BeReal - Development of a New Test Method for Firewood Roomheaters Reflecting Real Life Operation - LEAP
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beReal - Development of a New Test Method for Firewood Roomheaters Reflecting Real Life Operation Biomass and Air Quality G. Reichert, H. Hartmann, W. Haslinger, H. Oehler, S. Pelz, C. Schmidl, M. Schwabl, H. Stressler, R. Sturmlechner, M. Wöhler, C. Hochenauer Piacenza, 10.10.2017
beReal – Vision & Mission
Reproducibility Real life relevance
High reproducibility of Test method and test
the test method is Development of a NEW TEST results reflect real life
guaranteed METHOD for firewood roomheaters operation
(EN 13240) and pellet stoves* (EN
14785) reflecting real life operation
Quality criteria Quality assurance
Test results can be Standardized data
used as a real quality analysis tool guarantees
criteria consistent data analysis
beReal Label:
• *Not in the scope of this presentation –
see also poster sessions
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
What is real life?
Findings of an online user survey & long term field measurements
European online survey Long term field measurements
■ Questionnaire about user behavior of ■ Investigations about draught conditions
firewood and pellet stoves and frequency of use (~4 months)
■ More than 2200 questionnaires completed ■ Evaluation of survey results
12
■ Ignition procedure:
Batches per heating cycle
Batches per heating cycle
10 Number of batches (survey)
Crosswise-
Crosswise- Small pieces –
no small pieces Campfire 8
small pieces on top logs on top
6
4
Firewood stove 2
28% 8% 41% 17%
(n=1183)
0
On top Upper third In the middle At the bottom
-30
Draught of operation in Pa
Firewood stove -25 -28
-26
17% 10% 6% 64%
(n=1183) -20 -23 -24
-21
-15 -18 -18
■ Fuel: ~80% uses firewood from -10
hardwood used -5 -8
-11
-3
■ Chimney heights: 5-10 meters (66%) 0
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Highlights of development process
Effect of draught conditions
5000
■ Tests with three different roomheaters
emissions
4000
mg/m³
3000
CO
■ One test cycle (5 batches) for each draught 2000
level – 12 Pa, 24 Pa and 48 Pa 1000
0
1000
emissions
mg/m³
800
OGC
600
400
200
0
200
emissions
mg/m³
150
PM
100
50
0
80
%
Correlation of draught conditions and efficeincy
75
Thermal
70
gaseous emission depend on the appliance 65
60
specifics 55
50
Higher draught conditions result in lower 12 Pa 24 Pa 48 Pa
thermal efficiency
Piacenza, 10.10.2017 - all emission concentrations in mg/m³, at STP conditions,
dry, transferred to 13 vol.-% O2
Highlights of development process
Investigation on different ignition modes
■ Top-down versus bottom-up Roomheater A Roomheater B
5000 5
ignition mode mg/m³
CO OGC Lambda
4000 4
2,732
Lambda
3000 2,092 3
2,292 2,323
2000 1,181 1,642 2
707 747
1000 381 1
245 362 396 79 164 159
38
■ Difference of beech and spruce 0 0
kindling material 200
160
mg/m³ PM
106
120 100 85 78 64 69 75 66
Beech Spruce 80
■ Start from cold conditions/ Three 40
test runs for each variation 0
100 84.0 86.1 86.4 86.5 250
Top-down ignition mode Bottom-up ignition mode 79.7 79.2 83.3 85.3
%
80 °C
200
Flue gas temperature
Variation 1 Variation 2 Variation 3 Variation 4
60 150
Spruce Beech Spruce Beech Thermal
40 efficiency 100
kindling kindling kindling kindling
20 Flue gas 50
(Spruce + (Beech + (Spruce + (Beech + temperature
Beech) Beech) Beech) Beech) 0 0
n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3
Top-down ignition mode not the Top-down Top-down Bottom-up Bottom-up Top-down Top-down Bottom-up Bottom-up
Spruce + Beech + Spruce + Beech + Spruce + Beech + Spruce + Beech +
best solution for each stove Beech Beech Beech Beech Beech Beech Beech Beech
- all emission concentrations in mg/m³, at STP conditions, dry, transferred to 13 vol.-% O2
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Highlights of development process
Thermal efficiency – the effect of cooling down
■ Comparative assessment of thermal
efficiency using the indirect (EN
13240) and direct (calorimeter room)
approach
■ Comparative test with a roomsealed
roomheater (3 batches per test cycle)
Cooling down process & air valve settings after
heating operation influence thermal efficiency
performance
should be respected in the beReal-Test procedure
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Suggested method “beReal-Firewood”
Test procedure and measurements
beReal – Firewood: Heating cycle including cooling down phase Test set-up
Constant controlled flue gas draught: 12 ± 2 Pa (∆p)
Batch 1 Batch 2 Cooling down
- Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 Batch 6 Batch 7 Batch 8
- Ignition Preheating (until T1 = 50°C)
PM PM PM PM
Batch 1 to 5: Batch mass represent nominal load (100% batch mass)
Batch 6 to 8: Batch mass represent partial load (50% batch mass)
Fuel: Beech or birch firewood with bark (each piece covered with bark >80% of surface area)
Mass of ignition batch (≥ 80% of the fuel mass representing nominal load)
Kindling material (≤ 25% of total batch mass) & starting aids (only bio based fire starters allowed paper
& liquids not allowed, max. 3% of total batch mass)
Air settings: Automatically // manually: fixed settings for ignition/preheating, nominal load, partial load, end
Measurements:
o Gaseous composition (FGC): O2, CO2, CO, NOx & OGC emissions
o Flue gas temperature (T1) – thermocouple, centrally located in the flue gas pipe
o Flue gas velocity and flue gas temperature (v, T2)
o Gravimetric PM measurement (PM2): Batch 1, 3, 5, 7 (PM1: acc. to prEN 16510-1)
Refilling: According to CO2 criterion: 25% of CO2,max (if CO2,max > 16 vol.-% 4 vol.-% CO2 absolute, if
CO2,max < 12 vol.-% 3 vol.-% CO2,absolute)
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Suggested method “beReal-Firewood”
Quality assurance: Quick-User-Guide, online tool
Quick-User-Guide Online tool
■ Guideline for operation during testing and ■ Standardized data calculation and result
also for heating by end-users in real-life report by an online evaluation tool
■ Relevant operation characteristics (http://bereal.bioenergy2020.eu/)
illustrated by text & by pictures ■ Username and password provided
■ Preparations by the administrative authority
■ Ignition mode ■ Input of general test data
■ Recharging ■ Upload of raw data and QUG
■ Fuel properties
■ Air settings
Piacenza, 10.10.2017beReal - Prüfmethode
Demonstration of real-life relevance
6000
■ In total 13 single firewood room heaters Beispiel-Ofen III
CO in mg/m³
4000
■ Day 1: according to normal user
2000
behaviour
■ Day 2: according to QUG by enduser 0
400
OGC in mg/m³
■ Day 3: beReal in the field 300
■ Room heater: „automatical“ ignition, as well as 200
100
automatic air supply control, LED signal for
0
refuelling 80
PM in mg/m³
60
40
20
QUG 0
90
Wirkungsgrad in % 80
70
Real-life relevance 60
QUG shows to have an impact 50
EN13240 - offiziell
Feld 3 (beReal)
beReal
Feld 1 (Nutzer)
nachgemessen
Feld 2 (QUG)
EN13240 -
Draught conditions show a huge impact on
energy efficiency
Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Labor - 12 Pa Naturzugbedingungen (Ø 38Pa)Summary
■ A new test method for firewood roomheaters called „beReal-Firewood“ was developed
focusing on real life operation
■ The findings of a European user survey, long term field measurements and extensive lab
testing on the effect of relevant operating parameters were the basis for the beReal test
procedure
■ An obligatory Quick-User-Guide is not only the basis for testing, but should also enhance
correct and appliance specific heating operation in real life
■ Validation tests showed in general a good repeatability of beReal testing
■ Main differences in the procedure of beReal-Firewood compared to existing EN type test
method:
Ignition and preheating included
No failed batches & “batch picking” (beReal result represents the whole test cycle)
Thermal efficiency includes cooling down losses
PM sampling during the entire batch
Evaluation and demonstration tests ongoing (Field tests & Round Robin Test): First results
reveal a good real-life relevance and sufficient reproducibility
Piacenza, 10.10.2017Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7-SME-2013) under Grant Agreement no. 606605. ■ More information about the beReal project available: http://www.bereal-project.eu/ Piacenza, 10.10.2017
Thank you for attention
Gabriel Reichert
Manuel Schwabl
Combustion Systems
BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH
Location Wieselburg
Tel: +43 7416 52238 73
gabriel.reichert@bioenergy2020.eu
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