2020: Beyond 4G Radio Evolution for the Gigabit Experience - White paper
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
White paper
2020: Beyond 4G
Radio Evolution for the
Gigabit Experience
Executive summary
Maintaining the pace of radio
Contents access evolution
3 Mobile networks face a decade of change This White Paper describes how the
underlying radio access technologies
4 Continued global effort will be vital will develop further by another
factor of 100 over the next 10 years,
5 State of the art LTE-Advanced ensuring that there is no slowdown
in the evolution of radio capabilities.
6 Significant potential for further Radio Evolution Nokia Siemens Networks is actively
engaged in collecting requirements
and viewpoints as well as shaping
9 Beyond 4G: The technical cornerstones
this development. We are researching
advanced radio network solutions
13 Techno-Economical aspects to support up to 1000 times higher
traffic volumes compared to 2010
14 Worldwide collaboration on standardization traffic levels.
14 Nokia Siemens Networks research leads the way Welcome to the next evolutionary
stage of the mobile experience –
15 Conclusion: Delivering the gigabit experience Beyond 4G.
2 Beyond 4G
Mobile Networks
face a decade of change
Every year, the demand in mobile
broadband communications increases
dramatically as more and more
users subscribe to mobile broadband Explosion of
packages. In addition, smartphones, number of devices
super-phones and tablets with
powerful multimedia capabilities and
applications are becoming increasingly Explosion of
Machine-to-machine
transactions
popular and are creating new demands
on mobile broadband. Finally, new
Explosion of
data services and applications, for traffc volume Smartphones
example pervasive 3D multimedia, Super-phones
are emerging, making the experience
of using mobile broadband better and Laptops
more exciting.
All these factors are adding up to
create an exponential increase in traffic Figure 1. Multi-dimensional traffic growth in mobile networks
volumes and transactions. Meeting
the demand calls for “liquid network
capacity” that can adapt easily to
fluctuating user demands over time
and location. These trends, shown in
Figure 1, are expected to maintain their
momentum over the next decade and Peak data rate
will be complemented by the arrival 6
of billions of machine devices and
Backwards Spectral efficiency
related machine-to-machine (M2M) compatibility 4
applications.
Extrapolations of current growth trends 2
predict that networks need to be
prepared to support up to a thousand- Energy 0 Latency
fold increase in total mobile broadband
traffic by 2020. This figure assumes
a ten-fold increase in broadband
mobile subscribers and up to
100 times higher traffic per user 6: No compromise
(beyond 1 GByte/sub/day), with Scalability Consistency
5: Strong requirement
smartphones and super-phones 4: Compromise possible
0: Not relevant
experiencing the fastest growth. Cost per Bit
In 2020, most important design
Figure 2. Design criteria for Beyond 4G systems
targets are expected to be the cost per
delivered bit and system scalability. In
addition, future heterogeneous network
deployments will offer ubiquitous
connectivity with rock-solid quality
where necessary. Other important
targets are latency minimization,
consistent area performance and
energy efficiency for boosting
consumer experience.
Beyond 4G 3
The wireless network’s environmental
impact is becoming an increasingly
Enablers
important consideration. Improving
the energy efficiency of network
components, such as base stations Multi-RAT
and access points, not only cuts Heterogeneous
Networks
CO2 emissions but, also reduces
operational expenses, lowering
the cost per bit. This is important,
considering the expected traffic and Spectrum
Cognition, Pooling
throughput growth up to 2020.
A decade from now, mobile
broadband systems must meet Coordination
CoMP, ICIC
these requirements. Fulfilling these
will strongly influence the economic
success of the wireless sector, from
device and component manufacturers, Smaller Cells
Micro, Pico,
to network and service providers.
Relay, Femto
Today’s wireless systems fall short
of 2020 demands and significant Sp En Ar Ro KPIs
ec er ea bu
research and development effort will tra gy Ef stn
lE Ef fic es
be needed over the next decade. ffic fic
ie
ien
c s
ien nc y
Figure 3 shows the key enablers to be cy y
investigated, as well as the different
Key Performance Indicators that will
be used to verify system performance. Figure 3. Beyond 4G technology enablers, KPIs and optimization timelines
Continued global
effort will be vital
Beyond 4G radio will require spectrum network deployments with distributed requirements for next generation
to support higher data rates and higher cooperating nodes will need to be systems. This global effort started with
capacity. The industry, for example deployed. The introduction of a new the definition of IMT-2000 systems for
vendors and CSPs, expects to obtain Beyond 4G access system could be 3G standardization. The requirements
new spectrum at the world radio considered if justified by significant for 4G systems were defined under
conference (WRC2016). However, gains (>50-100%) measured against the title IMT-Advanced. ITU-R is
even today it can be seen that if new the KPIs outlined in Figure 3. expected to analyze the demands and
spectrum is allocated to mobile radio requirements for the next generation of
applications, this will be far from To create a globally-harmonized broadband wireless systems to guide
sufficient to meet the predicted traffic approach to specifying and developing and harmonize future developments
demands for 2020. Thus, technologies broadband wireless networks, ITU-R towards ‘Beyond 4G’.
with increased spectral efficiency, has established a widely accepted
and new heterogeneous dense framework by setting minimum
4 Beyond 4G
State of the art
LTE-Advanced
Many CSPs have deployed
LTE Release 8 in commercial LTE-Advanced
networks to offer peak data rates Self optimization
Toolbox
up to 100 Mbps. The first phase of Automatic optimization
the LTE-Advanced specification was
completed by the 3GPP Release 10
in June 2011. LTE-Advanced offers
peak rates of 1 Gbps by using carrier
Heterogeneous networks Macro, Micro, Pico
aggregation and multi-antenna
coordination
transmission. LTE-Advanced will
raise spectral efficiency through Multi-system co-operation
coordinated multipoint transmission,
which refers to multi-antenna
transmission simultaneously from Relaying
multiple base stations.
Out-band & in-band relay
As we have seen, traffic volumes are
likely to increase faster than the amount
of spectrum being made available and
the rise in spectral efficiency. More base Coordinated Multipoint
stations will therefore be needed to offer Coordination between
the necessary capacity. LTE-Advanced base stations
supports heterogeneous networks with
co-existing large macro cells, small
micro and pico cells, and WiFi access
points. Low cost deployment will be MIMO
achieved by self-organizing features. 8x 4x Downlink 8x8 MIMO
Uplink 4x4 MIMO
Many features of LTE-Advanced
have been studied by the research
community for years and will now
Carrier Aggregation
provide practical benefits for customers.
Figure 4 summarizes the main
LTE-Advanced features that can
+ Up to 100 MHz
be deployed flexibly on top of LTE Carrier 1 Carrier 2
Release 8 networks. The commercial
availability of LTE-Advanced features
is expected to be during 2013-2015. Figure 4. LTE-Advanced and Self-Optimization toolbox of features
Beyond 4G 5
Significant potential
for further Radio Evolution
Radio Evolution will not stop with • Radio implementation required to achieve that target.
LTE-Advanced - on the contrary - bandwidth increases Mobile broadband data in many
the underlying technologies will The development of RF countries is carried today by the
keep improving. technologies will enable UMTS 2100 MHz band with a total
radio implementation with wider of 2 x 60 MHz of spectrum.
• Digital processing bandwidth. Larger RF bandwidth
power improves is another key factor in enabling Refarming all 900 and 1800 MHz
The so-called Moore’s law higher data rate transmission. bands for mobile broadband would
describes the long term trend give a total of 340 MHz of spectrum.
in hardware and computing. • Optical fiber availability With 800 MHz and 2600 MHz
The number of transistors on and cost improves allocations, the total spectrum will be
an integrated circuit doubles Fiber enables faster connections 600 MHz. These spectrum blocks are
approximately every 18 to 24 to base stations, either as backhaul already available in a few countries
months. That trend has been or front-haul up to the antenna. and will be widely available by 2015.
valid for more than 50 years and The entire spectrum identified for IMT
there are no signs that the law will These technology advancements amounts to more than 1,100 MHz,
break down before 2020. Higher will enable the deployment of higher in addition to a large amount (about
processing power enables higher data rates and higher capacity, as 500 MHz) of unlicensed spectrum
data rate signal processing in the well as driving down the cost per at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The total
digital baseband. bit. Yet, radio evolution also requires spectrum will be 3 – 10 times
spectrum. The amount of spectrum the current allocation for mobile
available for mobile broadband may broadband. Spectrum evolution is
increase by up to 10 times, but a lot shown in Figure 5.
of global coordination work will be
2000 Unlic 5 GHz
1800 Unlic 2.4 GHz
3700
1600
3400
1400
2600
1200 2300
MHz 1000 2100 TDD
2100
800
1800
600
900
400
800
200 700
0 450
2010 2012 2015 2020
Figure 5. Expected additional spectrum assets for mobile broadband
6 Beyond 4G
The link level capacity is bound by the
Shannon limit, but that does not apply
at the system level where several 10.0
cells interact with each other. System
efficiency can be enhanced by clever
designs in which inter-cell interference 8.0
can be optimized. Today’s spectral
efficiency is typically between 0.5 and
1.0 bps/Hz/cell (for example HSPA),
6.0
taking into account legacy terminal
and backhaul limitations. Efficiency (bps/Hz/cell)
could be pushed to 5 - 10 bps/Hz/cell
by using multi-antenna and multi-cell 4.0
transmission and cooperation as
shown in Figure 6.
Meanwhile, radio latency has no 2.0
fundamental limits, except those
imposed by the speed of light, and
could be pushed into the millisecond 0.0
range or even less by advanced HSPA LTE 2x2 LTE- + COMP + UE + Further
today Advanced interference innovations
protocol design. One millisecond 4x4 cancellation
corresponds to a round trip time
of 100 kilometers in optical fiber,
Figure 6. Spectral Efficiency Evolution
therefore lower latency would be
beneficial for large amounts of
local content.
Latency (ms) Latency (ms)
15.0
25.0
10.0 Transport + core
BTS
20.0
5.0 Air interface
15.0 UE
0.0
LTE
10.0
5.0
0.0
HSPA LTE Beyond 4G
Figure 7. Latency Improvements (round trip time)
Beyond 4G 7
10x
We also expect that base station
density will increase by a factor of 10
in areas with a large density of active
users. Large numbers of femto cells
50 Mio
will be deployed to improve home
and small office coverage and offload
traffic from macro cells. Additionally,
a large installed base of WiFi Access
Points (>500 million) will carry traffic,
mainly indoors.
The impact of the three enhancement
topics, improvements in spectral 5 Mio
efficiency, additional spectrum and
large number of small base stations, 2010 2020
will be to enable up to 1,000 times
more capacity than today, as illustrated
in Figure 9.
Figure 8. Increase in the number of base stations due to network densification
Spectrum (MHz) Spectrum efficiency BTS density (/km2)
(bps/Hz/cell)
1200 10 120
1000 100
8
800 80
6
600 60
4
400 40
200 2 20
0 0 0
2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020
10x 10x 10x
1000x
Figure 9. Technology capabilities allow 1000 times more data in 10 years’ time
34% CAPEX Savings 85,9m EUR 46% OPEX Savings 186,7 Mio EUR
(Over 6 years) (Over 6 years)
120 200,0
100 150,0
80 100,0
50,0
8 Beyond60
4G
40 0,0
)
y
e
e
e
al
g
a
e
&
t
Beyond 4G:
The technical cornerstones
Ubiquitous heterogeneous
Diverse radio access technologies delivery capabilities, services
networks will need to be integrated, with any could be delivered intelligently to
Future networks will be deployed combination of LTE, HSPA+, Wi-Fi and take advantage of the operational
more densely than today’s networks. Beyond 4G radio access technologies. environment. Context sensitive
Due to economic constraints and site Last but not least, the allocated variables could be the existence
availability, networks will become spectrum will be more fragmented and of other access networks, the
significantly more heterogeneous may even be shared among CSPs availability of radio bandwidth, the
in terms of transmit power, antenna according to new license models. radio propagation environment and
configurations (number, height and user mobility patterns. Furthermore,
pattern of antennas), supported In a future wireless network, the quality of connections could be set
frequency bands, transmission connectivity will also be designed according to available network and air
bandwidths and duplex arrangements. to take energy efficiency into interface resources.
Radio network nodes will vary from account. Networks will intelligently
stand-alone base stations to systems distribute radio resources to achieve
with different degrees of centralized the lowest energy consumption
processing, depending on the possible. Hence, instead of offering
availability of front-haul and backhaul. a uniform radio access with varying
Macro cell - Macro cell
Macro cell - Macro cell -
Femtocelli Femtocelli
Indoors
Macro cell -
Macro cell - Micro cell
Femtocelli
WiFi
Macro cell -
Pico cell
Indoors
Femto cell
Figure 10. Heterogeneous Networks with a myriad of multi-radio cell layers
Coverage area of Macro cell
Coverage area of Micro cell
Coverage area of Pico cell
Beyond 4G 9
Extreme automation by self- The air interface one of the focus areas for the Beyond
organization and cognition 4G air interface studies.
The air interface is the foundation
The management of heterogeneous of all wireless communication SC-FDMA used in the LTE uplink
networks needs to be fundamentally infrastructures. The properties and maximizes coverage by maintaining
redesigned for simplicity and interoperability of different air- a low peak to average power ratio
efficiency. This calls for coordinated interfaces, physical layer, protocol to support efficient power amplifiers
dimensioning of quantitative layer, retransmission, critically affect in devices. However, there is room
parameters, the ratio between large the QoS, spectral efficiency, energy for further coverage and/or power
and small cells, form factors, multi- efficiency, robustness and flexibility of efficiency enhancements, for example
vendor domains and backhaul options. the entire radio system. The evolution high UL bandwidths (100 MHz) and
The exploitation of cloud technologies, of the air interface will be driven by carrier aggregation.
virtualization, resource pooling and small cell dominated architectures.
increased degrees of coordination Consequently, relevant aspects, User plane latency is the measure of
are key technologies to reduce the such as propagation and interference the end-to-end performance of many
cost of transmission sites for antenna conditions need to be developed applications. The minimum round trip
clusters. carefully. time (RTT) of LTE is around 10 ms
(Figure 7). It is generally accepted
The dilemma in radio network The LTE air interface is optimized for that latency must decrease in line with
management is the balance between the wide area environment where the the increase in data rates. Hence, an
centralized and distributed control. In transmit power difference between the RTT of the order of 0.1 – 1 ms needs
future, the increasing number of small device and base station is relatively to be considered as the initial target
cells with fiber backhaul will drive the large (up to 25 dB). Consequently, for a Beyond 4G system. It is obvious
need for locally centralized small cell both the modulation scheme (SC- that if the radio can provide very small
clusters capable of global optimization. FDMA vs. OFDMA) and the physical latency (such as 0.1 ms), that is only
channel structure differ significantly beneficial for content that is very close
Future networks will be populated with between the uplink (UL) and downlink to the point of use.
various kinds of devices with wireless (DL). The UL has been designed to
access. Some devices will need maximize the link budget for control It is difficult to make major
high bandwidth (HDTV or 3D video and data channels. improvements in latency without
streaming/download), some will have impacting the air interface. The
stringent latency requirements (VoIP For example, given the similar uplink components of latency, such as frame
or gaming), while others will need a and downlink transmit powers and structure, control signal timing, and
maximized robustness and reliability limited coverage area required for HARQ, form the key building blocks
(e-Health, Car2x Communication). indoor access points, maximizing of the air interface. Therefore, major
Moreover, a much greater variety the similarities between UL and DL improvements in U-plane latency
of devices, M2M, notebooks and is sensible. Similar multiple access imply considerable changes in the
smartphones will demand network schemes could be used in both air interface. For example, an RTT
flexibility. A vital future technology is directions, simplifying system design requirement of 0.1 ms interprets to TTI
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) - and hardware implementation and lengths down to 10-25 μs. This cannot
the next evolution of Self-Organizing providing better support for D2D be achieved with the current LTE-
Networks (SON). CRN will enable communications. Thus, a similar air Advanced OFDMA numerology, but
flexible spectrum management, interface in UL and DL would enable requires a more versatile approach.
device-to-device networking and new use cases and gain mechanisms,
wideband software-defined radio. especially in the TDD mode, which is
10 Beyond 4GThe link performance in today’s mobile The next generation wireless
broadband systems is often limited device will support a vast number of
by interference from other elements services with a powerful and complex
of the system. Relatively primitive communications engine. Radios in
means to suppress such interference devices already support cellular, WiFi,
at the receiver side have already been GPS and Bluetooth. Additionally,
introduced in state-of-the-art wireless- international roaming requires devices
communication systems (e.g. HSPA+ to support a variety of radios/bands
3i receiver). However, the increasing because globally available frequency
level of computationally-intensive bands are not consistent. As a result,
signal processing, even in hand-held the RF complexity in the device will
terminals, opens up the possibility increase drastically, requiring radios to
of more advanced methods of support multiple bands and duplexing
interference suppression/elimination. methods (FDD & TDD).
An even more disruptive, but very In future, the radios in the device
challenging, technology step would will perform local radio resource
be to extend current multi-antenna management and assist with network
schemes, typically comprising just a resource management. Device
few antenna ports at each node, to support for carrier aggregation and
massive multi-antenna configurations. heterogeneous networks could enable
In an extreme case, this could simultaneous communication over
consist of a myriad of cooperating multiple radio access technologies.
antenna ports (for example in a The wireless device may also be a
much more distributed manner also gateway for a multitude of sensors and
known as “immersed radio”). Inter- machine type devices. It will perform
cell interference cancellation and spectrum sensing for capturing and
coordination can increase average analyzing the radio environment.
data rates, but even better, these
solutions can improve cell edge The optimization of device power
data rates. consumption is important in current
devices and will remain a key factor in
Requirements for devices the future. Battery capacity improves
very slowly compared to the evolution
In the smartphones and super-phones of other technologies.
of today, radio is only a small part
of device capability. Enhanced user
experience is central and CSPs
advertise innovative plans for the
services and applications that a phone
can support. In essence, the major
selling point in the new wireless device
is no longer radio, but undeniably,
ubiquitous radio access remains the
essential backbone for supporting new
applications and services.
Beyond 4G 11Product component The future of mobile communications limited bandwidth to a large number
technologies will include a vast variety of of customers.
communication nodes with various
For cost and practical reasons, base sets of requirements and priorities. • The technologies need to enable
stations will become significantly Some will need to be designed higher average data rates in the
smaller. To date, this goal has been primarily for quality of experience, Uplink and Downlink with more
pursued by improving existing some will bring the highest energy bandwidth and more antennas.
technologies, but at some point efficiency, while others may focus • We also need higher efficiency
the frontiers will be reached and a on robustness and security. This to deliver more Gbps in a limited
technology leap will be necessary variety calls for major improvements amount of spectrum.
here as well. Outsourcing tedious in flexibility, both for the network and • In dense areas, more capacity
computations to the network cloud the architectural design of the nodes. per square kilometer will need to
is already a new and promising The main cornerstones for the radio be provided by increasing the
shift, but power amplifiers and other evolution are listed in Figure 11. density of small base stations and
components will also have to inherent offloading.
be revisited with respect to their This section has illustrated the
cost and wideband capabilities. technical enablers that will boost the
Further integration with antenna practical user experience from a
equipment, already starting today few Mbps to several Gbps. The
with the first Active Antenna Systems, ultimate target is to offer consistently
is a good example. higher useable data rates within a
Past (2010) Future (2020)
Wide scale small cell
Large macro cells
(heterogeneous) deployments
Fiber availability and new wireless
Limited backhaul capacity
backhaul solutions applied
Fast interference coordination
Inter-cell interference limits capacity
and cancellation
Small cell configuration and Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN)
optimization is complex
Stationary network configuration Self Organizing Networks (SON)
and spectrum
Multi-branch and multi-site
Two branch antennas
antenna transmission
Figure 11. Main cornerstones for the long term radio evolution
Today Future (2020)
Large macro cells 100 BTS / km2
5 Gbps / BTS
Limited backhaul capacity
backhaul solutions
Fast interference coordination Capacity >50% x
Inter-cell interference limits capacity Capacity 25% x peak rate
and cancellation peak rate
Network configuration and >1000 EUR/BTS / year Self Organizing NetworksTechno-Economical aspects
In future, CSPs are likely to increase
infrastructure sharing. Virtualization 200 MHz
will be a key technology in achieving
this and already the concepts and
100 MHz
basic building blocks have been
tested. By the end of the decade,
new business relationships, enabled 20 MHz
RF bandwidth increases
by network resource virtualization
and sharing, will introduce new
opportunities and possibly new players
into the value chain. Macro Micro Pico/ Fingertip
Femto
Total Cost of Ownership
Mobile CSP revenue is expected to
grow only moderately during the next
10 years. If CSPs need to be able to Base station form factor gets smaller
support 1,000 times more traffic with
current cost structures, the cost per Figure 12. Evolution trends for base stations
bit must be pushed down by a factor
of 1,000.
One way to achieve lower cost is to The Techno-Economic balance
provide more capacity with small base between traffic growth and flat
stations and cells. To provide high revenue is achieved by higher
capacity, RF equipment must support radio efficiency with smaller base
large bandwidth and great frequency stations. However, it is not enough
agility. The lower cost will be enabled to have lower base station cost, we
by new base station power and form also need to push down operational
factors that allow much smaller base costs with low cost transport, low
station products. These key factors are cost configuration and low cost
illustrated in Figure 12. optimization.
1000x capacity gain:
Up to 1000x 10x more BTS
Traffic growth 10x spectral efficiency
10x spectrum
1000x cost reduction:
10x BTS bandwidth
Flat TCO
10x spectral efficiency
10x smaller BTS
Flattish Revenue Growth
Figure 13. Techno-Economic balance
Beyond 4G 13Worldwide collaboration
on standardization
It is likely that ITU-R will look into The 3GPP success stories of HSPA
possible requirements for Beyond and LTE show that worldwide
4G systems, as well as preparing for collaborative specification work among
WRC2016 to identify new spectrum for partners is the only way to achieve
wireless communication. large economies of scale, therefore we
expect that this community will play its
Collaborative research projects, role when the real specification work
for example within the Framework for Beyond 4G begins. We should not
Programs (e.g. FP7 and 8) of the forget that existing 4G technologies
European Union, will play an important will further evolve by adding new
role to share the Beyond 4G research capabilities from ongoing research and
workload among the main players specification work.
in industry, academia and CSPs and
lay the groundwork for subsequent
standardization.
Nokia Siemens Networks
research leads the way
Consolidated efforts are necessary the 3GPP LTE standard, numerous
from all players in academia and publications and books, collaboration
industry to develop innovative in international research projects
technologies and deployment options (WINNER+, SOCRATES, MEVICO
that meet the demands of mobile and ARTIST4G), strategic cooperation
broadband wireless in 2020. As with key universities, joint research
well as the focus on evolutionary work with leading CSPs, Smartlab
enhancements, the mid-term and activities with all leading smartphone
long-term research must also identify vendors, and research teams in
possible technology leaps. multiple continents. Nokia Siemens
Networks emphasizes the importance
Nokia Siemens Networks conducts of open standards and sharing
leading research activities in radio, research results in white papers,
with thousands of contributions to publications and books.
14 Beyond 4GConclusion
Delivering the Gigabit
Experience
Radio access technologies need
significant advancements to meet Traffic Growth
the capacity and cost requirements Up to 1000x
predicted for 2020. We need to
prepare to support a thousand-fold
traffic increase from today with Antennas
constant cost structure. All active
Revenues & TCO
1000x capacity gain: beamforming
1000x Flattish
- 10x more BTS massive MIMO
growth The technology
- 10x mix to address this
spectral efficiency
challenge will be a combination of a
- 10x spectrum
large number of small base stations, 2020
extensive use of advanced antenna Unified Network Cooperation &
1000x cost reduction: Extreme Automation Coordination
technologies, self-organizing networks Scattered Spectrum Interference
- 10x BTS bandwidth
TCO enhanced with cognitive radio network,
- 10x spectral efficiency Smart Offloading Spectrum
wideband radios
- 10x smaller BTS and wide use
Myriad of Cells Antenna clusters
of available fiber optics networks
for the backhaul and front-haul.
Flattish Revenue Growth Access Architecture
Nokia Siemens Networks is at Distributed and Centralized
the forefront in developing and
driving the most economical and
powerful technologies and solutions
together with the industry and
research partners.
Figure 14. 2020 Challenges and Enablers
Abbreviations
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project M2M Machine-to-machine
BTS Base Transceiver Station MIMO Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
CoMP Co-ordinated Multipoint Processing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division
CP Cyclic Prefix Multiple Access
DL Downlink QoS Quality of Service
FDD Frequency Division Duplex RF Radio Frequency
GPS Global Positioning System RTT Round Trip Time
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access Multiple Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access SON Self-Organizing Networks
ITU-R International Telecommunication Union – TDD Time Division Duplex
Radio communication sector UE User Equipment
IMT- Advanced International Mobile UL Uplink
Telecommunications - Advanced UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
KPI Key Performance Indicator System
LTE Long Term Evolution WRC World radio Conference
Beyond 4G 15Nokia Siemens Networks Corporation P.O. Box.1 FI-020022 NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS Finland Visiting address Karaportti 3, ESPOO, Finland Switchboard +358 71 400 4000 Product code: C401-00722-WP-201106-1-EN Copyright © 2011 Nokia Siemens Networks. All rights reserved. A license is hereby granted to download and print a copy of this document for personal use only. No other license to any other intellectual property rights is granted herein. Unless expressly permitted herein, reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of part or all of the contents in any form without the prior written permission of Nokia Siemens Networks is prohibited. The content of this document is provided “AS IS”, without warranties of any kind with regards its accuracy or reliability, and specifically excluding all implied warranties, for example of merchantability, fitness for purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall Nokia Siemens Networks be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever resulting form loss of use, data or profits, arising out of or in connection with the use of the document. Nokia Siemens Networks reserves the right to revise the document or withdraw it at any time without prior notice. Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation, Siemens is a registered trademark of Siemens AG. The wave logo is a trademark of Nokia Siemens Networks Oy. Other company and product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective owners, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only. www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
You can also read
