Disaster Recovery Salvaging Books
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C O N S E R V A T I O N C E N T E R for Art and Historic Artifacts
Disaster Recovery
Salvaging Books
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
E
very cultural institution, most offices, and many private homes
house collections of books. Many of these collections will experi- A disaster, by definition, is an unforeseen
ence a water catastrophe, large or small, at some time. Small event. So, how do you prepare in advance?
First, know your collection. Valuable
emergencies—a leaking pipe or roof, or a flooded basement—are the collections should be cataloged and a copy
most prevalent and easily contained.Whether the emergency is large or of those records should be kept off-site. Even
working collections in offices have essential
small, however, a quick response is essential to fully salvage wet volumes. records that cannot easily be reproduced.
These should at least be inventoried and
the locations of crucial books and documents
This technical bulletin reviews the range of effective options for recorded.
drying wet books. For a successful recovery, it may be important to seek Second, assess your vulnerability to
the advice of a book conservator or a specialist in library preservation, disaster. Be sure to keep routine building
maintenance up to date. Establish a schedule
especially when rare books or large collections are damaged. for checking the roof and building systems—D I S A S T E R R E C O V E RY T E C H N I Q U E S Guidelines for Disaster Response
plumbing, gutters and drains, electrical for each part of the process assigned to specific paper contains soluble media or surface
systems—and stick to it. Be careful also to staff members.A number of institutions have coatings, the colors will “bleed” and the
store collections in ways that will protect adopted an emergency-response-team model coating may wash away or cause sheets to
them from danger. For example, do not approach that assigns team leaders the stick together. Some damage can thus
put bookshelves beneath overhead responsibility of directing each aspect of occur during either the initial wetting—
pipes or in attics, and never leave books the recovery. For further information on with bleeding of ink or media—or in
stacked on the floor. Individual housing emergency response planning, see the the drying phase—with the formation of
for special books, such as rare-book boxes, accompanying selected bibliography. tidelines and the “adhering,” or “blocking”
can help protect books; even polyester film of coated papers.
slipcovers can provide essential protection
in some disasters. PLANNING THE RECOVERY
Third, keep supplies on hand for RECOVERY OPTIONS:
emergency recovery. Basic equipment Depending on the extent of the disaster, AN OVERVIEW
and supplies for cleaning wet shelves and the best overall plan for wet books typically
removing standing water include rags and uses a combination of approaches. For Books and all materials dry in one of two
water vacuums; crates, packing supplies, example, three drying methods may be ways: evaporation or sublimation, depending
and hand trucks for removing wet books used to respond to a single event: (1) Several on the state of the water before it passes to
from the site; and precut plastic sheeting very wet volumes and books with coated vapor and escapes from the materials.Water
and tape to cover shelves and divert water. paper stock may be frozen for vacuum in the wet state will evaporate.Water in the
Advance consideration of supply needs freeze-drying; (2) A few slightly wet volumes solid state—ice—will sublimate (freeze-dry)
and recovery logistics can save significant may be air-dried in a room unaffected by under the right atmospheric conditions.
time in an emergency when delays can be the water damage by fanning open the Evaporation Three techniques are
costly. For instance, a supply of self-supporting books on tables with electric fans to generally used for drying books by evapo-
boxes (such as plastic crates) can be crucial speed evaporation; (3) Steps can be taken ration: natural air-drying, dehumidification, and
as a backup when cardboard boxes fail to reduce the humidity and increase air application of heat by vacuum-drying or thermal-
because of the weight of wet books. Plastic circulation in the stacks to dry damp and drying. As a rule, evaporation-drying is
sheeting can be precut to fit the size of slightly wet volumes on shelves.When more likely to result in some residual damage
shelves. Identifying a packing area convenient planning the recovery, it’s important to to a book after drying.This is because all
to a loading dock, and also testing the keep in mind that often there is no one evaporation-drying relies on capillary action
transport routes through a building, are “best solution”; instead, several different to carry the water to the surface of the page
two other important steps in disaster methods may be the answer. or cover before the water turns to vapor.
preparedness planning. When choosing a method for drying a All of the damage described as solubility
Fourth, prepare a written emergency wet book, you are trying to avoid two main effects can occur during evaporation: tidelines,
response plan. A written emergency plan problems: physical damage and solubility distortion, bleeding, and blocking.
is essential for every institution.The plan effects. Both categories include damage that Sublimation Also called freeze-drying,
should begin with step-by-step procedures can occur during the initial wetting, during sublimation occurs when, under the proper
to protect staff and visitors in case of any prolonged water exposure, or in drying. temperature and pressure, ice passes directly
unforeseen event, including power failures, Physical damage begins with the absorption to the vapor state, by-passing the wet state.
medical emergencies, security emergencies, of water. Books can absorb large quantities Sublimation offers good overall results and
and damage (small- or large-scale) to the of water—paperboard covers and cloth can has several advantages, the key one being
facility.The second section of the plan should absorb even greater quantities than paper its ability to remove water directly from
discuss recovery procedures for staff— in terms of weight per unit volume.Varying books in a solid ice state. By thus avoiding
including damage assessments, inventorying patterns of damage result from different the damage that liquid water can cause,
of damaged materials, contracting services, wetting of text and covers, which can cause solubility issues such as bleeding and tidelines
and risk management—with responsibilities damage during both the wetting and drying are circumvented. Sublimation is clearly the
stages. For instance, expansion can lead to best way to dry coated papers. Drying by
damage at the wetting stage, while shrinkage sublimation also avoids shrinkage; however,
and differential drying can result in damage, books still need to be pressed during
or at best unsatisfactory results, in the sublimation to dry flat. Sublimation still has
recovery stage. potential pitfalls, the most common problem
Solubility effects can cause damage to the being embrittlement from overdrying during
paper or media.When paper is wet, the vacuum freeze-drying.
paper fibers swell, causing the sheet to
expand. If the paper is old and yellowed, Drying by Evaporation
brown degradation products (from oxidized
cellulose and paper additives) can form Evaporation at its most basic—fanning
dark “tidelines” as the paper dries. If the books open to dry, what this bulletin calls
sheet is not pressed and flattened properly, “natural air-drying”—has been termed
Air-drying book. Note the characteristic it will dry distorted and “cockled.” If a uncontrolled drying.This is true, to the extent
cockling of pages and tideline discoloration.
2that the rate of evaporation depends on a limited impact, but will help—be sure to
number of factors that cannot be controlled. empty them regularly.
The evaporation rate of a wet book is Air-drying in this way generally yields
governed in part by the relative humidity the least-favorable results.The most common
and temperature of the ambient air, as well problems are cockling of pages and distortion
as by the porosity of the book’s components: of the bindings.To minimize these problems,
covering material, paperboard, and text close and put books under weight to press
paper. All of these factors can lead to them as soon as they are dry enough. Books
unpredictable final results. are ready to press when a moisture meter
Natural Air-Drying The intuitive registers 6% to 8% moisture content. Be
approach to drying a wet book is to stand careful, because the covers may still be
it up on a table surface and fan open the too wet to close and press.
Glossy (coated) paper “blocked” by wetting and
leaves. Initially, this drying method appears Attempting to air-dry by fanning a book
drying cannot be separated without tearing.
to be the fastest, easiest, and least-expensive printed on coated stock paper is often futile.
option. After all, the only items needed to As stated earlier, coated pages “block” Remove all books that, in your judgment,
get started are a table top, paper towels to (adhere) together irretrievably as the water are too wet to dry closed on the shelf, so
absorb moisture, and electric fans for air evaporates. In order for coated paper to dry that they can be dried by another approach.
circulation. In fact, the method is often not successfully by evaporation, every wet page Be sure that the dampest portion of each
easy and can be more costly then other must be separated during the drying.This book is most exposed to the dry air by
approaches, both in terms of labor and in is usually only possible if the books are turning the fore edge out, or turning the
need for future binding and treatment. A dried immediately after the initial wetting, book upside down on the shelf. A factor
key issue in air-drying is that the approach and then only if the paper is partially wet that aids the drying of books on the shelf
is very labor intensive—there is a need for or damp.The best approach is to freeze is that the books are typically under pressure
extensive checking, interleaving, rechecking, books with coated stock immediately, then from adjacent books; this helps to keep
and reinterleaving. freeze-dry them later. the text and covers flat through the
Very wet books and very large books Dehumidification Drying by dehu- drying process.
(ledgers, atlases, etc.) should not be fanned midification is most appropriate in situations Drying by dehumidification can have
open, simply because the books are too where books are only slightly wet, partially the best overall results of any drying tech-
bulky to stand on their own without tearing wet, or damp.The idea is to introduce dry nique. However, judgment is necessary to
out of the cover. A book that is partially air into the storage space with the wet assess whether the extent of water damage
wet should be interleaved with absorbent books while continually removing moist may preclude this approach. A commercial
towels or blotter paper to draw moisture air. Commercial vendors who specialize in vendor experienced in drying library
from the leaves and from under the book. this service can accomplish this most effi- material, or a library conservator or preser-
The absorbent materials should be replaced ciently by using desiccant dehumidification. vation professional, can help with decision
regularly, then removed when the book has Desiccant dehumidifiers, unlike typical home making. Often dehumidification drying is
dried to the point that the interleaving no (refrigerant) dehumidifiers, force very dry combined with other drying procedures.
longer picks up appreciable water. It is air into a space (library stack, office, or room) Again, repeated checking of the materials,
important not to interleave every page— and pump out moist air to speed the drying preferably by a conservator, is necessary to
this can result in permanent distortion of process. This is perhaps the most efficient determine whether continued dehumidifi-
the binding. Evaporation acts more quickly procedure for drying wet books, especially cation will successfully dry the materials or
if the air is dry and additional fans are used when books can be dried on shelves without if an alternate means of drying must be
for air circulation. Books should be turned having to relocate or “pack out” the used owing to the type of material or the
upside down regularly to even out the wet books. degree of wetness.
exposure of the edges against the tabletop. Successful drying operations have been Thermal-Drying/Vacuum-Drying
Natural air-drying of books is often a carried out based on this procedure without Attempting to hasten the drying of books
race against the outbreak of mold. A rule using commercial dehumidifiers, but condi- by applying heat—whether by turning up
of thumb is that you have about 48 hours tions must be right. Home dehumidifiers the heat in the affected area, or by placing
before mold begins to bloom.The reduced alone will not reduce the humidity fast books either in a kitchen oven, a vacuum
humidity that dries the book also delays enough to prevent mold bloom. If the oven (vacuum thermal-drying), or in a
the mold bloom. If the air-conditioning outside air is dry—below 35% relative microwave—should be strictly avoided.
system dehumidifies the air, reduce the humidity—as is often the case in winter, In all cases, further damage will result.
temperature for drier air. Be cautious, use fans to force in dry air, to circulate Among the risks are increasing the
however, because some cooling systems the air evenly throughout the space, and possibility of mold bloom, and permanent
simply cool outside air without removing finally to force the humidified air out of physical damage from heat. A microwave
moisture; this can cause the humidity to the building. Dehumidifiers can be helpful oven will increase the temperature of water
increase dramatically. If the air is dry outside, in this operation, but again be sure they are in a book to nearly the boiling point, caus-
typically in the winter months, open the continuously drained. ing irretrievable damage to the paper and
windows. Bring in dehumidifiers; the small Throughout the dehumidification drying cover.Vacuum-drying without application
dehumidifiers used in homes will have operation, thoroughly check the shelves. of heat has been used with partial success;
3however, because of the complications the vacuum chamber, unique and rare The desorption period of vacuum
and risks of this approach, vacuum freeze- materials should be separated for drying freeze-drying can cause leather, parchment,
drying is a better alternative.1 by another technique. and, in some cases, paper to lose excess
During vacuum freeze-drying, the moisture and flexibility and become brittle.
Drying by Sublimation material is frozen, a vacuum is drawn, Vacuum freeze-drying vendors thus allow
and energy (typically heat) is applied to a period of “reacclimation” for the book
Drying by sublimation, or freeze-drying, the books, often through heated plates to reabsorb moisture from the atmosphere
has come to be accepted as the least inserted between books, placed on heated and return to a natural moisture content
damaging and most successful technique shelves. As heat is transferred from the (approximately 8% relative humidity for
for drying very wet books. It is clearly plates to the ice layer in the book, the ice paper). However, some permanent loss of
the best way to dry books with coated crystals turn to vapor and escape.The flexibility can result from being overdried,
paper.To prevent “blocking,” it may help, process is monitored by measuring the especially for leather and parchment,
in some cases, to rewet these books to internal temperature of the book; once which have a natural moisture content
ensure that they do not dry before they the temperature rises above 0°C, the ice is twice that of paper. Although overdrying
are frozen. Again, caution is advised; some gone. Another means of adding the “heat can be controlled by stopping the drying
surface coatings can begin to deteriorate of sublimation” is through dielectrics process at a lower temperature (theoretically
from prolonged wetting—these papers (low-frequency radiowaves). the book is dry at 1°C), this may not be
should be frozen as soon as possible. Typically in vacuum freeze-drying a practical in larger chambers or in larger
A rule of thumb is that books should second drying stage, called desorption—or drying operations.
be frozen within six to eight hours of evaporation drying—continues in a vacuum Several steps should be taken to prepare
initial wetting. chamber after the book has reached 0°C. materials for vacuum freeze-drying. First,
Freezing will stabilize the collection The temperature in the chamber can be separate books in boxes or crates with a
and arrest further damage such as bleeding, as high as 30°-40°C or 85°-100° F. The single sheet of freezer paper folded around
blocking, and distortion, even if the frozen reason for using a relatively high tempera- the book’s cover. It is not necessary to
books are not ultimately freeze-dried. Is it ture target is to ensure that books in large- enclose the book—remember, the water
safe to freeze all books? In general, the scale drying (many very wet books in a vapor must have an avenue to escape from
answer is yes. Ice is less dense than water vacuum chamber) are dried to a point the book in drying. Second, as wet books
(ice floats), and consequently there is that avoids mold outbreaks. are packed for freezing, take a moment to
some expansion in moving from water reshape and press flat each book; the book
to ice.The materials that make up books Phase Diagram of Water will come out of the freezer in the shape
however, generally are not tightly com- it was put into it.Third, to achieve the
pacted; the physical structure of the most best results, sort materials by degree of
Water
common book materials—paper, paper- wetness as they are packed.This is because
board, leather, vellum, wooden boards— Ice the drying rates of individual books will
includes enough space between fibers vary according to the amount of water—
Pressure
and cells that freezing alone will not Vapor hence, ice content—in each volume.
cause damage. Blast-freezing is often Freezer-Drying As noted earlier,
4.58
recommended, in which the book’s Torr sublimation occurs naturally in a freezer,
temperature is rapidly reduced to below Triple especially in frost-free freezers.The most
Point
18°C, thus quickly passing the temperature cautious approach in a water emergency is
range of crystallization of water, so Sublimation to freeze all the volumes that are suspected
that smaller ice crystals form. However, 0º C to be wet, and then to check volumes after
such a procedure may not be essential. Temperature they are frozen to decide on the appropriate
Circumstances will decide, but overall, drying method for each volume. Damp
This figure illustrates the physics of
the danger of wetting far outweighs that vacuum freeze-drying.The solid lines on
and partially wet volumes (see glossary, for
of damaging the book by freezing, even the graph represent the boundaries between definitions) may dry by sublimation in the
for the most valuable objects. the three physical states of water: solid ice freezer in a matter of days or weeks without
Vacuum Freeze-Drying Vacuum on the left, liquid water in the center, and further drying procedures. Even very wet
freeze-drying, a technique of mechanically gaseous vapor on the right. In physics, the volumes will eventually dry in a frost-free
controlled sublimation drying, has been triple point of water is the point at which freezer over a period of months. Some
water is in equilibrium and is stable in
shown to be an effective means of drying flattening pressure should be placed on
any of the three states.As illustrated by the
books in large-scale disasters. Because of diagram, ice in a vacuum below 4.58 torr the materials to dry without distortion.
the risk of overdrying and embrittling in and at 0°C or less cannot pass into the This “natural” sublimation is perhaps
liquid state. However, ice in these condi- the most gentle means of drying very wet
tions with the application of energy materials, and is the best approach for rare
1. John A. Gibson and David Reay, “Drying Rare (often in the form of heat referred to as materials. Some vacuum freeze-drying
Books Soaked by Water: A Harwell Experiment,” the “heat of sublimation”) will pass to the
The Paper Conservator, Journal of the Institute of vendors offer this type of freezer-drying.
vapor state (see the arrow in the lower left).
Paper Conservation (Worcestershire, England), vol. 7 It is offered at a premium price because
(1982): pp. 28–34. of the time it takes to complete (several
4• Write a letter of agreement to be
INITIAL STEPS signed both by you and the contractor
that details the services to be provided,
The following is a checklist for responding preclude future drying decisions. stipulates that frozen books are not to
to a water emergency. A professional 5. If it is possible to identify materials that be allowed to thaw before drying, and
conservator or preservation specialist can cannot be salvaged, do so as soon as states when the books are to be returned.
be invaluable in assisting with these steps. possible, and concentrate efforts on
materials that can be salvaged.
1. Remove all standing water, reduce 6. Always plan to freeze books printed on
Consult local and regional preservation
the temperature, reduce the relative coated paper stock before they begin service providers to locate vendors of
humidity, and increase the air flow to dry, and before the coating begins recovery services. Regional library net-
through the affected area as soon to become soluble. Rewet books with works and local university libraries may
as possible. coated stock if they begin to dry have preservation offices that can provide
2. Assess the extent of the damage and before freezing. referrals and advice. Conservators and
consider the appropriate drying tech- 7. If materials are to be removed from the
preservation consultants may also be able
niques as discussed in this bulletin. Keep area, identify materials on the shelf by
in mind that several approaches may be degree of wetness, as much as possible, to assist you in working with vendors.
used in combination. Plan next steps before packing the sorted volumes.This
according to the plans for drying. will benefit later drying operations.
3. Often water-damaged books are also 8. As materials are packed, separate items COMPLETING THE RECOVERY
damaged by dirt, mud, or mold. In with a loose wrap of freezer paper, but
general, cleaning should be deferred do not enclose the items—moisture must To complete the recovery, first be certain
until after the material has been dried, be allowed to escape.
to avoid smearing and driving soil
the books are dry. Books that have been
9. Gently close books and reshape them as
permanently into paper or cloth. they are boxed. dried in a freezer or air-dried can be
4. If it is feasible to freeze all the affected 10. All wet books should be boxed or checked with a moisture meter; consult a
books, do so; freezing is safe, it will crated spine down, so that the volumes conservator or preservation consultant for
stabilize the collection, and will not won’t tear out of their covers. assistance. Often a close tactile inspection
is sufficient.Wet paper is cool to the
touch—check in the gutter at the inside
months). Even leather and parchment can recovery literature.Terms like vacuum spine area of the book. Books that have
be successfully dried this way.A commercial thermal-drying, dehumidification-drying, and been freeze-dried can be safely returned
freezer chest that has been modified to freezer-drying may be unfamiliar to vendors, to the collection, assuming they are clean
increase its efficiency for freeze-drying is or they simply may use another term. and in usable condition.
now available to institutions for freeze-drying Before calling a service provider, be sure Soot and smoke odors represent a
small quantities of wet materials over an you can explain the service you are seeking. residual damage that is not only a nuisance
extended period. This is particularly important with services but may continue to damage volumes.
Natural Freeze-Drying In colder like freeze-drying; the term could correctly Smoke odor will eventually dissipate, but
climates in winter, materials will dry by be used to refer either to drying through some basic cleaning measures may be
sublimation out of doors, or in an open, sublimation or to freeze-thaw-evaporative- used. First, vacuum the books, preferably
unheated building like a garage. Obviously, drying in a vacuum chamber.Yet, the sec- using a vacuum cleaner fitted with a
conditions must be appropriate to consider ond option can have very different and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate) filter.
this approach—the temperature must potentially disastrous results for some books. Second, natural rubber cleaning sponges
remain below freezing, the relative humidity can also be used to clean soot, dust, and
should be below 35%, and there should be Before contracting with a drying service, there mold from books.Third, there is anecdotal
good circulation of air.The materials are important preliminary considerations. evidence that wrapping books in paper or
should be kept under pressure to prevent • If you are unfamiliar with the drying enclosing books in boxes made with zeolite
distortion.To some, this approach may service a vendor offers you, ask for a materials (used as chemical traps for
seem far-fetched, but a number of successful detailed explanation.Take good notes gaseous pollutants) for a period of weeks
drying operations have been conducted in and be sure you understand and are has been effective in reducing smoke
natural conditions conducive to sublimation. satisfied with the process before you odor. Further, some desiccant materials
Security and monitoring of collections agree to anything. (clays and silicates) may be safely used to
during drying must be planned if collections • Document the disaster in photographs absorb odors (check with a conservator or
are dried outdoors. and in writing.This is important both preservation consultant). A final word of
for insurance claims and to establish the caution is in order, however:The use of
condition of the collection before con- ozone generators, a typical commercial
CONTRACTING SERVICES tracted service. Document the collec- approach for reducing odors following a
tion’s condition both immediately after fire or flood, should be avoided. Ozone
Semantics commonly causes confusion in the disaster and before the collection is (O3) is a highly reactive gas that can act as
recovery operations.There is no standard- turned over to a drying contractor. a bleach on books and paper. Moreover,
ized terminology for the drying methods This would include the condition, the effects of ozone are long-term and may
described in this bulletin in the disaster appearance, and presence of mold. not be immediately apparent.
5GLOSSARY The following is a quick reference to the drying terminology used in this bulletin.
Degrees of Wetness Moisture content—The total chemically Dehumidification-drying—Accelerated evap-
bound and free water content of a material. oration-drying based on decreased ambient
Wet—A wet book is noticeably wet to the
Paper, leather, and cloth have a natural humidity and increased air circulation.
touch over at least 25% of the volume.
moisture content of 6%–16%. In drying,
Thermal-drying—Accelerated evaporation-
Partially wet—A book is partially wet when the goal is to remove excess moisture with-
drying based on adding heat (examples
deformations (warping, swelling, cockling) out reducing the natural moisture content
include vacuum thermal-drying, oven-
are readily apparent in some part or over of the material.
drying, and microwave-drying).
the entire book. Localized areas of the
Evaporation-drying—Moisture escapes a Note: Thermal-drying techniques are
book (an edge, corner, or spine) may be
material (paper, leather, cloth) as vapor not recommended.
obviously wet to the touch.
from the wet state of water.
Vacuum freeze-drying—Accelerated
Damp—A damp book has absorbed
Sublimation-drying—Moisture escapes a sublimation-drying based on reduced
moisture to the point that it is likely
material (paper, leather, cloth) as vapor air pressure (vacuum) in a freezer and
to grow mold at ambient temperatures.
from the solid (ice) state of water. the controlled application of energy
Deformations such as minor warping
(usually heat).
of covers or cockling of paper may have
Techniques of Drying Books
occurred, but not necessarily. Mold bloom Freezer-drying—Sublimation-drying in a
on an apparently dry book is Natural air-drying—Accelerated evaporation- mechanical freezer; can be accelerated by
a dead giveaway that a book is humid. drying based on increased air circulation frost-free cycling and air circulation.
(fans) and increased surface exposure of
Natural freeze-drying—Sublimation-drying
Drying wet material (standing books open).
in a cold and dry outdoor climate.
Drying—Process of removing excess moisture Appropriate only in colder climates.
from an object.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for A Primer on Disaster Preparedness, C O N S E RV A T I O N C E N T E R
Museums and Other Cultural Institutions, Management, and Response: Paper-Based for Art and Historic Artifacts
compiled by Valerie Dorge and Sharon Materials. Selected reprints issued by the 264 South 23rd Street
Jones. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Smithsonian Institution, National Archives Philadelphia, PA 19103
Institute, 1999. and Records Administration, Library of 215.545.0613
Congress, and National Park Service. Fax 215.735.9313
Eldridge, Betsy Palmer. “Natural Freeze Washington, D.C., October 1993. E-mail ccaha@ccaha.org
Drying: A Viable Option.” The Book and Website www.ccaha.org
Paper Group Annual, vol. 17.Washington, Reilly, Julie. Are You Prepared? A Guide to
D.C.: American Institute for Conservation Emergency Planning. Omaha, Neb.: Nebraska © 2002, Conservation Center for Art and
of Historic and Artistic Works, 1990. State Library Historical Society, 1997. Historic Artifacts (CCAHA), Philadelphia, Pa.
All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced
“Emergency Drying Procedures for Water Steal This Handbook: A Template for Creating a without permission from the Conservation
Damaged Collections.” Washington, D.C.: Museum’s Emergency Response Plan. Center for Art and Historic Artifacts.
Library of Congress, Preservation Columbia, S.C.: Southeastern Registrars
Directorate, December 1998. Association, 1994. Glen Ruzicka, Director of Conservation at the Conservation
Center for Art and Historic Artifacts, wrote this bulletin.
The William Penn Foundation provided funding for the
Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel,The. Tremain, David. “Notes on Emergency design and printing of this bulletin. Molly B.C. Ruzicka,
Heritage Preservation for the National Task Drying of Coated Papers Damaged by copy editor, and Phillip Unetic, designer, provided additional
Force on Emergency Response.Washington, Water.” (Available on Conservation assistance.
D.C.: Heritage Preservation, 1997. OnLine’s website: http://palimpsest.stan-
ford.edu/byauth/tremain/coated.html.)
These general recommendations are intended to provide
Fortson, Judith. Disaster Planning and
practical guidance in the recovery of water-damaged objects.
Recovery: A How-to-Do-It Manual for Walsh, Betty. “Salvage Options for Water The recommendations are intended as guidance only, and
Librarians and Archivists. New York: Neal- Damaged Collections.” WAAC Newsletter CCAHA does not assume responsibility or liability for any
Schuman Publishers, 1992. 10 (2 May 1998). resulting treatment of water-damaged objects.
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