Battery Metals Report 2020 - Everything you need to know about the Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel and Vanadium! - Swiss Resource Capital AG
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Battery Metals Report 2020
Everything you need to know about the Battery Metals
Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel and Vanadium!
www.resource-capital.ch | info@resource-capital.ch
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Table of Contents Imprint
Commodity-TV
The whole world of commodities
in one App!
ad
Downlo App
ique
our un e! Disclaimer 02
for fre
Table of Contents | Imprint 07
Preface09
The electric boom begins! -
Lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium start a new era! 10
Interview with Tobias Tretter – Manager of the
Structured Solutions Next Generation Resources Fund27
Firmenprofile Editor
Swiss Resource Capital AG
Defense Metals���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 Poststr. 1
9100 Herisau, Schweiz
Giga Metals������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 36 Tel : +41 71 354 8501
Fax : +41 71 560 4271
Lithium Chile���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 info@resource-capital.ch
www.resource-capital.ch
Mali Lithium����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Editorial staff
Millennial Lithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 Jochen Staiger
Tim Rödel
Neolithium�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
Layout/Design
Watch Management & Expert Interviews, Site-Visit-Videos, Plateau Energy Metals�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 Frauke Deutsch
News Shows and receive top and up to date
All rights reserved. Reprinting
Mining Information on your mobile device worldwide! material by copying in electronic
form is not permitted.
Editorial Deadline: 10/01/2019
Amazing features:
Cover: sungsu han/shutterstock.com
• Company Facts page 12: ©ser_igor/stock.adobe.com
• Global Mining News Back:
# 1: pittoresqueemi, Pixabay
• Push Notofications # 2: Walkerma, gemeinfrei
• Commodity-TV, Rohstoff-TV and Dukascopy-TV # 3: F. Muhammad, Pixabay
powered by: # 4: A. Krebs, Pixabay
• Live Charts
• JRB-Rohstoffblog All images and graphics are, unless
otherwise stated, by the companies.
Charts: 10/17/2019
JS Charts by amCharts
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Preface
Dear Readers,
With pride and joy we are already entering the many as a whole. 2019 is the starting year for
fourth year of publication of our Battery Me- electric vehicles on a grand scale worldwide,
tals Report. as all well-known manufacturers - above all
the Germans – are launching more than 60
Our special report series started with lithium new electric models on the market. Away from
because we see this metal, as well as cobalt, the concept car and the study towards mass
vanadium and nickel, as one of the great ener- production and day-to-day e-automobiles. I
gy future metals and see great opportunities just read in AutoMotorSport that Porsche and
and potential in the long term despite the its battery partners are already working on a
boom that has already taken place. The bat- battery that could have a range of 1,000 kilo- Jochen Staiger is founder and CEO
tery developments have made enormous pro- metres. That would be a huge breakthrough. of Swiss Resource Capital AG,
gress in the last two years and also All these will be enormous drivers of the de- located in Herisau, Switzerland. As
cost-technically one has become clearly more mand for lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium chief-editor and founder of the first
favorable. The ranges increase and thus also but above all copper. In general, copper is two resource IP-TV-channels
the acceptance of the end customers, i.e. car currently being played as a recession barome- Commodity-TV and its German
buyers. You can see not only Teslas but also ter on the futures exchanges. However, accor- counterpart Rohstoff-TV, he reports
many Zoes, Nexos, Toyotas plus the E-Tron ding to the German government, another about companies, experts, fund
from Audi and the EQC from Mercedes. Volks- 30,000 loading points are to be added by managers and various themes
wagen is now putting a whole army of e-mobi- 2030. This means millions of tons of copper around the international mining
les on the roads, which also look very good. which are not only used for cars, but mainly business and the correspondent
The electric car is increasingly conquering its for the charging infrastructure. 2020 should metals.
place among consumers and in automotive not only be the beginning of a new decade,
history. At the end of 2018, 5.1 million electri- but it looks like a decade for raw materials, as
cians were on the move worldwide. By the these are and will remain the basis of our eco-
end of 2019 we will probably already have 8.5 nomic activities.
d R o h s t o f f - T V get million electric cars and by the end of 2020 Swiss Resource Capital AG has set itself the
an
Commodity-TV wareness it deserves!
forecasts are already at +12 million. Lithium task of providing commodity investors, inte-
and cobalt are the main components of all rested parties and those who would like to
h ea
batteries and rechargeable batteries available become investors with up-to-date and com-
yo u r c o m p a n y t in large series and thus the main link of the
electric vehicle dream. A boom of at least the
prehensive information on a wide variety of
commodities and mining companies. On our
same magnitude will be experienced in the website www.resource-capital.ch you will find
coming years by decentralised storage facili- more than 24 companies and lots of informa-
ties, which will be able to help to achieve the tion and articles about raw materials.
base-load capacity of wind power and photo-
voltaic systems that has been lacking up to We would like to give you the necessary in-
now. This in turn requires larger quantities of sights through our special reports and provide Tim Roedel is chief-editorial- and
vanadium. you with comprehensive information. Additio- chief-communications-manager at
nally our two raw material IPTV channels SRC AG. He has been active in the
The IAA just took place in Frankfurt, where www.Commodity-TV.net & www.Rohstoff-TV.net commodity sector since 2007 and
15,000 demonstrators against the car cavor- are available to you free of charge at any time. held several editor- and chief-
ted, but more than 60,000 visitors found their If you are on the go, we recommend our new editor-positions, e.g. at the
way into the halls to gather information. Even Commodity TV App for iPhone and Android, publications Rohstoff-Spiegel,
though many a do-gooder has fought against which provides you with real-time charts, Rohstoff-Woche, Rohstoffraketen,
the car, a car is still indispensable for commu- prices and the latest videos. Wahrer Wohlstand and First Mover.
ters, commercial travellers and people who He owns an enormous commodity
are active in business, not to mention perso- My team and I hope you enjoy reading the expertise and a wide-spread
nal freedom. Contrary to the notorious black- Battery Metals Special Reports and we hope network within the whole resource
eyed and paranoid market criers who prefer to to provide you with lots of new information, sector.
abolish the German car industry, it is increa- impressions and ideas.
singly possible to find a consensus for tomor-
row‘s mobility that does not even endanger 4 Yours, Jochen Staiger
million jobs in the car industry and thus Ger-
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The electric boom begins! –
Lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium start a new era!
The combustion engine will Electric mobility is Italy: 30% electric vehicles sold until dels are to run with an electric motor
disappear sooner or later – the 2030 - according to today‘s figures about
third decade of the 21st cen- picking up speed! EU: 30% electric vehicles sold until 3.3 million;
tury will be the breakthrough 2030 Hyundai: At least 10% electric vehic-
for electric propulsion. Israel: End of combustion sales by le share by 2025 - 800,000 vehicles;
Many countries are now 2030 Peugeot: 80% conversion to electric
The leap from the age of fossil combusti- fully committed to the electro India: End of combustion sales by drive by 2023;
on and the most immediate consumption mobility card 2030 Porsche: Conversion of 90% of the
possible to the decentralisation of energy Japan: 30% electric vehicles sold by product range to electric drives;
production, the corresponding need for Above all, many countries have now jum- 2030 Renault/Nissan: 1.5 million vehicles
on-site storage and, ultimately, to a true ped on the electric mobility bandwagon South Korea: 30% electric vehicles from 2020;
revolution in mobility has begun, and the in order to achieve the climate targets sold by 2030 Tesla: 1 million vehicles from 2020;
electric boom will not only really take off they have set themselves, and have in- China: 5% electric vehicles sold by Toyota: 50% conversion to electric
in automotive construction from 2020. troduced measures that will further acce- 2020, 20% electric vehicles sold by drive and hybrid by 2030;
After more than 100 years of combustion lerate the process of turning away from 2025 Volvo: 100% conversion to electric
engines, the next stage of development the internal combustion engine and at and hybrid drive by 2019 (500,000 ve-
is finally being ignited, and that is called the same time towards the electric mo- hicles);
„electro mobility“. Even if this transfor- tor. Car manufacturers plan to build VW Group: By 2025, 20 to 25% of all
mation will entail job losses: There‘s no many millions of electric ve- vehicles produced are to be powered
stopping it now. The following goals have already been hicles purely by electricity, which is equiva-
clearly formulated: lent to a total of around 2 to 3 million
These planned measures put the car ma- vehicles. By 2030, 300 electric mo-
Musk makes it possible - or nufacturers under pressure, so that they dels are to be launched on the mar-
how a South African breaks the Canada: 30% of electric vehicles sold have already reacted and have spent the ket.
omnipotence of the oil multina- by 2030 - Quebec Province wants following company goals:
tionals emissions reduced to zero by 2050 In total, the leading car manufacturers
USA: 10 states want to reduce emis- BMW: By 2025, 15 to 25% of all ve- plan to produce more than 20 million
Even though China has long set the tone, sions to zero by 2050, including the hicles produced are to be powered electric vehicles per year from 2025 alo-
the electro-revolutionary movement is New England states of Connecticut, purely by electricity, which is equiva- ne. From 2030, 25 million electrically po-
primarily due to one name: Elon Musk! New Hampshire, Maine, Massachu- lent to a total of around 300,000 to wered vehicles per year are expected,
The eccentric South African, who was setts, Rhode Island and Vermont as 600,000 vehicles; from 2040 even 60 million vehicles per
bullied as a child and beaten to uncons- well as New York, California and Ore- Chevrolet: After 30,000 electric ve- year. Daimler alone plans to invest over
ciousness and first made headlines with gon. hicles sold in 2017, no concrete tar- 80 billion euros in electric mobility in the
the invention and sale of the PayPal pay- Mexico: 30% electric vehicles sold by gets defined yet; coming years. Bloomberg expects that
ment system to eBay, had a vision of a 2030 The Chinese carmakers, which now by 2040 at the latest every second new
purely electric locomotive at the begin- Brazil: 30% electric vehicles sold by number more than 170, want to put at vehicle will be equipped with an electric
ning of the 21st century and founded 2030 least 4.5 million electric vehicles on drive.
Tesla Motors in 2004. This triggered a Great Britain: End of combustion sa- the roads by 2020;
real chain reaction that led many states, les by 2040 Daimler: Ten new electric models by
companies and private individuals to cle- France: End of combustion sales by 2022. By 2025, 15 to 25% of all ve- There is currently no way
arly opt for the electric motor as their fu- 2040 hicles produced will be powered pu- around the lithium-ion battery
ture drive and energy storage system. Ireland: End of combustion sales by rely by electricity, which will account
Although Musk did not invent the electric 2030 for a total of about 300,000 to 600,000 The heart of every electric vehicle is not
motor, he will always be recorded in his- Norway: End of combustion sales by vehicles; only the motor but also the energy stora-
tory books as the one who broke the om- 2035 Ford: By 2020, at least 13 models are ge device, i.e. a rechargeable battery. In
nipotence of the oil multinationals and Netherlands: End of combustion sa- to be powered electrically, which is order to be operated economically in the
ushered in a new era of locomotion. les by 2035 about 10 to 25% of the entire model long term, electric vehicles, but also in-
Sweden: End of combustion sales by range; creasingly emerging decentralised stora-
2035 - 30% electric vehicles sold by General Motors: 20 new electric mo- ge systems - such as for photovoltaic or
2030 dels by 2023 and complete switch to wind power plants - require ever more
Germany: End of combustion sales electric mobility - period still open; powerful batteries. In the meantime, the
by 2030 Honda: In 2030, two thirds of all mo- lithium-ion battery has emerged as a
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clear favourite. One of the reasons for wind farm is already lost today because
Composition and operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator this is that the voltage within a lithium-ion the turbines have to be shut down at
battery is reached by exchanging lithium short notice due to grid overload. This
ions. Due to their high energy density, can be remedied by storage facilities
lithium-ion batteries deliver constant that initially absorb the excess energy
Composition of a lithium-ion accumulator performance over the entire discharge and later release it back into the grid
period and have no so-called memory ef- when needed, i.e. when there is a threat
Essentially a lithium-ion accumulator consists of the following components and materials: fect, i.e. a successive loss of capacity of undersupply. The vanadium redox ac-
over many years of use or frequent parti- cumulator plays a decisive role in this
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY al discharge. The name „lithium ion bat- process.
Positive electrode (cathode): CHARGE tery“ is only the generic term for a whole
ELECTROLYTE
Lithium-Cobalt(III)-oxide SEPARATOR series of possible chemical structures,
ANODE (-)
Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide such as the lithium cobalt (dioxide) bat- Vanadium redox battery -
COPPER
Oxygen CATHODE (+) tery, the lithium manganese (dioxide) Higher operational reliability
Aluminum as conductor material ALUMINIUM battery, the lithium iron phosphate bat- than lithium-ion battery,
tery and - less commonly - the lithium ti- but not suitable for electric
Negative electrode (anode): tanite battery and the tin-sulfur lithium vehicles
Graphite or related carbon materials ion battery.
Silicon The vanadium redox accumulator is a
Tin dioxide so-called flux accumulator which uses
Copper as conductor material vanadium compounds in aqueous solu-
CARBON Decentralised storage tions in both electrolytes. Vanadium re-
Electrolyte (solution) (GRAPHITE)
LITHIUMION
will clearly dominate dox flow cells offer a very high operatio-
nal reliability compared to other storage
Separator of polymer membrane OXYGEN + METAL the market in the future systems (especially lithium-ion accumu-
ELECTRON COBALT/NICKEL/MANGANESE lators), as the electrolyte is neither flam-
Vanadium redox batteries are mable nor explosive due to its high wa-
better suited for use in the field ter content. The commercial batteries
of regenerative energies. currently available are used exclusively
Operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator in stationary applications, such as rege-
The use of lithium, cobalt and nickel in nerative energy sources for peak load
lithium-ion batteries or rechargeable coverage and load balancing, and unin-
In simple terms a lithium-ion accumulator compound where lithium exists as cati- batteries of the same name in automoti- terruptible power supplies. By the end of
generates an electromotive force by the on. During discharge the intercalation ve engineering is one side of the coin. 2018, more than 60 large vanadium re-
movement of lithium-ions. During char- compound emits electrons which flow Correspondingly larger energy storage dox flow batteries were in operation
ging the positive lithium-ions migrate th- back to the positive electrode via the facilities are being used more and more worldwide. The largest vanadium redox
rough the electrolyte and the separator extern circuit. Simultaneously many for storing electricity from alternative flow battery in Germany with a capacity
from the positive to the negative electro- Li+ ions migrate from the intercalation energy sources. The virtually explosive of 2 megawatts and 20 MWh energy sto-
de. In the process the lithium-ions can compound through the electrolyte also to expansion of energy generation from rage capacity was completed in Sep-
move freely between the two electrodes the positive electrode. At the positive wind farms or solar cells is a huge step tember 2019 in Baden-Württemberg.
through the electrolyte within the accu- electrode the lithium-ions do not receive forward in terms of environmental pro- The largest battery in the world will also
mulator. Unlike the lithium-ions the tran- the electrons of the external circuit but tection, but an enormous challenge for be a vanadium redox flow battery. This
sition metal and graphite structures of the present structures of the transition the electricity grids. This is because re- is to generate 200 megawatts in
the electrodes are stationary and protec- metal compounds. Depending on the newable energy sources often exhibit northeastern China and store 800 MWh
ted by a separator from a direct contact. type of accumulator these are cobalt, ni- extreme fluctuations in power generati- of energy.
The mobility of the lithium-ions is neces- ckel, manganese or iron ions that change on. When the wind is blowing or the sun The vanadium redox accumulator, on the
sary for the compensation of the external their charge. is shining, large amounts of Electricity other hand, is not an option for powerful
current during recharging and dischar- „pumped“ into the grid. In the short electric cars because the volumetric
ging so that the electrodes stay largely term, enormous overcapacities of elec- energy density of the battery is far too
electrically neutral. The negative electro- tricity arise, some of which are not nee- small, i.e. the battery takes up too much
de is a so-called graphite intercalation ded at all. According to calculations, up space.
to 20 percent of the annual yield of a
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The largest application for lution, at least with regard to their own More Gigafactories are already many, each of which is aiming for a pro-
vanadium redox batteries in the battery production. Several initiatives by in the making duction capacity similar to Tesla.
future: decentralized energy Germany alone, together with France
storage and the EU itself, have so far failed to de- Tesla is by far not the only lithium and co-
liver the big hit. The furthest is currently balt consumer planning to produce more Lithium-ion batteries are the
So-called smart grid systems require a the Swedish Northvolt, which plans to lithium-ion batteries. LG Chem already latest state of the art and mar-
large number of short- and medium-term build a Gigafactory in Skellefteå in started production for Chevy in Michigan ket leaders
energy storage devices that absorb too northern Sweden, some 700 kilometres in October 2015. Furthermore, Foxconn,
much generated energy and can later re- from the capital Stockholm. Initially, an BYD (the world‘s largest producer of In addition to the aforementioned raw
lease it back into the grid when wind and annual cell production of around eight gi- rechargeable batteries, especially for materials lithium, cobalt, nickel and man-
sun are absent. Vanadium redox batte- gawatt hours (GWh) is to be achieved, mobile phones), Lishen, CATL and Bos- ganese, a lithium-ion battery essentially
ries can clearly remedy this by storing followed by 32 GWh from 2023. This ton Power are working on the constructi- consists of aluminum, copper, graphite,
too much energy temporarily and only could equip around 650,000 cars with a on of their own Gigafactories, also for zinc, tin, silver and steel. The majority of
releasing it back into the grid when requi- 50-kilowatt hour battery. VW recently an- so-called Power Banks, i.e. decentrali- (lithium-ion) batteries currently on the
red. Many manufacturers are already nounced that it would enter the project zed power storage units. Outside Asia market are lithium-cobalt (dioxide) batte-
trying their hand at efficient vanadium re- with 20%. The carmaker is investing and North America there are currently ries, which is why this report deals pri-
dox batteries, which are primarily inten- around 900 million euros in this project. only a few serious players to be found. marily with the „battery metals“ lithium,
ded for decentralised use, such as direc- Daimler is already one step ahead, alrea- Worth mentioning are Northvolt from nickel and cobalt plus vanadium.
tly in the household of a family with a dy operates a plant in Saxony and plans Sweden and Terra E Holding from Ger-
photovoltaic system on the roof or near to invest 20 billion euros in a battery cell
wind farms. production network by 2030. The part-
ners come mainly from Asia.
Lithium Lithium production is either
Asians dominate the ... but the music is made in Asia! tedious or expensive
battery sector The Element Lithium
China alone already accounts for about Worldwide lithium production is divided
one third of total demand for lithium-ion Lithium is a light metal from the group of into several different branches that pro-
North America is Tesla country ... batteries. According to expert estimates, alkali metals. It has the lowest density of duce the following types of lithium com-
this will remain the case for the time all known solid elements. It is only about pounds:
Outside Asia, North America in particular being, as China still has by far the largest half as heavy as water, silver white by na-
has taken the dominant position in lithi- output of rechargeable batteries and ac- ture and relatively soft. Lithium is highly 1. Lithium carbonate,
um-ion battery production. Tesla Motors cumulators. This stimulates the country‘s reactive, which is why it always occurs in 2. Lithium hydroxide,
has a lot to say about this. The company immense consumption of lithium and co- nature as a lithium compound. It starts 3. Lithium chloride,
is currently building its so-called „Gi- balt. It is also expected that China will up rapidly in the air, which is due to the 4. Butyllithium and
gafactory 1“ in Nevada. Since 2016, lithi- continue to see the strongest annual in- 5. Lithium metal.
um-ion batteries, battery packs, electric crease in lithium and cobalt demand of
[HE] 2s1 3
motors and drive units for up to 500,000 all major market players over the next 5 Metallic lithium is usually produced from
Li
electric vehicles per year have been built to 10 years, mainly due to the expected lithium carbonate in a multi-stage pro-
there. The factory will be completed by multiplication of the number of recharge- cess and is usually traded with a purity of
2020. The „Gigafactory 2“ is a photovol- able batteries. Other major suppliers of 99.5%. This metallic lithium is used as a
taic factory located in Buffalo, New York. lithium-ion batteries, including South Ko- catalyst in the chemical and pharma-
The „Gigafactory 3“ is to be built in China rea and Japan, are also expected to gua- Melting Point 180,54° C ceutical industries and for the production
near Shanghai and will produce the same rantee a robust increase in lithium and Boiling Point 1330°C of aluminium-lithium alloys.
quantity of vehicles as the plant in Neva- cobalt demand. The electronic giants LITHIUM
da. Panasonic, Samsung, LG Chem, BYD, The industry essentially distinguishes
Boston Power, Lishen, CATL, Dynavolt three types or qualities of lithium com-
and Great Wall are to be mentioned abo- formation of lithium oxide and lithium pounds:
... the EU is still in its infancy ... ve all here. nitride. In pure oxygen, it burns with a
bright red flame at 180°C to form lithium 1. „Industrial grade“, with a purity of
The big car manufacturers of the EU oxide. Lithium reacts very strongly with over 96%, mainly for glass, casting
seem to have overslept the electric revo- water to form lithium hydroxide. powder and lubricants,
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2. „Technical Grade“, with a purity of extract lithium from brine deposits within the world‘s total lithium production, and ries, however, higher purity grades than
about 99.5%, mainly for ceramics, lu- days and even hours, rather than by me- only a few companies share them among 99.5% are required. Lithium hydroxide is
bricants and batteries and ans of natural evaporation, using special- themselves. As a result, the entire lithium used in the „Industrial“ quality as a raw
3. „Battery Grade“, with a purity of over ly developed processes in corresponding market is very non-transparent, which is material for lubricants and coolants,
99.5%, especially for high-end cathode plants. The processes of Tenova Batem- why the large battery and rechargeable among other things; with the higher
materials in batteries and accumulators. an and IBC Advanced Technologies battery manufacturers such as Panaso- „Technical“ quality grade, it is also used
should be mentioned here. nic have recently relied primarily on long- in accumulator and battery production.
In addition, a third lithium source was term supply contracts with relatively Lithium carbonate - crystalline, granula-
There are two types of lithium identified by several lithium development small development companies, some of ted or powdered - is used, for example,
deposits companies. This makes it possible to ex- which will not produce before 2023. As a in the electrolytic production of alumini-
tract lithium from old, exploited oil reser- result of this offer oligopoly, lithium is um, in the ceramic and pharmaceutical
Lithium is generally obtained from two voirs. The lithium is extracted from the currently also not traded on the stock industries and in alloying technology.
different sources. wastewater remaining in the reservoirs. exchange, the actual trading prices are Special grades of purity of lithium carbo-
The fact that this process works has al- strictly confidential. nate in the form of very fine powder (bat-
1. So-called „brine“, i.e. (salt) sheet or ready been proven several times. In addi- One reason for this, which is always tery grade powder) are suitable as raw
brine deposits: Lithium carbonate is tion, this seemingly unusual lithium reco- mentioned by the few suppliers, is that materials for the production of lithium ion
obtained mainly in salt lakes from salt very also seems to be economically fea- the available and required lithium quali- batteries. The extraction and processing
solutions containing lithium by evapo- sible. This means that brine-containing ties are too different for a standardized of (especially high-grade) lithium is con-
ration of the water and addition of so- (former) oil fields will also become a fo- stock exchange. sidered to be very costly.
dium carbonate. To obtain metallic cus of the lithium industry.
lithium, the lithium carbonate is first
converted with hydrochloric acid. Main fields of application are The manufacture of lithium-ion
This produces carbon dioxide, which Larger lithium deposits concen- alloys, lubricants and recharge- batteries requires a large quan-
escapes as a gas, and dissolved lithi- trated in a few regions able batteries. tity of lithium
um chloride. This solution is concen-
trated in the vacuum evaporator until Lithium accounts for about 0.006 % of Its above-mentioned special and versati- A large quantity of lithium is required for
the chloride crystallises out. the earth‘s crust and is therefore some- le properties make lithium a sought-after the production or operation of lithium-ion
2. So-called „Hard Rock Spodumene“, what less abundant than zinc, copper material in many different applications. batteries. Every smartphone, for examp-
i.e. hard rock pegmatite deposits: Li and tungsten and somewhat more abun- So, it should come as no surprise that le, contains between 5 and 7 grams of
thium compounds are not obtained dant than cobalt, tin and lead. Estimates the main field of application for lithium LCE (lithium carbonate equivalent). With
from the salt of lakes, but from spodu- by the US Geological Survey assume that has constantly changed in the past. Initi- a notebook or tablet it is already 20 to 45
mene, a lithium-bearing aluminium around 40 million tonnes of lithium can be ally mainly used in medicine, the element grams. Electric tools such as cordless
silicate mineral. The concentrate ob- extracted as reserves worldwide. About began its triumphal march in the 1950s screwdrivers or electric saws require
tained is often converted to lithium 67% of them in the South American as a component of alloys. Its low weight, about 40 to 60 grams for their batteries.
carbonate with a purity of more than countries Chile and Argentina alone. The but also its positive properties in terms of A 10 KWh storage unit for domestic use
99.5% using conventional mining largest lithium carbonate production cur- tensile strength, hardness and elasticity, requires around 23 kilograms of LCE,
technology. The intensive thermal and rently takes place in Salar de Atacama, a made it an integral part of aerospace while batteries for electric cars require
hydrometallurgical process required salt lake in the northern Chilean province technology. This picture has changed between 40 and 80 kilograms. An energy
for this is considered to be very cost- of Antofagasta. Around 61 percent of glo- once again in the past 20 years. In the store with 650 MWh capacity needs
ly. Such deposits are currently almost bal lithium production, however, comes course of the beginning electrical revolu- about 1.5 tons of LCE. With quantities in
exclusively exploited in Australia, and from Australia, albeit at much higher tion one recognized quite fast that it is the billions (smartphone) or in the mil-
most of the processing takes place in costs than in South America. In addition, suitable due to its low normal potential lions (notebook, tools, cars, e-bikes,
Chinese facilities. there are significant lithium deposits almost perfectly as an anode in batteries. etc.), several 100,000 tons of LCE de-
mainly in North America and China. Lithium batteries are characterized by a mand per year quickly accumulate.
very high energy density and can genera-
New Processing Processes te particularly high voltages. Lithium bat-
and Lithium Sources Could Lithium production is currently teries are not rechargeable. Lithium-ion Lithium production will (and
Revolutionize Production concentrated mainly in four accumulators, on the other hand, have must) increase sharply
countries and a few companies this property, in which lithium metal oxi-
Recently, more and more exploration and des such as lithium cobalt oxide are In 2015, global lithium production
development companies have been Australia, Chile, China and Argentina cur- connected as cathode. As a raw material amounted to around 175,000 metric tons
relying on new technologies to help them rently account for around 96 percent of for the production of rechargeable batte- of LCE. Projections assume that this fi-
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