Black Widow Grammar Tutorial
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Grammar Tutorial
Black Widow
Table of Contents
VL2151 DEM ADJ: ea
VL2152 DEM ADJ: haec
VL2153 DEM ADJ: illa
XL2155 DEM ADJ: ipsa
XL2156 DEM ADJ: eadem
VL2164 ADJ: Interrogative
VL2194 PRON: Interrogative
XL2195 PRON: Indefinite
VL2914 CLAUSE: Rel ADJ
VL2162 ADJ: Relative
XL2168 ADJ: Correlative
XL2156 ADJ: -ius GENTV
Demonstrative Adjectives
A demonstrative adjective is a word that demonstrates (i.e., points out) which
thing or person is being referred to. In English, there are only two demonstrative
adjectives: “this” and “that.” “This” points to something near the speaker; “that”
points to something away from the speaker. They are relative words — “this
dog” is near me, but for you across the room, it is “that dog.”
Latin has four demonstrative adjectives, which, as substantives, are used as the
personal pronouns for the third person (i.e., “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they”).
With Excerpts Taken From:
ALLEN and GREENOUGH’S NEW LATIN GRAMMAR for Colleges and Schools. GINN & Co.
1903
WEST, ANDREW FLEMMING. A LATIN GRAMMAR for Schools. D. APPLETON & CO. 1902
BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, GONZALEZ LODGE. A LATIN GRAMMAR: School Edi-
tion. UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1898
REV BA GREGG. A Vade Mecum eText. 2015.
QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / AP
VL2151 DEM ADJ: ea
If the demonstratives hic, iste, and ille cover first, second, and third
person viewpoints, what could a fourth demonstrative refer to? The
Latin demonstrative is, ea, id can be translated as “this” or “that.” It
doesn't matter which you chose because both are wrong.Is refers to
something that was just mentioned, or something that is just about to be
mentioned. Its reference point is conceptual, not spatial. Since is is so
dependent on context, it is difficult to give a worthwhile example of it in
action without a context. Where one sees is most often is as a pronoun.
VL2152 DEM ADJ: haec
Hic is basically Latin for “this.” It is the demonstrative adjective that
points to something near the speaker. Since grammatically the speaker
is called the first person, you could think of hic as a sort of first person
demonstrative adjective.
inter hōs servōs erat is
ACC + 0 V3S Imp-I Av NOM+0
object pg pt av subject
among these slaves was He
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / AP
VL2153 DEM ADJ: illa
The demonstrative ille is perhaps the adjective that most closely corre-
sponds to the English “that.” Before the adjective iste turned
mean, ille referred to something neither near the speaker nor near the
person being spoken to. After iste took on a life of its own, ille began to
refer to anything that was not near the speaker.
Most Romance languages take their third person pronouns (“he” and
“she”) and definite article adjective (i.e., their word for “the”) from ille.
Spanish has él, ella, el, and la for “he,” “she,” “the” (masculine), and
“the” (feminine). French: il, elle, le, la. Italian lui, lei, il, la.
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APRelative Adjectives
Relative Clause of Characteristic
Among the top three words in the Latin language judged by fre-
quency of appearance is the relative pronoun quī, quae,
quod. Quī is roughly the Latin word for “who,” “which,” “that” in
English. It is used to begin relative clauses.
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APRelative Adjectives
Relative Clause of Characteristic
Relative Adjective Clauses / Clause of Characteristic
Relative clauses are essentially clause-long modifiers like adjectives
and prepositional phrases. What distinguishes them is that they are a
whole clause long!
The key points to keep in mind regarding relative clauses are:
A relative pronoun takes its gender and number from its antece-
dent (the word it modifies).
A relative pronoun takes its case from its own function in its own
clause.
A relative pronoun takes its gender and number from its antecedent (the word it
modifi relative pronoun takes its gender and number from its antecedent (the word it
modifies).
Since relative pronouns stand in for nouns, they can have any case
and any case use a noun can have.
Nominative: Canem quī tria crura habēbat vīdī. (I saw a
dog that had three legs.)
Genitive: Dominus cuius servus effūgerat irātus erat. (The mas-
ter whose slave had run away was furious.)
Dative: Servus cui pecuniam dedistī effūgit. (The slave to
whom you gave the money ran away.)
Accusative: Canis quem vīdī tria crura habē-
bat. (The dog that I saw had three legs.)
Ablative: Oppidum in quō habitat parvum
est. (The town in which he lives is dinky.)
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APPersonal Pronouns
Latin personal pronouns are used the same way as English personal pronouns
are. There are, however, a couple of points to know about them.
First, thanks to personal endings on verbs, the nominative case form for the
first and second person really isn't necessary. If a verb ends in -m or -s or -
mus or -tis, then you automatically know that “I,” “you,” “we,” or “you” is the
subject. So why have it? Emphasis, that's all. When you want to emphasize a
person in English, you simply raise your voice. “Iwant to go home!” For Latin,
this approach is awkward. Domum redī re volī ! Rather than yell an ending,
Latin adds the nominative of the personal pronoun. Ego domum redī re volī!
(The pronoun may then be yelled for added emphasis.)
The second point is that the genitive case form of first and second person per-
sonal pronouns (meī, tuī, nostrī/nostrum, vestrī/vestrum) are never used
to show possession. To show possession (i.e., “my,” “your,” “our,” “your”),
you must use the possessive adjectives meus, tuus, noster, and vester,
which agree in gender, case, and number with whatever noun they are modi-
fying (e.g., pater meus, “my father”; mā ter tua, “your mother”; and so
on). The genitive case forms of personal pronouns are used for any genitive
use.
Why are there two different forms for the genitive plural? The first ones
(nostrum and vestrum) tend to be used in a partitive sense, while the sec-
ond ones (nostrī and vestrī) tend to be used objectively.
Partitive: Nē mo nostrum rūs cessit. (None of us went to the country.)
Objective: Odium vestrī nīs retinuit. (Hatred of you people kept us back.)
When a first or second person pronoun is used with the
preposition cum, the pronoun becomes enclitic (like the
conjunction -que); for example, mē cum,“with
me”; tēcum, “with you”; nōbīscum, “with
us”; vōbīscum, “with you.”
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APInterrogative Pronouns
Latin interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions where the
question word is "who?", "what?", "which one?", "what man/woman",
or "what thing?". Note that in the singular, the masculine and femi-
nine are declined the same way, but in the plural there are separate
forms for masculine and feminine. In addition, the plural, which is
rare, is the same as the Latin relative pronoun.
The interrogative adjective is declined like the relative pronoun qui,
quae, quod.
Carefully distinguish the meaning:
Quis es Minerva? Who is Minerva? (Interrogative Pronoun).
Quae dea est auctor amoris? What goddess is the author of love?
(Interrogative Adjective)
Quid est consilium hostium? What is the plan of the enemy?
(Interrogative Pronoun).
Quod consilium hostes habuerunt? What plan did the enemy
have? (Interrogative Adjective)
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APXL2155 DEM ADJ: ipsa
In our earlier discussion of personal pronouns, you read that the
nominative case forms of personal pronouns were redundant since
the personal endings (for first and second person, anyway) were dis-
tinct. The function of the nominative case for personal pronouns,
then, was to emphasize. Emphasis is the only role of intensive adjec-
tives. Where demonstrative adjectives point a finger at something,
intensive pronouns shake it. Like demonstrative adjectives, intensives
can also be used as pronouns.
In Latin, ipse is the most important intensive adjective used to show
emphasis. In English, we can use tone, when speaking, or, when
writing, use italics or underlining. There are also a couple of ways to
phrase emphasis by adding words. Unfortunately, the words English
uses to do whatipse does are usually used to show other things, so
some awkwardness and confusion can occur.
One way is to use the word “very,” as in “My grandfather used to live
in this very house [as opposed to any other].” (Avus meus in hāc
domū ipsā habitābat.) The other way is more confusing than awk-
ward. It requires a “-self” word. The confusion arises in that English
also uses -self words as reflexives, even though the two uses are ex-
tremely different. “I myself [as opposed to anyone
else] used to live in this house, too.” (Et ego ipse
in hāc domū habitābam.)
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APXL2156 DEM ADJ: eadem
īdem, eadem, idem
The intensive adjective īdem can be used the same way as ipse, but
its true meaning lies closer to the English word “same.” “My grandfa-
ther used to live in this same house [as opposed to any
other].” (Avus meus in hāc domū eādem habitābat.)
V.L.2.1.5.1. DEM ADJ: ea V.L.2.1.5.6. DEM ADJ: eadem
FEM MAS NEU FEM MAS NEU
S NOM ea is id eadem īdem idem
S ACC eam eum id eandem eundem idem
S ABL eā eō eō eādem eōdem eōdem
S DAT ei ei ei eidem eidem eidem
S GEN eius eius eius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
P NOM eae iī ea eaedem īdem eadem
P ACC eās eōs ea eāsdem eōsdem eadem
P ABL iīs iīs iīs iīsdem īsdem īsdem
P DAT iīs iīs iīs iīsdem iīsdem iīsdem
P GEN eārum eōrum eōrum eārundem eōrundem eōrundem
You have, no doubt, already noticed what is peculiar about
īdem — it declines on the inside! Or so it seems. The inten-
sive adjective īdem is really is with the suffix -dem attached.
The influence of the suffix creates a few changes in the forms
of is that you should be aware of. First, the masculine nomi-
native singular is missing the -s. Second, for all forms
of is that end with -m (accusative singular and genitive plu-
ral), the -m changes to -n, so eam + dem gives
you eandem. This occurs to make the word easier to say.
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APXL2168 ADJ: Correlative
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QuickStart Grammar Avengers’ Mansion/ Tower SAT2 / APXL2156 ADJ: -ius GENTV
There is a small group of adjectives in Latin that follow a spe-
cial declension. Their irregularities are very similar to the ma-
jority of new forms presented here.
The most obvious difference from regular first/second declen-
sion adjectives (and most obvious similarity to the adjectives
in this chapter) is in the genitive singular (-ī us) and the da-
tive singular (-ī).
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