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Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
46th Annual
Stormwater and Urban Water
Systems Modeling Conference
formerly the
SWMM Users Group Meeting
Hosted by:
Computational Hydraulics Int. (CHI)
147 Wyndham Street North, Suite 202, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1H 4E9
Tel: 519-767-0197
Email: Info@chiwater.com
www.chiwater.com
Conference Sponsors:
2
Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
3 4Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
5 6Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
7 8Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
EXHIBITS
COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULICS INT. (CHI) HANSON PIPE & PRECAST
147 Wyndham Street North, Suite 202 2099 Roseville Road
Guelph, ON, N1H 4E9 Cambridge, ON N1R 5S3
Tel: 1-888-9PCSWMM Tel: 226-220-3943
Rob James: rob@chiwater.com Hal Stratford: hal.stratford@hanson.com
www.chiwater.com www.hansonpipeandprecast.com
MODULAR WETLAND SYSTEMS, INC. TERRAFIX GEOSYNTHETICS INC.
P.O. Box 869 455 Horner Avenue
Oceanside, CA 92049 Toronto, ON M8W 4W9
Tel: 760-433-7640 Tel: 416-674-0363
Zach Kent: zach@modularwetlands.com Bradd Bergerson: bbergerson@terrafixgeo.com
www.modularwetlands.com J.J. Breede: jjbreede@terrafixgeo.com
www.terrafixgeo.com
UNILOCK LTD. XP SOLUTIONS
287 Armstrong Avenue 5415 SW Westgate Drive, Suite 150
Georgetown, ON L7G 4X6 Portland, OR 97221
Tel: 416-931-7636 Tel: 888-554-5022
Derek DeCooman: Derek.decooman@unilock.com Anthony Kuch: Anthony.kuch@xpsolutions.com
www.unilock.com www.xpsolutions.com
9 10Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
Thursday, February 21 - Windsor Room C Morning Program
7:45 AM Registration formalities. Continental breakfast in Main Conference Area.
8:15 AM Opening remarks and introduction of exhibits. William James, University of Guelph
Session 1 - Windsor Room C
8:30 AM 1.1 - Field Investigation of Surcharging in Combined Sewer System. Steven J. Wright, Univer-
sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan and Murat Ulasir and Robert Czachorski, Orchard, Hiltz and
McCliment, Inc., Livonia, Michigan.
8:50 AM 1.2 - Achieving an Enhanced Understanding of Stormwater Pipe Condition through Data
Mining of CCTV Inspection Records. Richard Harvey and Edward McBean, The University of
Guelph, School of Engineering, Guelph, Ontario.
9:10 AM 1.3 - Simulation of Air Pockets Motion Using GC Integral Model Framework. T.M. Hatcher,
C.D. Chosie and J.G. Vasconcelos, Auburn University, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn,
Alabama.
9:30 AM 1.4 - Field Monitoring and SWMM Modeling Applied to a Rural Intermittent Watershed. Kyle
Moynihan and Jose Vasconcelos, Auburn University, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn, Ala-
bama.
9:50 AM 1.5 - Estimating Combined Sewer System Percent Capture. Sangameswaran Shyamprasad,
CDM Smith, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Khalid N. Khan, CDM Smith, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva-
nia.
10:10 AM Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area; Coffee also in Lobby Area
Session 2 - Windsor Room C
10:40 AM 2.1 - Modeling Washoff of Total Suspended Solids in Tropical Catchments. S.H. Le and L.H.
C. Chua, Nanyang Environmental and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological Universi-
ty, Singapore and H.S. Eikass, Public Utilities Board, Singapore.
11:00 AM 2.2 - Prioritizing System-Wide CSO Capture among Sewersheds with Green Infrastructures
(GIs). Dingfang Liu and Nicholas Warrens, CH2M Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.
11:20 AM 2.3 - Madrona Marsh Restoration and Enhancement Project: Preserving a Last Urban Marsh
Using Innovative Wetland Technology. Zach J. Kent, Modular Wetland Systems, Inc.,
Oceanside, California.
11:40 AM 2.4 - An Approach to Forecasting Typical-Year Wastewater Flow Rates under Future Condi-
tions. Li Zhang and Fang Cheng, CDM Smith, Columbus, Ohio, and Robert Herr, Gregory Barden
and Hunter Kelly, City of Columbus, Columbus, Ohio.
12:00 PM 2.5 - Investigation of Appropriate Model Structure for Modelling Small Urban Catchments.
Naglaa Ahmed, Darko Joksimovic and James Li, Ryerson University, Department of Civil Engineer-
ing, Toronto, Ontario.
12:20 PM 2.6 - Water Quality Changes in Streams Located Near Urban Areas of the Northern Gulf
Coast during Extreme Precipitation Events. Alexander Maestre, Derek Williamson and Amelia
Ward, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
12:40 PM Lunch break - Please join us in the main conference area for a complimentary conference lunch
buffet.
11 12Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
Thursday, February 21 - Windsor Room C Afternoon Program Friday, February 22 - Windsor Room C Morning Program
1:00 PM Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area; Coffee also in Lobby Area
7:45 AM Continental breakfast in Main Conference Foyer.
Session 3 - Windsor Room C
1:20 PM 3.1 - Development of a Complete Dynamic 2D Modeling Approach for a Cost Benefit Analy- Session 5 - Windsor Room C
sis Conducted in a Dense Coastal City in France. Nelly Peyron, Hydropraxis, Montpellier,
France. 8:30 AM 5.1 – Verification of Urban Drainage System Designs by Means of SWMM5 and Climate
Change Scenarios. Dirk Muschalla, Valentin Gamerith, Jonas Olsson and Günter Gruber, Graz
1:40 PM 3.2 - 1D-2D Model Validation for the Assessment of Urban Flooding: A PCSWMM 2D University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
Application. Rosa Sulzbacher, Robert Scheucher, Valentin Gamerith and Dirk Muschalla, Graz
University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
8:50 AM 5.2 - Application of PCSWMM to Explore Possible Climate Change Impacts on Surface
2:00 PM 3.3 - An Assessment of Stormwater Management Criteria for the Humber River Watershed Flooding and CSOs in a Peri-Urban Area of Pathumthani, Thailand. Ashish Shrestha, Thitirat
Using Radar Generated Rainfall Data. Matthew Senior, Vahid Taleban, Aaron Farrell and Ron Chaosakul, Dedduwa PMP. Priyankara, Ly Hong Chuyen, Su Su Myat, T. Koottatep, M.S. Babel
Scheckenberger, AMEC Environmental and Infrastructure, Burlington, Ontario and Fabio Tonto, and Nan Kham Syne, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand and K.N. Irvine,
Shahzad Khan and Ryan Ness, Toronto and Regional Conservation Authority, Toronto, Ontario. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
2:20 PM 3.4 - On Modeling and Implications of Frequency Dependent Phenomena in Drainage Sys- 9:10 AM 5.3 - Adding to EPA SWMM5’s Capability to Model Long-Term Continuous Rainfall Depend-
tem Design. William James, Computational Hydraulics Int. (CHI), Guelph, Ontario. ent Inflow & Infiltration. Joseph Pang, Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, Washington.
2:40 PM 3.5 - Comparison of Floodline Delineation Methods and Results: HEC-2, SWMM5 and 9:30 AM 5.4 - High-Resolution Parameterization of a Hydrological Model in Areas with Varying Urban
PCSWMM 2D. Robert W. C. James and Karen Finney, Computational Hydraulics Int., Guelph, Density. Gerald Krebs, Teemu Kokkonen and Harri Koivusalo, Department of Civil and Environ-
Ontario. mental Engineering, Aalto Univerisity, Espoo, Finland and Marjo Valtanen and Heikki Setälä,
3:00 PM Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area; Coffee also in Lobby Area Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland.
Session 4 - Windsor Room C 9:50 AM 5.5 - Energy Metrics for Water Distribution System Assessment. Rebecca Dziedzic and Bryan
Karney, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
3:20 PM 4.1 - Urban Drainage: Monitoring, Modeling and Maintenance. J. Sansalone, G. Ying, H. .Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area; Coffee also in Lobby Area
10:10 AM
Zhang, S. Raje and G. Garofalo, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environ-
ment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida and G. Becciu, Hydraulic Engineering, Milano Poly-
technical University, Milan, Italy and V. Ranieri, Roads and Transport, Bari Politechnical University, Session 6 - Windsor Room C
Bari, Italy
3:40 PM 4.2 - Combining Modelling Expertise and Optimization Algorithms in Water Distribution Net- 10:40 AM 6.1 - The Four National Taps of Singapore: A Holistic Approach to Water Resources Manage-
work Design. Bryan A. Tolson, Ayman Khedr and Masoud Asadzadeh, University of Waterloo, ment from Drainage to Drinking Water. K.N. Irvine and L.H.C. Chua, Nanyang Technological
Waterloo, Ontario. University, Singapore and Hans S. Eikass, Catchment & Waterways Department, PUB, Govern-
ment of Singapore, Singapore.
4:00 PM 4.3 - Uncertainty Characterization of Design Rainfall Rates for Stormwater Infrastructure De-
sign. Yi Wang and Edward McBean, The University of Guelph School of Engineering, Guelph, On- 11:00 AM 6.2 - Developing an Online Tool for Facilitating Local Involvement in Watershed Implementa-
tario. tion Plans. Olivia H. Devereux, Devereux Environmental Consulting, Washington, DC and Jessica
R. Rigelman, J7 LLC, Annapolis, Maryland.
4:20 PM 4.4 - Disinfection By-Product Modeling Using Bayesian Networks. Zoe J.Y. Zhu, Edward A.
McBean and Brett Harper, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. 11:20 AM 6.3 - SUSTAIN Application for the Optimization of Stormwater BMPs to Improve Biological
Conditions in an Urban Stream in Southern British Columbia. Mauricio Herrera, Tetra Tech
4:40 PM 4.5 - - Impacts of Climate Change - Evidence and Prediction. Edward A. McBean, University of Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia.
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
11:40 AM 6.4 - SUSTAIN Application for Modeling Green Infrastructure. Uzair (Sam) Shamsi and John
5:00 PM 4.6 - Heavy Metal Contamination in the Laurel Creek Watershed, Waterloo (Ontario), Canada.
Schombert, Michael Baker Corporation, Moon Township, Pennsylvania.
Gordon S. Geller, Ana T. Lima, Hans H.Durr, Jon Jones and Philippe Van Cappellen, Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
12:00 PM 6.5 - Evaluation and Demonstration of Stormwater Dry Wells and Cisterns in Millburn Town-
5:20 PM 4.7 - Quantifying Components of RDII as a Foundation for Integration Solution . Zoe J.Y. Zhu,
ship, New Jersey. Leila Talebi, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering,
Edward A. McBean and Brett Harper, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama and Robert Pitt, Director of the Environmental
5:40 PM Closing remarks. End of Sessions. Institute, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Ala-
bama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
6:30 PM CHI Dinner in Windsor Room A. All are welcome. 12:20 PM Lunch break - Please join us in the main conference area for a complimentary conference lunch
13 buffet. 14Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
Friday, February 22 - Windsor Room C Afternoon Program
1:00 PM Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area
Session 7 - Windsor Room C
1:20 PM 7.1 - Full-Scale Up-Flo Filter Field Verification Test. Yezhao Cai and Robert Pitt, University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama and Noboru Togawa and Kevin McGee, Kwabena Osei and Robert
Andoh, Hydro International, Portland, Maine.
1:40 PM 7.2 - Modeling Green Infrastructure with Large-Scale Monitoring at Kansas City, Missouri.
Robert Pitt, Director of the Environmental Institute, Department of Civil, Construction and Environ-
mental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama and Leila Talebi, Depart-
ment of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tusca-
loosa, Alabama.
2:00 PM 7.3 - Thermal benefits and impacts of the proposed Water Reclamation Centre discharge on
the East Holland River. Hailiang Shen, Juraj Cunderlik and George Godin, Conestoga-Rovers &
Associates, Waterloo, Ontario and Adrian Coombs, The Regional Municipality of York, Newmarket,
Ontario.
2:20 PM 7.4 - Application of the Green-Ampt Equation to a Watershed Runoff Simulation Using
SWMM5. Taehun Jung, Dongguen Ko and Sangho Lee, Pukyung National University, Busan, Abstracts
Korea.
2:40 PM 7.5 - Prioritizing the Best Urban Watershed Management Alternatives Using a Continuous
Simulation Model and TOPSIS. Eun-Sung Chung, Sang-Mook Jun, Boram Lee and Won-Pyo
Hong, College of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul,
Republic of Korea.
3:00 PM Exhibits in Windsor Room B and Lobby Area; Coffee also in Lobby Area
Session 8 - Windsor Room C
3:20 PM 8.1 - Advanced Bioretention Systems: Results from Four Years of Mesocosm Studies and
Two Years of Field Studies. William Lucas and Margaret Greenway, Griffith University, Brisbane,
Australia.
3:40 PM 8.2 - Why the Proposed EPA Rule is Barely Sensible (BS), as Demonstrated by an Example
of LID Modeling with Aquifers. William Lucas, Integrated Land Management, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania and David J. Sample, Virginia Technical University, Manassas, Virginia.
4:00 PM 8.3 - Laboratory Column Test for Predicting Changes in Flow with Changes in Various Biofil-
ter Mixture. Redahegn Sileshi and Robert Pitt, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmen-
tal Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama and Shirley Clark, School of Science,
Engineering and Technology, Penn State, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
4:20 PM 8.4 - Low-Impact Development Measures Implemented as Part of Stormwater Management at
the Conestoga College South Campus. Brian Verspagen, WalterFedy, Kitchener, Ontario and
Ann Sychterz, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario and Tim Schill, Conestoga College,
Kitchener, Ontario
4:40 PM 8.5 - Stormwater Pond Sediment Loading and Accumulation Analysis Using Continuous
Simulation. Mike Gregory, AECOM, Kitchener, Ontario.
5:00 PM Awards and Conference Closure.
15 16Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
Abstracts
In alphabetical order by principal author (session number in parenthesis)
Investigation of Appropriate Model Structure for Full-Scale Up-Flo® Filter Field Verification Tests
Modelling Small Urban Catchments Yezhao Cai, Robert Pitt, Noboru Togawa, Kevin
Naglaa Ahmed, Darko Joksimovic and James Li McGee, Kwabena Osei, and Robert Andoh
(Session 2.5) (Session 7.1)
Lumped or partially distributed urban drainage The Up-Flo® filter was developed by University of
models have been used over the past three Alabama researchers during EPA supported SBIR
decades by drainage engineers for evaluation of research and is commercialized by Hydro Internation-
control options. During that period, many modelling al. For typical stormwater conditions, the Up-Flo® Filter
tools have been developed, however, it is generally has been found to remove at least 80% of the
recognized that considerable experience is suspended solids concentrations (SSC) during field
required to properly apply models in the tests, with variable amounts of treatment for other
analyses. With the more recent shift in control stormwater pollutants including metals, nutrients, and
options towards source control and increasing bacteria. The main advantages of the Up-Flo® Filter
includes its high treatment flow rate in a small area,
availability of geospatial data at small scales, exist-
significantly decreased clogging problems compared
ing tools such as USEPA SWMM are being applied
to downflow filtration, and reduced maintenance
to study smaller areas in more detail, and are
requirements.
frequently used as uncalibrated models to evaluate
source control options. Therefore, guidance for Full-scale field tests have been conducted at the
development of such models is still being Bama Belle Riverwalk parking lot test site in Tusca-
developed and this study hopes to contribute to this loosa, Alabama for the past several years. Forty
goal. actual storm events have been monitored and
sampled, and these field performance results indicate
This research evaluates and compares modelling that the Up-Flo® Filter has excellent removals for
single lot with and without low impact development particulates during a wide-range of hydraulic/rainfall
(LID) implementation using USEPA SWMM to build conditions. During these monitored events, the flow-
distributed models and lumped models. A weighted average Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
hypothetical data was examined by developing sev- removal was about 82% for influent concentrations
eral grid based models with different grid sizes. The ranging from 11 to 571 mg/L (average 101 mg/L),
models were examined under two soil types and while the SSC flow-weighted removal was about
different time steps. The results from the 90%.The flow-weighted turbidity removal was also
hypothetical data were tested using runoff data good at about 61%. The Particle Size Distribution
from a 1.65 hectare developed urban area. The (psd) analysis determined that the influent median
case study examined three different models config- particle size (D50) of the 40 sampled storms was about
345 µm and about 33 µm for the effluent. Nutrient
urations: 1) one catchment, 2) grid model of hun-
reductions were less, being about 37 and 17% for total
dred metre square area and 3) homogenous areas
nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively. Metal
model where every building, backyard, front lawn
reductions are very good, with flow-weighted removals
and streets were presented separately as single
ranging from about 54 to 76% for total copper, 67 to
catchments. SWMM was run using local rainfall 98% for total lead, and 79 to 83% for total zinc
data for six months and for two short events. The (removal ranges are due to some of the effluent
results of the models were compared and evaluat- concentrations being below the detection limits and
ed based on the total runoff volume, peak flow rate the two values were calculated substituting 0 and the
and infiltration volume. Conclusions are drawn detection limit for these conditions). Bacteria
regarding appropriate model structure for small reductions were also good, at 53% for E. coli. and
catchments, with and without application of LID 57% for Enterococci. Additional event data are being
practices. collected and will be further analyzed to examine
performance behavior as a function of a wide range of
rainfall and runoff conditions.
17 18Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
Prioritizing the Best Urban Watershed Developing an Online Tool for Facilitating Local and is politically feasible. In this way, planners can Investigation of Appropriate Model Structure for
Management Alternatives Using a Continuous Involvement in Watershed Implementation Plan develop multiple options rapidly. Each local juris- Modelling Small Urban Catchments
Simulation Model and TOPSIS Olivia H. Devereux and Jessica R. Rigelman diction that uses CAST uses the same methodolo- Gordon S. Geller, Ana T. Lima, Hans H. Dürr, Jon
Eun-Sung Chung, Sang-Mook Jun, Boram Lee and (Session 6.2) gy, which ensures the ability to replicate results. Jones, Philippe Van Cappellen
Won-Pyo Hong CAST also automatically can create inputs to the (Session 4.6)
(Session 7.5) The Chesapeake Assessment Scenario Tool model that pass the model’s validation, saving time
(CAST) is developed as an online nutrient and sedi- and effort for Chesapeake Bay Program staff. This Metal pollution in our watersheds can have
Lumped or partially distributed urban drainage ment load estimator to streamline and facilitate Wa- numerous and sometimes severe impacts on the
presentation will provide an overview of CAST, the
models have been used over the past three dec- tershed Implementation Plan (WIP) and Milestone health of organisms which interact with the affected
data requirements necessary for its development,
ades by drainage engineers for evaluation of con- preparation consistent with the Chesapeake Bay water sources. Some metals are required for
the method for approximating the Watershed Mod-
trol options. During that period, many modelling Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). The purpose of cellular growth and maintenance as micronutrients,
el, and its validation with the Watershed Model-
tools have been developed, however, it is generally the tool is to simplify the process for building sce- but are toxic at larger doses, while others are not
HSPF.
recognized that considerable experience is re- narios and to provide initial estimates of nitrogen, required and are toxic at even low concentrations.
quired to properly apply models in the anal- phosphorus, and sediment load reductions using a Energy Metrics for Water Distribution System Anthropogenic activities provide pathways for these
yses. With the more recent shift in control options variety of best management practices (BMPs). Assessment metals to enter waterways, including industrial
towards source control and increasing availability of CAST builds on the science that went into develop- Rebecca Dziedzic and Bryan Karney activities, mining, and transportation. There is
geospatial data at small scales, existing tools such ment of the Watershed Model-HSPF by providing a (Session 5.5) currently a limited amount of literature addressing
as USEPA SWMM are being applied to study broadly accessible online tool to facilitate efficient metal budgets and pathways within individual drain-
smaller areas in more detail, and are frequently management decision making and greater environ- Water and energy, more than key inputs to most
age basins, leading to some limitations of the
used as uncalibrated models to evaluate source human activities and important ecosystem services,
mental protection. CAST approximates loads using understanding of heavy metal sources and
share an important nexus. By analyzing the
control options. Therefore, guidance for develop- similar logic, rules and assumptions as the Water- interactions within these basins. Here, we study
connections between these resources, more
ment of such models is still being developed and shed Model, which was used in determining the holistic, and sustainable solutions can be achieved. Waterloo region, and specifically the Laurel Creek
this study hopes to contribute to this goal. TMDL and allocations. This ensures consistency In water distribution, electricity consumption is drainage basin (80 km2 basin area, population
with the TMDL so that when progress is measured responsible for a significant part of greenhouse gas 123,500, precipitation 907 mm/year). The Laurel
This research evaluates and compares modelling emissions and costs. Furthermore, since energy is
using the Watershed Model, the loads are compa- creek watershed has a myriad of land uses that
single lot with and without low impact development proportional to the product of pressure and flow, it
rable to CAST’s predicted loads. However, CAST makes it a perfect local setting for our metal budget
(LID) implementation using USEPA SWMM to build integrates these two key parameters of the system.
does not actually “run” the Watershed Model, but approach. This tributary to the Grand River is divid-
distributed models and lumped models. A hypo- Therefore, how energy is transformed and
rather approximates that model’s output for rapid displaced throughout the network is an indicator of ed in agricultural land (37% basin area), and a mo-
thetical data was examined by developing several
online scenario development. The approximations other system characteristics. The present study saic of residential (32% of basin), commercial
grid based models with different grid sizes. The
are calculated using linear equations with coeffi- proposes energy related sustainability metrics for (4.5% of basin), and industrial land (7% of basin),
models were examined under two soil types and
cients generated through the Watershed Model us- water distribution systems: energy supplied, lost, with some brownfields constituted of previously
different time steps. The results from the hypothet- dissipated, potential, and delivered. These
ing factorial inputs over combinations of BMPs and active tanneries. Extensive datasets, mostly at very
ical data were tested using runoff data from a 1.65 respectively correspond to energy provided to the
land use change. Loads are estimated for each high resolution, are available, both historical and
hectare developed urban area. The case study ex- system, lost through leaks, used to overcome
land use and each modeling segment. Validation current, including climate, GIS data on land use,
amined three different models configurations: 1)one friction, used to overcome differences in elevation,
with the Watershed Model showed 99% agreement and delivered to the user in the form of pressure drinking water, storm water management and sew-
catchment, 2) grid model of hundred metre square
for TN with urban land uses. and demand. The metrics are based on EPANET age system, particulate levels, and measurements
area and 3) homogenous areas model where every
hydraulic modeling outputs. Aggregate results of of various other factors influencing contaminant
building, backyard, front lawn and streets were pre- CAST facilitates an iterative process to determine if
the system are indicators of capacity, efficiency, pathways, with ongoing sampling for many of
sented separately as single catchments. SWMM TMDL allocations are met. Because CAST is online
and costs. When mapped, the metrics provide a these. Using the data available, along with an avail-
was run using local rainfall data for six months and and easy to use, local planners may deeply en-
geographical snapshot of the system, and allow for able water model and GIS processing, the aim is to
for two short events. The results of the models gage, thereby improving local management deci-
better identification of pressure districts, or even create a water and metal budget, following the
were compared and evaluated based on the total sions and securing a higher likelihood of actual im-
specific mains, pumps, and tanks, where methodology first presented by Meybeck et al.
runoff volume, peak flow rate and infiltration vol- plementation. CAST allows users to select the geo-
dissipations are high or energy delivered is in 2007 (Science of the Total Environment, 375, 204-
ume. Conclusions are drawn regarding appropriate graphical area for their plan and identify the level of
excess, and changes are most beneficial. Through 231). The budget will focus on specific target heavy
model structure for small catchments, with and implementation of various BMPs. CAST outputs
this deeper understanding metals, such as copper, nickel, and cadmium. We
without application of LID practices. predicted pollutant loads and compares these
anticipate that this work will introduce a more de-
against allocations. Local planners can compare of the cost generating and revenue producing parts tailed conceptual model for heavy metals in urban
among different scenarios that they create, so they of the system, more effective stewardship can be settings, with a better description of some over-
can determine which scenario meets the allocation achieved; rate structures, and even standards can looked sources. This study will serve as a stepping
begin to be rethought. stone for larger watershed studies.
19 20Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
*Gheith abstract at the conclusion of this publica- used to represent the dynamic control structure mining is proposed as a means of extracting proach the description of entrapped air pocket kine-
tion* hydraulics as well as the settling characteristics of valuable information related to stormwater pipe matics in closed conduit flows.
TSS and particulate pollutants in stormwater runoff. deterioration from existing CCTV inspection
Stormwater Pond Sediment Loading and SUSTAIN Application for the Optimization of
It is intended that the methodology could apply to records. Classification tree algorithms are used to
Accumulation Analysis Using
similar models with the same capabilities. Stormwater BMPs to Improve Biological Con-
Continuous Simulation identify the influence of pipe-specific attributes (i.e.
Mike Gregory ditions in an Urban Stream in Southern British
In this paper, a modeling and design methodology year of construction, material, diameter, length and
(Session 8.5) Columbia.
using SWMM5 will be presented for estimating the slope) on stormwater pipe condition in Guelph,
Mauricio Herrera
The permanent pool in stormwater detention sediment loading and accumulation in stormwater Ontario. The municipality has inspected 25% of
(Session 6.3)
facilities is designed for water quality treatment by detention facilities, including lessons learned from their system and the developed trees can be used
providing an appropriate storage volume for the two recently permitted and constructed ponds in to predict the condition of individual pipes that have Optimization of stormwater BMP siting and di-
settling of suspended solids and particulate matter Ontario, Canada. For both ponds, the water quality not yet been inspected. The data mining approach mensions was achieved through the application of
that is carried in stormwater runoff. The facility may module of SWMM5 was used to simulate the gen- presented in this research allows greater value to SUSTAIN, a decision support system available from
include additional storage components designed to eration of TSS loadings from all source areas within be extracted from inspection efforts and enhances the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
provide erosion and flood control, but it is the layout each subcatchment tributary to the pond, including stormwater pipe operation and management Interpretation of the B-IBI scores (Benthic Index of
and configuration of the permanent pool volume pollutant buildup during dry weather periods and practice. Biological Integrity) assessed the creek benthic in-
that typically dictates the overall pond footprint size. washoff during rainfall events. The polluto- vertebrates to be in “poor” biological condition.
Simulation of Air Pockets Motion Using GC
Sizing of the permanent pool volume if often based graphs were subsequently routed through the col- Management objectives included control of storm-
Integral Model Framworks
on local regulatory requirements that dictate a lection system and the deposition of particu- water runoff discharges to reduce the flashiness of
T.M. Hatcher, C.D. Chosie and J.G. Vasconcelos
prescribed total suspended solids (TSS) removal late solids in the pond was simulated. the hydrological response and to control pollutant
(Session 1.3)
rate, expressed as a percentage removal on an emissions. BMPs were optimized through a multi-
average annual basis. The volume requirement is In SWMM5, particulate settling is represented by a
There are important adverse effects linked to the objective optimization geared towards obtaining a
typically given as a function of the imperviousness characteristic settling velocity distribution. No local
presence of entrapped air pockets in stormwater cost-effective suite of alternatives in order to
and area of the tributary catchment. It is presumed stormwater settling velocity measurements were
systems. These effects include loss of conveyance, achieve the best level of control for improving
that a pond that meets or exceeds the required available and so empirical data from other regions
surging caused by air compression, loss of storage biological in-stream conditions.
volume will achieve its TSS removal target. were used (Final Report of the Nationwide Urban
and geysering. The ability of monitoring the for-
Runoff Program, U.S. EPA, 1983). Six mass The Four National Taps of Singapore: A Holistic
mation and motion of entrapped air pockets is thus
The actual treatment efficiency of the pond is a fractions were used to characterize the particle size Approach to Water Resources Management
highly desirable when modeling extreme rain
function of catchment hydrology (of which, impervi- distribution of the stormwater washoff load. from Drainage to Drinking Water
events in stormwater systems. Experimental
ousness is just one of many variables), control K.N. Irvine, L.H.C. Chua and Hans S. Eikass
The pond removal efficiency and accumulation investigation conducted at Auburn University has
structure hydraulics, and the particle size distribu- (Session 6.1)
rates for the non-winter period of April through addressed the kinematics of air pocket motion in a
tion of TSS in stormwater runoff. After the pond has
October were then estimated using local rainfall scale model apparatus that allowed systematic var-
been constructed, it is also important for the owner/ Singapore is a highly urbanized island country and
data. Snowmelt and hydrologic conditions during iation of ambient flow velocity, pipeline slopes
operator of the pond to understand the sediment as such faces significant water resource manage-
winter months were not included in this analysis. and initial entrapped air pocket volume. Experi-
loading and accumulation characteristics, given the ment challenges. Water resources in Singapore are
For comparative purposes, sediment accumulation mental results indicate that for a first approximation
high cost of sediment removal. Presumptive design managed following the principles of a closed-loop,
rates within the pond were normalized by total the motion of the leading edge of air pockets is hydrologic cycle by one agency, the Public Utility
criteria used to size the permanent pool of storm-
tributary area and by impervious area. controlled by the initial air pocket volume and the
water ponds do not account for these site-specific Board (PUB), which promotes its management
ambient flow velocity. Also, an innovative ap-
characteristics. philosophy through the “Four National Taps of
Achieving an Enhanced Understanding of proach to perform simulations of the air pocket has
Singapore” program. The Four National Taps are:
To overcome the limitations inherent in presump- Stormwater Pipe Condition Through Data been proposed based on gravity current flows. This i) water from local catchment areas; ii) imported
tive design criteria, a modeling methodology was Mining of CCTV Inspection Records approach uses an expression that relates the thick-
water (from Malaysia); iii) reused water (known as
developed that improves the current state-of-the- Richard Harvey and Ed McBean ness of the front and its celerity presented in Wright
NEWater); and iv) desalinated water. Given the
practice design methods. It begins by representing (Session 1.2) and Vasconcelos (2008). The integral ap-
uncertainty of water contracting and imports in the
the catchment hydrology based on source area proach also assumes that the air pocket thickness future, the remaining three national taps have
Stormwater pipe condition is commonly assessed
delineations, to better characterize the generation is uniform over its length. A comparison between
using closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection. become increasingly important and this
of TSS loads across a range of urban land uses measured experimental velocities and modeling
These inspections tend to be expensive and most presentation begins with a general overview of the
and using continuous simulation to better represent predictions indicate that the latter is fairly accurate,
municipalities have been limited to inspecting small innovative programs that have been implemented
long-term average annual rainfall conditions. The and may constitute an in innovative way to ap- by the PUB in support of these three taps. Storm-
portions of their aging stormwater systems. Data
unique capabilities of the EPA SWMM5 model were water runoff is now captured from two-thirds of
21 22Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
(The Four National Taps of Singapore: A Holis- areas and manage flood damage by preserving are performed exclusively in the time domain (TD, time domains. Standard design storms are also
tic Approach to Water Resources Management natural storage volumes. Modeling suites for flood- input and response functions are conceptualised as applied and discussed.
from Drainage to Drinking Water continued…) line delineation include HEC-RAS, HEC-2 (the time series) – prognostic TD models are widely
predecessor of HEC-RAS) and SWMM5 all of Several implications arise which may be potentially
used for planning, design and operation, while
Singapore’s land area and stored in a number of which are approved by the Federal Emergency serious: for complex weather systems, standard
diagnostic TD models are used for maintenance
reservoirs for subsequent use. One of these Management Agency (FEMA). More recently high- engineering design of drainage may inadvertently
and litigation. These situations cover approximately
reservoirs, the Marina Barrage, was commissioned resolution hydraulic models have leveraged GIS underestimate floods and expose designers and
100% of our applications.
in 2010 and collects runoff from 10,000 ha of utilities within flood analysis models; improved com- modellers to legal risks. Suggestions are made and
densely urbanized land. The reservoir was created putation power has allowed advanced flood line However multicellular storm systems that track with a fast routine demonstrated in PCSWMM for
through the construction of a 350 m wide dam analysis in an open GIS environment, like sensible speed and direction across complex drain- modeling some frequency-domain effects and for
across the Marina Channel to keep seawater out PCSWMM, whereby transects are directly derived age systems do occur routinely, particularly in evaluating such risks. Whether this is a real
and subsequently infilling by stormwater run- from digital elevation models (DEM) and water summer convective storms in continental climates; problem is still too early to say.
off. Clearly, stormwater management (both quantity surface elevations computed against design storm common frequencies for such hydrologic input
and quality) is an important component of the first inputs based on observed, long, continuous time Application of the Green-Ampt Equation to a
functions include thunderstorm cells of about two
national tap and extensive LID implementation and series. Watershed Runoff Simulation Using SWMM5
per hour or about 0.0005Hz; at significant storm
naturalization of the urban river system has Taehun Jung, Dongguen Ko and Sangho Lee
speeds the resolved frequency might be finer, e.g.
become a priority through the ABC (Active, In this study, statutory flood lines were compared to (Session 7.4)
0.002Hz (6/h) ; in slow-moving storms, perhaps
Beautiful, Clean) Waters program for catchment two SWMM5-based floodline delineation methods: 0.0001Hz (1 in 3h, 0.3/h). Effective speeds may be Infiltration methods affect the results of watershed
areas. Examples of several ABC Waters projects Method 1 uses 1-D SWMM5 and DEM-sampled even slower in maritime climates. runoff simulation. There are three major infiltration
are discussed. NEWater currently supplies 30% of transects to linearly interpolate flood inundation
methods frequently used: the Green-Ampt method,
the country’s demand and this is projected to polygons that mark the extent of the flooding. Drainage system response to such input has the
the U.S. NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation
increase to 50% by 2060. NEWater plants take Method 2 is a SWMM5-based integrated 1D-2D well-known character of engineering systems: in
Service) method, and the Horton method. The
treated wastewater through the additional treatment approach that estimates the extent and duration of particular, frequency-dependent amplification
NRCS method and the Horton method were
steps of microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultra- overland flooding. PCSWMM generates a 2D over- (resonance) or cancellation (detuning), depending
derived from experience or experiment, and the
violet for use primarily in industry, although a land flow mesh over the existing 1D major system on the geometrical layout of the physical drainage
Green-Ampt method was derived from a physical
portion also is blended into the reservoirs. model, and animates the flooding illustrating the system and its components. In other words, at the
mechanism of groundwater flow. Most Korean
Singapore’s single desalination plant currently duration and extent. Additionally these analyses extremes hydrologic response may be either
engineers prefer to use the NRCS method rather
meets 10% of demand, with a second plant to be allow for incorporation of a flood vulnerable assets damped or amplified by both (a) attenuation
than the Green-Ampt method, as the parameters of
completed in 2013 that will more than double pro- layer providing additional information about build- devices (such as ponds and LIDs) and (b) tuning
the NRCS method are easily determined from land
duction. ings constructed within the floodplain. Both meth- devices (such as pavement, diversion structures
use and soil maps. The NRCS method, however,
ods permit the hydrology and hydraulics to be mod- and interceptors).
The second part of this presentation provides was derived from the soil types and the land use
eled, however in the present study the hydrology
preliminary results of some specific ongoing Basically, the problem boils down to this: common classifications of U.S.A., and it does not conform to
component was ignored and design event inflows
projects we are conducting related to stormwater design storm methods simplify complex storms in the land use classifications of Korea. The purpose
were entered directly into the hydraulic system to
management. In particular, we discuss levels and of the study is to find more suitable method
replicate official HEC-2 floodlines. Both new meth-
the original record into simplistic, single, causative between the Green-Ampt method and the NRCS
sources of E. coli, nitrate, and phosphate in runoff ods are inherently more complex than the origi-
input functions, and therefore cannot replicate method in watershed runoff simulation. We also
from a high density residential area and the positive nal, and locally both match and significantly depart
frequency-dependent flood responses (which are describe estimation procedures of the Green-Ampt
results of a Nanyang campus taste test and survey from approved floodlines.
watershed specific, obviously). Engineers thereby, parameters.
on Singaporean acceptance of NEWater.
On Modeling and Implications of Frequency- typically, opt to ignore such effects in their designs
Comparison of Floodline Delineation (perhaps reasonably). Using the SCE-UA method, we automatically
Dependent Phenomona in Drainage
Methods and Results: HEC-2, calibrated the SWMM for watershed runoff
System Design But such engineering system responses are readily
SWMM5/PCSWMM and PCSWMM 2D continuous simulation with the NRCS method and
William James
demonstrated by realistic and simplistic PCSWMM the Green-Ampt method for the Milyang Dam
Robert W.C. James and Karen Finney (Session 3.4)
models, and the results can be presented in both Basin, Korea. The curve number of the NRCS
(Session 3.5)
This study is a simplistic numerical exploration of the time and frequency domains. In this study, method and the three parameters of the Green-
Flood plains are employed to allocate lands within the frequency response of simple drainage storm hyetographs are generated as a sinusoidal Ampt method were estimated from the automatic
a watershed. Flood lines are statistically-based elements, and likely falls outside existing wave train covering a spectrum of discrete, calibrations including nineteen hydrological
flood extents marked on an official map as professional desiderata. representative frequencies, and applied to an parameters, respectively. The Green-Ampt
computed by high-resolution hydraulic models elementary SWMM drainage model. Computed parameters are the saturated hydraulic conductivity,
based on river bathymetry, and protect sensitive Modern engineering analyses of drainage systems responses are presented in both the frequency and the average capillary suction head at the wetting
23 24Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
(Application of the Green-Ampt Equation to a The City of Torrance Madrona Marsh Preserve is The project included replacing pumps, installing selected for each catchment based on a sensitivity
Watershed Runoff Simulation Using SWMM5 an Environmentally Sensitive Area and valuable retractable curb grates on catch basins to prevent analysis.
continued…) habitat for a variety of birds, insects, mammals and trash from entering the detention basin, installing
plant species. Once sought out to be a con- Bio Clean filters at the storm drain outfalls to The variation in model performance statistics for the
front, and the initial moisture deficit. The verification dominium development, the City along with the three catchments indicates what the controlling fac-
remove oil and grease, removing trees around the
results were evaluated with the four assessment Friends of Madrona Marsh saved the delicate tors for the performance of a high resolution model
outfalls providing UV exposure and constructing a
indexes and all indexes from the Green-Ampt habitat by forming an agreement with the developer are. The significance of the distance of the rainfall
rip rap waterfall to aerate treated water flowing
method were better than those of the NRCS to donate 54 acres surrounding the marsh. measurement station from the study site is shown
back into the basin. Project benefits include
method. for modeling urban runoff at a high temporal resolu-
keeping the City of Torrance in compliance and
Upon acquiring the land, the City hired a tion. Less impervious catchments (KP in this study)
A proper estimation method of the Green-Ampt exceeding water quality regulations to restoring a
professional naturalist to institute programs for imply a less homogenous surface structure and
parameters is needed to simulate watershed runoff preserve that continues to be a valuable habitat for
restoring the preserve. With funding and support involve larger uncertainties in catchment delinea-
from an ungagged basin. The saturation hydraulic the plants and animals as well as a sanctuary for
from the California Coastal Conservancy and Santa tion and surface water routing. These uncertain-
conductivity and the wetting front suction head bird watchers, college professors and children. ties particularly concern the interface between
Monica Restoration Commission, the City began
were estimated from digital soil maps and land use researching methods to reduce nutrients in the constructed and natural areas and the interaction
High-Resolution Parameterization of a
maps. Each parameter estimated from the digital water before entering the marsh. The main Hydrological Model in Areas with Varying between areas directly connected to the drainage
maps showed very small difference from that concern was phosphates causing rapid algal Urban Density network and areas connected by overland flow.
obtained by the automatic calibrations. To verify the growth in the marsh leading to oxygen depletion, Gerald Krebs, Teemu Kokkonen, Marjo Valtanen,
applicability of the estimation procedure for the otherwise know as hypoxia. Harri Koivusalo, and Heikki Setälä Modeling Washoff of Total Suspended Solids in
Green-Ampt parameter from digital maps, the (Session 5.4) Tropical Catchments
SWMM was performed for the Hoengseong Dam After reviewing several ineffective plans, the City S.H. Le, L.H.C. Chua and H.S. Eikaas
looked to Modular Wetland Systems, Inc. (MWS). Simulation and evaluation of green infrastructure (Session 2.1)
Basin, Korea. There was little difference between
The company’s WetlandMod is a self-contained (GI) measures, such as green roofs or pervious
the results of automatic calibration including the
treatment train system that incorporates media pavers, necessitate high spatial and temporal An attempt was made to assess the use of the
Green-Ampt parameters and the results of auto-
resolutions of input data. The studied urban water- empirical washoff model in predicting the
matic calibration excluding the Green-Ampt param- filtration for pre-treatment and a subsurface flow
sheds need to be delineated into small-scale concentrations of total suspended solids contained
eter, in which the Green-Ampt parameters were wetland (wetland). MWS tweaked its traditional
subcatchments that represent single roofs, side- in storm runoff in the 12 sub-catchments of
estimated from the soil maps. system incorporating a much larger scale wetland
walks, street segments, etc. While such a time- agricultural, residential and forest land use in the
to treat various flow volumes. The City in-
consuming approach is suitable for watersheds of Kranji Reservoir catchment, Singapore through (1)
The two parameters of the Green-Ampt method corporated this design into a project that prevents the size of a few building blocks, it is not feasible an application of the washoff independent from the
can be reasonlly estimated from digital soil maps trash from entering the Marsh and aerates the for larger urban areas. Regionalizing results from buildup model, (2) considering initial mass on sur-
and land use maps. The estimation procedure of treated water. high-resolution research catchments, which support face Bini as a calibration parameter, (3) consid-
the Green-Ampt parameters applied in the study
detailed GI-simulation, to surrounding areas
would be helpful for a watershed runoff continuous The Marsh receives water via two large storm out- ering washoff coefficient c3 as a variable rather
provides one avenue for assessing larger regions
simulation in Korea. falls collecting in a large detention basin. The than a constant, and (4) investigation of the sensi-
at the requested detail. Three research catchments
basin contains three pumps. Two pumps deliver tivity of washoff parameters c3, Bini and the washoff
located in Lahti, Finland, representing central (TP
Madrona Marsh Restoration and Enhancement water into marsh and the third into the WetlandMod coefficient c4 with rainfall and runoff characteris-
Project: Preserving a Last Urban Marsh Using and AP) and sub-urban (KP) areas of the city and
where water flows through a proprietary media monitored from 2008 to 2010, were selected to tics, land use and catchment size. The optimized
Innovative Wetland Technology
removing high levels of TSS, hydrocarbons, develop high-resolution model parameterizations model parameters c3, c4, and Bini were obtained
Zach J. Kent particulate heavy metals and nutrients. Reducing using the Monte-Carlo simulation. The results
(Session 2.3) (using SWMM 5.0) in an attempt to simulate GI
particulates before entering the wetland media impacts for the entire Lahti urban area. showed that the washoff model can be applied to
This presentation discusses the design, minimizes loading and prevents it from clogging. catchments of all three mentioned types of land use
construction and performance of a stormwater Water is then distributed through a manifold This presentation presents the development, cali- with reasonable fit. Bini for the agricultural
treatment project needed to preserve the last creating an even flow of water across the wetland. bration, and validation of a high-resolution hydro- catchments are significantly higher than that from
vernal marsh in the South Bay area of Los Angeles Treated water is diverted back into the detention logical model in the three research catchments and the residential and forest catchments, which is in
while exceeding stormwater quality regulations. basin using a rip rap waterfall. Within 24 hours discusses key factors controlling the model perfor- agreement with observations on the event mean
The audience is introduced to the challenges of following filtration, samples were pulled resulting in mance. The developed models were calibrated us- concentrations of TSS. It was also found that the
designing a nutrient removal treatment system to a 37% nitrate reduction, over 50% phosphate ing the multi-objective genetic optimization values of c3 and Bini for the same sampling station
treat urban runoff and stormwater from a large reduction and 87 % reduction in turbidity. Results algorithm NSGAII (one-minute rainfall recording varied significantly with the rainfall depth (d). Bini
detention basin used to supplement water in the will continue to improve as plant root systems frequency) and validated against events with one- was found to be correlated mainly with d, but also
establish growth within the wetland. Madrona minute and ten-minute recording frequency of to a lesser extent with average intensity, peak run-
Madrona Marsh for nesting birds.
Marsh staff will continue to monitor water quality. rainfall. Calibration parameters were individually off volume, and runoff volume. Significantly, Bini did
25 26Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013 Stormwater & Urban Water Systems Modeling Conference, Toronto, Ontario, February 21-22, 2013
(Modeling Washoff of Total Suspended Solids improve/upgrade of its wet weather treatment facili- nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from runoff. figures. Such depth of research in so many
in Tropical Catchments continued…) ties, and conveyance systems. In November 2009, These findings are now being confirmed in field and different settings is essential if nutrient removal
with the support of the stakeholders, which include pilot scale studies in WA, VA, DE, NJ, and MD, as technologies are to mature to the point at which
not correlate well with ADP or with rainfall depth of U.S. EPA and NYSDEC, the federal courts ap- they can be deployed effectively. This research
well as Singapore and Shenzhen, PRC. Another
the prior storm event. The results from this study proved a new plan to include innovative green infra- aims to address these objectives.
year of mesocosm research will also be presented,
show that the common modeling practice where structures combined with gray infrastructures. The with novel findings about processes involved in P
the initial mass available for washoff Bini is simulat- approval makes Onondaga County, NY one of the Use of Outlet Controls to Improve CSO
retention.
ed using antecedence dry period and previous rain- first Regional Authorities in the U.S. to include the Reductions Using LID SCMs
fall depth should be reassessed, at least when The WA studies comprise the most rigorous and William C. Lucas
use of GIs in a consent judgment for CSO abate-
applied to tropical catchments. The study also (Session 8.2)
ment. The Save the Rain Program, planned and extensive experimental bioretention studies ever
shows that washoff parameters depend on catch- designed in 2010, includes a comprehensive GI conducted. Completed in November 2010, initial This presentation examines the potential deploy-
ment size. The slopes of regression between c3 program to reduce stormwater inflow into the sewer results showed that the high compost media had ment of LID stormwater control measures (SCMs)
and Bini with d increase with catchment area, imply- collection system. The program calls for an annual considerable losses of N and P, even when inflow for reducing CSOs in a small 17.4 acre CSOshed in
ing that washoff behavior in smaller catchments is capture rate of 95% with the combination of green runoff concentrations were negligible. While this Richmond VA. Using a GIS to obtain source area
less sensitive to changes in rainfall depth than and gray infrastructure projects by December 2018. may highlight potential drawbacks from the data, a total of 68 different LID SCMs were
larger catchments. In 2011, the County Executive initiated the Project compost used in current media recipes, results will modeled. 5 Green Roofs, 13 porous pavements, 5
50 campaign to build 50 distinct GI projects within be presented on how these systems responded bioretention and 21 planter-trench arrays were
Prioritizing System-Wide CSO Capture Among
the calendar year. With the most combined when runoff was applied at higher concentrations located in such a manner that the entire catchment
Sewersheds with Green Infrastructures (GIs)
sewersheds within the City of Syracuse, it is a after the systems had become well established. could be intercepted.
Dingfang Liu and Nicholas Warrens
complex program that requires extraordinary
(Session 2.2) The DE facility treats 20 acres of agricultural and One LID alternative examined the results using
coordination and commitment among various stake-
holders. One of the planning challenges is to figure urban runoff in a full scale facility. It will have been typical LID designs in which there are no outlet con-
Onondaga County, NY, is one of the first Regional
out how to strategically place the GIs among the established for over two years, with most the first trols on the underdrains from these SCMs. Anoth-
Authorities in the U.S. to include the use of green-
sewersheds while maximizing its effectiveness for year’s data obtained. The VA facilities comprise a er LID alternative installed controls on the under-
infrastructures (GIs) in a consent judgment for
CSO capture in conjunction with planned gray infra- bioretention cell treating half an acre of parking, drains to provide extended detention and improve
combined sewer overflow (CSO) abatement. The
structures. For example, an offline storage facility plus a planter trench system for ultra-urban retro- infiltration volumes. This array of distributed LID
Countyinitiated the Save the Rain program to
in the Clinton Street (CSO080) sewershed would fits. These systems will have been established for SCMs was compared to a Grey alternative using a
implement GIs to prevent stormwater runoff from
provide more than 6.0 million gallons of storage over a year as well. The NJ system will have been detention vault to intercept enough runoff to control
entering thecombined sewer system. The CSO
volume, and GI projects constructed within the trib- established for almost 3 years, thus representing a CSO exceedances. These three alternatives were
abatement program also includes “gray”
utary area of the storage facility may not be as ef- fully mature facility. Currently in the design phase, compared to existing conditions in terms of both
infrastructures, such as offlinestorage and regional
fective as the same project located outside its tribu- the MD system is designed to remove nutrients runoff responses and water quality implications. A
treatment facilities, for CSO mitigation. One of the
tary area for reducing CSO volumes. Using an au- found at much higher concentrations in agricultural typical year was compared to the intense rainfall
planning challenges is to figure outhow to
tomated optimization procedure, this study will eval- runoff. patterns expected due to global climate change.
strategically place the GIs among the sewersheds
while maximizing its effectiveness for CSO uate the optimal placement of GI projects among The Shenzhen University system comprises three SWMM 5.0.022 was used to model these four
capturein conjunction with planned gray the combined sewersheds to achieve the highest bioretention cells, all of which utilize the ABS outlet scenarios. Due to the high degree of baseflow in a
infrastructures. A customized model was developed cost-effectiveness for the County’s CSO abatement system. The experiment uses spiked roof runoff highly impervious watershed (>81%), it was
to link the SWMM5model’s LID module with genetic program. A ten (10) day period of precipitation applied to three different media. Constructed in late apparent that a considerable amount of runoff was
algorithms through the SimLink program. This data extracted from the existing typical year rainfall 2012, results from the initial year of the able to infiltrate into the soils. Therefore, aquifers
presentation will discuss theautomated optimization data was used for optimization runs in order to observations will be presented. The Singapore were used to model these flows with a reasonable
procedures (Figure 1) with the customized model closely match the typical year condition without system comprises a facility treating 12 acres of degree of accuracy. This meant that runoff volume
and analyze the modeling results for optimum compromise computation time. agricultural runoff at prodigious rainfall depths (10 reductions due to infiltration were much lower than
placement of GIs and determination of GI technolo- feet per year). As in case of the MD system, it is normally anticipated.
Advanced Bioretention Systems: Results from
gy types (Figure 2), the number of GIs needed,and designed to remove nutrients found at much higher
Four Years of Mesocosm Studies and Two
their sizes. Pollution in Onondaga Lake was the Years of Field Studies concentrations in agricultural runoff. If obtained, While the free discharge LID controls were able to
subject of a Clean Water Act lawsuit which resulted William C. Lucas and Margaret Greenway initial results from this facility will also be presented. provide substantial reductions in CSO
in a consent judgment that requires Onondaga (Session 8.1) exceedances, they were not as effective as the
County, NY to mitigate the impact of lake water The current paradigm in nutrient management Grey infrastructure alternative. However, by
This presentation is a follow up to our mesocosm urgently needs scientifically valid observations to installing outlet controls to promote infiltration and
quality by the CSOs to the Lake and its tributaries.
studies on advanced bioretention systems (ABS) improve current technologies. Taken together, this reduce underdrain flows, the controlled discharge
Prior to 2009, the County implemented many CSO
designs that substantially improve removal of array of experimental facilities represents a capital LID SCMs were able to match the performance of
control projects that consist of sewer separation,
installation and monitoring budget well into 7
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