaminated land investigation techniques managing budget and time constraints.
20 21Helsinki
Raide-Jokeri Line
Location
HELSINKI TO ESPOO, UUSIMAA,
FINLAND
Client
HELSINKI'S CITY PLANNING
DEPARTMENT
Status
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
The Raide-Jokeri LRT will be a dual-track light stations, the depot, as well as affected roads.
rail link between the Itäkeskus district in These components will be carefully designed
PASSENGERS PER WEEKDAY BY 2040
Helsinki and Keilaniemi in Espoo. A smooth, to provide robust data on costs, feasibility,
uninterrupted service is one of the key design and impacts to facilitate proper decision-
100,000 principles of this 25km transit corridor. making. The project plan will serve as the
basis for the construction design process.
With 32 stations, Raide-Jokeri will use
TRACK LENGTH modern trains to connect Finland’s two largest This vital cross-region service requires a
25km cities. The light rail will partially replace rail link with a higher capacity and a higher
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
the Bussi-Jokeri, Helsinki's busiest bus service level. Raide-Jokeri will also significantly
service with 30,000 daily passengers. influence land use in the vicinity of the track
STATIONS in the near future. This consideration is also
32
In addition to light-rail tracks, the project plan a part of the scope of the project plan.
© Tuomas Vuorinen will include stations, connections, exchange
22 23Hudson-Bergen
System
WSP provided general design consultant services to participated in financing, purchased the
NJ TRANSIT for the development of the Hudson- vehicles, performed construction, and then
Bergen Light Rail, a 33km system encompassing operates and maintains the system.
24 stations and five regional park-and-ride lots.
Location
HUDSON AND BERGEN COUNTIES, WSP provided preliminary engineering and
NEW JERSEY, UNITED STATES The initial 15km segment, completed in 2002, runs architectural services for all facilities and systems,
from 34th Street in Bayonne and West Side Avenue final design and contract document preparation
Client in Jersey City to Hoboken Terminal; the second for the Weehawken Tunnel and Bergenline Avenue
NEW JERSEY TRANSIT (NJ TRANSIT)
phase, completed in 2006, comprises a 10km Station in Phase II, and advancement of design
Status segment from Hoboken Terminal to the Tonnelle for inclusion into a design-build document.
COMPLETED IN 2006 Avenue Park-Ride and from 21st Street to 34th Street
in Bayonne. Future extensions are planned. Acting as an extension of NJ TRANSIT staff
for the design-build phase, we also provided
NJ TRANSIT used the design-build-operate- review of final design documents, technical
REGIONAL PARK-AND-RIDE LOTS maintain procurement method, whereby support during construction, and construction
5
the contractor completed the design, quality and schedule monitoring.
STATIONS
Awards
32 - Concrete Industry Board - Award of Merit for the Weehawken Tunnel
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
and Bergenline Avenue Station, 2004
OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THE SYSTEM - American Public Transportation Association - Innovation Award, 2000
- New York Construction News Top Projects - #1 Project, 1999
15 Years - Professional Women in Construction (PWC) - Project for the 21st Century Award, 1996 © 2006 David Sailors
24 25Kuala Lumpur
Light Rail,
Line III
Location
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
Project Owner
PRASARANA MALAYSIA BERHAD
Light Rail Transit III is the third LRT system the southwestern areas of Kuala Lumpur. The
Client in the Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley alignment will have 25 stations including a Grand
MRCB GEORGE KEN SDN BHD region and will serve an estimated population Central station near Stadium Shah Alam with an
of two million in the Western Corridor by end-to-end travel time of around 51 minutes.
Status
UNDER CONSTRUCTION 2020. It is estimated that Line III will benefit
500,000 commuters. The new line will have WSP will undertake the design of the linewide
26 stations, including five interchange stations, system works, including the eight core
with existing and future public transport systems. railway systems of light rail vehicles,
STATIONS
Total transit time will be approximately signalling and train control, power supply
58 minutes. and distribution, communications, depot
26 WSP has been commissioned by Prasarana -
equipment and maintenance vehicles, track
work, automatic revenue collection, and
the organization established by the Malaysian electronic access control for the entire Line III.
LENGTH OF LINE Government for delivery and management of
36km its major rail projects - to undertake the role The scope will also include interface
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
of line-wide system consultant for Line III. and integration with civil works design,
preparation of tender documentation, tender
TOTAL TRANSIT LINE This proposed new light rail line, extending evaluation, construction stage support, testing
58 Minutes
36km from Bandar Utama to Johan Setia, will and commissioning, and staff training.
serve as a major public transport system for
26 27Los Angeles
Metro Gold Line
Location
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA,
UNITED STATES
Client
LOS ANGELES COUNTY METROPOLITAN
TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY
Status
COMPLETED IN 2013
WSP performed preliminary engineering at-grade system as well as detailed design and
and program management services for the construction services for twin 2.7km tunnels under
original 22km section of the Gold Line, from Boyle Heights. The eight stations, many of which
Los Angeles to Pasadena, which opened in 2003. were designed by WSP architects and their joint
LENGTH OF ORIGINAL LINE
It included at-grade, elevated, and underground venture colleagues, were planned to fit the context
22km sections. We also performed structural and
seismic analyses of the proposed alignment,
of the neighbourhoods in which they are located.
given the area’s high level of seismic activity. WSP also provided preliminary engineering
LENGTH OF EASTSIDE EXTENSION services for the Foothill Extension of the Gold
9.7km The 9.7km Metro Gold Line Eastside Extension, Line. The first segment of the Foothill Extension,
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
from Union Station in downtown Los Angeles which extended the Gold Line 18km from Pasadena
to East Los Angeles, opened in 2009, offering to Azusa, opened in 2016. The second phase
LENGTH OF FOOTHILL EXTENSION residents of the city’s Eastside easy access to of the Foothill Extension would extend the
38km
destinations throughout Los Angeles. WSP, in Gold Line 19km from Azusa to Montclair.
joint venture, provided preliminary design of the © 2009 David Sailors
28 29Los Angeles
Expo Line,
Phase II
Location WSP was lead designer to the design-build for relocating utilities. We also designed the
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES joint venture for Phase II of the Expo Line, track guideway, structures, stations, traction
which extended Los Angeles Metro light electrification system, overhead contact
rail service 10.6km to Santa Monica. system, and the communication duct bank.
Client
EXPOSITION CONSTRUCTION AUTHORITY
Phase II of the Expo Line opened for service in Phase I of the Expo Line, from downtown to
Status May 2016, marking the first time in six decades that Culver City, opened in 2012. Phase II extended
COMPLETED IN 2016 it was possible to travel by rail—in 46 minutes— the line from Culver City to Santa Monica. The
from downtown Los Angeles to the beach at Expo Line serves neighbourhoods on the city’s
Santa Monica. Phase II included seven stations, Westside including Exposition Park, Century City,
with the terminus at 4th Street and Colorado in West Los Angeles and Westwood, and offers an
FEWER CARS ON THE I-10 DAILY Santa Monica, just blocks from the Pacific Ocean. alternative to travel on the congested Interstate
64,000 A dual-track light rail line was constructed in place
10 freeway. Ridership on the Expo Line extension
is expected to reach 18,000-20,000 weekday
of an abandoned single track that had not operated travellers after the first year of service.
LENGTH OF EXTENSION in decades. The project included station and track
10.6km
design as well as 24 street crossings, in some cases The Expo Line was delivered by the Exposition
using newly constructed above-grade-level bridges Construction Authority, which was created by the
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
and in others using at-grade crossings with gates. state legislature to oversee the planning, design
and construction of the Expo Line. The Expo
TRAVEL FROM DOWNTOWN LA
TO SANTA MONICA WSP was responsible for all design management Authority turned the completed line over to the
46 Minutes
and key design aspects of the project, including Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation
drainage and road improvements and strategies Authority, which owns and operates it.
30 31Macau LRT,
Phase I
Location
MACAU, CHINA
Client
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE OFFICE
+ MACAU SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE
GOVERNMENT
The Macau LRT Line forms the backbone of a engagement support, and preparation of complete
Status
COMPLETED IN 2014 comprehensive city-wide public transport network, tender documentation for all construction contracts.
and will be delivered in two phases. Phase I
consists of a 21km elevated system with 21 stations The Light Rapid Transit Phase I is a major
and a depot on a 12ha site. The system will serve the transportation project in Macau. To enhance
STATIONS
Macau Peninsula and Taipa, connected by the Sai the connectivity of the LRT network, the
Van Bridge. It will operate on a driverless rubber Transportation Infrastructure Office has
21 tyre system in both a two-car (single unit train) and
a four-car (double unit train) train configuration.
implemented several public transport
interchange projects at designated stations.
LENGTH OF LINE WSP serves as Lead Design Consultant for both The Barra Station project consists of an
21km contracts, with responsibilities including civil, underground parking facility with three 12,000m2
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
structural, environmental, and E&M engineering basements and one 250m2 sunken mezzanine, and
services. These services include studies, onsite the associated road network, which provides access
DEPOT survey works, conceptual to detailed design, depot to the public transport interchange. The structure
12ha
planning, alignment design, architectural design is a 25m-deep basement with three floor levels, and
of the viaduct and stations and depot, public the wall support is a permanent diaphragm wall. © 2012 Doraemon.tvb
32 33Manchester
Metrolink
Since 2007, we have worked to secure funding, The 14.5km extension to Manchester Airport
develop, expand, and enhance Greater Manchester’s opened to passengers in November 2014, over a
iconic tram system. This expansion programme year ahead of schedule. Most notably, we developed
will nearly triple the size of the network with an alternative rail junction control solution to bring
some 60km of new lines being delivered in a forward the opening of the South Manchester Line.
range of urban environments as well as bringing
a range of improvements to transform the wider The original design for the Oldham Town
network. This has included the construction Centre extension did not fit within funding
Location and refurbishment of over 300 retaining parameters. We developed a solution to
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND,
UNITED KINGDOM
structures, tunnels, viaducts, and bridges. construct an at-grade tramway integrated
with a fully remodeled highway layout, which
Client Operating as a fully integrated delivery team, has transformed the area to support wider
TRANSPORT FOR GREATER WSP has provided a comprehensive program regeneration plans, with significant cost savings.
MANCHESTER management service, including risk management,
project controls, and contract management, as Utility diversions are a key cost and program
Status
UNDER CONSTRUCTION well as extensive engagement with thousands risk for Light Rail Schemes. They were a huge
of stakeholders − ranging from members of the project in their own right, with over 500 separate
public to businesses, local authorities, politicians, contracts. Our development of specific solutions
interest groups, and statutory bodies. to individual problems was a major achievement.
CONSTRUCTION AND REFURBISHMENT We achieved a saving of £10 million and a nine-
OF RETAINING STRUCTURES, TUNNELS, Our accomplishments as part of the TfGM month reduction on the overall utility diversions
VIADUCTS, AND BRIDGES Metrolink Integrated Delivery include bringing program on the Manchester Airport Line, an
300+
5 new lines into service in 11 phases, with 24.5km effort recognized by the Light Rail Awards.
of new line opening significantly ahead of schedule.
OPENED 12 MONTHS AHEAD
OF SCHEDULE
Awards
Manchester - National Transport Awards - Special Award for “Outstanding Performance”
Airport Line - Light Rail Awards, including Project of the Year for Three Consecutive Years
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
- Chartered Institute for Highways and Transportation - Major Projects Award
LENGTH OF EXPANSIONS - National Rail Civil Engineering Award for the Extension to Manchester Airport
- British Precast Concrete Award for the Highest Levels of Innovation, Quality and
60km Efficiency in its Tram Stop Platform Construction, 2012 © Craig Willoughby
34 35Maryland
Purple Line
The MTA’s Purple Line is a planned 26km, Line will serve that market, and will also provide
21-station light rail line in the northern access to the metro system for the people who
Location Washington D.C. suburbs, extending from Bethesda live in the ‘wedges’ between the Metro lines.
MARYLAND, UNITED STATES
to New Carrollton in Maryland. It will provide the
Client first circumferential rail transit line connecting The Purple line is expected to provide significant
MARYLAND TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION (MTA) to the existing metrorail system, providing light travel time savings. In one segment of the
rail access to key business districts and activity corridor, a bus trip that would take 40 minutes
Status centers, the University of Maryland, four branches during peak traffic hours would only take an
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit estimated 9 minutes on the Purple Line.
Authority system, and Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor.
WSP is part of Maryland Transit Partners, a joint
The Washington DC Metro system, like most venture serving as the program management
LENGTH OF LINE transit systems, is a radial system designed to consultant. WSP provided numerous services
26km get passengers into and out of downtown, but as
land uses have changed and more jobs are now
and guidance during the critical procurement and
financing stages to secure federal funding for the
located in the suburbs, there is now a growing project. Construction began in August 2017.
COMMUTE TIME SAVED market for suburb-to-suburb travel. The Purple
31 Minutes
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
STATIONS Awards
- Federal Transit Administration - Outstanding Achievement Award, 2015
21 - Maryland Quality Initiative Planning Award, 2014 © 1996 David Sailors
36 37New Orleans
Streetcar Expansion
Streetcars have been an integral part of solar-powered transit shelters, relocation and
New Orleans’ public transportation network since replacement of numerous underground utilities, as
Location the first half of the 19th century. The St. Charles well as road paving and striping and landscaping.
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA,
Avenue Streetcar, in operation since 1835, is the
UNITED STATES
oldest continuously operating street railway Work on the 2.1km Rampart Street/St. Claude
Client system in the world. Over a period of three Avenue Extension began in January of 2015,
NEW ORLEANS REGIONAL TRANSIT decades, WSP has contributed to the New Orleans with completion and startup of service in
AUTHORITY Regional Transit Authority’s (RTA) expansion and 2016. WSP assisted the RTA with oversight
revitalization of several of the city’s streetcar lines. and constructability reviews during the final
Status
ONGOING
design, and assistance with coordination
WSP served as construction manager to the of utility relocation agreements.
RTA for the extension of the Loyola Avenue
Line from Canal Street to the Union Passenger As part of a joint venture, WSP served as general
TIGER GRANT
Terminal, through the city’s central business architecture and engineering consultant for the
district, and for the re-establishment of the revitalization of the Canal Street line, which
$45 Million Rampart Street/St. Claude Avenue Line from
Canal Street to Elysian Fields Avenue. The
links downtown with mid-city residential
and commercial neighbourhoods, as well as
firm provided construction management and important tourist destinations and the central
LINES IN OPERATION support staff throughout the construction business district. WSP provided a variety of
4 and close-out phases, as well as monitoring services, including engineering oversight,
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
and controlling the schedule and budget. transit operations analysis, environmental
review, rail systems engineering and rail
SOLAR-POWERED TRANSIT SHELTERS The 2.6km extension of the Loyola Avenue Line systems support during construction. Streetcar
8
was completed in 2013, in time for the Super service returned to Canal Street in 2004,
© 2006 David Sailors Bowl. The project included eight state-of-the-art, 40 years after it had been shut down.
38 39Newark
Light Rail Extension
Location
NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, UNITED STATES
Client
NEW JERSEY TRANSIT CORPORATION
Status Passenger service on the Newark Light Rail and Riverfront Baseball Stadium. Then, returning
OPENED IN 2006 Extension began on July 17, 2006. It connects the southbound, the stops include Washington Park’s
downtown district, providing service between cultural institutions, and again Center Street. The
two of Newark’s busiest intermodal facilities— 27.4m low-floor vehicles, the same vehicles used
Penn Station and Broad Street Station. for the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and the Newark
LENGTH
City Subway, can seat up to 70 riders. They are
1.6km The project included five new aboveground
stops, and provided easier access to NJ
powered by 750 volts from the overhead catenary
system and operate at speeds up to 40km per hour.
TRANSIT’s city subway, commuter rail and
TRIP FROM NEWARK PENN STATION bus networks, Amtrak, Greyhound, and WSP, in joint venture, supported NJ TRANSIT’s
TO BROAD STREET STATION Newark Liberty International Airport. efforts on this project with design, engineering,Newcastle Odense
Light Rail System Tramway
Odense Light Rail is one of the first light rail and, more recently, in the successful tendering
projects in Denmark and is funded through a and award of the key delivery contracts in June
Transport for NSW was tasked with We were engaged as lead designer – performing partnership of the national government, region, 2017. Utility diversions are largely complete, and
implementing two core elements of the transport all aspects of the feasibility and definition design. and local municipality. The project includes the changes to the road layouts are ongoing. The project
improvements: truncation of the heavy rail Our role included the geometric design of the construction of a new 14.3km bi-directional remains on track to be completed in late 2020.
branch line, and introduction of a light rail light rail alignment, investigation into impacts light rail line served by a new control and
system. The light rail development was split into on public utilities, assessment and appropriate maintenance centre. The line will connect the WSP’s professional services have covered a wide
two stages: (1) replacing the heavy rail service response to traffic network impacts, assessment centre of Odense and the multimodal transport range of disciplines, including strategic advisory,
and (2) providing access to and connectivity of the appropriate size of the light rail vehicle, hub to the new super hospital and the city’s ever- project management, support in development of
within the central business district. consideration of social, environmental and growing university campus. It supports the wider tender material for Transportation System (TS)
Location heritage impacts, stakeholder consultation Location city vision of stimulating inward investment and Rolling Stock (RS) contracts, and subsequent
NEWCASTLE, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA One of the main objectives of this initiative was to support, detailed cost estimates production, and ODENSE, DENMARK and ongoing efforts of urban densification. management of the tendering process. WSP has
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
provide a less intrusive transport mode, allowing road safety evaluation. We also managed sub- most recently been engaged to support the client
Client Client WSP has been providing client consultancy in the delivery phase by undertaking design
greater permeability. The light rail network consultants for the operations modelling, a variety
TRANSPORT FOR NSW ODENSE KOMMUNE DENMARK
will travel east from a new Wickham transport of surveys, and cost estimations, while taking services to Odense Municipality since the assurance of the TS & RS contractor’s deliveries
Status interchange and terminate at Pacific Park. into consideration community concern about Status feasibility stage. We have also supported the and by continuing to offer the client further ad
UNDER CONSTRUCTION the potential reduction of on-street parking. UNDER CONSTRUCTION project in securing EIA approval in May 2014 hoc support in all aspects of project delivery.
42 43Ottawa
Confederation Line
Ottawa’s Light Rail Transit is the first stage and drafting of reports and recommendations.
in Canada’s capital city future rail network.
The 12.5km electric light rail system replaces For Phase II, the City of Ottawa engaged our team
existing diesel powered buses, providing rapid to develop a business case for the extension of
transit between Blair Station in the east and the City’s LRT system to the south, east, and west,
Tunney’s Pasture in the west. The route includes as well as providing a connection to the airport.
13 stations and a 2.5km tunnel that will alleviate This economic and financial business case was
Location congestion through the downtown core. developed to quantify and evaluate the benefits of
OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA the PPP project and to provide a basis from which
For Phase I, WSP was retained by the City of to pursue funding from the government. In 2015,
Client
CITY OF OTTAWA
Ottawa to develop a business case and multiple the Ottawa City Council unanimously approved
account evaluation, provide program management the project, and both provincial and federal
Status services and assist in the selection of a partner governments have given funding commitments.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION for a public-private partnership (PPP) to deliver
a light rail transit system to serve the city’s This project represents one of the many
core north-south corridor. The team’s specific projects that combine our engineering and
assignments included project management, analysis planning expertise with the economic and
and recommendation of PPP delivery models, financial capabilities of the Global Strategic
financial and economic viability and value for Consulting team. It represents one of our
STATIONS
money analysis, advice on procurement strategies many engagements working with the City
13 and development of procurement tools, RFQ and
RFP preparation and evaluation of submissions,
of Ottawa on the various iterations of LRT
development since the early 2000s.
recommendation of the preferred proponent
TRIP DURATION PER DIRECTION
24 Minutes
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
Awards
LENGTH OF DOWNTOWN TUNNEL - Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships National Awards for Innovation and
2.5km Excellence, Gold Award, Transportation Innovation, 2013
44 45Perth
Metro Area Express
Location
PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA Perth's population is expected to reach 2.7 million assessment and appropriate response to traffic
by 2031, with public transport patronage predicted network impacts; structural assessments
Client to double. A fast, efficient inner city transit and design for bridges and retaining walls;
WA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT system is required to ease traffic congestion consideration of social, environmental and
and meet public transport demands. Studies heritage impacts; stakeholder consultation;
Status
UNDER CONSTRUCTION have shown that light rail could carry as many detailed cost estimates; and road safety auditing.
passengers as currently used on the heavy rail
lines – up to about 35,000 people per day. We later formed an integrated services team
with the DOT, in joint venture, to deliver the
The Department of Transport (DOT) was tasked next stages of the project. The team was tasked
EXPECTED PASSENGERS PER DAY with delivering Metro Area Express (MAX), Perth’s with production of a business case as well as
35,000
first light rail network. The 22km alignment extends the documentation for the procurement of a
from Mirrabooka in the north through the Perth design, construct, and operate contractor.
CBD before splitting into two branches – west to
the QEII Medical Centre, and east to the Causeway. Providing a safe, fast, and reliable service while
LENGHT OF LINE
maintaining access to the existing properties along
22km
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
WSP was the lead designer for the concept the alignment was a considerable challenge. Our
design of the city centre portion of the project. design solution minimized the length of alignment
Our role included the geometric design of the where general traffic would share the trackway and
POPULATION BY 2031 light rail alignment, including stops/stations; limited turning movements across the alignment.
2.7 Million investigation into impacts on public utilities; © Courtesy of the Department of Transport WA
46 47Phoenix
Valley Metro Rail
Location
PHOENIX, ARIZONA, UNITED STATES
Client
VALLEY METRO RAIL
Valley Metro Rail is building the largest at-grade, Valley Metro Rail’s 5km Central Mesa
Status
ONGOING in-street light rail system in the United States. Extension, which includes four new stations
Deciding to forego a phased approach, the along Main Street, opened in August 2015,
mandate is to build all three segments of seven months early, bringing rail transit to
the city’s 91.7km LRT system at once. the city’s downtown. The opening of the
PROJECTED FINAL LENGTH
Northwest Extension followed in June 2016.
WSP served as general engineering consultant
92km for the final design and design support services
during construction of the initial 32km segment,
WSP continues its relationship with Valley Metro
with a 3.2km extension to the Central Mesa
which included 28 stations, 8 park-and-ride Extension that is targeted for completion in 2018,
PASSENGER CAPACITY PER HOUR locations, and 50 light rail vehicles. Trains replaced while a second phase of the Northwest Extension
12,000 bus routes along the Metro alignment, freeing has been targeted for a 2023 opening. This
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
buses to travel expanded and new routes in the extension will connect the Dunlap Avenue station
Valley. The system has the capacity to carry up to to points farther north along a 2.4km corridor that
SAVINGS FROM STREAMLINING 12,000 people per hour, the equivalent of a six-lane will lead to the Metrocenter Mall in Phoenix.
$2 Million
freeway. The system opened in December of 2008
© 2008 David Sailors with 26,000 daily boardings in the first year.
48 49Portland
Interstate MAX
In the early 1980s, WSP, in joint venture, except for a 4.8km tunnel through the region’s
prepared an alternatives analysis and a draft West Hills. The West Hills extension included
environmental impact statement that examined one station, at Washington Park, designed by
Location options for light rail and expanded bus service WSP and its architectural subconsultant ZGG.
PORTLAND, OREGON, UNITED STATES for the Portland metropolitan area. The Tri- At 79m below ground, it is the deepest transit
County Metropolitan Transit District of Oregon station in North America. The 29km Westside
Client (TriMet) opted to build one of the first modern MAX opened, on schedule and within budget,
TRI-COUNTY METROPOLITAN
TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT
light rail systems in the United States, known in September 1998, offering a 51-minute ride
as MAX (Metropolitan Area Express). from downtown Portland to Hillsboro. The
Status Westside line connected with the existing
OPENED IN 2004 The first segment, known as the Banfield or Eastside line in downtown Portland, creating a
Eastside line, extends from downtown Portland 53km line now known as the MAX Blue Line.
24km east to Gresham and was completed in 1986.
WSP, in joint venture, prepared the preliminary Two years after the opening of the Westside line,
LENGTH OF WEST HILLS TUNNEL design for that line, now part of the MAX Blue line. WSP, as general engineering consultant to TriMet,
4.8km
began design of the Interstate MAX extension,
In 1992, the firm began detailed design for a now known as the Yellow Line, which runs from
29km western extension of the MAX light rail, the Rose Garden Transit Center 10km north along
DEEPEST TRANSIT STATION IN NORTH from downtown Portland to the western suburb Interstate Avenue to the Portland Exposition
AMERICA of Hillsboro. Beginning in 1993, the firm also Center. Interstate Max opened four months
Washington
performed construction management of the early, in May 2004, and well under budget.
line. Most of the western extension is at grade,
Park Station
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
WEEKDAY RIDERSHIP
Awards
- American Consulting Engineers Council - Grand Award, 1999
© 2004 David Sailors +95% - Consulting Engineers Council of Oregon - Grand Award, 1999
50 51Sacramento
South Corridor
Location
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, UNITED
STATES Phase I of the South Corridor Project extended traction power facilities, as well as procurement
the Sacramento Regional Transit District’s light of vehicles, track materials, traction power
Client rail system 10.1km connecting to the existing substations, and other operating equipment.
SACRAMENTO TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT light rail system between the 16th Street and 23rd
AGENCY
Street Stations and continuing south through A minimum clearance of 6.1m was maintained
Status
the Union Pacific Railroad right-of-way to its between the centerlines of the LRT and Union
OPENED IN 2003 terminus at the Meadowview Road crossing. The Pacific tracks. All the grade crossings were
entire alignment is at grade and includes 15 grade constructed with prefabricated concrete crossing
crossings of existing city streets. The Phase I panels and were protected by standard railroad
South Corridor extension includes eight stations signals equipped with lights, bells, and gates.
STATIONS
spaced approximately 1.6km apart. The three Sound walls and visual screening were provided
8 southernmost stations have park-and-ride lots. in selected sections where the line passed near
residential areas. All the stations have low
WSP provided final design services for the platforms that allow for wheelchair access.
PASSENGERS PER DAY South Line’s civil, track, and structures, and
15,000 traction electrification system contracts. The Phase I extension serves a diverse cultural,
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
ethnic, and economic population. It provides
The project required right-of-way acquisition; South Sacramento with a fast, efficient route
PARK-AND-RIDE LOTS utility relocations; freight track relocation; to major destinations, such as Sacramento
3
design and construction of track, drainage, City College, Luther Burbank High School,
park-and-ride lots, stations, signalling, and and the Campbell Soup Company. © 2003 David Sailors
52 53Salt Lake City San Diego
Transit Express Green Line
Extension
© 2004 David Sailors
WSP served as program manager for all three The four-station, 3.7km University line opened
Transit Express (TRAX) lines, acting as an in December 2001, $4 million under budget,
extension of UTA’s staff from initial planning 11 months ahead of schedule, and in time for the
through final design and construction support. 2002 Winter Olympics. WSP provided design-
The Transit Express is a double-tracked light rail build engineering management services. In
system and includes 23 stations, 12 park-and- contrast to the North/South line, which mostly
ride lots, and 20 traction power substations. The used existing railroad right-of-way, the University
system is unique because it is one of the few in the Line required extensive and costly street work. WSP, in joint venture, provided management The extension of the Green Line Trolley was
United States that has time-separated operation and design services for the Mission Valley East considered critical to San Diego State University’s
of light rail and freight trains on the same track. The 2.4km, three-station Medical Center extension of San Diego’s light rail transit system. plan to attract more students and to draw
Extension opened in September 2003, $8 million The extension of the San Diego Trolley’s Green young people who may have never patronized
The initial 24km North-South line was designed under budget and nine months ahead of Line opened in 2005 and included the Trolley's first public transit. Most importantly, the extension
Location
to relieve congestion in Salt Lake City’s heavily schedule. This new TRAX extension was built underground station, at San Diego State University. represented a further effort to provide mobility
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, travelled I-15/State Street Corridor. WSP’s role to provide immediate relief for the sprawling Location alternatives for San Diegans—toward using
UNITED STATES included community relations, budget and medical complex, which employs more than SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES The 9.3km extension, which began from high-quality public transit to reshape the
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
schedule control, quality assurance, design 14,000 workers and handles thousands more the Mission San Diego station, connected patterns of urban development for the region.
Client management, procurement, construction oversight, patients. The roundabout on the Medical Center Client to the existing Orange Line Trolley in the
UTAH TRANSIT AUTHORITY (UTA) SAN DIEGO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT SYSTEM
and testing. The North-South line opened in Extension is cited by UTA officials as the only one City of La Mesa, included a subway tunnel,
Status December 1999, one year ahead of schedule and in the country with trains running through it. Status lengthy sections on elevated viaduct, new
OPENED IN 2003 approximately $20 million under budget. OPENED IN 2005 stations, and new low-floor railcars.
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