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NATIONAL
LEAGUE
OF CITIES
Trends in Smart City
Development
Trends in Smart City
About This Publication Development
Research for this guide and the original draft of the document were
completed by graduate students at the American University Department
of Public Administration and Policy. Contributors include Reena Shrestha, CASE STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Cynthia Castro, and Fletcher Smith. These students worked in partnership
with Brooks Rainwater and Nicole DuPuis at the National League of Cities
(NLC) to conduct an analysis of smart city implementation across the country
and around the world. The final report was prepared by Nicole DuPuis and
Elias Stahl at NLC.
The National League of Cities is the nation’s oldest and largest organization
devoted to strengthening and promoting cities as centers of opportunity,
leadership, and governance. NLC is a resource and advocate for more than
1,600 member cities and the 49 state municipal leagues, representing 19,000
cities and towns and more than 218 million Americans. NLC’s Center for City
Solutions and Applied Research provides research and analysis on key topics
and trends important to cities, creative solutions to improve the quality of
life in communities, inspiration and ideas for local officials to use in tackling
tough issues, and opportunities for city leaders to connect with peers, share
experiences and learn about innovative approaches in cities.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Soren Messner–Zidell, who created the data visualizations,
cover illustration and report design, and to Paul Konz for editing the report.
We are also grateful to all of the city officials, thought leaders, and experts
who took the time to speak to us about smart cities. A very special thanks to
our colleagues at the Smart Cities Council, who lent their time and expertise
as outside reviewers of this report: Sarah Blanchard, Stuart Cowan, and Liz
Enbysk. Finally, thanks to Sonja Walti, Assistant Professor in the Department
of Public Administration and Policy at American University, who facilitated
this partnership.
NATIONAL
LEAGUE
© 2016 National League of Cities. All Rights Reserved.
OF CITIES
Table of Contents 10 Executive Summary 12 Introduction 16 Case Studies 17 Chicago, IL 22 Philadelphia, PA 25 Charlotte, NC 27 San Francisco, CA 30 New Delhi, India 33 Case Study Comparison 34 Recommendations 39 Appendix
Foreword
Cities are ever-changing; the dynamism of the urban environment for better integration into our cities arrival and provide local leaders with best
and thereby helping to create a cleaner practices in this arena.
is a microcosm of the societal interactions that we have built environment for everyone. At the same
time, the smart city of the future can be The National League of Cities (NLC) is
throughout history. pleased to share with you Trends in Smart
safer with streetlight networks that use
embedded sensors to detect gunshots City Development, which presents case
Technology has always been a critical large scale changes in our cities. or flash their lights during emergencies studies and discusses how smart cities
force deeply intertwined with the – and the further integration of these are growing nationwide and globally. It
evolution of cities. From the first human Autonomous vehicles on our roadways systems will allow cities to collect is our hope that this report will spark
settlements millennia ago to the industrial and the data that they provide could information from sources such as smart conversation and action among city
revolution to today, technological create environments where traffic lights water, electric, and gas meters. leaders about how to incorporate these
breakthroughs have impacted the become obsolete, traffic itself becomes strategies into their own communities.
buildings we use, the way we get around, a thing of the past, and cities can once All of this is predicated on the premise
again be for people rather than cars, as that technologies can help make people’s NLC’s Center for City Solutions and
and how we live, work, and play in the Applied Research strives to strengthen
urban space. different modes of transportation work lives better in cities. At the end of the
in tandem and communicate with each day, technological developments will communities, transform and improve
Now, as we are on the cusp of further another. Wi-Fi hotspots at scale like we enhance our urban experience – but they cities, and assist city leaders. We do this
rapid shifts in cities precipitated by are already starting to see in New York also risk leaving more people behind. To by knowing and learning about cities,
technology, it is worth imagining what the with LinkNYC could help transform the this end, we must be deliberate in the identifying and sharing promising city
connected smart city of the future will way we access information and help development of smart cities and imbue practices, fostering effective solutions and
look like – and the associated impact it alleviate the digital divide. equity as a primary goal so that the city innovation, and challenging city leaders to
will have on our everyday lives. of the future is a city for everyone. lead.
Thinking even further out, we can
Take a typical day in the life of a imagine that security protocols like Cities are focused on these goals We wish to thank the cities who
community member in this hypothetical facial recognition technology could help right now, and they are beginning to participated in this study. Created with
future who wakes up in their connected transform building security in cities, think about how these systems can be our partners at the American University
house with artificial intelligence making entrances and building design integrated to create feedback loops that Department of Public Administration and
automating everything from temperature more fluid as we move away from the improve operations and enhance the Policy, this guidebook is meant to be a
preference to light levels to health need to usher people through front doors. experience of community members. Fully resource for cities as they lead the way
monitoring and more – and scale it to the Similarly, as we move toward greater connected smart cities are coming, and forward in this exciting and ever-evolving
city at large. usage of shared vehicles, we can move we want to help cities prepare for their space.
away from parking either below buildings
Cities are beginning to, and will continue or on streets, enabling cities to recapture
to, integrate technological dynamism into land for people and allowing developers
municipal operations, from transportation to reduce the costs of buildings since Brooks Rainwater
to infrastructure repair and more. The parking garages will become an Senior Executive and Director
back ends of these systems are not unnecessary expense. Center for City Solutions
always apparent to the end user –
National League of Cities
but as the integration of smart cities Energy sources could be completely
technologies becomes more visible in renewable in the smart city of the future
our everyday lives, we could begin to see as well, with technology paving the way
1
TRANSPORTATION CONGESTION SENSORS
Smart transportation systems use sensors to detect congestion and bottlenecks
in traffic patterns. They also rely on cameras to enforce speed and traffic
INTERNET OF THINGS IN CONNECTED CITIES
infractions. In doing so, these tools gather real time information that can be used
by city DOTs to make mobility networks safer and more efficient.
very consumer product and and sharing platforms there are, help cities manage their programs
WATER AND WASTEWATER MONITORING piece of infrastructure the more data is generated about and services more effectively and
Monitoring devices can detect leaks as well as changes in water pressure to increasingly has the ability to consumer’s preferences and gauge their impact immediately.
2 determine whether water infrastructure is working properly. sense surrounding stimuli, to habits. But what does this mean The city of the future is an
communicate with other devices for cities? Smart cities are interconnected one, where
PARKING APPS AND KIOSKS and people, and to draw on the employing the same technology devices communicate with one
Apps coordinate with smart parking meters to inform drivers of where there computing and storage power of to connect their disparate utility, another in a constant stream of
3 is parking availability. the cloud. This phenomenon has infrastructure, and public service data that provides real-time
been dubbed the internet of grids, generating real-time information to the public and to
BRIDGE INSPECTION SYSTEMS
things. The more smart devices aggregate data. This, in turn, can the municipality.
Sensors monitor the structural soundness of bridges and inform
4 city engineers of any issues. Drones are used to inspect hard to
reach areas. 10
SELF-DRIVING CARS 4 12
Self-driving cars shuttle people in and out of the city, 9
5 providing rides for others and making deliveries while their
owners are occupied with work or other activities.
WASTE MANAGEMENT SENSORS
Sensors detect the amount of garbage
6 in recepticals around the city so that
DRONES
sanitation workers can maximize 7 13
Drones can be used for law
enforcement and firefighting, as
efficiency in their routes. rural ambulances, for infrastructure
8 inspections, and for environmental
monitoring. Commercial uses
11 include precision farming, aerial
photography, and in the near
13 5 future, package delivery.
SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
Cameras ensure security by
14 monitoring activity in areas that are
6 not frequented by public safety
officers. Areas that are not open to
public access can be monitored to
1 14 keep unauthorized personnel out.
BODY CAMERAS
15 Public safety officers can wear
15 body cameras that capture footage
LIGHTING 16 of interactions between themselves
and city residents to ensure safety
7
LED lights are weather
adaptive and communications
3 for both parties.
are automatically sent to the
Department of Public Works
when the bulbs need to be WEARABLE DETECTION
changed.
Cities can build in smartphone and
FIRE DETECTION 16 wearable detection sensors so that
Sensors monitor conditions in public parks and 2 people can be an active part of the
8 wooded areas that might be prone to fire. Sensors SMART LOGISTICS/FREIGHT internet ecosystem, communicating
can also detect fires in buildings and initiate a call to Platooning trucks carry freight efficiently from the with the city, and with each other.
the fire department in an emergency. 11 port to their final destination. Smart inventory
systems inform operators about when freight is
ENERGY MONITORING moved between different locations.
Power plants can be monitored for safety and city officials can
9 be informed of any influx in radiation levels. BROADBAND INFRASTRUCTURE
VEHICLE FLEET COMMUNICATION A reliable internet ecosystem is the
SOLAR PANELS
12
Public transit and city fleet vehicles communicate 17 glue that holds the internet of things
Solar panels can be monitored to determine how much energy they with their home agency when it is time for
10 are providing and whether they need maintenance. maintenance or replacement.
together.
Trends in Smart City Development
Executive Summary ● Charlotte, NC: In 2011, Envision
Charlotte was established as
capacity (for example, a department
for innovation and technology) in
a public-private collaboration advance will better position cities to take
(PPC) to help the city sustain its advantage of these new technologies.
This report examines the meanings and practices associated
accelerating population growth.
with the term ‘smart cities.’ Smart city initiatives involve three As a new organization, Envision Rather than looking for solutions first,
Charlotte is currently working cities should consider the outcomes they
components: information and communication technologies (ICTs) on ways to reduce energy use want to achieve. They should find out
what their residents and local businesses
that generate and aggregate data; analytical tools which convert in commercial buildings through
behavioral changes. want to see happen, and turn those
that data into usable information; and organizational structures desires into clearly defined objectives
● San Francisco, CA: San before proceeding with smart initiatives.
that encourage collaboration, innovation, and the application of Francisco has a history of strong A city’s existing comprehensive,
that information to solve public problems. leadership interest in making transportation, and sustainability
the city smart and sustainable planning documents can help guide the
through environmental and establishment of goals. Conversely, smart
Hence, a smart city is a city that ● Chicago, IL: In 2012, Chicago
transportation improvement cities can help to accelerate the goals
has developed some technological Mayor Rahm Emanuel signed
measures. Furthermore, San outlined in those documents. Looking
infrastructure that enables it to collect, the city’s open data policy. It
Francisco’s OpenData initiative, to other cities for frameworks and best
aggregate, and analyze real-time data and created an open data platform
launched in 2009, supports smart practices can also provide valuable
has made a concerted effort to use that and mandated cross-functional
cities initiatives that aim to meet guidance, but not a set of instructions.
data to improve the lives of its residents. collaboration, all managed by the
greenhouse gas reduction goals
Such an effort should include explicit Department of Innovation and Leveraging technology to improve the
and improve and increase public
policy recommendations regarding ‘smart’ Technology. That policy and the sustainability and equity of cities is a
transportation service.
infrastructure and data, a functioning administrative structure it created powerful idea with enormous potential.
administrative component, and some positioned the city to partner with ● New Delhi, India: New Delhi is in Those ambitions, however, should be
form of community engagement. universities and the private sector the initial planning stages of its tempered by realism. Cities should
on sensor projects like the Array of smart cities initiative, which is part critically examine smart city technologies
To better understand smart cities in Things, which aims to collect and of the broader overarching goal and the rhetoric that surrounds them.
practice, this report outlines smart city disseminate real-time data, thereby of India’s smart cities program Cities should be mindful, too, of the
initiatives in five cities. For each city, the catalyzing innovation in the city. that ties into the United Nation’s organizational challenges that accompany
report focuses on the organization of the
Sustainable Development Goals. smart city implementation. Functional
initiatives, the policy and administrative ● Philadelphia, PA: In 2011, Mayor
The city is following the lead of silos, the challenges of cross-sector
components guiding the initiatives, Michael Nutter issued an executive
the nation’s existing environmental collaboration, and political gridlock will
and community engagement around order establishing the Office of
policy and land pooling policies. not disappear with the arrival of these
smart development. The findings are Innovation and Technology (OIT)
new ‘smarter’ systems. If these challenges
summarized here: of Philadelphia. The creation of this While ICT infrastructure makes the can be overcome, then smart city
office allowed for city leaders to technological aspects of smart development can prove beneficial.
have a more hands-on approach development easier, the organizational
to ICT initiatives in the city. City components remain challenging. Cities
oversight as well as partnerships should work to lay the groundwork for
with private and public entities has smart development. Establishing the
moved Philadelphia toward many necessary policies (such as open data and
smart city concepts. e-governance policies) and administrative
10 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 11
Trends in Smart City Development
Introduction Improvements in information and communications technologies
(ICTs) have made possible decades-old visions of smart cities
where democracy and city management are guided by
ICT-generated data.
According to the International Data vague and undefined. Though generally
Corporation (IDC), the digital universe understood to mean the use of new
(the amount of digital information created technologies and data platforms to
and replicated in a year) increased by improve the functioning of cities, there are
62 percent in 2009, reaching 1.2 million also concrete policies and practice shifts
petabytes in 2010. By 2020, the IDC involved. That is, in part, because the
estimated that the digital universe concept of ‘smart cities’ is not limited to
would be 44 times larger than in 2009. one system. Smart cities implementation
Connectivity has also grown. Business and adoption involves a paradigm shift,
Insider estimated that there were 1.9 billion in which cities commit not only to using
devices connected to the internet in 2013, a new technology to act more efficiently,
and that the number would grow to 9 but also to changing their policies and
billion by 2018. This growth in data and operating procedures in a way that
connectivity makes it possible to imagine supports their goal. Smart city adoption
a world in which real-time information can comprise many different solutions to
can be gathered, analyzed, and used many different public problems. Smart
to influence public policy and the built cities systems also often involve actors
environment in new, ‘smart’ ways. from each sector – public, private, and
nonprofit – forming partnerships and
For all of their promise, some believe working together on innovative ways to
that smart cities remain conceptually improve city life.
12 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 13
Trends in Smart City Development
The emphasis on innovation also means smart city development. Cities interested
that how we define smart cities changes in developing smart programs and
continuously. When Cisco Systems embracing the smart city paradigm shift
helped South Korea turn Songdo into will need to consider how to initiate and
an automated urban environment in govern those programs, address the
2009, radio frequency identification concerns of their citizens, and cope with a
(RFID) technology was cutting edge. By rapidly changing environment.
This report offers five case studies detailing the ways
2012, with the rise of smartphones, RFID
was considered somewhat outmoded. To better understand the smart city trend, in which specific cities are implementing smart city
Similarly, investment in municipal this report will offer five case studies
broadband was enough to make detailing the ways in which specific cities projects including:
LaGrange, GA, the “Intelligent Community are implementing smart city projects
of the Year” in 2000, but is not enough including: Chicago, IL; Philadelphia, PA;
to qualify it as a smart city today. The Charlotte, NC; San Francisco, CA; and
technology used in smart cities is often New Delhi, India. These case studies
new or evolving, and prone to rapid will focus on what the initiatives are,
change and development. how they are organized, structured, and Chicago, IL
administered, and how the community
The overarching objectives, however, and has been engaged in their development San Francisco, CA
the policy and administrative components and implementation. Examined together, Philadelphia, PA
Delhi, India
required to realize those objectives, the cases will provide lessons for other
are more durable. Though RFID cards cities considering smart city programs. Charlotte, NC
may no longer be the best way to forge
a digital connection, enhancing that
connection is still the purpose of much
14 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 15
Trends in Smart City Development
Case Studies Chicago, IL
Chicago has decidedly embraced smart city principles. As Mayor
Rahm Emanuel’s top tech lieutenant put it, Chicago wants to
become “the most data-driven government in the world.”
One initiative that aims to make that to the city as hoped. As The Chicago
aspiration real is the Array of Things Tribune put it, it’s unclear whether this,
(AoT) project. The AoT is a network “will lead to meaningful improvements
of sensors (called nodes) that will in urban life… or just enrich big tech
be mounted on streetlight traffic vendors.” Adie Tomer, a fellow and
signal poles, where they will measure expert on smart infrastructure at the
temperature, barometric pressure, light, Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan
vibration, carbon monoxide, nitrogen Policy Program, cautioned that claims of
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, ambient digital infrastructure investment leading
sound intensity, pedestrian and vehicle to improved quality of life or economic
traffic, and surface temperature. Forty- performance are untested. Given that
two nodes were scheduled for installation nodes are only now being deployed
during the summer of 2016, with a total throughout the city, there isn’t yet any
of 500 to be deployed by the end of 2018. evidence to evaluate the program’s
outcomes. It will, however, be evaluated
The stated goal of the project is broad nine months after the initial installation
and ambitious. It aims to, “measure the and every 12 months from that time on.
city in sufficient detail to provide data to
help engineers, scientists, policymakers
Policy
and residents work together to make
Chicago… healthier, more livable and Chicago has been laying the policy
more efficient.”The connection between groundwork for its smart city
the sensor network and healthier, more development for a while. In 2012, Mayor
efficient city life, however, is an open Emanuel issued an executive order
question. The immediate goal of the establishing the city’s open data policy.
project is to collect data, aggregate it The order was intended to empower
in a central server, and make it publicly residents by providing them with
available. Charlie Catlett, the project information they need to participate
lead, thinks that providing this data in government, solve problems, and
to the public will inspire people to promote social progress and economic
create “all sorts of applications taking growth. To make the data public, the
advantage of the data.” Not everyone order required that an online data portal
in Chicago, however, is convinced that be created and maintained (the same
these applications will be as valuable portal that will be used for the AoT data).
16 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 17
Trends in Smart City Development
This executive order laid the groundwork in data used to calibrate and test the universities and private corporations, smart initiatives. The order made the
for managing the data generated machines. Any such data, however, will be such as AT&T, which will provide the DOIT responsible for overseeing the
through sensor projects. It established housed in a secure facility and access will wireless network to transmit the data open data policy. To administer it, the
transparency and open government as be restricted. This emphasis on privacy (see Figure 1). The project is funded in mayor designated a chief data officer at
key commitments for the city. It also extends to the design of the nodes part by a $3.1 million grant from the the DOIT, mandated that each agency
delineated what, when, and how data themselves. Images collected by the National Science Foundation, part of designate open data coordinators, and
should be made public, and instituted sensors will be processed into numerical the White House’s investment in smart created an Open Data Advisory Group
reporting requirements to increase data within the node itself, and the image city development. Argonne National to assess compliance and help agencies
municipal accountability. Having those data will be deleted. Laboratory has already invested over decide what data should be made
policies in place put the city in a stronger $1 million in internal research, while the available to the public. That administrative
position to partner on smart city sensor Administration Chicago Innovation Exchange invested structure provided Chicago the personnel
projects. an additional $150,000. Besides providing it needed to engage with the AoT.
Whether or not it improves city life, administrative support, the city funds the
The AoT has also had to establish some the AoT is instructive in how it was installation of the nodes and provides the The open data policy also precipitated
of its own policies. A privacy policy, organized and developed. The project is small amount of electricity needed to run Chicago’s SmartData project, which was
for example, details how data with a partnership among Argonne National them. designed to “analyze and aggregate data,
personally identifiable information (PII) Laboratory, the University of Chicago, identify trends and offer problem-solving
will be managed and secured. PII will not and the city government, with input The University of Chicago and Argonne predictions.” Operated by the DOIT,
be made public, but may be contained and support from an array of other National Laboratory will be the program’s the SmartData project looked through
operators, responsible for the design, department workflows in Chicago for
development, repair, replacement, areas where predictive analytics could
Figure 1: AoT Policy Field Map and support of the nodes, while the add value. Importantly, the analytics
city will provide oversight, policy dashboard that the DOIT created and
guidance, and some technical support. shared with all departments in the city
National Science
Foundation
Personnel An Executive Oversight Council (EOC), was built to be open source and available
Funding co-chaired by the Commissioner of the to any interested city. Bloomberg
City’s Department of Innovation and Philanthropies provided a $1 million grant
University of Argonne National Technology (DOIT) and the Director of to the project with the explicit goal of it
Chicago Laboratory
the Urban Center for Computation and spreading to other cities.
Data at the University of Chicago, will be
Urban Center for Chciago’s Dept. responsible for overseeing the program. The AoT project is not the only smart
Computation and of Innovation and There will also be a Security and Privacy city initiative being deployed in Chicago.
Data Technology City Digital, an endeavor of UI Labs, is
Group (SPG) to advise the EOC and a
Scientific Review Group (SRG). Thus, deploying their own sensors to monitor
Industry Partners AoT Governance Bodies Chicago Innovation the partnership between the city and flooding and create virtual maps of
(e.g. Cisco, Microsoft,
Intel)
Exchage non-governmental actors is not just one the cables and pipes beneath the city.
Executive Oversight
Council of funding, but will include hands-on Between those two projects and the city’s
support and oversight. existing open data policy, Chicago meets
Other Academic
Institutions (e.g.
some of the smart city criteria, but not
Indiana University,
Univ. of Illinois) Scientific Review Security and Privacy
Ctr. for Cybersecurity
In addition to laying the policy all. It has the capacity to generate and
Group Group
Research groundwork for programs like the AoT, publicize data, but is relying heavily on
Mayor Emanuel’s open data executive external actors to put the data to use.
Community Groups order also developed the administrative
capacity needed to manage the city’s
18 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 19Trends in Smart City Development
The Internet of Things
Community Engagement The city’s Smart Communities initiative
includes a digital literacy and outreach As wireless, Bluetooth, and sensor same technology to connect their
The concern over privacy is not limited to program that increased rates of technology has become increasingly disparate utility, infrastructure, and
project managers. There is still a question broadband adoption and internet usage, sophisticated and inexpensive it has public service grids, generating real-
of how the community will respond to the including job search[es] in the city’s
moved from being found exclusively time aggregate data. This in turn can
sensors monitoring their neighborhoods. nine predominately African-American
Lee Tien, a senior staff attorney at the and Latino low- and middle-income
in expensive hi-tech products such help cities manage their programs
Electronic Frontier Foundation, likened neighborhoods. Between 2008 (when as computers and cell phones to and services more effectively and
sensor projects to increased surveillance the program was implemented) and 2013, increasingly low-tech, even analog, gauge their impact immediately.
and wondered how much force such those neighborhoods in the initiative saw items such as thermostats, coffee Sensors installed on water pipes
privacy policies will really have if the a 13 percentage point increase in internet makers, and even toys. Together can detect leaks and communicate
police, for example, request information usage. with the advent of cloud networked them to the water utility instantly.
that would violate them. The project
While this program does not necessarily computer, which has minimalized Smart parking meters can notify
managers are aware that concerns like
these could be an issue. As part of their demonstrate high-tech delivery, it works the need for physical storage and parking agents when they are timed
governance document, they’ve included to increase connectivity in the city, computing power in a device, the out, as well as residents when a
provisions for community outreach in making it more likely that the resources devices around us are undergoing space is free. Smart infrastructure
any areas where nodes might be placed. developed through projects like the AoT a conceptual reinvention. Every communicating with its utilities is just
That outreach includes meeting with will be utilized by and accessible to all
consumer product or piece of a one-sided exchange. Increasingly,
aldermen and women and community city residents. as autonomous vehicles and drones
infrastructure increasingly has the
leaders, and holding community meetings
ability to sense surrounding stimuli, to fill city streets and skylines, smart
with residents. In addition, they plan to
hold workshops to, “introduce concepts,
communicate with each other, and to cities will invest in infrastructure
ranging from environmental science to draw on the computing and storage to vehicle (I2V) technology, where
electronics design to data analytics, to power of the cloud. This phenomenon traffic lights and public infrastructure
neighborhood youth.” has been dubbed the Internet of communicates with the smart devices
Things (IoT). Essentially, the seismic around them. The city of the future is
change that the internet brought to an interconnected one, where devices
computers is now extending itself communicate with one another in a
beyond computers to increasingly constant stream of data that provides
simple and inexpensive devices. real-time information to the public
Market incentives for this shift are and the municipality. As this trend
high. The more smart devices there accelerates, innovative cities will
are, the more data is generated become more efficient, open, and
about consumer’s preferences and responsive to their residents.
habits. But what does this mean for
cities? Smart cities are employing the
20 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 21Trends in Smart City Development
Philadelphia, PA Figure 2: Philadelphia OIT Structure
Philadelphia Office
Philadelphia has embraced smart city initiatives to help promote equity of Innovation and
throughout the city. Much of the city’s urban population density is a result of Technology
its historically industrial economy, which by the 1970s had largely relocated
or disappeared.
IT Governance Innovation Infrastructure Communications Applications
This downturn left Philadelphia with a those branches are sub-branches that
high poverty rate. Since then, city officials promote specific tasks and goals. Figure 2
Communication, Public Computing, Backup and Production Services, Websites, Branding
have been challenged by balancing the outlines the structure of the OIT. Contract Innovation Recovery, Dispatch, Voice & Strategies, Content
needs of residents, “left behind by post- Processing, Management Data Backup,
Department
Radio Management
Administration
Design Guidance, Service, Database
industrial economic restructuring and Legislation, Support, Document Support, Enterprise
Compliance Review, Imaging Support, Resource Planning
aggressively transforming Philadelphia Architecture, Enterprise ePay
into a competitive node in the globalized Additionally, Philadelphia is using ICTs Human Resources, Gateway Service,
Network & ERP Performance,
economy.” According to the Center City within the Philadelphia Police Department Perimeter Security, Middleware
District’s 2015 annual report, Philadelphia (PPD) to develop preventative measures Policy & Procedure, Support,
Operations,
Policy, Planning
ranked second in urban density to that will lower the city’s crime rate. and Performance Production Control
Improvement Services & Data
Midtown Manhattan. With high urban The “Smart Policing Initiative” (SPI) or Operations
density and a poverty rate of 25.8 “SMART” (Strategic Mapping Analysis
percent, Philadelphia still struggles with Response and Tactics) is the city’s effort
issues of income disparity and building to collect and analyze data on crimes crime areas have seen a drop in the crime cities partners in using technology to
an inclusive municipal economy. Much like within the city. The program looks at rate since the implementation of SPI solve the challenges that face growing
many older, developed cities in the U.S., where crime is occurring in the city (also through the application of data analysis urban areas.3 The MetroLab Network is
Philadelphia officials are looking for new known as hotspots) and attempts to and an organizational change within the supported by a $1 million grant from the
ways to manage urban growth during an determine why. This data collection allows PPD. Although hotspot policing has been MacArthur Foundation that will focus on
era of tight budgets and often conflicting the city to use its limited resources on part of the PPD since the late 1990s, 60 smart city projects starting in 2015.
priorities. areas where they will have the biggest recent adaptations of analytical methods, Research universities have the “physical
impact on reducing crime.1 With grants such as GIS, have provided the PPD with and human resources to help their cities
Policy provided by the Bureau of Justice a new way to look at existing data. As meet complex urban challenges through
Assistance (BJA), the program uses data of 2014, the PPD had trained 26 police undertaking research, development and
In 2011, Mayor Michael Nutter issued an analysis, including analytical models, officers as analysts.2 deployment of innovative projects at a
executive order establishing the Office GIS mapping, and predictive analysis to lower cost.”4 This network of partnerships
of Innovation and Technology (OIT) of identify these hotspots so that a targeted City officials in Philadelphia have also focuses on sharing data, analytics,
Philadelphia. OIT’s mission is to oversee all response can be deployed to these areas partnered with outside sources to and innovative new practices. Pairing
ICT initiatives for the city of Philadelphia. faster. help research and implement smart universities with policy makers provides a
By creating this office, city officials hope city initiatives. In 2015, experts from cost-effective way of implementing smart
to improve the effectiveness of any ICT As of 2013, out of the 38 police Drexel University and the University city initiatives within a city.
initiatives in meeting the needs of the city. departments around the United States of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Urban
The OIT focuses on five branches of ICT: that have implemented SPI, Philadelphia Research joined the MetroLab Network According to Charles Haas, head of the
IT governance, innovation, infrastructure, has been among the most successful at as participants in a White House initiative Department of Civil, Environmental and
communications, and applications. Within lowering crime rates. Philadelphia’s high to make universities and their local Architectural Engineering at Drexel,
22 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 23Trends in Smart City Development
the university “has had a long history develop, deploy, and maintain spatial
of working with agencies of the City of
Philadelphia to apply knowledge and
data, as well as provide 30 geospatial web
services. With over 200,000 hits daily,
Charlotte, NC
skills to help contribute to solutions the city’s geospatial web services and
to challenges that face the city.”5 In applications provide relevant information Over the past decade, Charlotte has undergone tremendous
collaboration with the city of Philadelphia, on urban development and have broad growth. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Charlotte saw the
Drexel and the University of Pennsylvania applications for Pennsylvania’s businesses
will focus on incorporating technology and nonprofits. 10th largest increase in population among large cities.
and analytics to improve existing public
service infrastructure, to measure the Community Engagement Charlotte grew by 17,695 people from Policy
impact of new infrastructures (to include July 2014 to July 2015, resulting in a total
green infrastructure), and to address Another initiative that the OIT is
population of 827,0978,9. While most Unlike other cities, where the city
inclusive economic development. working towards is Philly311, which
large cities such as New York, Boston, government plays a large role in many
will open the lines of communication
and Chicago are seeing slow or negative smart city initiatives, city leaders in
The University of Pennsylvania is also between Philadelphia residents and
growth, Charlotte has become a hub Charlotte have taken a more hands-off
partnering with the city of Philadelphia the government. Philly311 uses social
for major corporate expansions as well approach. Instead of actively collecting
to promote data collection via geospatial media and phone applications as a
as an expanding suburban population. data and constructing metrics, the
technologies that are used to visualize, forum to communicate with citizens
With vast amounts of rural area, warmer municipality has embraced a market-
measure, and analyze the earth’s features. in real time.7 An example of this
weather, and lower costs of living, oriented and facilitative role, aiming to
The technologies include GPS, GIS, and communication includes city leaders
southern cities such as Charlotte present “encourage independent actions from
remote sensing (RS). The OIT provides using Twitter to communicate to citizens
not only opportunity for business owners a wide range of participants.”12 The city
GIS services that help “develop and about traffic patterns. As Philadelphia’s
but also a more hospitable environment of Charlotte intends to use outside
deliver state-of the art.... technology and urban population continues to grow,
for families aiming to move away from resources to educate citizens on how
services to the enterprise (citywide).”6 Philly311 has the potential to improve
larger, overpopulated, and older cities. their behaviors contribute to problems
GIS Services Group (GSG) provides city communication between public officials
such as energy waste, and how they can
officials with the technology to help and residents. Much of Charlotte’s economic success is change those behaviors.13
attributed to being the second biggest
banking center in the country behind Administration
New York City. Charlotte hosts the
headquarters of Bank of America, as well One smart initiative is Envision
as major regional operational facilities for Charlotte, a non-profit public private
a number of other institutions, including collaborative organization established
Citi, Ally Financial, JPMorgan Chase, in 2011 and funded by grants from the
and Wells Fargo. New jobs are quickly Department of Energy. Envision focuses
being added to Charlotte as these on using sustainability to promote
banking institutions contribute to a wider economic development. Created by
economy in financial services. 10 With an partnerships between Duke Energy,
increase in available jobs, there has been Cisco, and Charlotte Center City
an influx of younger people moving to Partners, Envision Charlotte aims to
Charlotte for education and employment help “accelerate [initiatives] fueled by
opportunities.11 The city is currently facing civic and corporate leaders committed
the pressures of population growth, and is to further transforming the city into
focusing on ways to sustain this growth. the country’s most sustainable core.”14
24 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 25Trends in Smart City Development
In a statement about partnering with 1. Provide accessible information
Envision, Cisco Chairman and former
CEO John Chambers said, “as cities all
about energy use in buildings, load
factors, historical trends, and how
San Francisco, CA
over the world experience significant to interpret the information
population growth, the need to San Francisco is a worldwide tourist destination that houses some
2. Institute goals and opportunities
sustainably balance social, economic, and of the world’s largest financial institutions and is known as a city of
environmental resources becomes even through “Energy Action Plan”
more paramount… Cisco believes that innovation and technology.
3. Create campaigns, games and
technology can transform how the world
other initiatives to motivate
manages these energy and environmental
individuals to become “Smart In 2011, San Francisco was declared the Policy
challenges.” Greenest City in the U.S. and Canada
Energy Workers”
Green City Index and the Cleantech To achieve its zero waste goal, San
Envision’s first initiative was a partnership Capital of North America.19Like other Francisco displayed great political
4. Receive recognition in the
with Duke Energy to focus on reducing cities, San Francisco’s leaders want to determination in passing a raft of
community as their building
energy use in Charlotte’s Center City. make the city safer, more affordable legislation,20 including Resolution
advances through “Levels of
The project’s primary focus is on and equitable, and reduce its emissions Setting Zero Waste Date, the Mandatory
Achievement”18
reducing wasted energy consumption in footprint. Unfortunately, the dramatic Recycling & Composting Ordinance, and
commercial buildings within Charlotte’s
downtown area through innovative
Community Engagement population growth San Francisco has the Mayor’s Executive Order Enhancing
witnessed for the past decade has raised Recycling and Resource Conservation.
technologies that encourage energy Envision Charlotte has also been a model the cost-of-living to one of the most The city also provides online tools using
efficiency and changes in consumer for other cities in the United States to expensive nationally and strained the open source software and an open data
behavior.15 As of late 2015, the program engage their residents to change their city’s infrastructure and governance. For model to provide localized and accurate
successfully reduced power usage in behaviors and to promote sustainable this reason, San Francisco has led the way results.21 To complement these policies,
participating buildings by 8.4 percent and communities. A spin-off group called in incorporating sustainable, innovative, the city partners with like-minded
saved more than $10 million.16 Envision America will help other cities and ambitious strategies to accelerate its organizations to develop new programs
learn from the Charlotte campaign. As of smart city adoption. and create a culture of recycling and
Although fairly new, Envision has already
2016, ten cities were selected to kick off composting.
impacted Charlotte. From partnering with In pursuit of this goal, San Francisco
Envision America initiatives and to attend
Duke Energy on this initial project, Duke focuses on using technology to make To reach San Francisco’s goal of
workshops that will bring together city
Energy has been able to commercialize building operations more efficient, becoming carbon-free by 2030, the
leaders, smart city experts, and corporate
“Smart Energy in Offices” (SEiO). By reduce energy use, streamline waste city has implemented a comprehensive
partners to learn about the successes of
“adopting a team mindset and fostering management systems, and improve set of incentive programs to improve
Envision Charlotte and to start facilitating
ownership -- two key elements in any transportation systems, all of which the performance of new and existing
project planning and implementation.
successful work environment- SEiO contribute toward greening the city. buildings. Various technology applications
makes it simple… for property managers, The city aims to achieve zero waste by have helped enhance these programs.
building operators, and tenants to 2020, become carbon-free by 2030, and For example, the San Francisco Energy
minimize workplace energy use.”17 SEiO meet transportation-related demand Map is a tool that tracks solar and wind
will help teams reduce energy waste with by creating a safer and more efficient installations across the city. Residents or
the following steps: transportation experience for everyone. businesses can go to the website to see
To achieve these goals, San Francisco their roof’s solar potential and access
uses a three-pronged approach that rebates. Likewise, the Honest Buildings
addresses both policy and administrative program helps buildings save energy using
challenges and works to actively engage a software platform. The online portal
the community in all of these initiatives. informs property owners, managers, and
26 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 27Trends in Smart City Development
tenants about their building’s performance their authority available on DataSF. DataSF Community Engagement project. The project helps businesses
and provides the most effective energy uses transportation data to improve transform prototypes into products and
efficiency strategies to help them reduce transportation needs and commute The city’s Open Data Policy highlights services by designating zones throughout
utility costs.22 times, and to help meet greenhouse the social and economic benefits of the city where businesses can use city
gas reduction goals. The platform also increased government efficiency and assets to demonstrate new and emerging
Muni Forward is a project that takes a provides an app for Muni bus or train civic engagement.25 Making data publicly technologies. The project provides
holistic view of transportation in San commuters that lets commuters buy Muni available is a great way for cities to innovators with a real-world setting to
Francisco by making the system smarter. tickets and plan their trips. engage with their communities. SFMTA test new ideas, evaluate next generation
Using the 1973 Transit First Policy, which proactively solicits community input technologies, and collect data about
gave priority to public transit vehicles Administration and shares its plans, data, and success impact. It also encourages businesses
on San Francisco streets, along with widely and visibly. SFMTA uses its to engage in advancing the city’s
improved technology and infrastructure, San Francisco’s smart city programs interactive performance dashboards to sustainability goals, promotes efficient
San Francisco aims to make getting are quite ambitious and require strong collect feedback and track its progress in government, and ensures a better
around safer and more reliable. Muni partnerships between public agencies meeting the goals and objectives outlined quality of life for San Francisco residents,
Forward is replacing transit signals in and the private and non-profit sector. in its strategic plan. SFMTA also uses the all while educating the public about
San Francisco with new signals that can With its strong leadership, the city is ‘capital improvements’ map to inform the innovative solutions in the process.26
detect an oncoming Muni train or bus attempting a collection of pragmatic projects and programs across the city.
and hold the green light, allowing the and effective policy reforms. The San Likewise, the San Francisco Department Mayor Lee’s leadership supports
transit vehicle to make it to the next stop Francisco Municipal Transportation of the Environment put its mission into San Francisco’s sustainability goals
faster, reducing traffic congestion, and Agency (SFMTA) and the San Francisco action by mobilizing communities. To by developing the city’s Cleantech,
improving reliability. The city has also Department of the Environment are meet its 2020 goal of zero waste, it transportation, energy, waste, built
created a state-of-the-art Transportation playing prominent roles in the city’s smart continues to develop new programs and environment, and other sectors
Management Center (TMC) to improve city initiatives and have cross cutting expand community outreach. The agency for maximum effectiveness and
communication with Muni bus and goals of improving San Francisco’s transit believes that community engagement environmental benefit.27 With so
train drivers, helping it monitor and while pursuing environmental goals like enables city staff to better understand many smart city initiatives on the
improve transit services. Finally, the radio zero carbon. The city plans to implement barriers and challenges to zero waste and ground and the city’s reputation for
communication system was modernized Muni Forward in phases to optimize carbon free programs, create or adjust being technologically innovative, it is
and incorporated with an Intelligent financing and minimize service disruption. programs, and plan for the future. unsurprising that San Francisco is a global
Transportation System (ITS). On November 4, 2014, San Francisco leader in smart city development
voters approved Proposition A, which Another smart city initiative Mayor Ed Lee
These are only some examples of how included $150 million in funding to design introduced is the Living Innovation Zones
San Francisco is becoming a smart city and build Muni Forward projects. Future
leader by using technology to improve funding is expected from other sources
its public services. None of these smart for a combined total funding of $230
city initiatives would have been possible million.24 SFMTA also manages SFpark to
without the city’s open data platform, improve parking in the city by collecting
San Francisco OpenData. San Francisco and distributing real-time information
OpenData is the city’s open data portal about available parking spots.
and a product of the official open data
program that was launched in 2009.23
DataSF is the city’s one-stop website
for government data. The open data
legislation requires city departments to
make all non-confidential datasets under
28 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 29Trends in Smart City Development
New Delhi, India
another attempt at enabling better living there is no information available to the
conditions and achieving higher economic public regarding the deployment of open
growth in 100 Indian cities.37 Prime data or use of specific technologies like
Minister Narendra Modi saw challenges as cloud storage or big data, as outlined
New Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. The population of an opportunity and introduced his smart by the relevant policies and laws.40
Delhi has increased rapidly over the past decade, reaching 18.6 million in 2016, cities initiative.38 Drawing on the practices adopted by
and it is expected to grow another 40 percent by 2020.28 cities across the world, the Centre for
In parallel to the New Delhi Municipal Internet & Society suggests that smart
Council’s smart city project cities in India should adopt robust
At this rate of accelerated urbanization, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) implementation, the Delhi Development regulatory and governance frameworks
government is under tremendous pressure was established in 1995 and began Authority (DDA) has introduced a land regarding technical standards, open data,
to deliver public services like transportation, construction on October 1, 1998.31 pooling policy to address one of Delhi’s and data security and data protection
water, electricity, and affordable housing. The Delhi Metro project became the primary challenges: affordable housing policies.41 Nevertheless, India’s Open Data
In the past two decades, Delhi’s urban area first railway project in the world to be to accommodate its growing population Policy and data protection standards
has almost doubled, leading the average certified for carbon credits for reducing as well as to lay the infrastructure to under section 43A of the Information
commute to increase from 8.5 kilometers greenhouse gas emission by the United implement ICT technology as proposed Technology Act (ITA) do apply and help
to 10.4 kilometers.29 Distant city residents Nations.32 To improve the train system’s by the municipal council for the to ensure the sustainability and efficiency
rely on automobiles, contributing to efficiency, DMRC partnered with Google smart cities challenge grant. Besides of the county’s smart cities while
traffic congestion, rising greenhouse gas India (through Google Transit) in 2010 regulating the land pooling policy, DDA safeguarding individual rights.
emissions, air pollution, and poor public to provide free train schedule and route is also committed to accountability
and transparency by allowing the
health. Without the right design and information to commuters through mobile Administration
planning by the city, existing problems of devices with Google Maps.33 By the population to monitor its infrastructure
congestion, traffic, pollution, and safety will second-half of 2016, DMRC is planning projects online. All construction-related The central government approved a
only metastasize and worsen. to provide free high-speed broadband data are updated in real-time in online budget of INR 48,000 crore (USD 7.8
internet to its 2.7 million passengers.34 measurement books that then link billion) to be spent over a five-year
The government of India has historically Commuters will then be able to access them with a contractor’s payment and period (FY 2016 to FY 2020) on smart
promoted various urban development real-time information regarding train customer feedback to ensure higher cities initiatives in 100 designated cities
initiatives, such as the Integrated location, approach, and destination, and quality of work.39 The system also offers a in India. The state and local governments
Development of Small and Medium navigate between different lines. The library of General Packet Radio Services are expected to equally match the
Towns (IDSMT) program in 1979 and the Delhi Government plans to introduce of construction sites and status reports. central government funds. According
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal a Common Mobility Card2016, which to the Smart City Mission Statement
Mission (JNNURM) in 2005. However, New Delhi residents and the local
will allow riders to access Metro trains, & Guidelines (2015), India’s objective
many urban development goals have government are using social media
Delhi Transportation Corporation buses, is to promote cities that provide core
barely been met. Due to either economic, actively during planning and
and cluster buses.35 Delhi Metro is an infrastructure and give a decent quality of
technological, or political reasons, only a implementation. In the wake of smart
excellent example of a city transportation life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable
few local governments have been able to cities initiatives and active social
system that gradually adopted smart city environment, and application of smart
take sufficient steps towards implementing media, no enabling legislation or policy
systems. solutions. The focus is on sustainable and
best practices and meeting these goals in has been formulated by the central
inclusive development in compact areas
their cities.30 As the country’s government changed government, apart from releasing a
to create a replicable model for other
in 2014, an emphasis was placed on the “Mission Statement and Guidelines” for
aspiring cities.42
Policy use of smart principles for improving the smart cities competition. Neither
conditions in existing towns and cities the national nor the local government Among 100 cities, NDMC received a grant
After more than 40 years of studies across the country.36 In June 2015, the provides any relevant applicable laws from the central government to foster the
into a rail-based mass transit system, Smart Cities Mission was launched as yet and policies for the initiative. Likewise, efficient management of urban services
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