2nd stakeholder meeting 26.4.2019 - Ecodesign and Energy Label Preparatory Review Study
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Water Heaters Ecodesign and Energy Label
Preparatory Review Study
2nd stakeholder meeting 26.4.2019
DRAFT FINAL REPORT
Review study Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013 [Ecodesign] and
Commission Delegated Regulation No. (EU) No. 811/2013 (Energy Label)
Prepared by
VHK in collaboration with
BRG Building Solutions, London (UK)
The information and views set out in this
study are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the official opinion of
the European Commission
1
Agenda
Water Heater Review study
2nd stakeholder meeting 26.4.2019
14.00 Registration
14.30 Start/Welcome/Introduction
14.45 Horizontal options, presentation & discussion
15.30 Single product options, presentation & discussion
16.15 Packages & Tech, presentations & discussion
17.00 Planning & any other matter
17.15 Meeting close
2
Tasks & Report structure
Taskpages
1 227 5
2 108
3 50 4 BASECASE
4 49
5 65
& environmental
6 30 3 TECHNICAL
7 30
total 559
USE
2 & infrastructure
MARKET OPTIONS
for stakeholder
1 6 feedback
LEGAL
Policies & standards
7
first SCENARIOS
indicative
3
Task 6 and 4 as a basis for this presentation
TASK 6: OPTIONS
1 Introduction
2 Horizontal Options
3 Options for Single Appliances
4 Options for Packages
5 Analysis of Options
TASK 4: Technical questions
4
Task 6 Origin
Paragraph nr. Task
Nr.
2 HORIZONTAL OPTIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 H2-ready 3
2.3 Biogas 3
2.4 Primary energy factor 1
2.5 Verification tolerances 1
2.6 Third party verification 1
2.7 Extension of the product scope to 1 MW 1
2.8 Clarification of the product scope 1
5
Aim: Carbon-neutral in 2050, EC vision document 28.11.2018
(source: COM(2018) 773 final, 28.11.2018)
6
Decarbonisation in space heating, EC scenarios 2050
Water heating not addressed but assumed similar
Electricity for heat pumps/hybrids : 55-70% of consumption in the
residential sector and 80% in the services sector for heating and cooling.
Heating only, share is lower: 22-44% residential and 44-60% for services
sector
Gaseous fuels (green hydrogen*, biogas**, e-gases, some natural gas) for
storage and peak load (hybrids), released through carbon-neutral
combustion and fuel cells 12-23%
Direct use of biomass: 8-12% depending on scenario;
Distributed heat (from waste & biomass incineration as well as large heat
pumps): 5-6%.
*From electrolysis of water e.g. produced from over-capacity periods of wind turbines or
solar PV parks, at an efficiency of 70-80% (possibly 86% in the future with new
technologies). Can be used for carbon-free combustion (producing water) or in fuel cells for
cogeneration (CHP, Combined Heat & Power)
**Biogas emits CO2 during combustion but gets carbon-sink credits and is renewable
(methane from waste or biomass)
(source: COM(2018) 773 final, 28.11.2018) 7
Sales, WH dedicated (000 units)
14000
12000 HP WH Dedicated
Gas Storage Non-Condensing
10000
Gas Storage Condensing
8000 Gas Instantaneous >13L/min
Electric Storage >30L
6000
Electric Instantaneous >12 kW
4000 Gas Instantaneous
Sales, WH linked to Boiler (000 units)
8000 Gas mCHP
7000 Gas HP
6000 Electric VSHP
Electric GSHP
5000
Electric ASHP
4000
Hybrid Gas / Electric
3000
Electric (Joule)
2000
Jet Burner Oil/Gas
1000
Gas Storage
0
Gas Combi Instantaneous
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
9
Sales, Water Heating total (000 units)
25000
20000
15000 Solar Thermal
WH linked to Boiler
10000
Dedicated WH
5000
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
10ECO Stock, WH, per Gas type (000 units)
140000
Hybrid Gas/Elec - biogas
120000
Linked WH Gas - biogas
100000 Dedicated WH - biogas
Hybrid Gas/Elec - H2 ready
80000
Linked WH Gas - H2 ready
60000 Dedicated WH - H2 ready
Hybrid Gas/Elec - conventional
40000
Linked WH Gas - conventional
20000
Dedicated WH - conventional
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
11GHG emissions ECO, Water Heating total (MtCO2eq/a)
120 Linked Gas mCHP
‘H2 ready’ SWITCH
Linked Gas HP
100
Fossil gas to
Linked Electric HP
100% green H2
Linked Hybrid Gas/Elec
80
Linked Electric (Joule)
60 Linked Oil
Linked Gas
40 Dedicated HP
Dedicated Gas
20 Dedicated Electric
BAU, WH Total
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
product life 80-90%
Capacity building green H2 from solar/windturbine driven electrolysis
(source: VHK scenario analysis 2019)
12Biogas
Gas from anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic waste;
Organic origine plant photosynthesis carbon capture &
O2 this compensates CO2 release during combustion
+ biogas capture avoids the release of powerful GHG gas
(methane) 25 times more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2
Mixing biogas with natural gas no adjustment water heater
(no bonus)
Using biogas pure with wide range of Wobbe-index/ calorific
value adjustment water heater needed efficiency bonus
13Primary Energy Factor (PEF)
PEF 2.1 instead of 2.5 maximum theoretical efficiency for
electric heat generators is raised by 19% (e.g. Joule effect
generators 47.6% instead of 40%). But ambition level of
Ecodesign should not be lowered. Hence Ecodesign limits are
adjusted accordingly
14Ecodesign minimum energy efficiency limits, current and pef-
corrected (c’td)
pef-
now**
Water heating energy efficiency per type corrected
3XS-XXS-XS-S tapping profiles 32% 38%
M tapping profile 36% 43%
L tapping profile 37% 44%
XL tapping profile 38% 45%
XXL tapping profile 60% 61%
3XL-4XL tapping profiles 64% 65%
**=from 26.9.2017
15Water heating labelling
Pef-adjustments (2.1 instead of 2.5) are needed and the “A+” for XS and S is in
unfair competition to solar. From the viewpoint of the combi-boilers there is
no need to use the now empty classes for further differentiation.
Task 4 dedicated WHs: More differentiation to promote condensing GIWH ?
NOW water efficiency (in %) lower limit NEW water efficiency (in %) lower limit
Class 3XS XXS XS S M L XL XXL Class 3XS XXS XS S M L XL XXL
A+++ 62 62 69 90 163 188 200 213 A+++ 62 62 75 90 163 188 200 213
A++ 53 53 61 72 130 150 160 170 A++ 53 53 69 80 130 150 160 170
A+ 44 44 53 55 100 115 123 131 A+ 44 44 61 72 100 115 123 131
A 35 35 38 38 65 75 80 85 A 42 42 45 45 65 75 80 85
B 32 32 35 35 39 50 55 60 B 38 38 42 42 46 50 55 60
C 29 29 32 32 36 37 38 40 C 35 35 38 38 43 44 45 48
D 26 26 29 29 33 34 35 36 D
E 22 23 26 26 30 30 30 32 E
F 19 20 23 23 27 27 27 28 F
169% better water heating efficiency than a good condensing combi-boiler (without PFHRD) Condensing GIWH Rinnai Infinity K26i, ‘continuous flow’ condensing tankless water heater, 48.3 kW max., Energy Label A, load profile XXL 90% efficiency (GCV) & annual fuel 17 GJ, alternative profile XL 91.1% (GCV) & annual fuel 16 GJ,
Verification tolerances
A group of laboratories is currently engaged in a broad Round Robin
Test (RRT) project covering repeatability and reproducibility of most
types of space heating boilers and water heaters.
The final and complete results of this two-year ECOtest project will be
available around the summer of 2019.
The preliminary results indicate that for the efficiency of gas-fired
instantaneous water heaters GIWHs and electric HPWHs the
verification tolerances can be reduced (minmax 8% points tolerance
4%). For other types there are no data from ECOtest (ESWH, EIWH,
GSWH).
18Flat plate collector
Combi-store 825 L, test rig
SHW Store 400 L
in test rig
Picture source: ECOtest-WP8 presentation 3.4.2019
193rd Party Verification
Traditionally, the producers of the gas- and oil-fired heating
boilers are in favour of third-party testing, which is what they are
used to. Heat pump manufacturers, in Europe very often with
extra-EU origin (Japan, South-Korea, USA), were traditionally
against third party verification.
However, some large heat pump manufacturers have now
changed opinion and would like a system with more third-party
checks.
The details of their preferences are not yet fully clear, but there
is now a basis for a design option for third party verification
(to be discussed in the 2nd stakeholder meeting).
20Improved definitions in the scope
• In Art. 2 (definitions) of the regulations, the options of hydrogen
and other electrofuels (e-fuels) should be mentioned with the
definition of heat generators.
• Biogas boilers in the scope?
• Manufacturers of pool heaters and industrial process water
heaters have asked if and how they should meet certain
Ecodesign requirements for (combi) water heaters. This shows
that the current definitions just mentioning “drinking or
sanitary hot water” and “connected to an external supply” (of
drinking or sanitary water) are not clear enough and need to
be improved.
Suggestions from stakeholders, especially those familiar with definitions used in the
water utility sector, are welcome.
21discussion
Note:
Study team ≠ Commission
OpRon ≠ Choice
Option = Opportunity for feedback/improvement, to be
included in final report to Commission
223 OPTIONS FOR SINGLE APPLIANCES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Storage tank test standards
3.3 Energy label 3XL/4XL
3.4 NOx-limits for 3rd family gases
3.5 Sound power limits for heat pump
3.6 Pilot flame
23Standing losses of storage tanks, 4 methods
Allow only for solar
Default, to harmonise
24NOx-limits for 3rd family gases 1
G30 gas (butane) factor 1.2, G31 (propane) factor 1.3 with respect to
current gas NOx-limit
No 3XL/4XL tapping pattern test for water heating 1
If the power output ≤ 70 kW
Sound power limits for heat pump 1
Capacity and indoor/outdoor test conditions ambiguous. To correct..
Pilot flame 2, 4
Pilot flame are large energy guzzlers in GIWHs and GSWHs. May account for
70-80% of total energy in small devices. Almost extinct, but not quite…
Make the phase-out official in Ecodesign also for water heaters.
254 OPTIONS FOR PACKAGES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solar package label 6
Extra (Task 4):
Fuel Cell Water Heater (FCWH) 4
26package of water heater
and solar device
Fig. 1 in regulation
812/2013
• I: the value of the water heating energy efficiency of the water heater, expressed in %;
• II: the value of the mathematical expression (220 · Qref)/Qnonsol, where Qref is taken
from Table 3 in Annex VII and Qnonsol from the product fiche of the solar device for the
declared load profile M, L, XL or XXL of the water heater;
• III: the value of the mathematical expression (Qaux· 2.5)/ (220 · Qref) where Qaux from
the product fiche of the solar device and Qref from Table 3 in Annex VII for the declared
load profile M, L, XL or XXL of the water heater.
Qnonsol is calculated with SOLCAL or SOLICS, both complicated and to deliver in fiche
27Solar simplification (Installer label)
• Option for Warmer/Average/Colder climates: At least 2.5/4/5 m² collector surface,
solar storage tank at least 50 litres per m² to obtain 40 water heating percentage
points more.
• The collector should be at least a glazed flat panel. For a vacuum-tube collector
there is a 5 percentage point bonus (45 instead of 40 p.p.).
• This is a guaranteed one energy class jump from A to A+ for load profiles M/L. For
XL/XXL the one-class-jump is guaranteed with vacuum tubes and not too difficult
otherwise. This is the main, simple message.
• For installers that want to optimise: For every 1/1.5/2 m² more than this minimum
there is a 10 p.p. bonus, up to a maximum total solar water heating efficiency
contribution of 50/60/70/70 p.p. for load profiles M/L/XL/XXL. The maximum
limits serve to limit the risk of overheating (and loosing water resources that way).
28Fuel Cell Water Heater
Not regulated yet
2.48 kW (NCV)--> 1.5 kW
electric (AC) + 0.54 kW useful 2 kW --> 0.75 kW electric + 1.1 kW thermal
thermal
29Micro Cogeneration heaters
For mCHP it is proposed to maintain the current pef of
2.5 plus extra 6% to take into account that there are no
Change to tap distribution losses. This gives a factor 2.65 for the
electric efficiency, to be added to the heating efficiency
to arrive at the water heating efficiency. Ecodesign limit
at 100% for etas
Label proposal
Add:
• Fuel input kW (GCV)
• Heat output kW
• Electricity output kW
Or at least
• electric efficiency
30discussion
Note:
Study team ≠ Commission
OpRon ≠ Choice
Option = Opportunity for feedback/improvement, to be
included in final report to Commission
31Task 4
questions & observations
32ESWH:
Vacuum insulation
Only 10W for 7L tank at >100°C
BNAT:
Also for larger tanks
33Phase change Materials.
Flamco’s Flextherm Eco.
Available in 3 sizes 3E/6E/9E
with V40 volumes
80/185/300 litres with
rectangular form format,
outer dimensions (including
insulation, feed components,
etc.): footprint 360x570mm
and heights
445/645/880mm.
Need to adjust testing?
34‘Hybrid’ ESWH
Electric resistance +
Small heat pump takes
heat from ambient
(e.g. bathroom)
1200 W electric
Parasitic? resistance
Test method?
More differentiation
in energy label
needed between
190 W
ESWH and GIWH
heat
level? pump smart
35ESWH: Double cylinder with double heating element. In series for slim form factor
(29 cm deep, up to 80 L). Currently testing method is investigated.
75°
55°
Need to adjust testing?
https://www.atlantic-comfort.com/Our-products/Water-heating/Electric-water-heaters/Vertigo-Steatite-Wi-Fi
36PVT Panels: Should they be in scope?
If yes, should PV-panels then also be in scope?
37Stratified charge storage tank
Multiply by factor 2 to 3 (depending on burner power)
the Effective storage capacity.
Claim e.g.: 44 L tank provides as much as
100-120-140 L traditional tank with 14, 20, 24 kW burner.
How to deal with
these equivalence
claims?
Transparent and true
For consumer?
38Heat recovery from shower water
Claim: >50% energy saving
Should be in scope?
Part of package?
Test procedure?
https://www.q-blue.nl/nl/producten/q-blue-showersave
39Re-use shower water
Claim: 80% saving, only 1.2 L/min
With micro-filter and UV desinfection
Should be in scope?
Part of package?
Test procedure?
https://www.xenz.nl/inspiratie/Upfall-Shower/
40discussion
Note:
Study team ≠ Commission
OpRon ≠ Choice
Option = Opportunity for feedback/improvement, to be
included in final report to Commission
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