ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN ...
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ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE
EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE
OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
MOELYANTO*
MARSETIO**
A. OCTAVIAN**
R.O. BURA**
I. N. PUTRA**
* Doctoral Student, Indonesia Defense University (IDU), Indonesia
**Indonesia Defense University (IDU), Indonesia
Abstract:The Indonesian nation is currently continuing to develop the strength
of the Indonesian Navy’s submarine fleet to increase the deterrence of the national
defense system and to ensure the security and safety of shipping in strategic maritime
routes. The Indonesian Navy submarine is capable of supervising ships sailing or
entering and leaving Indonesian waters freely and without being detected by the
sonar of warships and submarines of other countries. The limited operational time
of the submarine can be caused by several things, both related to the characteristics
of the submarine related to the technology used, and the availability of logistics
and supporting infrastructure for the submarine’s operations. The Submarine cannot
continuously dive during its operation to secure and enforce the sovereignty of the
Indonesian national jurisdiction. Focus of research is on the determinant influence
of infrastructure on submarine operational durability to increase the deterrence of
the state defense system at sea. This research uses a qualitative analysis method
with the development of thinking through interviews, Focus Group Discussions
(FGD), Round Table Discussions (RTD), and semi-structured interviews to obtain
data about submarine operational durability. This research found that there was a
significant influence on the causal relationship between the two variables with the
following information: 1) Submarines can only contribute to increase the deterrence
of the state defense system at sea; 2) To be able to realize submarine operational
resilience, determinant infrastructure support is needed that can be provided by the
Indonesian National Army (TNI), in this case, the Navy and the Defense Industry
(State and Private Owned Enterprises).
Key words: Indonesian Navy, Indonesia Warship (KRI), Determinant
Infrastructure, Submarine Technology, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Round
Table Discussions (RTD).
211ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
INTRODUCTION Article 6. One of the effective
forces to build deterrence in the
As an archipelagic country national defense strategy at sea is
with 2/3 of its territory constituting a submarine fleet (Green & Long,
the sea (Sebastian et al., 2014), 2017). The effectiveness of the
it is necessary to carry out the submarine force is expressed in its
development of Navy to realize a ability to launch continuous attacks
state defense system at sea (Putri: into strategic areas of the opposing
2017). To answer the needs of country and ward off potential
the development of a Navy force threats from countries that have
that has deterrent capabilities, the greater military power (Andersson:
Indonesian Navy is responsible 2016). Regarding the strategic
with the development of a value of submarines, silence, and
national defense strategy at, and/ speed of a submarine can paralyze
or by sea, hereinafter known as a strategic maritime route (maritime
the Archipelago Marine Defense chokepoint) and threaten the safety
Strategy (SPLN) (Putra et al., 2017). of shipping commercial vessels and
This strategy is an elaboration of the navy (Joiner & Atkinson, 2016).
the defense system that takes into Indonesian waters, which
account the geographical conditions are located on the Equator, are
of Indonesia as an archipelagic tropical waters that contain a lot
country and implements state of fish, plankton, and also many
defense in an active, multi-layered straits that can be used as a strategic
manner, and can ward off all threats tool, as an effective place to avoid
to prevent war, overcoming threats detection of other countries’ naval
from the marine aspect, internal forces infiltrating Indonesian
security disturbances and armed waters (Susilo et al., 2019). The
rebellion in the territory of the Indonesian nation is currently
Republic of Indonesia in creating a continuing to develop the strength
safe and controlled Archipelago Sea of the Indonesian Navy’s submarine
(Marsetio: 2014). fleet to increase the deterrence of
The development of the naval the national defense system and
force also needs to be carried out to ensure the security and safety
strategically and effectively to of shipping in strategic maritime
realize the desired deterrence as routes (Indonesian Archipelago Sea
mandated in Law Number 3 of Route - ALKI) (Susilo et al., 2019).
2002 Article 3 Paragraph 2 and The Indonesian Navy submarine is
212Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
capable of supervising ships sailing Based on these data, it can be
or entering and leaving Indonesian seen that the longest operation was
waters freely and without being recorded for 196 days in 2017, and
detected by the sonar of warships the shortest for 8 days in 2016. In
and submarines of other countries terms of operating data per KRI,
(Ministry of Defence, 2015). the longest operating time was
The ability of a submarine to be only carried out by KRI NGL-
undetectable during its operational 402 in 2017 for 164 days. The
life both at the bottom of the water data in Table 1 shows the limited
(operational depth) and at the water operational time for KRI types of
surface (periscope depth and surface submarines and the vulnerability
depth) is both an advantage and a to the state defense system at sea,
weakness regarding the operational especially underwater security from
durability of the submarine. This the activities of other countries that
shows the importance of submarines operate their submarines through
to always be felt in the area of Indonesian waters. This data shows
operation, but the exact location that there has been a large number
cannot be known. Based on Table of voids in guarding Indonesia’s
1, information on the operational underwater areas. Following the
time of KRI for submarine types understanding that the shorter the
for the period 2012 - 2019 which is ability of a submarine to be in the
the cumulative data on submarine area of operation and maintain the
operational days (CKA-401, NGL- confidentiality of its existence, there
402, NPS-403, ADL-404). is a sense of vulnerability as far
Table 1. Number of Submarine Operation Days 2012 – 2019
Name of
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
KRI
CKA-401 - 114 - - - - - -
NGL-402 76 60 75 45 8 164 93 69
NPS-403 32 42 49
ADL-404 42 9
TOTAL 76 174 75 45 8 196 177 127
213ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
as the the ability to deter the state the sovereignty of the Indonesian
defense system at sea is concerned national jurisdiction. This shows
(Laksmana: 2014). that it is necessary to provide such
The limited operational time infrastructure in the submarine
of the submarine can be caused by operational area (Laksmana:
several things, both related to the 2014). Apart from supporting the
characteristics of the submarine operational needs of submarines,
related to the technology used, and strategically the infrastructure must
the availability of logistics and also be able to support operational
supporting infrastructure for the needs to support the Navy’s
submarine’s operations. The ability power projection. The preparation
of the submarine to operate depends of infrastructure to support the
on the fuel capacity, the battery operational needs of submarines and
resistance of the propulsion system, the Navy as a whole can be done by
and the availability of oxygen for the studying other countries and how
crew (Herz, et al., 2017). Meanwhile, they develop their infrastructure
logistical needs and supporting support systems. Naval forces in
infrastructure related to submarine other countries that are currently
operational needs include the need of concern include China, the
for improvements to equipment United States, Russia, and India. In
and systems in the submarine, as the decades following the 2000s,
well as the support facilities at the the development of China’s naval
front and forward bases to meet power became a topic of worldwide
the needs of logistics, fuel, fresh- concern (Friedman: 2019).
water, oxygen generator cartridges, The US and Chinese naval
and remote locations for supplies of bases can be used as an ideal base
re-availability, logistical support, facility reference to support the
battery maintenance facilities, operational durability of the Navy in
submarine docking stations, general and specifically to support
submarine battery recharging and submarine operational security.
discharging facilities, messing Referring to the US and Chinese
facilities for personnel (Jeon: 2020). naval base infrastructure, the
Faced with a stretch of Indonesian Navy base infrastructure
Indonesian waters spanning almost still needs development, both in
4,000 nautical miles, the Submarine quantity and quality, to be able to
cannot continuously dive during support the operational durability
its operation to secure and enforce of ships in general and submarines
214Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
in particular. Until now, submarine and fostering of the submarine-type
maintenance and repair facilities in KRI force is very complex. With
Indonesia are only at Surabaya Naval the background of the problems that
Base. The infrastructure facilities have been described, this research
mentioned above are the facilities is very important to do in order to
needed to support the operational describe existing conditions and
durability of the submarine. This can be used as a consideration
condition is considered very difficult in making solutions to deal with
in optimizing the role of the base problems that exist today. Some
for the submarine fleet (Mian et al., of the literature used as support
2019). in conducting this research, such:
These facts are in line with Research by Friedman, N (2019)
Anderson’s (2016) statement that entitled Strategic Submarines
to obtain the effectiveness of the and Strategic Stability: Looking
defense system’s deterrence using Towards the 2030s, states that
a submarine fleet it is necessary to submarines can operate strategically
increase maintenance capabilities, in water areas where it is difficult to
logistical support, crew training, detect their presence. The biggest
command and control capabilities, challenge to finding a submarine is
submarine rescue, surveillance, and due to its operational environment
seabed mapping. This statement rather than technological factors.
shows that the strategic value of Anderson in Submarine capabilities
the Navy’s submarine capabilities and conventional deterrence in
is greatly influenced by the ability Southeast Asia (2016) states that
of its supporting infrastructure to be submarines are the weapon of
able to maintain the confidentiality choice to fight stronger enemies.
of submarine operations. However, The author also examines countries
infrastructure development supp- in Southeast Asia that are beginning
orts the operational resilience to equip their militaries with
of submarines in the face of the submarines.
limitations of the state’s ability Research by Opresnick D. et
to meet the development and al entitled the Conceptualization
development needs of defense of sustainability in operations
equipment (Ghosh: 2013). Flowing management (2015) discusses
from the above discussion, it can be operational resilience in
felt that in making strategic decisions manufacturing organizations.
that are relevant to the development Stebbins’ in Broaching the ship:
215ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
rethinking submarines as a signaling defense system at sea, making this
tool in naval diplomacy (2015) research a novelty. This research
states that submarines have strategic describes qualitative analysis method
value in supporting naval diplomacy with the development of thinking
compared to deploying aircraft through interviews, Focus Group
carriers. One of the beneficial factors Discussions (FGD), Round Table
is the factor of lower operating costs. Discussions (RTD), and semi-
Research entitled Toward a theory for structured interviews to obtain
dissuasion (or deterrence) by denial data about submarine operational
discusses methods for implementing durability.
deterrence in the Australian defense The results of this research can
system (Davis, et al., 2016). There is a be used as a reference for determining
pool of research in the field, and some policies in increasing the deterrence
of the most relevant titles are listed of the state defense system at sea.
as follows: Innovation and Learning This paper was divided into several
in High-Reliability Organizations: parts, including the second part that
A Case Study of United States and contains basic concepts and literature
Russian Nuclear Attack Submarines review, the third part contains research
1970-2000 (Bierly et al., 2008); methods, the fourth part contains the
Danger and New Risk for Nuclear results of research and discussion and
Submarine in South Asia (Mian et al., the fifth part contains conclusions.
2019) ; Test and Evaluation for early
adaptive designs in Australia’s Future 1. MATERIAL & METHOD
Submarine (Joiner & Atkinson,
2016); Study for Safety Operational 1.1. National Interest
Envelope of a submarine in Jamming By the Indonesian Defense
(Park et al., 2017); Evaluation of White Paper, the Indonesian Nation
Naval Submarine Seakeeping Criteria builds a defense system by identifying
(Moonesun et al., 2015); Framing for various threats as the main factors
Threats and Deterrence from Nuclear that form the basis for the preparation
Submarine in the South Atlantic of the national defense system design,
(Herz et al., 2017). both actual and potential. The types of
Locus and the object of this threats identified as potential for the
research are carried out on submarines present and future can be classified
owned by the Indonesian State, the into three types, including military
focus of research is on the determinant threats, both armed and unarmed,
influence of infrastructure on non-military threats, and hybrid
submarine operational durability to threats. Therefore, the development
increase the deterrence of the state of defense forces which is manifested
216Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
in the development of military forces threatening to give severe penalties –
is an absolute necessity to guarantee (deterrence by punishment) – such as
and protect the national interests of nuclear escalation or heavy economic
the Indonesian people in the arena of sanctions, in the event of an attack
international relations (Ministry of (Senol & Karacuha, 2020).
Defence, 2015).
Efforts to realize a State 1.3. Submarines in the State
Defense that is capable of handling Defense System at Sea
the security of the Maritime Area is A submarine is a strategic
carried out by deploying Sea-power weaponry in the Navy that has
in a task force capable of reaching operational capability, such as
the boundaries of the Indonesian tactical and strategic surveillance
Exclusive Economic Zone effectively and reconnaissance, anti-ship war,
and capable of exercising control anti-submarine war, attack to vital
of the marine area of national target on land (precision strike),
jurisdiction (Bueger & Edmunds, raid amphibious operation, mine
2017). The Navy has a unique ability deployment to the SAR operation,
compared to other militaries, namely and VVIP security (Suseto, et al.,
the ability to produce coercive signals 2018). Marsetio (2014) predicted
and deterrence to the enemy. Naval that submarines will have a leading
power can effectively transmit these role in the future, compared with
signals, and their effectiveness stems surface combatants, considering its
from two unique features of Navy secret trait and mobility which can
capabilities (Susilo, et al., 2019). reach further water area. Infiltration
and exfiltration operations will be
1.2. Defense Strategy more effective using submarines in
intelligence operations against other
Two basic things need to be
countries.
described in the implementation of
a national defense system strategy
1.4. Operational Durability
that has deterrent capabilities. First,
Durability is a complex
deterrence by denial strategies to
concept, but it is made possible to
prevent an action by making the
filter the most fundamental aspects
enemy predict is impossible or
to adopt the system approach,
unlikely to succeed, thereby denying
the potential enemy’s confidence in which system is defined simply as
achieving its objective of deploying a set of elements that relate to each
sufficient military forces for the other (or subsystem). The strategy
invasion. Second, there is the of durability and sustainability of
deterrence strategy that relies on operation of State Defense System
217ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
is a secret in general, maintained by command and control capabilities,
a state which uses it. Operational submarine rescue, seabed monitoring,
durability strategy in the case of the and mapping. Determination of the
manufacturing industry is formulated technology that needs to be installed
through a capability approach to on a submarine generally takes into
ensure strategy (planning) and account the operational tasks to be
carried out, the operation area-range-
operation (implementation) which
transit time, speed, diving depth,
is sustainable (Mora et al., 2009).
passive defense, weapons systems,
According to research in the field, rescue and rescue, re-support,
operational durability strategy must maintenance, and average size of
consider environmental factors crew (Joiner & Atkinson, 2016).
(Trost: 2000). The schematic of the
relationship between the enduring 1.6. Determinant Infrastructure
factors in operations management is In the terminology of the
shown in Figure 1. United States of America military,
infrastructure is defined as the whole
1.5. Submarine Operations building and permanent installation
In the context of operational required for support, placement, and
security, Anderson (2016) states that operation of military force, such
it takes mastery and preparation in as barracks, headquarters, airfield,
the areas of maintenance capabilities, communication, facility, warehouse,
logistical support, crew training, port, and maintenance station
Fig. no. 1 Durability in Operations Management
218Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
(Lostumbo et al., 2013). Military and success to obtain strategic results
infrastructure is required in supporting and outcomes (Jeon: 2020).
operational durability, but budget A system consists of many
availability and national resource in different elements, including those
general are limited to meet the need directly used in achieving the
for development and maintenance for actual mission (including, the main
military infrastructure (Ghosh: 2013). equipment installed in the system,
personnel as operators, features,
1.7. Submarine Logistical Support and so on) and maintenance support
System elements (for example, maintenance
The submarine (subsurface) personnel, test equipment,
logistical support system is not much maintenance facilities, spare parts,
different from the logistical support and parts and repair inventory).
system for above-surface warships. Supporting infrastructure is not often
A good logistics system, among other considered as the main element of a
things, forms the foundation that system, but the system may not be able
allows for flexibility and strategic to complete its specified functions if
mobility to support military operations it is not supported by the supporting
and warfare. Thus, the existence infrastructure (Blanchard: 2016).
of a sustainable logistics system Thus, the supporting infrastructure is
determines the success of a strategy. referred to as the main element in the
Therefore, qualified logistics will system, presented in the context of the
greatly determine tactical readiness system life cycle (Figure 2).
Fig. no. 2 Main Elements in a Logistic Support System (Blanchard: 2016)
219ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
This research was divided into needed when interpreting data. After
four main parts, including a) input, obtaining the qualitative research
b) process, c) output and outcome. database, the data compilation was
The input in this research was the carried out by decomposing the
perceived need for a determinant data according to the characteristics
infrastructure to support operational relevant to the research problem.
resilience of submarines to increase In the process of decomposing
the deterrence of the state defense the database, data were sorted and
system at sea. After the formulation reduced with a focus on the sections
of the research input, it was continued that were relevant to the research
with the research process that begins topic and ignoring other parts. The
with the formulation of the problem necessary parts are then rearranged
and carried out a literature review (the reconstruction phase) to obtain
to compile research hypotheses, the a pattern that is characteristic
formulation of research methodology of this research database. Upon
as a guide for data collection and obtaining the characteristics of
analysis. the data, data interpretation and
The next stage is data verification followed in order to
analysis. This research used obtain the meaning of each piece
qualitative analysis with a narrative of information obtained by looking
interpretation method where the for relationships, similarities,
qualitative data obtained was and differences. Furthermore, the
interpreted narratively to obtain relevant conclusions were drawn to
conclusions relevant to the research answer the research questions.
problem. The data obtained will be
grouped into categories of opinions, 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
facts, and knowledge. Opinions
related to the informants’ thoughts 2.1. Results
on a phenomenon that was asked in The qualitative data collection
the interview; facts regarding what of this research was carried out
the informants know; and knowledge through the implementation of
relating to what the informant knows Focus Group Discussions (FGD),
about the field in question. The results Round Table Discussions (RTD),
of the interviews obtained from and semi-structured interviews.
the previous stage are transcribed The implementation of the FGD
so that they form a database that involved the resource persons Rear
can be used and read repeatedly as Admiral Muhammad Ali, SE, MM
220Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
who at the time of the FGD served The resource persons and RTD
as Commander of Fleet I Command, participants included the Assistant
and Marx Jefferson who served as for Planning and Budget for the
Head of the Submarine Program of Chief of Staff of the Indonesian
PT PAL Indonesia (Persero), and was Navy, the Commander of the
attended by FGD participants who Indonesian Navy Command and
came from the Head Technology Staff School, the Governor of the
Transfer and Offset Division of the Naval Academy, a researcher at the
Defense Industry Policy Committee University of Indonesia, a researcher
at the Sepuluh Nopember Institute
(Rear Admiral TNI (Ret) Rachmad
of Technology and a researcher at
Lubis), BPPT Submarine Research the Defense University. Structured
Representatives and Research interviews were conducted. In this
Representatives from the Sepuluh research, the informants include
Nopember Institute of Technology Indonesian Navy Maintenance and
and the University of Indonesia. Repair Facility officials as submarine
Table 2. Experts in Research
No Expert Total Code
Commander of First Fleet Command,
1 1 E1
Vice Admiral Muhammad Ali
Head of the Submarine Program of PT PAL
2 Indonesia, 1 E2
Marx Jefferson
Head of the KKIP Technology Transfer and
3 Offset Division, Vice Admiral (Ret) Rachmad 1 E3
Lubis
4 Vice Admiral Iwan Isnurwanto 1 E4
5 Vice Admiral TNI Tunggul Suropati 1 E5
In this research, RTD was maintenance operators, officials in
carried out virtually by some experts Fleet Command II, Indonesian Navy
and practitioners in the field of Headquarters, Ministry of Defense,
defense and submarine technology. Indonesian Navy Base as submarine
221ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
operational and maintenance availability of submarine tenders,
regulators, Directors within State- and submarine logistical support.
Owned Enterprise (BUMN) as b. Determinant infrastructure
determinant infrastructure service to support submarine operational
providers for ship maintenance resilience is currently available only
and repair, Directors within Private at Surabaya Naval Base as the base
Owned Enterprise (BUMS) as for a submarine base (initial base)
determinant infrastructure service and its current condition needs to
providers for ship maintenance and increase its capacity and capability
repair, experts as expert resource according to the needs of submarines
persons in the field of national both in terms of quantity and
defense, academics as expert submarine equipment technology.
resource persons in the field of c. Shipyard (defense industry)
submarines, academics as resource supporting submarine operation,
person Infrastructure experts support maintenance and repair must have
submarine operations. mastery of submarine maintenance
Several qualitative information
and repair technology which requires
is obtained from informants. The
a large investment of capital and time.
identification if the latter was made
Currently, only PT PAL Indonesia
by using a purposive approach with
(Persero) can provide submarine
the consideration that only certain
maintenance and repair services so
personnel have knowledge and
that with the increasing number of
authority about the submarine, both
the management of the submarine submarines owned by the Indonesian
operation and the relevant Navy, the market for submarine
development, maintenance, and maintenance and repair is becoming
repair processes. Some important more extensive and is opening
points obtained from the results of opportunities for other shipyards,
qualitative data collection through both governmental and private. To
FGD, RTD, and semi-structured play an active role in supporting the
interviews include: operation, maintenance, and repair
a. The operational durability of submarines.
of a submarine is influenced by the d. To increase the operational
condition of the submarine and the durability of submarines, a
technology used, the availability commitment at a strategic level is also
and ability of material and needed to ensure the availability and
personnel maintenance facilities as a adequacy of submarine operational
determinant infrastructure to support budgets, including for submarine
submarine operational needs, the maintenance and repair activities.
222Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
e. Submarines can operate of a determinant infrastructure to
“openly” or “covertly” to maintain be distributed to the submarines in
confidentiality while creating need.
the required defensive system Referring to the results of
countermeasures. However, this the analysis, it can be understood
deterrence can only be obtained that the operational durability
if the submarine can sail and dive of submarines is influenced by
following its operational strategy of the determinant infrastructure,
maintaining secrecy. submarine technology, and
submarine logistical support, either
2.2. Discussion individually or simultaneously.
The influence of total submarine It is known that the determinant
technology through determinant infrastructure to support submarine
infrastructure dominantly affects operations is needed at 1) First Base;
the operational durability needs of 2) Early Base; 3) Front Base. The
the submarine. Referring to this, need for determinant infrastructure
it can be seen that the influence of in First Base is following the results
determinant infrastructure on the of an interview which states “...
operational durability of submarines in the future we will think about
becomes increasingly significant infrastructure that is mobile ...”
after being synergized with the (Rear Admiral TNI Muhammad
level of submarine technology Ali). This statement strengthens the
being operated. This means that the estimated value of First Base as the
technological level of the determinant most dominant compared to other
infrastructure needs to be adjusted dimensions (Early Base and Front
to the level of technology of the Base). By the submarine operation
equipment and systems installed pattern, First Base is an approach
on the submarine. Meanwhile, base before the submarines enter the
the logistical needs to support the combat area (operation).
operational resilience of submarines Preparation of determinant
will have an increased effect if they infrastructure can increase the
synergize with the determinant operational durability of submarines
infrastructure. This statement is strategically because they are still in
in accordance with the operating a safe area and allow submarines to
pattern that the submarine returns to immediately enter the operational
base, among others, to carry out re- area in a relatively short time.
provisioning of logistical needs. This Therefore, the provision of mobile
means that the logistical needs of infrastructure as a determinant
submarines require the availability infrastructure for the Indonesian
223ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
Navy task force can be prepared in master the technology of operating,
the area closest to the submarine maintaining, repairing and providing
operation area which is equivalent to the necessary infrastructure by the
the location of First Base. technology used (Anderson: 2016).
Based on the discussion in
2.3. Resilience of the State Defense this research, it can be concluded
System at Sea that the operational durability of
According to the above submarines has a significant effect
discussion, the operational on increasing the deterrence of the
resilience of submarines in this state defense system at sea provided
study is defined as the ability to that, among other things, the secrecy
maintain the KRI of a submarine of the submarine can be maintained
type to be in the operational area and the ship can be operated
for as long as possible without the continuously at sea. Maintaining
other party knowing (maintaining the confidentiality of the submarine
confidentiality). Admiral TNI requires a determinant infrastructure
(Ret.) Prof. Dr. Marsetio stated that correlates with the level/type of
that the Indonesian nation needed submarine technology in operation,
a minimum of 25 submarines to be submarine logistical support, a high
able to guard the country’s defense level of commitment to ensure the
system at sea, especially controlling availability of budget support for
subsurface security. submarine operations, maintenance
The resulting deterrence and repair. Besides, the involvement
of submarine operations is the of shipyards and the defense industry,
belief (perception) that a country both state-owned (BUMN) and
will be able to provide significant private-owned (BUMS) enterprises,
resistance to other countries with is needed to ensure the availability
a surprise attack on the center of of the determinant infrastructure
power of the intended country. This needed to support submarine
is in line with the statement of Rear operational resilience. Following
Admiral Muhammad Ali and Vice the analysis of interview data,
Admiral (Royal Australian Navy) determinant infrastructure needs
Tim Barret that the submarine’s to be provided (built) in Sumatra,
deterrence correlates with the sub’s Natuna, North Bali, Ambon,
operational durability, mobility, and Makassar, Palu, Tarakan, and Papua.
firepower. Besides, the effectiveness It is believed that the involvement of
of submarine operations depends shipyards owned by the government
on the ability of a country to and the private sector can support the
224Journal of Defense Resources Management Vol. 12, Issue 1 (22)/2021
operational resilience submarines, b. The operational durability
which in turn is expected to increase of a submarine is influenced by
the deterrence of the state defense the condition of the submarine
system at sea. and the technology used, the
availability and ability of material
3. CONCLUSIONS and personnel maintenance facilities
as a determinant infrastructure to
The effect of submarine support the operational needs of
operational resilience on the the submarine. This is supported by
deterrence of the state defense the fact that the Indonesian Navy
system at sea in this research was submarine experiences limited
carried out in a qualitative analysis. operational time because the
The qualitative analysis method was technology installed requires the
carried out because the deterrence submarine to return to its Surabaya
of a country’s defense system is base to carry out maintenance and
the perception of various parties, re-provision of the logistical needs
both (the state) that organizes the of the ship’s material and personnel.
defense system and other parties c. Determinant infrastructure
(state) in relation to the host country. to support operational resilience of
In a discussion of the effect of submarines is currently available
submarine operational durability on only at Surabaya Naval Base with
the deterrence of the state defense conditions requiring increased
system at sea, this research found capabilities by technological
that there was a significant influence developments and the number of
on the causal relationship between submarines of the Indonesian Navy.
the two variables with the following In line with the explanation in the
information: previous paragraph, the Indonesian
a. Submarines can only Navy submarine must return to its
contribute to increasing the Surabaya Naval Base.
deterrence of the state defense d. Currently, only PT PAL
system at sea if the ship is operating, Indonesia (Persero) as a shipyard
has motion and firepower. This is (defense industry) has the mastery of
consistent with the data obtained submarine maintenance and repair
from research informants and technology to support submarine
secondary data from interviews with operations, maintenance, and repair
international news reports. so a strategy is needed to increase the
225ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANT INFRASTRUCTURE EFFECT IN SUPPORTING SUBMARINE OPERATIONAL
DURABILITY TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE OF THE INDONESIAN STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM AT SEA
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