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INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
strategy paper
                                                                INDONESIA
                                                              SUSTAINABLE
                                                              FOOD SYSTEM
                   This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
strategy paper
                                                                                                                                  INDONESIA
                                                                                                                                  SUSTAINABLE
                                                                                                                                  FOOD SYSTEM

                                                                                                                                  Author:

                                                                                                                                  Ario Tranggono
                                                                                                                                  Chandra Wirman
                                                                                                                                  Any Sulistiowati
                                                                                                                                  Teten Avianto

                                                                                                                                  The drafting of this strategy paper involved active participation
                                                                                                                                  of relevant food stakeholders, through workshops, focus group
                                                                                                                                  discussions, interviews, and dialogues.

                                                                                                                                  2019

Caption of Photo Cover: Local cuisine of Lundayeh indigenous community in Krayan, North Kalimantan • (Photo: Cristina Eghenter)

                                                                                                                                                                                                      (Photo: Ario Tranggono)
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

Foreword                                                                                                                Foreword
EU Ambassador to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam                                                                        Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning
                                                                                                                        Agency (Bappenas) Republic of Indonesia
Sustainable food system, including ensuring inclusive access, sustainable production and consumption, as well
as minimizing food loss and waste is a priority for both Indonesia and the European Union.
                                                                                                                        The Government of Indonesia has committed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets.
In the EU, we recently announced the European Green Deal, which charts the path of the European Union to a              This commitment is demonstrated by mainstreaming and aligning indicators for achieving the SDGs targets
sustainable green transition. This will happen by developing a green, circular and low-carbon economy in a way          with the national development strategies and priorities listed in the National Medium-Term Development Plan
that is economically just and inclusive for all. Faced with a global scarcity of natural resources, ‘doing more with    (RPJMN) and the Government Work Plan. However, synergy and collaboration from related stakeholders at
less’ has become the main challenge for producers and consumers. To address this challenge during a period              national and local levels are crucial for the implementation of the plans. The importance of multi-stakeholder
of rapid climate change and growing demand for energy and resources, the EU is introducing a range of policies          partnership is also mandated in the Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017 concerning the Implementation for
and measures aimed at sustainable consumption and production. In the framework of the European Green Deal,              Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
the ‘Farm to Fork’ strategy designs a fair, healthy, and environmentally food system. The strategy will pave the
way to formulating a more sustainable food policy in Europe.                                                            For Indonesia, the food sector is always positioned as one of the national development priorities. The Food
                                                                                                                        Law No. 18 of 2012 mandates that food management should be carried out to meet basic human needs that
As this is a global challenge, it can only be tackled together. The EU and Indonesia are committed to working           provide fair, equitable and sustainable benefits based on food sovereignty, food independence, and national
together to meet our global commitments under the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals                     food security. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sustainable food system that is applicable, suitable and
(SDGs). In the spirit of SDG 12, ‘Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns’, the EU supports              adequate to the conditions of food practices in Indonesia by ensuring that all stakeholders, including vulnerable
responsible supply chains and business practices through the SWITCH Asia programme. Launched in 2007, it                groups gain access to and are actively involved in the food system and practices in Indonesia, in line with the
aims to accelerate the transition of countries in Asia, including Indonesia, to a low carbon, resource efficient, and   inclusive spirit mandated by the SDGs.
circular economy, engaging the industrial sector, consumers, financial institutions and national governments.
                                                                                                                        The Strategy Paper on Indonesia Sustainable Food System is a document established through a participatory
For instance, in Indonesia, the ‘Local Harvest: Promoting Sustainable and Equitable Consumption and Local               process by Indonesian food system stakeholders. These include representatives of various government agencies,
Food System’ project, funded with EUR 2 million, supports sustainable food consumption and production as a              business actors, academics, media, and civil society organizations who are collaborating in a multi-stakeholder
solution to achieve sustainable food security and sovereignty to support community welfare.                             platform for Indonesia Sustainable Food System. This initiative aims to strengthen the implementation of the
                                                                                                                        Food Law, especially in the food planning process for achieving indicators of the Desirable Dietary Pattern based
One outcome of the project is this strategy paper on Indonesia’s Sustainable Food System, which was developed           on local diversity as stated in the RPJMN 2020-2024.
in a series of workshops and dialogue forums with participation of representatives of several Indonesian
ministries and government agencies such as the Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS),                    This document explicitly emphasizes the importance of mainstreaming sustainability principles in the food
Ministry of Agriculture (KEMENTAN), Ministry of Industry (KEMENPERIN), Ministry of Environment and Forestry             practices in Indonesia based on local food diversity as well as dietary needs, and ensuring inclusive access
(KLHK), Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Ministry of Finance (KEMENKEU), as well as the                to food sources for all Indonesian people without exception. It is expected that this document would become
National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM). The strategy paper provides an overview of the food life               one of references for the food planning process in Indonesia and its implementation through multi-stakeholder
cycle in Indonesia, identifies the main challenges and provides a basis to formulate strategies and innovations         partnerships at the national and local levels.
to improve the performance of food management in Indonesia.
                                                                                                                        We would like to express our gratitude to all parties who have actively participated and contributed to the
I hope we all can learn from this strategy paper and it will provide inputs for policy decisions by the Government      drafting of this strategy paper, and continue to collaborate. It is our hope that this initiative can encourage further
of Indonesia as well as for new approaches by the business sector as well as consumers. The paper will also             coordination, collaboration, and synergy among stakeholders to strengthen the Indonesia food system and
help us to work together to enhance sustainable food consumption and production in Indonesia and take the               ensure achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.
country forward towards achieving the SDGs by 2030.

                                                                                                                        Jakarta, December 2019
Jakarta, December 2019
                                                                                                                        Anang Noegroho
Vincent Piket                                                                                                           Director for Food and Agriculture
EU Ambassador to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam                                                                        Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

                                                                                                                                                          Table of Contents

Foreword                                                                                                                Nine Recommendations On                                             10
Hivos                                                                                                                   Indonesia Sustainable Food

On behalf of Hivos it is my great pleasure to provide this foreword marking release of the Strategy Paper on
Sustainable Food System of Indonesia which has documented the complexity of Indonesia’s food system                     Introduction                                                        12
and provides recommendations to improve it. This strategy paper is an outcome of a series of workshops
and in-depth interviews with several key stakeholders conducted in 2019 by the multi-stakeholder platform on
Indonesia Sustainable Food System. The platform was established in collaboration with the Directorate of Food
and Agriculture of the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) within the framework of the two                  Sustainable Food as a Common Goal                                   28
projects implemented by Hivos and its partners i.e. European Union (EU) supported Switch Asia Local Harvest
project and Dutch Government supported Sustainable Diets for All (SD4ALL).

Sustainable Food is one of Hivos thematic program areas which aims at providing access to sufficient, affordable
and healthy food to all, in particular for low-income consumers, can create substantial economic opportunities          Indonesia Sustainable Food                                          38
and generate positive environmental returns. This thematic area contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 2           System
(zero hunger) and Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) targets.

In realising the goals of its thematic programs, Hivos pursues a 3-step strategy which includes: working with front
runners, co-creating solution through multi-stakeholder engagement and lobby & advocacy/ policy influence. All
these approaches in general and the multi-stakeholder engagement in particular have been an integral part of            2020-2024 Indonesia Sustainable                                     66
implementing the work of the above mentioned projects and the platform. In applying these strategies Hivos has          Food Roadmap
gained experience globaly through its work in 25+ countries spread over 5 regions which adds significant value
to its work with partners and other stakeholders in Indonesia. We appreciate that the Indonesian government,
particularly the Directorate of Food and Agriculture of BAPPENAS, has shown strong commitment and support
to this multi-stakeholder initiative to achieve the SDG targets.
                                                                                                                        Conclusion                                                          71
We expect that the strategy paper can be used as one of the references for developing plan and policies related
to the food system in Indonesia, and the platform will be sustained as a medium for sharing of experiences and
best practices, improving co-creation, and increasing the effectiveness of the action towards the SDG targets.
This collaboration is an embodiment of SDG 17.

I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank the EU for its support, BAPPENAS and other stakeholders
who actively participated in the drafting of this strategy paper and supported the platform. Finally, I would like to
invite others to participate in the next steps as this is only a start and implementation is of critical importance.

Jakarta, December 2019

Biranchi Upadhyaya
Regional Director
Hivos Hub Southeast Asia
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

    Thank You
    Note

    The drafting of this strategy paper involved various relevant food stakeholders. We do sincerely express our deep
    gratitude to all resource persons and contributors who enabled this paper be completed. The resource persons
    and contributors who had been very helpful and actively participating are:

    GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION                                     INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS                               CSO                                       PRIVATE SECTOR
    • Anang Noegroho (Bappenas)                                • Ria Noviari Butarbutar (The EU Delegation)             • Cristina Eghenter (WWF Indonesia)       • Irwan S. Widjaja (GAPMMI)
    • Nono Rusono (Bappenas)                                   • Robert de Groot (Hivos)                                • Dede Krishnadianty (WWF Indonesia)      • Wahyudi (APRINDO)
    • Jarot Indarto (Bappenas)                                 • Miranda (Hivos)                                        • Elisabeth Diana Supit (WWF Indonesia)   • Al Wiratmo (FAO-IBCSD)
    • Zulfriandi (Bappenas)                                    • Silvana Paath (Hivos)                                  • Arum Kinasih (WWF Indonesia)            • Akim Dharmawan (SUN Sekretariat- Bappenas)
    • Susilawati (Bappenas)                                    • Gita Meidita (Hivos)                                   • Jusupta Tarigan (NTFP-EP Indonesia)     • Mila (Borneo Chic)
    • Dyah Sudihastuti (Bappenas)                              • Mia D Mochtar (Hivos)                                  • Merry Tobing (NTFP-EP Indonesia)        • Corey Perneida (Karisman)
    • M. Rifqi (Bappenas)                                      • Julia Theresya (Hivos)                                 • Marolop SM Manalu (AMAN)                • Cisya (Karisman)
    • Ira Widya Z (Bappenas)                                   • Arum Pratiwi (Hivos)                                   • Feri Nur O (AMAN)
    • Tejaningsih (Bappenas)                                   • Henriette Imelda (Hivos)                               • Mina Susana Setra (AMAN)
    • Prajogo Utomo Hadi (Policy Lab Bappenas)                 • Laily Himayati (Hivos)                                 • Andre Baharamin (AMAN)                  EDUCATION / RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
    • Dian Sukmayani (Policy Lab Bappenas)                     • M. Rianto Utama (Hivos)                                • Muhammad Ruslan Keba (ASPPUK)           • Drajat Martianto (IPB)
    • Jhon Hendra (BKP)                                        • Nanda Sihombing (Hivos)                                • MH. Firdaus (ASPPUK)                    • Rina Agustina (HNRC IMERI, UI)
    • Agoes Rahadi (BKP)                                       • Rahmat Adinata (Hivos)                                 • Hartaty (ASPPUK)                        • Hanifa (HNRC IMERI, UI)
    • Dhany Hermansyah (OKKP BKP)                              • Rinto Andriono (Hivos)                                 • Suporahardjo (Tanoker)                  • Wanda Lasepa (HNRC IMERI, UI)
    • Agatha Intan W (Kemenperin)                              • Aang Sutrisna (GAIN)                                   • Nurhadi (Tanoker)                       • Erfi Prafiantini (HNRC IMERI, UI)
    • Alvita (Kemenperin)                                      • Jony Chandra (GAIN)                                    • Puji Sumedi (Kehati)                    • Ronnie S. Natawidjaja (Center for Sustainable
    • Hendy Yudyanto (Kemenperin)                                                                                       • Said “Ayip” Abdullah (KRKP)                Food Studies Unpad)
    • Hasnawir (KLHK)                                                                                                   • Santi Handayani (PLAN)                  • Zuzy Anna (SDGs Center Unpad)
    • Nurmayanti (KLHK)                                                                                                 • Bibong W (Alifa)
    • Dwika Darinda (Kemenkeu)                                                                                          • Djoko Prakoso (Alifa)
    • Reni Pratiwi (KKP)                                                                                                • Wahyu Widayat (WAIBI)                   MEDIA
    • Dewi Ekasari (KKP)                                                                                                • Kimpul (WAIBI)                          • Jekson Simanjuntak (AJI Jakarta)
    • Emmy (BPOM)                                                                                                       • Ayi Ardisastra (WAIBI)
    • Faisal Tachir (Bappelitbang kota Bandung)
    • Hendra Feryanto (Bappelitbang kota Bandung)                                                                                                                 NETWORK
                                                                                                                                                                  • Dedi Triadi (Agri ProFocus)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Maula Paramitha (Agri ProFocus)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Tasnim AS (Agri ProFocus)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Darminto Taebeno (Agri ProFocus)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Wim Goris (Agri ProFocus)
                                                                                                                                                                  • Christine Effendy (GBDI)

6                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

    Food
    Glossary

    FOOD is any product originating from biological             FOOD SAFETY             is a condition and attempts       FISHERMEN            are Indonesian citizens, both        FARM LAND is land area used for Agriculture
    resource such as agriculture, plantation, forestry,         required to prevent food from possible pollution          individually as well as with their families, whose        business. (Act no. 41/2009)
    fishery, husbandry, marine, and water, whether              – biologically and chemically, as well from other         livelihood is catching fish. (Act no. 18/2012)
    processed or not, designated as food or beverage            objects that may spoil, harm, and endanger to human
    for human consumption, including food additive              health and does not contradict with religions, beliefs,
    materials, food raw materials, and other materials          and culture of the community thus the food is safe to                                                               SUSTAINABLE FOOD FARM LAND
    used in the action of preparing, processing and/or          consume. (Act no. 18/2012)                                FISH CULTIVATORS are Indonesian citizens,                 is farm land area determined to be consistently
    producing food or beverages. (Act No. 18/2012)                                                                        both individually as well as with their families, whose   protected and developed in order to produce staple
                                                                                                                          livelihood is raising, breeding, and/or nurturing fish    food for national food autonomy, security, and
                                                                                                                          and other aquatic biological resources as well as         sovereignty. (Act no. 41/2009)
                                                                FOOD PRODUCTION                  is an activity or        harvesting from a controllable environment. (Act no.
    FOOD SOVEREIGNTY                  is the right of the       process to produce, to prepare, to process, to make,      18/2012)
    state and the nation to independently determine the         to preserve, to pack, to repackage, and/or to change
    food policy which guarantees the right to food for          the form of food. (Act no. 18/2012)                                                                                 FOOD FARMERS, hereinafter referred to as
    the people and which grants the community the right                                                                                                                             farmers, are Indonesian citizens and their families
    to determine the food system appropriate with the                                                                     NUTRITION           is substance or compound              who cultivate farm land for staple food commodities
    potential of local resources. (Act No. 18/2012)                                                                       contained in the food consisting of carbohydrates,        in sustainable food farm land. (Act no. 41/2009)
                                                                FOOD AVAILABILITY                is a condition of        proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber, water, and
                                                                food availability originating from both domestic          other components beneficial for human growth and
                                                                production and national food reserve, or from import      health. (Act no. 18/2012)
    FOOD AUTONOMY                 is the capacity of the        in case the two main resources cannot meet the
    state and the nation in producing a wide range of food      needs. (Act no. 18/2012)
    domestically that is able to guarantee the fulfillment
    of food needs sufficiently reaching individual level by                                                               NUTRITIONAL STATUS is a condition of a
    making use of potentials of natural, human, socio-                                                                    person’s body health as the end result of food intake
    economic, and local wisdom resources with dignity.          FOOD DIVERSIFICATON is an effort to                       into the body and its utilization. (Governmental
    (Act No. 18/2012)                                           increase food availability and consumption which is       Regulation No. 17/2015)
                                                                varied in range, nutritionally balanced, and based on
                                                                the potential of local resources. (Act no. 18/2012)

    FOOD SECURITY is a condition of food
    fulfillment of a state up to individual level, reflected
    from the sufficient availability of food, both by           LOCAL FOOD is locally consumed food that is
    quantity and quality, which is safe, various, nutritious,   in accordance with the local potential and wisdom.
    prevalent, and affordable as well as not contradicting      (Act no. 18/2012)
    with religions, beliefs, and culture of the community
    in order for them to be healthy, active, and productive
    in sustainable way. (Act No. 18/2012)
                                                                FARMERS          are Indonesian citizens, both
                                                                individually as well as with their families, who work
                                                                on farming business in food sector. (Act no. 18/2012)

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INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Summary
     Nine Recommendations On Indonesia Sustainable Food

                                                                 3                                                          5
     The recommendations on sustainable food below                         Ensuring the inclusive access to food                      Ensuring the product diversity of staple       The first action shall be taken is to systematically
     constitute a summary of strategy paper proposed in                    land and water, including forest and                       food cultivation and guaranteeing its          set up the food distribution system. Indonesia
     the framework of improving the performance of food                    marine as food sources.                                    quality and soundness.                         must have a systematic and proper database and
     systems and practices in Indonesia.                                                                                                                                             food distribution knowledge management. Detailed
                                                               Government must ensure inclusive access to land            Locally-based resource food diversity is a key             information about the actors in the food supply
                                                               and water as food sources. Access to food sources          factor in achieving national food security. Hence          chain, from farmers to consumers, must be made
                                                               is a top priority for the community, men and women,        the utilization of local genetic resources must be         available and transparent to all food stakeholders in

        1
                 Mainstreaming Indonesia Sustainable           especially indigenous communities. In case of land         conducted. These genetic resources have been               Indonesia.
                 Food    System     (ISFS)  towards            or water conflict, including conflict with protected       adapting to the environment thus having a relatively
                 Governmental Policy.                          areas, access to food must remain be a priority.           high level of compatibility and resilience toward
                                                               Food is fundamental need thus the fulfilment shall         various factors related to its growth.

                                                                                                                                                                                      8
     Indonesia must have a sustainable food system that        be guaranteed.                                                                                                                   Making sustainable food consumption
     is applicable, suitable and adequate to the conditions                                                               Each district/city in Indonesia must set a target of                  as the top-of-mind and lifestyle of
     of food practices in this country. The implementation                                                                “basic need” for food as physical needs or public                     Indonesian people.
     of the ISFS must be based on eight principles of                                                                     health. Sketchily, the target of food diversity and
     sustainable food (shared goals, holistic, inclusive,                  Empowering the concept of sustainable          quantity is derived from the diversity of “Fill my plate   Consumption patterns, including food, are largely
     local, interdependence, food life cycle, environmental
     and natural resource system, and sustainability) in
     a consistent and sustainable manner. The Indonesia
                                                                 4         production in the collection, cultivation,
                                                                           processing and management, storage
                                                                           and reserve, as well as logistics and
                                                                                                                          locally” (“My Plate” initiative by the Government of
                                                                                                                          Indonesia). The need of such basic food must be
                                                                                                                          available and prioritized. Beyond this need, districts/
                                                                                                                                                                                     determined by perception (top-of-mind) and
                                                                                                                                                                                     lifestyle. Thus, a massive promotion is required for
                                                                                                                                                                                     transformation in order to enable sustainable food
     Sustainable Food System and its principles as well                    distribution of food.                          cities may determine food for other reasons, such as       consumption be the top-of-mind in food preferences
     as various attributes must be incorporated into a                                                                    for recreational need and as commodity.                    and viral lifestyle in society.
     formal policy of the Government of the Republic of        Sustainable or responsible production consists of
     Indonesia in the form of Governmental Regulation or       several fundamental elements, i.e. non-polluting,

                                                                                                                            6
     Presidential Regulation.                                  energy and resource efficent, economically viable,
                                                               caring for labor safety, producing safe products and                   Development of “granary” networks                         Implementing      the   hierarchy   of
                                                               services for consumers.                                                (real and virtual) based on local wisdom.
                                                                                                                                                                                      9         management in food loss and waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                consistently at each stage of the food

       2
                 Optimizing the utilization of local food      In the context of food cultivation, a sustainable          In order to ensure the sustainable food availability                  life cycle to prevent and minimize the
                 germplasm and ensuring the availability       production system shall have high level of                 which should be any time accessible, there is a need                  amount of food loss and waste.
                 of land and water for food.                   productivity so as posses a good economic viability.       to develop local wisdom-base food storage network
                                                               The production system shall also be shifted                (real and virtual) at different levels of community/       An ideal food system must able to create a closed
     Indonesia has 77 types of carbohydrate-resource           from chemical to organic base in order to reduce           administrative (village, sub-district, district, region,   loop (from cradle to cradle), so as there will be no
     food plants but only been focusing at only two plants:    environmental impacts. The implementation of               province, large island, and national). Within the          in vain food loss and waste. Food loss and waste
     rice and corn. In the same way, Indonesia has 26          precision farming which enables to provide inputs          storage network, an integrated and real time               should be preventable, in case of already becoming
     types of beans but solely been focusing at soybean.       and informations regarding the most suitable               information exchange of food reserve from each             waste, it should be able to make use of it or to return
     This situation has to be radically changed. Including     agriculture operation are expected to be able to           “granary” will be the backbone of national “granary”       it back to the food system.
     herbs and spices, Indonesia has 945 species of food       reduce the use of resources and energy in the form of      network system.
     resource plants available for utilization. Such kind of   agricultural facilities and infrastructures. At the side                                                              For this particular reason, a quantitative information
     diversity should be optimized, not extinguished as        of cultivating farmers, the production and operation                                                                  on food must be available at each stage of its life

                                                                                                                            7
     it has been so far. Aborting the genetic diversity of     system shall provide a high level of prevention and                                                                   cycle. Food material balance needs to be carefully
     local food resources is a slowly suicidal attempt for     protection against labor safety risks, chemically,                     Ensuring the realization of a fair food        prepared in order to understand precisely the flow of
     national food security.                                   mechanically, ergonomically, as well as other risks.                   price on each value chain.                     food along with its quantity and behavior. Such food
                                                               The last one is, the agriculture products produced                                                                    material balance constitutes basic information that
                                                               shall be in good quality and safe for consumption.         Factually, dozens of millions of food farmers in           must be available in order to obtain information on
                                                                                                                          Indonesia are quite vulnerable in terms of bargaining      the amount of food loss and waste.
                                                                                                                          position regarding the trade of food commodity they
                                                                                                                          produce. Almost similar condition has happened
                                                                                                                          to food consumers, particularly those with middle-
                                                                                                                          lower incomes. These groups are vulnerable to the
                                                                                                                          fluctuation of food prices. As the actors and the very
                                                                                                                          stakeholders are powerless against fair trade.

10                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             11
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Chapter 1
     Introduction

     Background										                                              14

     Food Stakeholders Forum								                                   15

     Methodology in Drafting the Strategy Paper					                   16

     Sustainability Accelerator Tools							17

     Vision of “Wise Foodways of the Archipelago”					                 18

     Complexity of Food System 							                                 19

     Generic Causal Loop Diagram of Food System					                   22

     Causal Loop Diagram of Whole Food System and Leverage Points 		   24

     List of Innovations from Food Stakeholders Workshop 			           26

                                                                            The process of tapping palm sugar palm juice in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi • (Photo: Hartaty)

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INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Background                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Food Stakeholders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Forum

     “   The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and the SWITCH Asia Local Harvest project
          consortium have initiated the establishment of stakeholder forum for Sustainable Food System in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             One of the expected outputs of this initiative is
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             successful lobbying and effcient advocacy through
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The stakeholders forum is expected to be able to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      improve coordination and collaboration among

                                                                                  ”
                                                    Indonesia.                                                                                                                                                                                               a national and local platform involving all key actors   related stakeholders, to become a sharing place of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             and stakeholders in the food system in Indonesia.        knowledge, experiences and best practices in food
     Food becomes one of Sustainable Development                             EP) Indonesia. This project is supported by the                                                                                                                                 In order to achieve the set targets, an integrated       system as well as to provide inputs to government in
     Goals (SDGs)’ elements, specifically SDGs 2, i.e.                       European Union.                                                                                                                                                                 planning and inter-sector cooperation relevant to        the framework of formulating policies and executing
     to end hunger, to achieve food security and to                                                                                                                                                                                                          food system are needed.                                  programs related to food system.
     improve nutrition as well as to promote sustainable                     The general objective of this project is to contribute
     agriculture.                                                            to economic welfare and to end poverty in Indonesia                                                                                                                             This is in line with Hivos’ strategy and plan to         In the context of formulating the stakeholders forum
                                                                             by promoting the transition towards responsible                                                                                                                                 develop and/or strengthen a food system-related          on Pangan Bijak Nusantara, a number of workshops
     In order to achieve these goals, 5 measurable targets                   consumption and sustainable- healthy-fair and local                                                                                                                             stakeholders forum, both locally and nationally,         have been held with the participation of relevant
     have been set through 20 indicators, namely:                            food production by consumers and MSMEs.                                                                                                                                         in order to promote local–fair-healthy – and -           food stakeholders.
     • to end hunger and malnutrition                                                                                                                                                                                                                        sustainable food system, or we call it Pangan Bijak
     • to double agricultural productivity                                   Whereas the specific objectives of the project are:                                                                                                                             Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the Archipelago).
     • to ensure sustainable food farming
     • to manage genetic diversity, and                                      •    A significant transition in consumption patterns
     • to enhance agricultural productive capacity.                               towards sustainable and ethically obtained
                                                                                  food products in Indonesia which is driven by
     There are several food related SDGs, however in this                         increasing consumer knowledge and awareness
     document we underline two most relevant ones,                                about the impacts of food choices they make.
     namely Zero Hunger of SDG 2 and Responsible
     Consumption and Production of SDG 12. In order                          •    The capacity enhancement of MSMEs and
     to support these two SDGs, Hivos implements the                              producers – including women and indigenous

                                                                                                                                      Activity participants of the Indonesian Sustainable Food System Stakeholder workshop Forum • (Photo: Ario Tranggono)
     SWITCH Asia Local Harvest Project in partnership                             communities – to enter the market, as well as
     with WWF Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance                             lucrative policies for implementing responsible
     of the Archipelago (AMAN), Association for Women                             consumption and production practices in food
     in Small Business Assistance (ASPPUK), and Non-                              sector.
     Timber Forest Product – Exchange Program (NTFP-

                                                                       North Kalimantan
                   North Sumatera
                                         West Kalimantan
                           Riau

                                                                                      Southeast Sulawesi

                                          West Java              South Sulawesi
                    DKI. Jakarta

                               Central Java
                                                      DI. Yogyakarta

                                              Local Harvest Project Activity Areas
          •   Districts: 14 districts in 8 provinces in Indonesia, including the Provinces of North Sumatra,
              Riau, West Java, Central Java, West Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi and
                                                       South Sulawesi

                              •     City: Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Medan and Makassar

14                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           15
INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM - strategy paper - Pangan Bijak Nusantara
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Methodology in Drafting                                                                                                                                                                            Sustainability
     the Strategy Paper                                                                                                                                                                              Accelerator Tools

     The drafting of this strategy paper was kicked off         In this paper the food life cycle concept is adjusted to   Indicators > Systems > Innovation > Strategy
     by organizing workshops involving relevant food            the actual conditions of Indonesia. In turn, this food
     stakeholders. The workshops applied Sustainability         life cycle will be implemented in order to formulate
     Accelerator Tool, a sustainability-based approach that     Indonesia Sustainable Food System or ISFS, a food                 Indicators                                                                   Strategy
     has been commonly used in numerous workshops               system compatible with local condition in Indonesia
     in various sectors such as business, academic,             orienting towards sustainable development, holistic
     governmental and civil society organizations.              approach and local diversity.

     In exploring the issues arised during the workshops        In general, the ISFS has three main components, i.e.
     as well as in order to enrich the outlook, in-depth        principles of sustainable food, preconditions and
     interviews with resource persons and experts in            interactions in the food system, as well as outputs
     food sector had been conducted. Furthermore, in            and impacts of the food system.
     order to strenghthen the information and inputs,
     analysis toward reports and various presentation           The main issues of food that had been identified
     materials regarding current issues on food, including      are grouped in each stages of compatible life-cycle.
     the presentation regarding the drafting of 2020-2024       Based on the issues, relevant food strategies and
     Indonesian National Medium-Term Development                innovations then be developed. These strategies and
     Plan had been conducted. The output of the three           innovations are also arranged based on each food
     activities is a list of main issues of national food.      life cycle stages.

     In-depth interviews and consultations, among others        Various strategies and innovations that had been
     with resource persons and experts from National            drafted during the Food Stakeholders Workshop
     Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), National           become one of inputs in formulating the strategies                        Systems                                                          Innovation
     Food Security Agency (BKP), Competence Authority           and innovations in this paper. Such innovations can
     for Food Safety (OKKP), Human Nutrition Research           be introduced as priority programs to improve the
     Center of University of Indonesia, Policy Laboratory       performance of food management in Indonesia.               Sustainability accelerator tool was applied to               The result is a causal diagram for each stream.
     for Food Development and Inclusive Agriculture                                                                        facilitate workshops with stakeholders. The stages           Systems thinking experts then integrated the four
     of Bappenas, Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the           The final part is the drawing up 2020-2024 roadmap         of activities in applying the tool are:                      diagrams into a generic causal diagram.
     Archipelago (AMAN), Global Alliance for Improved           for National Sustainable Food consisting food
     Nutrition (GAIN) Indonesia, KEHATI Foundation, and         milestone to achieve, strategic activities to conduct,     •   Visioning: To set a shared vision that will serve    •   Innovation: This stage was initiated by defining
     the Department of Community Nutrition of Bogor             and key indicators to measure anually.                         as an ideal goal approved uninamously by all             the most efficient leverage point that is able to
     Agricultural Institute.                                                                                                   workshop participants. This shared vision will           change the behavior of the system. Interventions
                                                                                                                               become the ultimate ideal goal of sustainable            delivering the best advantage and have a major
                                                                                                                               food system in Indonesia. The vision agreed is           impact on the system are then formulated by
                                                                                                                               Pangan Bijak Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the             listing the most relevant innovations. At this stage,
                                                                                                                               Archipelago).                                            the most influential actors in the implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                        of innovations are being mapped by applying
           Stakeholder Workshop applying                      Main Issues of                   Food Life-Cycle             •   Indicators: To define key indicators (variables)         Amoeba Metaphor.
           Sustainability Accelerator Tools                   National Food                                                    based on Sustainability Compass that splits
           • Visioning                                                                                                         participants into four streams, i.e. Nature,         •   Strategy: The process of strategy formulation
           • Indicators (Variables)                                                                                            Economy, Well-being, and Society. In accordance          is basically a systematic effort to realize an
           • Systems Analysis                                                                                                  with their area of expertise and experience, the         applicable and efficient vision of “Wise Foodways
           • Innovation
                                                                                                                               workshop participants then were asked to split           of the Archipelago”. The core strategy was
           • Strategy
                                                                                           Indonesia’s Sustainable             into four streams in order for them to draft nine        then incorporated into 2020-2024 Indonesia
           In-depth Interview with resource                                                     Food System                    key variables for each stream. Pyramid Metaphor          Sustainable Food Roadmap, as well as the
           persons in food sector                                                                                              had already been used at this stage.                     milestone and annual achievement stages.
                                                               Strategy & Innovation
           Analysis toward reports and                                                                                     •   Systems Analysis: To formulate causal loop
           various presentation materials                                                       2020 - 2024                    diagrams by using system thinking approach
           regarding current issues on food                                                    Food Roadmap
                                                                                                                               in order to visualize the causal relation and
                                                                                                                               complexity of food system for each and all
                                                                                                                               streams including identifying the leverage points.

16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              17
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Vision of                                                                                                                                                                                                  Complexity of
     “Wise Foodways of the Archipelago”                                                                                                                                                                          Food System

     “   The vision of Pangan Bijak Nusantara (Wise Foodways of the Archipelago) is the realization of a fair,              Food system contains high complexity. Interaction          for visualization to represent interactions, feedbacks,

                                                                                                               ”
                respecting local wisdom, and sustainable food sovereignty for all Indonesian people.                        and interdependence among food actors and                  and behaviors of the interactions itself. The tools
                                                                                                                            stakeholders can be very intense. Decision taken           used in the modelling are qualitative in character.
     The Vision of Pangan Bijak Nusantara is a common              In order to operationalize, the vision needs to be       by one party will have effects to the other, and vice      However, in the future, quantitative models using
     ideal goal that must be actualized by all food actors         interpreted into some operational criteria for each of   versa. In general, the complex behavior as complex         system dynamics approach can be further developed
     and stakeholders in Indonesia. By applying a back-            keywords in the above vision statement. At the table     system has counter-intuitive character. In order           based on the previous model.
     casting planning approach, the vision becomes a               below, you can see the definition of each operational    to have better understanding of such complexity,
     pull factor for the development and execution of              criteria of the vision.                                  linear system model cannot accurately represent the        In the framework of creating a food system model,
     food policies, programs and events. It serves as                                                                       actual state of the food system.                           the workshop participants selected at least nine
     the direction for all food activities in Indonesia at                                                                                                                             of the most important variables for each stream
     each stage of food life cycles. Thus, in this context,                                                                 In order to gain understanding regarding interactions      (nature, economy, society, and well-being). Out of
     planning must be initiated by making the final goal                                                                    within a food system, system thinking approach is          the four streams, based on existing phenomena in
     as the initial (begin with the end-in-mind).                                                                           to utilize. This approach uses a causal loop diagram       the real world, a causal diagram of food system in
                                                                                                                                                                                       Indonesia was created.

                                                                                                                                                                  Systems Thinking Variables
          Vision
                                                           Vision Operational Criteria
         Keywords
                                                                                                                                                                                Nature
                        • State chooses and stipulates local food as the main food resource in Indonesia.
        Sovereignty                                                                                                          Responsible consumption and          Water protection, Management of        Biodiversity & ecosystem
                        • Local governments and communities choose food from each region in order to meet
                                                                                                                             production                           scarcity                               protection
                          food needs in the region, in accordance with characteristics of available food resources.
                                                                                                                                                                  Knowledge and capacity of local        Enabling policy and institutional
                                                                                                                             Ecosystem resilience
                                                                                                                                                                  producer                               framework
                        •   Food is available in sufficient quantities when needed.
                                                                                                                             Soil health                          Land use restoration                   Climate change resilience
                        •   Food is available within the reach of the consumers (reachable).
                        •   Food is purchasable by consumers at affordable price.                                                                                             Economy
          Fairness
                        •   Food price is reasonable (fair trade along the food value chain).
                        •   Food available in diversity, good quality, safe, healthy, fresh and cultural/religious value     Standardized products                Area of cultivation land               Human resource quality
                            conformed.                                                                                                                                                                   Value added of agricultural
                                                                                                                             Technology utilization               Food research and development
                                                                                                                                                                                                         products
                        • Food crop cultivation uses local food superior seeds and germplasm.                                Farmers’ well-being                  Food production                        Raw material availability
                        • Food collection, particularly from forest and marine, applying values of local wisdom
                          embraced in the region.                                                                                                                            Logistic cost
                        • Food management throughout its life cycle also uses proven superiority of local
       Local Wisdom
                          approaches and technology.
                                                                                                                                                                               Society
                        • Food management empowers local social capital (social groups, institutions, gender                 Consumer awareness towards
                          diversity, etc.)                                                                                                                        Access to livelihood resources         Fair selling price on farmers level
                                                                                                                             local food products
                        • Food consumption prioritizes local resource food diversity.
                                                                                                                             Local wisdom                         Women’s role                           Farmer capacity
                        •   State must ensure the availability of sustainable food land in accordance with the               Farmers’ prosperity                  Local product diversification
                            needs of food cultivation and collection from forest and marine.
                        •   State ensures access for indigenous peoples around forest and marine areas to gather                                                             Well-being
                            food materials wisely. Forest and marine as food sources must be conserved by all                Food consumption quality             Quality of health human resources      Number of young farmers
        Sustainable
                            stakeholders.
                        •   Food cultivation applies concept of precision farming or sustainable production.                                                      Positive experience regarding
                                                                                                                             Safe food availability                                                      Health literacy of family members
                        •   The concept of consumption pattern is responsible consumption, which is healthy,                                                      healthy food
                            diverse, local and sustainable.                                                                  Consumer awareness                   Consumer access                        Malnutrition

18                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               19
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Complexity of
     Food System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           diversification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            of local food
     The following four causal loop diagrams describe one                      A simple illustration below describes that a decision                          Society                                                      products in the
     among the complexities of real-world interactions                         taken can cause unexpected system behavior or even                                                                                              market
     phenomena, which are called feedback loop. There                          opposite to the expectation of the policy makers.
     is a loop with reinforcing character or unidirectional                                                                                                                 supply chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       market demand
     (marked by notation R for Reinforcement). The basic                       It is crucial for food actors and stakeholders to                                                                                                          for local
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         products
     behavior of this loop is to supply growth. There is                       understand this complexity. Intensive multi-party                                                                            selling price at
                                                                                                                                                                                                             farmer level                                              consumer
     also a loop with balancing (marked by notation B                          dialogues for the whole food life cycles is one of                                                                                                                                                                                                                          access to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       awareness                    diversification of
     for Balancing), which is the opposite of R. If in one                     key factors which at the end able to make decisions                                                                                                 standard/quality                  towards local                local food products                                      livelihood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     of local food                   food products                                                                         resources
     system there are R loop and B loop with balanced                          with positive impacts regarding food performance in                                                                                                     products
     numbers then the resultant can have oscillating                           Indonesia.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          local wisdom
     character or in the long run can have stagnant                                                                                                                                                               farmer’s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  income
     character.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        farmer’s prosperity
                                                                                                                                                                                production cost
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    conversion of
                                                                                                                                                          sales of food                                            farmer’s             farmer’s                      farm land                                                              women’s role
                                                                                                                                                            products                                               capacity            resilience                                                 farmer’s land
        Nature                                                                                                                                                                       fertilizer price                                            local farming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    system                                                               food
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            land                      production
                                                                                                                                                                                     fertilizer        superior hybrid                                                                   productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                     subsidy         seeds introduction                                            soil fertility
                                producer’s                                                                              prosperity
                                knowledge                                                ecosystem
                                                                                          resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       fertilizer usage by
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              farmers
                                                                                      food production
                                                water
                                              management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     adaptability of producer
                                                                                                           food security                                                                                                                                                                               to consumer needs

                                                                                                                                                           Well-Being                                                                                               level of carbohydrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        consumption
                                       apt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           level of protein
                                    management                                                                     food demand                                                                                                                                              consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     quality of                                   diversity of food
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  people’s health                                     available
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                level of fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           consumer                            and vegetables                                        number of safe food
                                                                                                                                                            quality of health                                    family mealtime           awareness                            consumption                                              providers
                                      soil health                                                                                                             education
                                                                                         GHGs emission                     population
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                the number of positive                                diversity of food                                               quality of
                                                                                                                                                                          professionalism level of                              experiences related to                                                           availability of safe food
                                                                                                                                                                              health workers                                                                                           consumption                                                 school canteen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              healthy food consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                      quality             quality of
                                                                                                                                                                                                     of health          information
                                                                                                                                                                                                     workers                                                                                      food safety
                                                                                                                                                            level of parents’                                           received by               practice

       Economy
                                                                                                                                                              (mother and                                                  society               of healthy              quality of food
                                                                                                                                                           father) education                                                                      lifestyle              consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                          health literacy
                                                                                                                                                                                          among family                     time to cook dishes
                                                                                         access to                                                                                          members
                                           logistic cost                              farming inputs                                                                     maternal                                                                                                    food sufficiency for                                                   area of the land
                                                                                                                                                                         agency                                                                                                        family members
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               prevalence of non-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             communicable diseases                                                                      food
                                                                                                                                                                                        parenting                                                               stunting                                                price
                              population                                                                                                      farmer’s                                   practice           stimulation                                       (malnutrition)                                                         food availability
                                                                                                              area of land                   prosperity                                                     for children         numbers                       prevalence                    people’s purchasing
                                                      food selling price                                    tenure by farmer                                                                                                                                                         R             power                                                 food production
                                                                               food production                                                                                                                growth             of healthy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  children

                                                                                                                                      income/                                                                                                                        peoples’
                           amount of                                                                                                 wage level                                                                                     prevalence of                   prosperity                                                                      number of
                         demand for food                      workforce                                                                                                                                                                                                                  budget allocation for
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     contagious                                           food consumption                                           farmers
                            products                          availability                                                                                    level of                                                                diseases
                                                                                                                        production                          community
                                                                                                    technology                                              awareness                                                  clean
      food consumption                                                                               utilization           cost                                                                                      lifestyle                                                                         nutritional                             number of
                                                                    food research &                                                                                                                                                                                                                 quality of farmer                        young farmers
                               food availability                     development                                                                                         waste disposal                                                                                                                 families
                                                                                                                                                                                               environmental
                                                                                                                      value added of                                                             sanitation
                                                                               availability of                     agricultural products                                                                                                                                                                            farmer’s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    urbanization
                                                                               raw material                                                                                                                                                      maternal and
                                               quality of human                                                                                                                                                                                  child mortality                                                   prosperity
                                                  resources                                                                                                                                                                                            rate
                                                                                                 standardized
                                                                                                   products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          farmer’s          farmer’s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          income         business scale

20                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             21
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Generic Causal Loop
     Diagram of Food System

     In general, food sovereignty will be achieved when        national food demand. The national food demand         consumption as well (Loop B2). Food consumption                 production will be in line with the rise of farmers’
     the condition of food security is accomplished by         arises due to population factor in Indonesia.          will determine the quality of life of Indonesian people.        incomes and their prosperity. Factor of farmers’
     food supply being fulfilled from domestic resources                                                              (R4 loop).                                                      prosperity then will be the pull factor for people to
     and not depend on other countries. At the causal loop     Food availability then defines the food consumption,                                                                   become farmers, leading to increase the number
     diagram, food security is conceived as the variable       and food consumption reduces the food stock (Loop      It is also visible that food stock increases due                of farmers (Loop R1). This farmers’ prosperity will
     of food availability. The concept of food availability    B1). Food availability also determines food prices,    to food production factor. Food production is                   specify the land area owned by farmers that will
     constitutes a ratio between national food stocks and      consumer affordability, and finally determines food    determined by the number of farmers, the area of                serve as the food production factor (Loop R2).
                                                                                                                      farm land, and the land productivity. At general, food          The farmers’ prosperity will also improve the land
                                                                                                                                                                                      productivity through allocation of the cost for food
                                                                                                                                                                                      research and development (Loop R3).

                                                                             carrying capacity                                                                             W sub
                                                                             of the ecosystem                                                                              model

                                                                                                                                                                             R
                                                                                    B
                                                                                                                                                                                 people’s purchase
                                                                           food                                                                                                    affordability
                                                                       production (E,
                                                                          S, N, W)                                              national                  food
                                                                                                                                  food               consumption (E)
                                                                                                                                 stocks                                           B
                                                                                                                                                                                            price of the food (W)
                          area of farmer’s
                          land tenure (E)/              productivity of land                                                                       B
                           farm land (S)/
                          area of land (W)                                        level of income/ wage                                                                                                  Food
                                                                                   (E) / farmers’ income                                                food availability                             Security (N)
                                                                         R                  (S, W)                                                          (W, E)
                                                   food research
             number of                            and development
            farmers (W)                     R
                                                         (E)

                                                                                                                                                                         number of demand
                               R                                                                                                                                        for food products (E)
                                                                       farmers’                                                                                          / food demand (N)
                                                                   prosperity (E, S,
                                                                  W) / prosperity (N)

                                                                                                                                                                           population (E, N)

22                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            23
24
            Some leverage points have been identified from the
            overall food system. The leverage points are the
            location of intervention expected to provide the most
            efficient result in order to improve the performance
            of food system in Indonesia.

                                                                                                                                                             adaptability of producer
                                                                                                                                                             to consumer needs (W)

                                                                                                                quality of
                                                                                                             people’s health                              diversity of food
                                                                                                                  (W)                                         available
                                                                        family mealtime               consumer                                                  (W)                               number of safe food
                   quality of health                                          (W)                   awareness (W)                                                                                   providers (W)
                    education (W)

                                                                                        the number of positive
                                 professionalism level of                            experiences related to healthy                           diversity of food            availability of safe food
                                   health workers (W)                                   food consumption (W)                                 consumption (W)                          (W)
                                                              quality              quality of
                                                             of health           information                                                             food safety
                level of parents’                           workers (W)          received by                 practice                                       (W)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Causal Loop Diagram of Whole

                  (mother and                                                    society (W)                of healthy           quality of food
               father) education                                                                          lifestyle (W)         consumption (W)
                       (W)                        health literacy
                                                  among family                      time to cook dishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Food System and Leverage Points

                                                  members (W)                               (W)
                               maternal                                                                                                      food sufficiency for
                              agency (W)                                                     prevalence of                                  family members (W)
                                                                                           non-communicable
                                               parenting                                      diseases (W)               stunting
                                              practice (W)          stimulation                                        (malnutrition)
                                                                    for children           numbers                    prevalence (W)                 people’s purchasing
                                                                    growth (W)             of healthy                                        R           power (W)
                                                                                            children
                                                                                              (W)                                                                                  food
                                                                                                                                                                                 price (W)
                                                                                                                              peoples’
                                                                                              prevalence of                prosperity (W)                                                                   Leverage Points of Well-being
                                                                                                                                                   budget allocation for
                                                                                               contagious                                         food consumption (W)                                      1. Access for consumers, food
                 level of                                                                     diseases (W)
               community                                                                                                                                                                                        diversity, food sufficiency &
              awareness (W)                                                      clean                                                                                                                          safe food consumption.
                                                                               lifestyle                                                                                                                    2. Farmer’s business scale and
                                                                                  (W)
                                waste disposal                                                                                                                                                                  farmer’s income.
                                     (W)               environmental
                                                       sanitation (W)

         Leverage Points of Society
         1. Local wisdom and local food
             products diversification.                                                                                                                       value added of
         2. Consumer awareness towards                                                                                             sales of food        agricultural products (E)
             local food products.                                                                                                  products (S)
         3. Food production and selling of                                                                                          quality of human
             agricultural products.                                                                                                  resources (E)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              nutritional
         4. Superior hybrid seeds                                                                                                                                                                                          quality of farmer
             introduction.                                                                                                    food                                                                                           families (W)
                                                                                    standardized                           research &                 production
         5. Farmer’s capacity                                                                                             development                                                              fertilizer price (S)
                                                                                    products (E)                                                      cost (E, S)
                                                                                                                               (E)
                                                                       food availability
                                                                           (W, E)                                 access to
                                                                                                               farming inputs    technology
                                                                                                                     (E)        utilization (E)
                                                                                             availability of
                                                            supply chain (S)               raw material (E)                                                 farmer’s          income/wage level (E)/                              fertilizer
                                                                                                                                                         business scale       farmer’s income (S, W)                             subsidy (S)
                    population (E, N)                                                                                                    area of land         (W)
                                                                                                                                      tenure by farmer
                                                                                                                                      (E)/farmer’s land
                                                                                                                                       (S)/area of the
                                 amount of                    food selling price                          food production                  land (W)                               farmer’s prosperity                  farmer’s capacity
                                                               (E)/ selling price                           (E, S, N, W)                                                          (E, S, W)/prosperity
         food                 demand for food                                                                                                                                              (N)                         (S)/knowledge of
     consumption                products (E) /                at farmer level (S)                                                                                                                                        producer (N)
          (E)                 food demand (N)
                                                                                    workforce                                            conversion of
                                                                                  availability (E)                                       farm land (S)                                       farmer’s
                                                                                                                                 number of                                                 resilience (S)
                                                                    diversification             GAP (Good                       farmers (W)                      urbanization
                                        logistic cost (E)            of local food                                                                                   (W)
                                                                                                Agriculture                                     number of                                                                      fertilizer usage by
                                                                   products in the            Practices) (E)                                 young  farmers
                                                 standard/quality     market (S)                                                                   (W)                                                                             farmers (S)
                                                   of local food
                                                   products (S)                                     women’s role (S)
                                                                market demand
                                                                   for local       diversification
                                                                 products (S)       of local food                    access to
                                                      consumer                                                       livelihood
                                                     awareness                      products (S)                                                                                                     soil fertility (S)/
                                                                                                                  resources (S)                                                                       soil health (N)
                                                    towards local
                                                  food products (S)                                   local
                                                                                                   wisdom (S)
                                                                                                                                                       land
                                                                                                                                                productivity (S)                                             local farming       superior hybrid seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                               system (S)          introduction (S)
                                                                         food security (N)
         Leverage Points of Nature
         1. Technology utilization & access to natural resources.
         2. Biodiversity & environmental protection, local product                                                                                           Leverage Points of Economy
             diversification & consumer awareness.                                                                                                           1. Standardized products.
         3. Land use & restoration, number of young farmers &                                                                                                2. Value added of agricultural products.
             knowledge & capacity of local product.                                                                                                          3. Food production, young farmers and local product
         4. Safe food availability.                                                                                                                              diversification.
         5. Consumer awareness.                                                                                                                              4. Extension and optimization of farm land.
         6. Water resource protection.                                                                                                                       5. Knowledge and capacity enhancement for local producers’.
25
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     List of Innovations from
     Food Stakeholders Workshop

     Each leverage point in the food system causal loop    The innovations are going to be applied as inputs to   NO                                        Innovations
     diagram resulting several applicable innovations.     formulate strategy in order to implement Indonesia
                                                           Sustainable Food System.
                                                                                                                       Encouraging consumers to process food and become producers for processed
                                                                                                                  15
                                                                                                                       food.

       NO                                             Innovations
                                                                                                                       Dissemination & promotion to urban communities regarding local & fresh food
                                                                                                                  16
                                                                                                                       products.
       1     Development of urban farming technology.
                                                                                                                  17   Developing National Food Information System.
       2     Standardization of local food products to be exportable.
                                                                                                                  18   Developing knowledge management of local food materials and its dissemination.
             Intensification of land tenure, especially in urban areas, through optimizing unused
       3                                                                                                               Increasing capacity food providers, in this case the entry points are the cooks/chefs
             land for food farming.                                                                               19
                                                                                                                       of both professional and non-professional.

       4     Applying smart agriculture or precision farming.
                                                                                                                       Procurement of healthy food in the food service sectors, retail industries as well as
                                                                                                                  20
                                                                                                                       online food retail through applications.
       5     Revitalization and massive introduction of climate field schools.
                                                                                                                       Raising family consciousness by having a number of local food ambassadors for
                                                                                                                  21
       6     Reviewing of Law on Land Use to further empower the actors of food production.                            each region and national level.

             Protection for ecosystem and biodiversity to support the conservation of food                        22   Selection for healthy food ambassadors at regional and national level.
       7
             germplasm.
                                                                                                                  23   Increasing capacity for street food vendors and school canteens.
             Diversification of local food products along with intensive efforts to increase
       8
             consumer awareness of local food products.                                                                Creating added value for farmers, such as coffee farmers not only selling coffee
                                                                                                                  24
                                                                                                                       beans but also offering brewed coffee with baristas on-site at the farm.
             Expanding the diversity of staple food resources, apart from rice, corn, and soybean,
       9                                                                                                               Facilitating access to market and business networks for actors at food sector,
             such as taro, sago, sorghum, etc.                                                                    25
                                                                                                                       particularly farmers and young actors.

       10    Restoration and sustainable food land use.                                                           26   Facilitating financial access for farmers and young farmers.

       11    Increasing the number of young farmers as food producers.                                            27   Facilitating social entrepreneurship for food sector.

                                                                                                                  28   Campaigning to consumers and also socializing organic farming practice.
       12    Increasing food start-ups throughout the whole stages of food life cycles.
                                                                                                                       Making use of local varieties in the form of cooperatives so as superior seeds
                                                                                                                  29
       13    Increasing the knowledge and capacity to produce local processed food.                                    sovereignty.
                                                                                                                       Developing physical and virtual germplasm banks and affiliate local food granaries
                                                                                                                  30
       14    Incorporating peasants and land tillers as actors in food-related laws.                                   via smart applications.

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Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Chapter 2
     Sustainable Food as a Common Goal

     Reviewing the National Food Practices					                  30

     The Paradox of National Food						                          31

     Mainstreaming towards Diverse Healthy Food				              32

     Mainstreaming towards Family-Based Diverse Healthy Food		   33

     Biodiversity-Based Food Sovereignty					                    34

     Planning Process in Sustainable Food System 				            35

     Role of Focal Points in National Food Planning				          36

                                                                      Variety of food products in traditional markets • (Photo: Ario Tranggono)

28                                                                                                                                                                                            29
Strategy Paper Indonesia Sustainable Food System

     Reviewing the National                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The Paradox of
     Food Practices                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         National Food

       “   Food is the most basic need. Food is the source of human activity and growth. Food is inevitable.                                      Food availability in Indonesia tends to have been

                                                                                                                    ”
                            Life without food is impossible. Because food is the life itself.                                                     increasing in recent years. Even, recently, the Ministry
                                                                                                                                                  of Agriculture has been more and more encouraging
     Nowadays, the food practices in Indonesia are relatively                The “Isi Piringku” (My Plate initiative), a government               the export of food commodities to various countries.
     less sustainable. The existing practices are more                       program on healthy diets designed to support food                    Corn, horticulture and fruits are some of outstanding
     production-oriented. Only quite a few types of foodstuffs               diversity, becomes paralyzed due to lack of support from             export commodities.
     and commodities are being “pushed” into the market/                     food suppliers and distributors.
     consumer by producers. In other words, the system                                                                                            Unfortunately, this abundance is not followed by the
     is more supply-oriented rather than demand-oriented.                    Pressure on food issues is also encumbered by the                    betterment of overall nutritional status of Indonesian
     What has happened is food uniformity becoming an                        emerging of competition from the usage of food                       people. Risk associated to food dietary had been
     inevitability.                                                          material as energy resources. The absence of policy                  increasing by 18.7% over the period of 2007-2017.
                                                                             implementation that is truly prioritizing food materials as          Triple Burden of Malnutrition (calorie and protein

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Indonesia
     Food production facilities and infrastructures tend to be               food resources instead of as energy sources is severing              deficiency, micronutrient deficiency, and excessive
     unsustainable and are more chemical oriented rather                     the poor performance of national food system.                        calories) have also been haunting Indonesian

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         e Republic of
     than organic farming, due to such kind of practice that                                                                                      citizens. Internationally, Global Hunger Index ranked
     has been subsidized by the government. Accordingly,                     In Indonesia, it can be said, that unsynchronized inter-             Indonesia at number 73rd among 119 countries
     organic farming has become underdeveloped because                       ministrial/institutional coordination has been occurred.             observed.
     it will more costly.                                                    There is no harmonization of food management from

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     riculture of th
                                                                             upstream to downstream. Mismanagement has already                    This paradox emerges from unsynchronized food
     Food self-sufficiency has been most focusing on rice,                   happened in the upstream that the downstream will                    planning system. There is no connectedness
     corn and soybean, thus accordingly most of agricultural                 surely be troubled.                                                  between upstream and downstream in the planning

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Ministry of Ag
     resources are exerted for these commodities only. In                                                                                         and implementation of food practices in Indonesia.
     addition, the national food logistical and distribution                 The impact has been felt recently, amidst of abundance of            Accordingly, the national food planning system
     systems are also supporting such practices. Food                        food quantity which indicated by plenty of food supplies,            must be changed comprehensively. Food planning
     diversity has been marginalized while at the same time                  thus non-communicable diseases associated with                       shall begin with the end point, which is the target of

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Data source:
     dismissing local food potentials and its various wisdoms                dietary risk is even becoming the highest risk factor for            community nutritional status. From the target, then
     that have been proven as high resilience.                               mortality and disability in Indonesia. Thus fundamental              consumption pattern plan, logistics and distribution
                                                                             shifting of food paradigm is needed in order to Indonesia            plan, and sustainable food production can be derived.
                                                                             be able to implement sustainable food system.

                Aspect                               Recent Practice                                 Sustainable Food System                              Mortality and Disability Risk Factors in Indonesia
                                                                                                                                                                            2007-2017
               Production             Production oriented                                Nutrition fulfilment oriented for Indonesian people

                                                                                         Food products are ‘pulled’ to market/ consumer in               Metabolic risks
                                      Food products are ‘pushed’ into market/            accordance with nutritional needs.                              Environmental/occupational risks
                                      consumers.                                                                                                         Behavioral risks
       Marketing and Distribution
                                                                                         Food promotion is focused on health (nutritional
                                      Food product oriented promotion.                   needs) and sustainability (economic, social and
                                                                                         environmental) aspects.                                              2007 ranking         2017 ranking              % change 2007-2017
                                                                                                                                                           Malnutrition 1            1 Dietary risks                     18.7%
                                                                                                                                                           Dietary risks 2           2 High blood pressure               25.7%
                                                                                         Staple food and food materials with orientation
                Diversity             Rice, cord & soybean as staple food orientation.                                                              High blood pressure 3            3 High fasting plasma               50.6%                     Triple Burden of Malnutrition
                                                                                         toward diversity and local resources utilization.
                                                                                                                                                              Tobacco 4                 glucose
                                                                                                                                                    High fasting plasma 5            4 Tobacco                           17.3%
                                      Subsidy for agricultural facilities and            Subsidy for agricultural facilities and infrastructure                                                                                   1.                 Calory and Protein Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                               glucose               5 Malnutrition                      -40.4%
       Facility and Infrastructure    infrastructure are oriented to uniformed           are oriented to local superior seeds and organic
                                                                                                                                                           Air pullotion 6           6 High body-mass                    65.4%
                                      superior seeds and chemical fertilizers.           farming practices.                                                                                                                            Hunger and Malnutrition
                                                                                                                                                       High body-mass 7                index                                                                             Stunting 30.8%
                                                                                                                                                                  index              7 Air pullotion                      -4.6%                17.7%
                                                                                         Land is limited; there is a clear separation between
                                      Food resources as food and as commodity are        food resources as a food source and as energy                           WaSH 8              8 High LDL                          24.3%
       Priority for food and policy                                                                                                                  Occupational risks 9            9 Occupational risks                 6.4%    2.                 Micronutrient Deficiency
                                      not clearly separated.                             and commodity sources, which chooses food as a
                                                                                         priority.                                                            High LDL 10           10 Impaired kidney                   17.7%
                                                                                                                                                                                        function                                                 Anemia in Pregnant Women 48.9%
                                                                                                                                                      Imapaired kidney
                                                                                         Sustainable food as a shared goal; national and                                  11                                                      3.                     Excessive Calory
                                      Food policies have been separated base on                                                                                function             11 WaSH                              -35.2%
                                                                                         local food planning and its implementations are
                 Policy               sectors; coordination has been conducted
                                                                                         conducted integratedly; each stakeholder/actor                                                                                                                                 Obesity in Adults
                                      through coordination meetings.                                                                               Data source: IHME, http://www.healthdata.org/results/                               Obesity in Toddlers 8%
                                                                                         conduct a self-coordination.                                                                                                                                                 (age > 18 y.o.) 28.9%
                                                                                                                                                   country-profiles

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