Local Pulse Concerns Shannon Chant Crops Extension Specialist Southwest Saskatchewan February 5, 2019 - Shannon ...
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Local Pulse Concerns
Shannon Chant
Crops Extension Specialist
Southwest Saskatchewan
February 5, 2019
Outline • Herbicide Resistant Weeds in the Southwest • Main weeds of concern • Herbicide Carryover • 2018 • 2019 • Phosphorus • Role in Pulses • Uptake and Removal • Availability • Soil Testing • Application
Herbicide Resistant Weeds in the
Southwest
Thank you to Hugh Beckie for the
Herbicide Resistant Weeds
Survey Maps and Information
61
Number of active ingredient options:
pea – 8 of 11, lentil – 2 of 5, Clearfield lentil – 7 of 10, chickpea – 1 of 4,
glyphosate tolerant canola – 6 of 10, LL canola – 5 of 8, CL canola- 8 of 14,
durum – 12 of 20, mustard – 5 of 8
Group 1 resistant wild oat control
options in pea
• Pea:
– Authority Supreme (suppression),
– Avadex (only emerging weeds),
– clethodim (Select, Centurion, Arrow, Mpower Independence),
– Edge granular (only suppression of emerging weeds),
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator, MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– Odyssey Ultra (now the same as imazamox/imazethapyr),
– Poast Ultra,
– quizalofop (Assure II, Yuma GL, Contender),
– trifluralin (Treflan Liquid EC, Treflan MicroActiv, Rival, Bonanza) (only
emerging weeds),
– Viper ADV
Relying on 6 herbicide groups for control
30
Number of active ingredient options:
pea – 5 of 11, lentil – 5 of 5, Clearfield lentil – 5 of 10, chickpea – 4 of 4,
glyphosate tolerant canola – 6 of 10, LL canola – 5 of 8, CL canola- 5 of 14,
mustard – 8 of 8, durum – 12 of 20,
Group 2 resistant wild oat control
options in pea
• Pea:
– Authority Supreme (suppression),
– Avadex (only emerging weeds),
– clethodim (Select, Centurion, Arrow, Mpower Independence),
– Edge granular (only suppression of emerging weeds),
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator, MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– Odyssey Ultra
– Poast Ultra,
– quizalofop (Assure II, Yuma GL, Contender),
– trifluralin (Treflan Liquid EC, Treflan MicroActiv, Rival, Bonanza) (only
emerging weeds),
– Viper ADV
Relying on 4 herbicide groups for control
23
Number of active ingredient options:
pea – 4 of 11, lentil - 2 of 5, Clearfield lentil – 2 of 10, chickpea – 1 of 4,
glyphosate tolerant canola – 6 of 10, LL canola – 5 of 8, CL canola- 4 of 14,
durum – 3 of 19 , mustard – 4 of 8
Group 1 and 2 resistant wild oat
control options in pea
• Pea:
– Authority Supreme (suppression),
– Avadex (only emerging weeds),
– clethodim (Select, Centurion, Arrow, Mpower Independence),
– Edge granular (only suppression of emerging weeds),
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator, MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– Odyssey Ultra
– Poast Ultra,
– quizalofop (Assure II, Yuma GL, Contender),
– trifluralin (Treflan Liquid EC, Treflan MicroActiv, Rival, Bonanza) (only
emerging weeds),
– Viper ADV
Relying on 4 herbicide groups for control
Know your enemy – Wild Oat • Annual • Germination: 15-21°C • First emergence is usually at seeding and crop emergence • Up to 500 seeds • Seed shatters • Viable for up to 9 years
2
Number of active ingredient options:
pea – 8 of 11, lentil – 2 of 5, Clearfield lentil – 6 of 10, chickpea – 2 of 5,
durum – 11 of 20, glyphosate tolerant canola – 6 of 9, LL canola – 5 of 8, CL canola- 10 of 14,
mustard – 2 of 3Group 1 resistant green foxtail
control options in pea
• Pea:
– Authority Supreme (suppression),
– clethodim (Select, Centurion, Arrow, Mpower Independence),
– Edge granular (only suppression of emerging weeds),
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator, MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– Odyssey Ultra (now the same as imazamox/imazethapyr),
– Poast Ultra,
– quizalofop (Assure II, Yuma GL, Contender),
– trifluralin (Treflan Liquid EC, Treflan MicroActiv, Rival, Bonanza) (only
emerging weeds),
– Valtera (only suppression of emerging weeds)
– Viper ADV
Relying on 4 herbicide groups for controlKnow your enemy – Green Foxtail
• Annual
• Germination: 20-30°C
– Usually in late spring
after crop emergence
• Seeds are produced
within 6 weeks of
germination
• Viable for 33 months5
Number of active ingredient options:
pea – 4 of 9 , lentil – 1 of 2, Clearfield lentil – 1 of 5, chickpea – 1 of 2,
glyphosate tolerant canola – 2 of 3, LL canola – 1 of 2, CL canola- 0 of 8 ,
durum – 41 of 48, mustard – 0 of 1 (0 of 2 for CL mustard)Group 2 resistant wild mustard
control options in pea
• Pea:
– bentazon (Basagran, Basagran Forté, Benta Super)
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator,
MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– MCPA sodium salt/amine,
– MCPB/MCPA (Clovitox Plus, Tropotox Plus, Topside)
– metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF,
Squadron, Buzzin 70 WDG, Mextrix SC)
– Odyssey Ultra (now the same as bentazon),
– Viper ADV (now the same as bentazon),
Relying on 4 herbicide groups for controlKnow your enemy – Wild Mustard
• Annual or winter annual
• Germination: soil 11-30°C
• Readily killed by frost
• Indeterminate growth
• Up to 3,500 seeds
• Persistent seed bank
– Viable for up to 60 years2
Number of active ingredient options:
pea - 5 of 10, lentil – 1 of 2, Clearfield lentil – 1 of 7, chickpea – 2 of 3,
glyphosate tolerant canola – 2 of 3, LL canola – 1 of 2, CL canola- 0 of 8,
durum – 39 of 48, mustard – 0 of 0Group 2 resistant stinkweed
control options in pea
• Pea:
– Authority Supreme
– bentazon (Basagran, Basagran Forté, Benta Super)
– Imazethapyr (Pursuit 240, MPower, Phantom, Gladiator, MultiStar)
– imazamox/imazethapyr (Odyssey, Odyssey NXT, Duet),
– MCPA sodium salt/amine,
– MCPB/MCPA (Clovitox Plus, Tropotox Plus, Topside)
– metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF,
Squadron, Buzzin 70 WDG, Mextrix SC)
– Odyssey Ultra (now the same as bentazon),
– Viper ADV (now the same as bentazon),
Relying on 5 herbicide groups for controlKnow your enemy – Stinkweed • Annual or winter annual • Overwinters as either seeds or vegetative rosettes • Flowers in early spring to late fall and warm periods during winter • Viable in soil for 20+ years • Germination: soil 10-25°C • Up to 20,000 seeds
Top 10 HRWM practices
Hugh Beckie and Neil Harker, AAFC
10: Maintaining a database: invaluable reference
9: Strategic tillage: if, where, or when needed
8: Field & site-specific weed mgmt: 1 size may not fit all
7: Weed sanitation:border control and slowing HR dispersal
6: In-crop wheat-selective herbicide rotation: combating NTSR
5: Herbicide gp rotation: avoid back-to-back in-crop gp 1 or 2
4: Herbicide mixtures/sequences: better than rotations
3: Pre- and post-herbicide scouting: know your enemy
2: Competitive crops & practices that promote competitiveness:
natural biological control
1: Crop diversityHerbicide Carryover Thank you to Clark Brenzil and Cory Jacob for this information
Will herbicide carryover
affect my crops in 2019?
Herbicide Weather
Breakdown
Rate
Other Crop
Soil pH Stresses
Rotational
Crop
2018, 2017* Soil buffering Sensitivity
or 2016* (OM, Clay)
Herbicide
* In cases where herbicide recropping restrictions cover a two year timeframe
22Herbicide Persistence
Persistence of Herbicides affected by several factors:
Microbial activity Chemical Hydrolysis
– major route of decay of most – plays important part in decay of
products Groups 2 & 5
– Requires soil moisture – Requires soil water for chemical
activity to take place
H2OHerbicide Persistence
Persistence of Herbicides affected by several factors:
Microbial activity Chemical Hydrolysis
– major route of decay of most – plays important part in decay of
products Groups 2 & 5
– Requires soil moisture – Requires soil water for chemical
activity to take place
CO2A retrospective on 2018
Risk of Greater than expected Herbicide Carryover
= Less than 3 inches
= Less than 4 inches
= Less than 5 inches
= Less than 6 inches
= More than 6 inches
Based on Rainfall from May 30 Based on Rainfall from June
to August 28, 2017 13 to September 18, 2017Risk of Greater than expected Herbicide Carryover in 2019
= Less than 3 inches
= Less than 4 inches
= Less than 5 inches
= Less than 6 inches
= More than 6 inches
Based on Rainfall from June 5 to Based on Rainfall from June 19
September 3, 2018 to September 17, 2018What could be the risk of stacking in 2019
Phosphorus and Pulses
Thank you to Victoria Nameth and
Allie Noble for compiling this
informationRole of Phosphorous in Plants • Critical to many plant functions and structures • Sufficient amounts of P in the soil improves: o Early root formation and growth o Flowering and seed production o Water use efficiency o Growth in cold temperatures
Role of Phosphorous in Plants • Phosphorous’ main function in the plant: o Proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, DNA o Photosynthesis, Respiration o Energy production, storage and transfer o Cell division and enlargement • P is mobile in the plant so P absorbed early on can be used later in seed formation
Phosphorus in Pulses • Promotes extensive root systems and vigorous seedlings • Is important for the nitrogen fixation process • Promotes earlier, more uniform maturity • Pea and lentil crops can have better stress tolerance Source: Saskatchewan Pulse Growers
Phosphorus Removal by Crop
20.00
18.96
18.00
16.01
16.00
P Removal Rate (kg/tonne)
14.00 13.35
13.00
12.00
12.00
10.33
10.00 9.64 9.50 9.50
8.80
8.30 8.38 8.38 8.20
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00 1.60
0.00
Barley Canary Canola Chick Corn, Fababean Flaxseed Lentils Mustard Oats Peas, dry Rye, all Soybeans Triticale Wheat
seed peas fodder
Crop Phosphorous Removal LevelsNutrient Uptake and Removal by Crops • Values for uptake and removal are based on typical nutrient concentrations and good growing conditions in western Canada • Actual uptake and removal levels will vary from year to year based on many factors including: – Low soil moisture – Poor aeration from compaction or excessive moisture – Low soil temperatures – Nutrient imbalances – Crop fertility requirements
Phosphorus Uptake and Removal
Crop: Lentil* Pea * Chickpea^
Uptake 0.7-0.9 0.8-0.9 ?
(lbs/bu)
Removal 0.6-0.7 0.6-0.8 0.36
(lbs/bu)
* From the Canadian Fertilizer Institute
^ From Saskatchewan Pulse Growers81% of Saskatchewan Soils Testing Below Critical Levels Source: IPNI Figure: Percent of samples testing below critical levels for P for major crops in 2015 (last time this data was collected). (Credit – IPNI)
SK has improved soil tests by 1% since 2010 but
there is still a long way to go
Source: IPNI
Figure: Change in percent of samples testing below critical levels for P from 2010 to
2015 for major crops. (Credit IPNI)Trends Towards Higher Yields
Total Grain Harvested
45
Millions
40
Tonnes of Grain Harvested
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
Years
Higher Yields = Increase in Nutrients UsedHow short are we with Phosphorous
additions?
140,000.00
127,055
120,000.00
111,024
100,000.00
Tonnes of Phosphorous
80,455
80,000.00
69,968
58,734
60,000.00
52,886
49,253
42,318
38,840
40,000.00
28,875
20,000.00
12,666
0.00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Shortage of Phosphorous Each YearPhosphorous Removal vs. Phosphorous Imports in Saskatchewan
450
Thousands Total P Removed
Phosphate Commercial Fertilizer Imports
400
350
300
Tonnes of Phosphorous
250
200
150
100
50
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
YearGrain Exports from Saskatchewan
Crops Accounted for in P Removal Rates:
Barley Faba Beans Peas
Canary Seed Flax Rye
Canola Lentils Soybeans
Chickpeas Mustard Triticale
Forage Corn Oats Wheat, AllFactors Affecting Phosphorous Availability
1) pH
pH in SW SKFactors Affecting Phosphorous
Availability:
2) Soil TextureFactors Affecting Phosphorous Availability:
3) Soil Compaction
– P is not very soil mobile so roots need to scavenge for P
– Restricted root growth means less P uptake
4) Soil Aeration
– Related to clay content, soil drainage and compaction
– Oxygen is needed in the root zone for nutrient uptake.
Not enough can reduce P uptake as much as 50%Factors Affecting Phosphorous Availability:
5) Soil Moisture
– Stress causes the availability and uptake of P to decline
– Above field capacity, oxygen is limited, which limits P
uptake
6) Soil Temperature
– Higher soil temperature means higher P availability
– Cold soils reduce the rate of mineralization of organic P
Microbes are inactive in cold, wet soils so P release from
organic matter will be slow or stop.Symptoms of Phosphorous Deficiencies • Small, thin stalks • Reduced root growth • Stunted growth • Leaf purpling • Yellowing of older leaves • Later maturity • Reduced seed quality • Decreased disease resistance
Balanced Soils • Need to have enough of ALL nutrients in your soils • Shortages in one nutrient can limit plant production regardless of the amount of fertilizer applied to the soil • Unbalanced soils can accumulate excess nutrients and can cause issues
Balanced Soils Need to maintain nutrient soil balances to maximize production potential: • Macronutrient levels: N, P, K & S • Micronutrient levels: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ca, Cl
Soil Tests • Soil tests done every year to measure amount of available N, P, K & S nutrients in soil • Only need to test for soil texture once, not going to change • Test approx. 5 years to monitor changes in soil pH, organic matter and micronutrients
Good Sample = Good Results
• Soil sampling technique, timing of sampling and
type of analysis should be considered for
accurate results
• If information is not given then assumptions are
made on your behalf by the lab Provide as
much information as possible
Information from tests only as good as sample
submitted and information providedWhen to Sample
• Spring Seeded Fields:
– Fall Sampling – ideally when the soil temperature
is below 7oC
– Spring Sampling – once the soil has thawedWhen to Sample
• Spring Sampling
– Limited window of opportunity to sample in spring
• Fall Sampling
– Gives indication of spring nutrient levels
– Can indicate whether this year’s crop had the
available nutrients needed to reach its economical
potential
• When to avoid sampling:
– Anytime during the growing season
– Waterlogged or frozen soils (difficult to get a
representative or reliable test)Background Information for a
Soil Sample
• Important to include relevant information:
– Specify field management system
• i.e. zero-till systems – stubble and straw can be a source of
nutrients
– Previous crops - include cropping history
• Legumes residues have higher N potential
– Next crop grown
• Recommendations are designed for specific crop needs
and areaDifferent Labs = Different Numbers?
Some labs use lbs/acre and some use ppm (parts
per million)
How do we convert ppm to lbs/acre?
• 6 inch slice of soil over an acre weighs roughly 2
million pounds
• Multiply ppm X 2 to get lbs/acre for a 6 inch
sample
• ppm X 4 for a 12 inch sampleCrop Response • Crop response to phosphate fertilizer varies from one year to the next because of the many factors which influence P availability and crop growth. • Increased P uptake by the plant does not necessarily provide for an increase in yield.
Seed Placed Safe Rates
Maximum safe rates of seed placed monoammonium phosphate
fertilizer (lb actual P2O5/A)*
Flax, Pea, Forages (alfalfa and 15
bromegrass)
Lentil, Mustard, Chickpea 20
Canola 25
Canary Seed, Pinto Bean 30
Faba Bean 40
Cereals 50
• If there is less than 20 lbs/ac available P in a field being seeded to lentils, some
should be added at seeding
• Some P should be placed with seed to ensure availability for early growthEfficient Placement Tips 1. Placement: phosphate must be on or near root adsorbing surface. 2. Concentration: phosphate should be applied in a band. This reduces P exposure to soil and thereby slows the rate of conversion to less soluble forms. 3. Timing: apply phosphate as close to time of active uptake as possible, i.e., give plant the opportunity to acquire P before it is rendered insoluble. Based on current application equipment that effectively means at time of seeding.
Remember…
Most crops only recover 10 to 30 per
cent of the P in fertilizer the first year
following applicationShannon Chant
Crops Extension Specialist
Southwest Saskatchewan
(306) 778-8291
shannon.chant@gov.sk.caYou can also read
