BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG - ECOLOGIC ENTOMOLOGY
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals and Home Gardeners
The brown marmorated stink bug bands on the antennae, although there
(Halyomorpha halys) or BMSB is native are tiny light-colored striations where
to Eastern Asia, mainly China, Korea, the antennae segments join (Figure 2).
Japan, and Taiwan. The first report The consperse stink bug, Euschistus con-
of this species in the United States spersus, has banded abdomen edges like
occurred in Pennsylvania in 2001, al- BMSB but no bands on its antennae, and
though it is likely to have established the legs have distinct dark spots rather
as early as 1996. It has been found in than marbled markings and white
at least 40 states, either as reproducing bands; it is also a little smaller with a Figure 1. Adult (left) and late-stage
populations or single sightings; and the length of about 1/2 inch (Figure 3). nymph (right) of BMSB. (S. Ausmus, USDA)
list of states with official sightings has
grown each year. The brown marmorat- Eggs are barrel shaped, white to pale green, and laid in clusters on leaves (Figure
ed stink bug was first found in Oregon 4). Nymphs shed their outer skin (molt) as they progress through five stages or
in 2004 and has spread through many
parts of that state and into Washington.
In California a reproducing popula-
tion was first found in Pasadena and
San Marino (Los Angeles County) in
2006, and it has since been detected in
many other parts of California. In 2013,
large reproducing populations were
discovered in Sacramento and Yuba
City. As BMSB expands its range on the
West Coast, it will likely continue to be
found first in urban areas.
IDENTIFICATION
The adult BMSB is a typically-shaped
stink bug, about 5/8 inch long, and
marbled brown. It can be distinguished
from other stink bugs of comparable
size and color by the following charac-
teristics: the antennae have two white Figure 2. The rough stink bug (left) can be confused with the brown marmorated
stink bug (right) but the top edge of its thorax (or “shoulder”) is toothed and its
bands; the forward edge of the head
antennae are not banded. (C. Hedstrom, Oregon State Univ.)
is blunt; the margin of the shoulder
(thorax) is smooth; the legs are marbled
brown with faint white bands; the
membranous parts of the forewings
have dark bands at the tip; and a
banded abdominal edge is visible to
the side of the wings (Figure 1). BMSB
is commonly mistaken for other stink
bugs, especially the rough stink bug,
Brochymena sulcata, due to its similar size
and brownish color. The rough stink Figure 3. The consperse stink bug, , Figure 4. Egg mass (hatched) laid on the
bug has a rough shoulder margin, the has bands on its abdomen, no banding underside of a Chinese pistache leaf.
forward edge of the head is extended on its antennae or legs, and is slightly
(C. Ingels, UCCE, Sacramento)
with two points, and there are no white smaller than BMSB. (J.K. Clark, UCIPM)
PEST NOTES Publication 74169
Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program May 2014
May 2014 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
nymphal instars before becoming The stink bugs also feed on fruit or
adults. Nymphs range in size from 2.4 seed pods of ornamental tree and
mm (first instar) to 12 mm (fifth instar). shrub species, especially tree-of-heaven
The newly hatched nymph has an or- (Ailanthus altissima), princess tree (Pau-
ange abdomen with dark brown plates lownia tomentosa), Catalpa (Catalpa spp.),
and brown head and thorax (Figure 5). English holly (Ilex aquifolium), Southern
First instars remain clustered around magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), red-
the egg cases feeding from the egg bud (Cercis spp.), and Chinese pistache
before dispersing, sometimes remain- (Pistacia chinensis). The feeding effect on
tree health, particularly young trees, is
ing until they molt to the second instar.
still being evaluated. A list of over 170 Figure 5. Newly hatched nymphs and
The newly-molted second instar has egg mass. (D.R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ,
host species, including those that at-
an almost black appearance; subse- Bugwood.org)
tract the highest densities, can be found
quent instars (third through fifth) have at StopBMSB.org. The list of host plants
marbled brown head and thorax and will likely increase as the pest spreads
reddish brown, black, and white ab- to new regions.
domen markings (Figure 1, insect on
right). They have distinct white bands BMSB may reach very high numbers,
on the antennae and legs and spines in and since one bug can feed on many
front of red eyes and on shoulder edges. fruit sources, losses can be severe.
Fourth and fifth instars have visible Adults and nymphs inject tissue-de-
wing pads. stroying enzymes and suck juices from
fruit and seeds, creating pockmarks
LIFE CYCLE and distortions that make fruit and
vegetables unmarketable. Damaged
In the fall BMSB adults aggregate in
flesh under the skin turns hard and Figure 6. Adults aggregating on a
large numbers on the sides of buildings
pithy (Figure 7). They can also feed Chinese pistache limb. (B. Villegas,
or on trees (Figure 6). They then move
on buds, flowering structures, leaves, sactorose.org)
to protected places and overwinter as and stems, including feeding through
adults in a state of facultative diapause the bark of the branches and trunks of
(resting stage). Adults become active in young trees.
the spring; and after feeding for about
2 weeks, they mate. The female begins Nuisance Pest
to lay eggs in clusters of 20 to 28 with
In many home landscape situations the
a range of 212 to 486 per lifetime. In
greatest concern may be the movement
mid-Atlantic states, there are one or of brown marmorated stink bugs into
two generations per year. The num- buildings as they congregate in late
ber of generations in various areas of summer and early fall and seek safe
California is unknown; however, more overwintering sites. Once inside build-
generations generally occur in warmer ings they can become a nuisance and
regions than in cooler areas. emit an offensive odor if disturbed or
crushed. During the winter months,
DAMAGE the adults do not reproduce and feed- Figure 7. Stink bug damage on tomato,
Brown marmorated stink bugs primar- ing, if any, is minimal. They seek out peach, and pear (from top left clock-
ily damage fruit and are a serious pest narrow spaces to hide indoors, includ- wise). (J.K. Clark, UCIPM)
ing cracks under or behind baseboards,
of many fruit and fruiting vegetable
around window and door trim, and
crops. In Asia, BMSB are reported to the bugs enter their homes and noisily
around exhaust fans or lights in ceil-
feed on over 100 host plants, including fly about when lights are on. However,
ings; and they prefer high and cool
tree fruit, vegetables, shade trees, and locations. In the spring, adults move the stink bug will not reproduce or
leguminous crops. In the mid-Atlantic, from overwintering sites to host plants. cause damage inside structures.
the crops most affected are apple, pear,
peach, nectarine, lima bean, snap pea, Brown marmorated stink bugs are MANAGEMENT
pepper, sweet corn, tomato, field corn, not harmful to people, houses, or pets.
and soybean. Other identified crop Interior and Exterior Control
They do not bite, sting, suck blood, or
hosts include raspberry, blueberry, spread mammalian diseases; and they
for Homes
grape, hazelnut, pecan, cucumber, and do not eat or bore into wood structures. In the wild, brown marmorated stink
pole and bush bean. Residents may become alarmed when bug adults spend the winter months
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May 2014 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
in cracks or under the peeling bark of a dry or wet vacuum. The bugs will large populations, a variety of methods
older or dead trees. This characteristic cause the collection canister or bag and will likely be needed to manage this
of seeking protection in narrow spaces other parts of the vacuum to give off pest, which may include the use of row
has helped them to adapt well to homes an unpleasant stink bug odor, so some covers, hand picking, pheromone traps,
and other buildings, where they seek people dedicate a vacuum cleaner to trap crops, and natural enemies.
shelter in late summer and fall. stink bug capture only. Alternatively,
a nylon stocking can be stuffed inside Covering vegetables with a row cover
Non-Toxic Methods. The best way to the tube and securing the end over the material can prevent feeding by stink
keep stink bugs from entering homes outside of the vacuum tube with a rub- bugs. A row cover is a light, permeable
and other buildings is to exclude them. ber band; this way, bugs are collected material, usually made of polypropyl-
Locate openings where the insects can in the stocking and not the vacuum ene or polyester that is used for extend-
gain access, such as cracks around win- cleaner bag. Individual stink bugs can ing the harvest season past the first few
dows, doors, screens, utility pipes, win- be brushed off into a cut-off plastic frosts and preventing damage by a wide
dow air conditioners, vents, siding, and bottle containing an inch of soapy water, range of pests (Figure 8). However, row
underneath fascia boards. These entry where they will drown in a short period covers also prevent pollinators from
points should be sealed with good of time. If needed, the container can be reaching flowers, which may be a key
quality silicone, silicone-latex caulk, fastened to a pole or broom handle to time for preventing stink bug feeding.
or foam sealant. Damaged screens on reach high locations. Stink bugs caught Large fruit trees are very difficult to
doors and windows should be repaired live also can be placed inside a plastic cover, winds can tear the material and
or replaced. Install weather stripping sealable bag and then into a freezer for in hot climates heat can build up inside.
around the edges of doorframes. Adjust 2 days to kill them. To conserve water, Espalier-trained fruit trees can be easier
or install tight-fitting sweeps or thresh- avoid flushing them down the toilet and to cover.
olds at the bottom of exterior doors. avoid placing live stink bugs in the gar-
Fill gaps on the edges of window air bage so they do not become established Because stink bugs are large, they can
conditioner units and cover with screen around landfills. be easily handpicked and crushed or
material if necessary. Prevent entry into brushed off plants into soapy water.
attics by putting window screening Outside the home, sweeping stink bugs However, they can be hidden inside
inside gable vents. into containers can be effective when dense foliage layers or fruit clusters,
the bugs are easy to access and have and they tend to hide or drop when
Stink bugs are naturally attracted congregated in large numbers; wait startled. The use of a hand-held vacuum
to lights. They will often fly around until it is cool so they don’t fly. Spray- dedicated to catching stink bugs can be
light posts in large numbers at night; ing the bugs with a stream of water effective at reducing numbers if used
therefore, turn off unnecessary lights. will dislodge them but they will likely regularly. Be sure to also destroy the
When entering or exiting a home, avoid return.
inviting the bugs in by keeping exte-
rior lights on away from the entrance Insecticides. Although application
and keeping interior lights off near of insecticides outside structures and
the entrance. Consider turning off or around potential entry points may tem-
relocating exterior lights around open porarily deter stink bugs from entering
(screened) windows to prevent the very homes, the sprays break down rapidly,
distracting noises when they fly around often within days. Sealing structures is
the lights. a much more effective and environmen-
tally sound strategy. Indoor sprays are
To trap stink bugs that have come in- not recommended as they are generally
doors, the most effective and inexpen- ineffective.
sive method is to place a foil roasting
pan filled with some water and a few Control in Gardens
drops of dish soap, point a light into The amount of damage brown marmo-
the pan, and place it in a dark room. rated stink bugs may cause to garden
Bugs will be attracted to the light and plants has yet to be determined and
will fall into the water and drown. may depend on each region’s climate
Empty the pan and repeat as necessary. and nearby host plants. In the mid-At-
Figure 8. Row cover to protect vegeta-
See this short video from research- lantic, many backyard gardeners have bles against damage by stink bugs and
ers at Virginia Tech: http://vimeo. lost all their susceptible crops to BMSB. other pests. Row cover fitted over PVC
com/92354801. Keep in mind that a small amount of structure, used to protect a 10-foot-tall
damage is tolerable; a spot or pithy area cherry tree. (top - J.K. Clark, UCIPM; bottom -
An efficient way to collect stink bugs in fruits or vegetables can be cut out C. Ingels, UCCE, Sacramento).
indoors is by sucking them up with and does not affect eating quality. For
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May 2014 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
egg masses found on the underside of REFERENCES “StopBMSB,” USDA-NIFA SCRI
leaves. Coordinated Agricultural Project,
Jacobs, S. 2013. Brown marmorated
www.stopbmsb.org.
stink bug. Pennsylvania State Univ.
Commercially available stink bug traps
with aggregation pheromone lures can Entomology. Available online at http://
UC Statewide IPM Program. August
be useful for monitoring to determine ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/
2012. Pest Alert: Brown Marmorated
if the bugs are present, when they brown-marmorated-stink-bug.
Stink Bug. Available online at http://
emerge in spring and when popula- www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pestalert/
tions are high. They can remove large Malinoski, M.K. 2013. Tips for dealing
pabrownmarmorated.html.
numbers of stink bugs but probably with brown marmorated stink bugs.
have little value in preventing damage Univ. of Maryland Extension. Available UC Cooperative Extension, Sacra-
to crops. Several studies have shown online at http://extension.umd.edu/ mento County. 2013. Brown Marmo-
that traps are sometimes ineffective learn/tips-dealing-brown-marmorated- rated Stink Bug. Available online at
in catching stink bugs, unless popula- stink-bugs. http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu/.
tions are high. A 2013 study in Mary-
land home gardens showed that single Northeast IPM Center, brown marmo- Loeffler, A. September 2014. Stink
pheromone traps placed a meter from rated stink bug information. Available bugs beware! Homemade stink bug traps
garden rows resulted in more stink online at http://www.northeastipm. squash store-bought models, Virginia Tech
bugs and damage on the plants near org/index.cfm/working-groups/bmsb-
the traps. This may be due to a “spill- researchers find. Virginia Tech News.
working-group/bmsb-information/. Available online at http://www.vtnews.
over” effect in which some bugs simply
gather around traps. It may be useful vt.edu/articles/2014/05/050714-cals-
Stink bug identification and compari- stinkbugtrap.html.
to move traps well away from gardens,
son, YouTube video, updated Febru-
but the best distance is not known; and
ary 2013, http://www.youtube.com/
many backyards are too small to ac-
commodate much distance. watch?v=EHhtss8E7xM.
Natural enemies have been document-
ed feeding on various BMSB life stages, AUTHORS: Chuck Ingels, UC Cooperative To simplify information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named products
including assassin bugs, earwigs, and Extension, Sacramento and Lucia Varela, UC
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
green lacewing larvae. In some situa- Statewide IPM Program, North Coast. that are not mentioned.
tions, researchers have observed egg This material is partially based upon work
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department
mortality as high as 50 to 60%. Birds EDITOR: K. Beverlin of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d),
may feed on adults and nymphs. Tiny Integrated Pest Management.
parasitic wasps, reported to parasitize This and other Pest Notes are available at
up to 80% of BMSB eggs in Asia, have www.ipm.ucanr.edu. Produced by UC Statewide
been imported and are under study in Integrated Pest Management Program
For more information, contact the University of
quarantine facilities; but it is unknown, California Cooperative Extension office in your
University of California, Davis, CA 95618-7774
at this time, if they will be approved for county. See your telephone directory for addresses
release in the United States. Although and phone numbers, or visit http://ucanr.org/ce.cfm.
University of California scientists and other
native natural enemies may not be able qualified professionals have anonymously peer
to effectively control BMSB, they are reviewed this publication for technical accuracy.
important to preserve because they The ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management
managed this process.
control other pests.
Most garden insecticides are not very WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container
effective against stink bugs, especially label. Store all chemicals in the original, labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the
adults. Even if some are killed, ad- reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Pesticides applied in your home and landscape can move and contaminate creeks, rivers, and oceans. Confine chemicals
ditional stinkbugs are likely to move to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready
in to reinfest the crops. Insecticides, to be picked.
Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash or pour pesticides down the sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide
including broad spectrum, persis- according to the label, or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county
agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous
tent materials such as pyrethroids, Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers
lower toxicity products such as oils, or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.
and botanicals such as pyrethrin or ANR NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY STATEMENT
azadiractin, may provide some sup- It is the policy of the University of California (UC) and the UC Division of Agriculture & Natural Resources not to engage in
pression of young nymphs. Additional discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities (Complete nondiscrimination policy
research is required to provide firm statement can be found at http://ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/183099.pdf).
recommendations for BMSB manage- Inquiries regarding ANR’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to Linda Marie Manton, Affirmative Action Contact,
University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750-1318.
ment with insecticides.
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