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COBENEFITS STUDY
January 2022
From coal to renewables in Mpumalanga:
Employment effects, opportunities for
local value creation, skills requirements,
and gender-inclusiveness
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising
South Africa’s power sector
Executive report
Koffer/
Herz
COBENEFITS Executive Report
Imprint
This COBENEFITS Report has been realised in the context of the project “Mobilising the
Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation through Capacity Building among Public Policy
Institutions” (COBENEFITS).
This project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) supports
this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. The COBENEFITS
project is coordinated by the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS, lead) in
partnership with the Renewables Academy (RENAC), the Independent Institute for
Environmental Issues (UfU), International Energy Transition GmbH (IET), and in South Africa
the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
January 2022
Editors: David Jacobs, Sebastian Helgenberger, Laura Nagel – IET and IASS UfU
Independent Institute for
Environmental Issues
Technical implementation: Xolile Msimanga, Ruan Fourie (alumni), Brian Day, Dineo Maila, Mike
Levington, Abram Marema, Boitumelo Tlokolo – Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Enertrag, Prime Africa, and Navitas Energy
Suggested citation: IASS/IET/CSIR. 2022. From coal to renewables in Mpumalanga:
Employment effects, opportunities for local value creation, skills requirements, and gender-
inclusiveness. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector.
COBENEFITS Executive Report. Potsdam/Pretoria. www.cobenefits.info
This Executive Report is accompanied by a Technical Report with more background information,
modelling assumptions, and other data – available at www.cobenefits.info
This report is dedicated to our colleague
and friend, Ntombifuthi Princess Ntuli,
who left us far too early. She was an
anchor for the COBENEFITS project in
South Africa. Her dedication and amazing
sense of humour remain an inspiration for
all of us who are trying to move the South
African energy transition forward.
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Executive Summary Koffer/
Herz
South Africa’s NDC ambition to deliver
social and economic co-benefits:
Building the database
In October 2021, South Africa registered its new However, the transformation of the South African
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) at the energy system is gathering momentum. The Integrated
UNFCCC as its contribution to the global action on Resource Plan (IRP) 2019 anticipates that 10.7 GW of
climate change. After initially announcing plans to limit existing coal-fired power stations will be
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 398–440 MtCO2e decommissioned by 2030, with only Medupi and Kusile
in March 2021, there was a consensus by business and expected to remain operational by 2040. According to
civil society stakeholders that the Department of the DFFE, about 80–90% of greenhouse gas emission
Forestry, Fisheries & the Environment (DFFE) had not reductions in South Africa should come from the power
been sufficiently ambitious, which in September 2021 sector, as it is both the largest emitter and the cheapest
led to a revised limit of 350–420 MtCO2e by 2030. sector to mitigate in due to declining renewable energy
Whilst these new targets were welcomed, their prices.
attainment will be conditional on South Africa receiving
appropriate financial support from developed nations Without deliberate and appropriate planning, the
and—even more importantly—on the ability of the gradual phase-out of coal would be expected to lead to
South African political economy to address both substantial economic and socio-economic losses. A
existing vested interests in fossil fuels and the regional and national plan is therefore needed to ensure
requirements for a Just Transition. that this process meets the principles of a Just
Transition, which include social inclusion, decent work
On 2 November 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa for all, and poverty reduction. As part of Eskom’s Social
announced that an agreement had between reached Plan, the utility is considering options for repurposing
between South Africa and the governments of France, the sites of coal-fired power plants that are scheduled
Germany, the EU, UK, and USA, to establish a for decommissioning, namely Camden, Grootvlei,
partnership to support decarbonisation of the South Komati, and Hendrina, and also (potentially) a single
African economy and a Just Transition. The agreement unit at Arnot (Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd, n.d.)
pledges that the developed nations will make available (Fabricius et al. 2020).
some USD 8.5 billion in the form of grants and highly
concessional loans to support the closure of Eskom This study builds on a unique and hitherto
coal plants, just energy transition initiatives, and South confidential, unpublished set of employee
Africa’s transition to the green hydrogen and electric data for Eskom and coal mines, provided by
vehicle sectors. Eskom (under a non-disclosure agreement)
and the Mining Quality Authority (MQA).
Coal has contributed to the South African economy for
more than a century and remains a dominant part of the The sourced data sets connect gender,
energy mix. Mpumalanga is the centre of the South qualification levels, and years of service,
African coal industry, accounting for approximately thereby enabling analysis of the skills and
80% of total coal production. Most of Eskom’s coal- gender balance in the coal industry, and
fired plants are also located in the province. assessment of the potential for transferring
Consequently, Mpumalanga’s regional economy is expertise to the renewable energy sector.
highly dependent on the exploitation of coal.
1
COBENEFITS Executive Report
In addition, interviews were conducted with enterprise The COBENEFITS project in South Africa has
development (ED) managers to understand barriers previously commissioned and published a series of
and opportunities for women in the renewables sector. studies quantifying the country-wide socio-economic
Based on these valuable data sets and economic benefits related to renewable energy deployment in the
modelling, the study analyses and quantifies the socio- electricity sector with an outlook to 2050. The key
economic implications of repurposing coal-fired plants findings from the COBENEFITS South Africa
in Mpumalanga via deployment of renewable energy. Assessment series were compiled in a COBEFITS
The analysis emphasises opportunities related to job Policy Report for South Africa (IASS/UfU/IET/CSIR,
creation, necessary skill development with a focus on 2020). In a continuation of the COBENEFITS series of
gender questions, and regional value creation and studies on South Africa, this report presents a regional
industrial opportunities in Mpumalanga. The findings focus on Mpumalanga province, analysing planned real-
also highlight important framework conditions world projects, and focuses on short-term effects until
necessary for fully harnessing these benefits. 2030.
This Executive Report is accompanied by a Technical
Report providing detailed modelling inputs/outputs,
data sets, and analyses.
Key figures:
Mpumalanga can
create up to 79,000
clean energy jobs by Value creation via clean
2030, including 25,000 energy technologies
in Mpumalanga can
direct jobs, 26,000 In Mpumalanga, the
highest number of clean reach R340 billion
indirect jobs and
28,000 induced jobs. energy jobs can be can (USD 22 billion) for the
be created under the period 2019 to 2030
Around 80% are in
Super H2igh Road Sce- at higher local
construction, with jobs
nario in the solar PV in- content levels.
in operations and main-
tenance accounting dustry (43,000 jobs –
for 20%. 13,900 direct, 13,900
indirect, and 15,200
induced) and the wind
industry (28,900 jobs –
9,000 direct,
9,700 indirect, and
10,200 induced)
2
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Key policy opportunities:
Policy opportunity 1: Mpumalanga can compensate a large share of jobs1 lost
in the declining coal sector by investing in renewable energies and creating a
regional clean energy manufacturing industry. Under the Super H2igh Road Sce-
nario with high shares of local content, almost three times more jobs can be created
in Mpumalanga in 20302 than under the current policy pathway (IRP 2019) (79,000
jobs: 25,000 direct, 26,000 indirect, and 28,000 induced versus 27,000: 8,000
direct, 9,000 indirect, and 10,000 induced). However, not all job losses in the fos-
sil fuel sector can be compensated for by clean energy jobs in Mpumalanga. The
decommissioning process is estimated to result in net job losses in the province by
2030. Therefore, a wider strategy for economic growth is needed, including other
sectors such as tourism and agriculture.
Policy opportunity 2: By deploying renewable and clean energy technologies,
Mpumalanga can lay the foundation for becoming the new clean energy hub of
South Africa. Mpumalanga’s gross output value3 can be increased substantially.
Between 2019 and 2030, cumulative renewable energy investment in Mpumalanga
can reach R320 billion (USD 20.6 billion) in the Super H2igh Road scenario, a more
than 170% increase over the R120 billion (USD 7.7 billion) in the IRP 2019 scenario.
By increasing local content requirements (LCR: i.e., the percentage of intermedi-
ate goods sourced from domestic supply chains) from 30% at present to 60–80%,
gross output value in Mpumalanga can be further increased to R340 billion (USD 22
billion) in the Super H2igh Road Scenario.
Policy opportunity 3: The transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources is
an opportunity for facilitating gender-inclusive careers in the energy sector in
Mpumalanga. Currently, women are under-represented in the energy sector.
Mpumalanga has low educational attainment, i.e., 11% of the population hold a
post-matriculation qualification. Women could be educated and empowered by
establishing dedicated programmes at TVET (technical and vocational education
and training) colleges and by providing childcare facilities close to training cen-
tres. Existing initiatives to mentor and coach young women in the renewable sector
should be further enhanced.
1
This study defines a ‘job’ or ‘employment opportunity’ in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE) units per annum. This
approach accounts for part-time and full-time workers in a comparable way. One job is equivalent to one
job year, with the total number of jobs indicating the total number of people employed during a specific year.
Numbers include direct, indirect, and induced employment.
2
In this study, operation and maintenance jobs are depicted cumulatively (i.e., over the 10-year time period of
2021 to 2030), whereas all other jobs (manufacturing, installation, etc.) are depicted as occurring in one year
only (here, 2030).
3
Gross output is a measure of total economic activity. It includes payments that industries and businesses make
to one another for inputs used in production. Such inputs could include raw materials, services, or anything
that a business purchases to produce its goods or services. Gross output also includes value added (definition
from NREL). For this study, only the direct and indirect impacts on value creation were considered.
3
COBENEFITS Executive Report
Key Findings:
Employment:
In South Africa as a whole, job creation through renewables exceeds anticipated
job losses in the coal sector4. In Mpumalanga, not all job losses in the fossil fuel sec-
tor can be compensated by clean energy jobs; however, under an ambitious decar-
bonisation scenario, these net losses can be minimised: Under the Super H2igh Road
Scenario with high shares of local content, almost 79,000 clean energy jobs can be
created, three times more than under the current policy (IRP 2019) scenario (25,000
direct, 26,000 indirect, and 28,000 induced versus 27,000: 8,000 direct, 9,000 indi-
rect, and 10,000 induced, by 2030).
The two most important technologies for the energy transition in South
Africa and Mpumalanga will be wind and solar PV energy. These technologies will
also make the largest contributions to job creation, with up to 43,000 jobs in Solar
PV (13,900 direct, 13,900 indirect, and 15,200 induced) and 28,900 jobs in wind-
energy (9,000 direct, 9,700 indirect, and 10,200 induced) in Mpumalanga by 2030
(Super H2igh Road Scenario).
Biomass creates the most jobs per MW of energy generated. However, the limited
potential for sustainably produced biomass, and the competition for biomass
use from other sectors, both constrain scalability. In total, 4,600 jobs (1,400
direct, 1,400 indirect, and 1,800 induced) can be created in the biomass sector
under the Super H2igh Road Scenario by 2030. A detailed analysis is necessary of
the sustainable biomass potential in Mpumalanga.
The number of jobs lost in the coal sector (operation and maintenance, O&M) jobs)
will depend on the number of power plants decommissioned. Therefore, any ac-
celerated schedule for decommissioning coal needs to be accompanied by faster
upscaling of renewable and clean technologies. In the IRP 2019 scenario (10.7 GW
decommissioned), 74,000 O&M jobs (22,000 direct, 23,000 indirect, and 29,000 in-
duced) would be lost at coal-fired power stations, compared with 124,000 O&M jobs
(36,000 direct, 39,000 indirect, and 49,000 induced) in Scenarios 3 and 4 (17.8 GW
decommissioned). The reductions in O&M jobs are cumulative over the period 2019
to 2030. However, not all job losses in Mpumalanga’s fossil fuel sector can be com-
pensated by clean energy jobs. The decommissioning results in net job losses in the
province by 2030. Therefore, a wider strategy for economic prosperity is needed,
including other sectors such as tourism and agriculture.
Direct job losses in the Mpumalanga coal sector are lower than total job losses
(direct, indirect, and induced). Direct job losses at Eskom power stations range
from 6,500 jobs in the IRP 2019 scenario to 11,000 in Scenarios 3 and 4. Direct job
losses in coal mining range from 4,800 in the IRP 2019 to 8,000 in scenarios 3 and 4.
4
IASS/CSIR/IET (2019). Future skills and job creation through renewable energy in South Africa. Assessing the
co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector. Potsdam/Pretoria: IASS/CSIR/IET. https://www.cobenefits.info/
resources/cobenefits-south-africa-jobs-skills/
4
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Value creation with renewables:
By deploying renewables, the value of Mpumalanga’s gross output can be increased
substantially. Between 2019 and 2030, renewable energy investment in Mpumalan-
ga can reach R320 billion (USD 20.6 billion) in the Super H2igh Road Scenario, a
more than 170% increase over the R120 billion (USD 7.7 billion) in the IRP 2019 sce-
nario. By increasing the local content from 30% today to 60–80%, local content
within the province can be further increased to a gross output value of R340 billion
(USD 22 billion).
Value creation in Mpumalanga will primarily be driven by manufacturing, amount-
ing to approximately 20–44% of total value creation in all scenarios. The other
parts of the value chain account for 11–19% (construction) and 11–28% (financial,
professional & business services) of value creation.
Skills and gender:
Upskilling and higher education are pre-requisites for a successful energy transi-
tion in Mpumalanga. The bulk of job creation in renewable energy is within the high-
skilled labour group (estimated as 68–80%), although employment is also created
in low-skilled roles—especially during project construction phases.
The current educational level among coal workers is much higher than the provincial
average: 22% of coal-mining employees and 55% of Eskom employees have post-
matric qualifications, compared with only 11% among Mpumalanga’s working-age
population. Eskom employees often acquire technical skills on the job, as 36% are
technicians and associated professionals. Although coal workers overall have lower
educational attainment compared to Eskom employees, they also acquire technical
skills on the job (e.g., 43% are plant and machine operators), and their skills could
be utilised in the renewables sector—especially during project construction phases.
Women are presently underrepresented in the energy sector. According to Eskom
and MQA data sets, Eskom employs 31% females and coal mines employ 21% fe-
males in Mpumalanga. However, those female employees are usually better edu-
cated than their male colleagues (e.g., 67% of females compared to 49% of males
at Eskom hold a post-matric qualification), which results in females holding propor-
tionately higher positions despite being numerically underrepresented. Females are
currently under-represented in South Africa’s renewable energy sector, with women
accounting for only 14% of employees.
5
COBENEFITS Executive Report
Key Infographics:
Expected job losses in Mpumalanga’s energy sector
under the current policy can be reduced through an
ambitious decarbonisation pathway
216,000
169,000 171,000
− 47, Wind power jobs:
000
+ 2,000 29,000
2018 2030 2030
Status quo Current policy Super H2igh Road Solar PV jobs
pathway pathway 43,000
6
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
While women hold a larger proportion of jobs
in renewables than the fossil energy sector
in South Africa, gender-inclusive
careers are not yet a reality
Fossil energy sector Renewable energy
Global South Africa Global South Africa
22 % 32 %
31 % 21 % 14 %
Power sector Mining
Female
employment
[%]
Data sources: IRENA 2019, IASS 2021c, ESKOM 2021, MQA 2021
7COBENEFITS Executive Report
Value creation with renewable energy in Mpumalanga
can increase from R118 bn to R346 bn in the next ten
years by moving from current policy to an ambitious
decarbonisation scenario.
500
Gross output value
400 346
(billion ZAR)
300
170
200 118
100 67 125
30 12 Coal
0 10 12 39
− 60 − 100
− 100 Wind
− 200 Coal Renewable Coal Renewable Utility
energy energy solar PV
Current Policy Ambitious decarbonisation Distributed
solar PV
(IRP 2019) scenario
(Super H2igh Road) Biomass
2030
Mpumalanga is the centre of the South African coal industry,
accounting for approximately 80% of total coal production.
8Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
High-Impact Actions for South Africa:
Building on the study results and the surrounding discussions with political and knowl-
edge partners, we propose to direct the debate in the following areas where policy
and regulations could be introduced or enforced to strengthen the socio-economic
benefits for Mpumalanga:
High-impact action 1: Implement policies enabling renewable energy development
in Mpumalanga to avoid net job losses.
High-impact action 2: Regional procurement with annual build targets to create
sustained employment and continuous transfer of skills.
High-impact action 3: Developing and expanding the transmission grid to facilitate
renewable energy investments in Mpumalanga and elsewhere.
High-impact action 4: A coordinated approach for localisation and value creation
from renewable energies to develop a green provincial economy.
High-impact action 5: Diversification of local content to components in which South
Africa has manufacturing strengths.
High-impact action 6: Dedicate Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for the manufactur-
ing of key components to push the clean energy industry in the province.
High-impact action 7: Renewable energy skill-development programmes through
TVET colleges to facilitate career opportunities for many.
High-impact action 8: Childcare facilities nearby training centres to reconcile par-
enting responsibilities and career development
High-impact action 9: Entrepreneurial development for women to open access to
markets and networks.
9COBENEFITS Executive Report
Box 1: Power system pathways for South Africa
The analysis examines potential socio-economic impacts until 2030, via four scenarios depicting
an increasingly ambitious and rapid energy transition.
Scenario 1 – Current policy: planned repurposing (based on IRP 2019):
This scenario assumes the scheduled decommissioning of power stations according to the
Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 2019) schedule to 2030 (11 GW), with repurposing of decommis-
sioned plants within the IRP 2019 allocations for renewable energy deployment (28 GW) and
related annual build limits (DMRE, 2019). It thereby provides a base case scenario in line with
current policy.
Scenario 2 – Accelerated repurposing:
Compared with the current policy, this scenario assumes quicker decommissioning of additional
coal-fired power plants (13 GW) in Mpumalanga and faster deployment of renewables (54 GW)
using the Ambitious renewable energy scenario from Wright & Calitz (2020)5 .
Scenario 3 – Ambitious repurposing:
Compared with the current policy, this scenario assumes even quicker decommissioning of
additional coal-fired plants (18 GW) as per the 2 GT CO2 scenario in Wright & Calitz (2020).
These power stations would then be repurposed with renewable energy deployment (65 GW),
also making use of land available on old coal mining sites to 2030.
Scenario 4 – Super H2igh Road:
This scenario is based on the same assumptions as Scenario 3 (i.e., renewable energy capac-
ity on repurposing sites, plus conversion of coal mining sites) but also assumes additional
renewable energy capacity, producing 6 GW of green hydrogen in Mpumalanga by 2030. This
scenario draws on the 2 GT CO2 budget scenario for the decommissioning rate (18 GW) and the
roles of other technologies (e.g., gas, nuclear, etc).6
160
Total installed capacity
140
120
(net) [GW]
100
80
60
40
20
0
−20
2018
Scenario 1: Scenario 2: Scenario 3: Scenario 4:
Current policy: Accelerated Ambitious Super H2igh Road
planned repurposing repurposing repurposing
(based on IRP 2019)
2030
Battery storage Solar PV (utility) Hydro Gas Cumulative coal
decommissioned
Biomass/-gas Solar CSP Pumped storage Nuclear
(2019–2030)
Distributed generation Wind Peaking (Diesel) Coal
(includes distributed
solar PV)
Figure 0-1: COBENEFITS South Africa: Power system reference scenarios
Installed capacity (GW) (source: IRP 2019, CSIR Energy Centre analysis)
5
Wright, Jarrad, and Joanne Calitz. 2020. “Systems Analysis to Support Increasingly Ambitious CO 2 Emissions
Scenarios in the South African Electricity System.” Tech. Rep. 27 (July): 129.
6
This study modelled two different local content levels: moderate (representing national level potential) and high,
which is slightly more ambitious. Unless otherwise indicated, the figures shown refer to the high level.
10Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Wind and solar will make the largest contributions to job creation in Mpumalanga.
© Dennis Schroeder/NREL
The study employs quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative analysis is used
to estimate the gross impacts of increased renewable energy deployment arising from
each scenario, utilising both the International Jobs and Economic Development Im-
pacts (I-JEDI) modelling tool and desktop literature to estimate the additional jobs/
MW associated with distributed solar PV and battery storage. The qualitative analysis
included a review of the existing literature together with inputs from industry experts,
to provide a perspective on resource potential plus transmission capacity-, land-relat-
ed-, and mining employment considerations. Employee data for Eskom and coal mines
were sourced from Eskom (under a non-disclosure agreement) and the Mining Quality
Authority (MQA), respectively. In addition, interviews were conducted with enterprise
development (ED) managers to understand barriers and opportunities for women in
the renewables sector.
11COBENEFITS Executive Report
Content
Executive Summary 1
1. The transition from coal to renewables in Mpumalanga 16
1.1 Coal dependency in Mpumalanga and South Africa 16
1.2 Decommissioning and repurposing of coal-fired power plants in Mpumalanga 18
1.3 Implications and opportunities of making Mpumalanga a hub for clean 20
energy technologies
1.4 Policies for the transition driven by the Mpumalanga provincial government 20
1.5 The gender imbalance in the current electricity sector 21
2. Methodology and approach for quantifying the impacts of the 23
Mpumalanga transition
2.1 Four regional power generation scenarios 23
2.2 Assumptions regarding installed capacity in Mpumalanga in relation to 24
national deployment
2.3 Qualitative and quantitative assessment methodologies 25
2.4 Scope of the study 27
3. Methodology and approach for quantifying the impacts of the 29
Mpumalanga transition
3.1 Employment impact on the coal sector in Mpumalanga 30
3.2 Renewable energy, battery, and hydrogen potential in Mpumalanga 35
3.3 Employment opportunities related to clean energy deployment 37
in Mpumalanga
3.4 Net jobs in Mpumalanga: Creating jobs through massive investments 46
in clean energy and local manufacturing
4. Local value creation and the green economy 49
4.1 Understanding opportunities along the coal and renewable energy 49
value chains
4.2 Quantifying the value creation potential for Mpumalanga 54
12Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
5. Skills development and gender-inclusiveness for the clean energy sector 58
5.1 Skill-level requirements in renewable energy 58
5.2 Available skills in the coal sector: Qualifications and occupations 60
5.3 Towards a gender-inclusive energy sector in Mpumalanga 61
6. Creating an enabling environment to make Mpumalanga a clean energy 64
hub in South Africa
6.1 Enabling value creation and localisation in Mpumalanga 67
6.2 Developing skills and assuring gender-inclusiveness 68
References 71
Abbreviations 74
COBENEFITS assessments in South Africa 76
13COBENEFITS Executive Report
List of Tables
Table 1-1: Eskom employee education level, by gender 22
Table 1-2: Eskom employees per occupation group, by gender 22
Table 1-3: Eskom employees per occupation skill-level and gender 22
Table 2-1: Mpumalanga share of national capacity 25
Table 3-1: Decommissioned capacity in Mpumalanga per scenario 30
Table 3-2: Local content levels 37
Table 3-3: Construction and O&M renewable energy jobs in Mpumalanga by 2030 40
(high local content)
Table 3-4: Battery storage jobs literature review 45
Table 5-1: Battery storage capacity in Mpumalanga (MW) 45
List of Figures
Figure 0-1: COBENEFITS South Africa: Power system reference scenarios 10
Installed capacity (GW)
Figure 1-1: Map Eskom power stations and major transmission lines 17
Figure 1-2: Coal mining areas in South Africa 17
Figure 1-3: Eskom planned projects under JET programme 19
Figure 1-4: Emission Abatement Retrofit Programme and 50-year 19
Life Decommissioning
Figure 2-1: COBENEFITS South Africa: Power system reference scenarios 24
Installed capacity (GW)
Figure 2-2: Summary of research methodology 25
Figure 2-3: Direct, indirect, and induced jobs 26
Figure 2-4: Methodology to assess skills and gender inclusivity in the 27
electricity sector
Figure 3-1: Current policy: planned repurposing scenario (IRP 2019) 31
scenario (1) cumulative annual job losses
Figure 3-2: Accelerated repurposing scenario (2) cumulative annual job losses 31
Figure 3-3: Ambitious repurposing scenario (3) & Super H2igh Road 31
Scenario (4) cumulative annual job losses
Figure 3-4: Current policy: planned repurposing scenario (IRP 2019) 32
(1) direct utilities job losses
Figure 3-5: Accelerated repurposing scenario (2) direct utilities job losses 32
Figure 3-6: Ambitious repurposing scenario (3) and Super H2igh Road 32
Scenario (4) cumulative annual job losses
Figure 3-7: Job losses per scenario 33
14Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Figure 3-8: Coal production and consumption 34
Figure 3-9: Cumulative annual mining job losses 34
Figure 3-10: Hydrogen pathways and applications 36
Figure 3-11: Construction and O&M renewable energy jobs (FTE) by 2030 38
in Mpumalanga (moderate local content)
Figure 3-12: Total construction & O&M jobs (FTE)from renewable energy 39
in Mpumalanga by 2030 (moderate local content)
Figure 3-13: Construction and O&M renewable energy jobs (FTE) by 2030 40
in Mpumalanga (high local content)
Figure 3-14: Total construction and O&M jobs (FTE) from renewable energy 41
in Mpumalanga (high local content)
Figure 3-15: FTE per MW 41
Figure 3-16: Share of Employment factors (FTE per MW) by technology 42
Figure 3-17: Comparison of of job factors for utility per MW for utility and 42
embedded generation markets
Figure 3-18: Job creation with renewables: projected annual job numbers 43
(FTE) per renewable energy technology (direct, indirect, and
induced jobs) for the current policy (IRP2019) and accelerated
repurposing scenario for moderate and high local content levels
Figure 3-19: Job creation with renewables: projected annual job numbers 44
(FTE) per renewable energy technology (direct, indirect, and
induced jobs) for the assessed repurposing scenario and Super
H2igh Road scenario for moderate and high local content levels
Figure 3-20: Potential job creation estimates for battery storage, 2020–2030 46
Figure 3-21: Net jobs in Mpumalanga by 2030 47
Figure 4-1: The coal-to-electricity value chain (services and products) 50
Figure 4-2: The solar PV value chain (services and products) 51
Figure 4-3: The wind energy value chain (services and products) 51
Figure 4-4: The biomass energy value chain (services and products) 52
Figure 4-5: The battery energy value chain (services and products) 53
Figure 4-6: The hydrogen energy value chain (services and products) 54
Figure 4-7: Overall impact of gross value added for Current Policy: 55
planned repurposing (IRP 2019) scenario (1) and Super H2igh
Road Scenario (4) by 2030
Figure 4-8: Gross output value at moderate local content 55
Figure 4-9: Construction and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) annual 56
gross output value
Figure 4-10: Share of gross output value, Moderate Local Content, 57
2030 (percentage)
Figure 5-1: Skill requirements in the renewable energy sector 59
Figure 5-2: Education level among Eskom and coal-mining workers to be 60
impacted by decommissioning of power plants under IRP 2019
Figure 5-3: Occupation categories among Eskom and coal-mining workers to 61
be impacted by decommissioning of power plants under IRP 2019
15COBENEFITS Executive Report
1. The transition from coal to renewables
in Mpumalanga
Coal has contributed to the South African economy for more than a century as a
dominant part of the energy mix. About 80% of total coal production in RSA is
undertaken in the Mpumalanga province and, consequently, most of Eskom’s coal-
fired plants are also located there.
There is broad consensus from all social partners on the need for an urgent transi-
tion away from fossil-fuel dependency, which will require all stakeholders to rec-
ognise the need to shift from their traditional roles in the South African economic
and political landscape.
This energy transition needs to be implemented with the development of a co-
created Just Transition plan that will ensure that all stakeholders and communi-
ties affected by the move away from fossil-fuel extraction and exploitation will
be protected from loss of livelihood, and provided opportunities in new and more
sustainable economic sectors.
South Africa will need large amounts of green finance to support not only the
techno-economic needs of the energy transition but also to address the deep-
rooted structural and socio-economic implications to realise a Just Transition in
tradition regional mining economies. If approached strategically by Mpumalanga
stakeholders, this can represent an opportunity to be grasped rather than a risk to
be mitigated.
1.1 Coal dependency in Mpumalanga vertically integrated monopoly model; This contrasts
and South Africa with a seismic shift in global electricity market
structures. Through various degrees of deregulation, a
As a country blessed with large reserves of gold, set of electricity market models have been created,
platinum, iron ore, and manganese, the availability of ranging from a hybrid of independent power producers
cheap electricity was a key enabler for a substantial (IPPs) and state-owned utilities to fully liberalised
mining sector in South Africa. In addition, whilst markets where generation is privately owned.
protectionism between the political economy and
business sector is a common theme of the minerals/ Coal has contributed to the South African economy for
energy industrial complex model found across the more than a century and remains a dominant part of the
world, in South Africa it was further exacerbated by the energy mix. About 80% of the total production of coal
apartheid regime in that the model was defined along in RSA is undertaken in the Mpumalanga province and,
racial as well as class lines. consequently, most of Eskom’s coal-fired plants are also
located there. This has resulted in huge dependency on
After 1994, and the introduction of economic policies the exploitation of coal in the Mpumalanga regional
to remove previous levels of state support and increase economy and the municipalities of eMalahleni
access to the free market, many state-owned enterprises (Witbank), Steve Tshwete (Middelburg), Govan Mbeki
(including Eskom) have still not transitioned from their (Secunda), and Msukaligwa (Ermelo) (TIPS 2021).
16Newcastle start-up, making them ideally suited to supply power during peak
kom power stations
BOTSWANA 13 Grootvlei 1 200 MW Bela Bela
21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing demandperiods.
for They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency
Nuclear Oranjemund
Welkom
ZIMBABWE 14 Komati 940 MW Base load stations
Mthatha 22 Gourikwa 746 MW
17 electricity. The return-to-service project for Camden power station
Ladysmith to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
MPUMALANGA
ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire stationBay
fully commercial.
27 Sere Wind Richards
NAMIBIA Thabazimbi
27 TheUpington
25
EASTERN CAPE
return-to-service (RTS) stations were mothballed in 1990 and are1 Arnot 2 352 MW FREE STATE Bergville
The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few minutes of Wind Facility Facility 100 MW
BOTSWANA Hydro-electric
Vredendal start-up, making them 7 Lethabo 3 708to MW
ideally suited supply power during peak
Renewable energy
ons
Nelspruit
Bela Bela in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing demand for periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency Peak demand stations
Oranjemund ZIMBABWE
Pumped storage scheme
Base load stations 17 The return-to-service project for Camden power station
electricity.
28 Musina Ladysmith 2 Duvha
Pretoria 29 3 600 MW
to ensure stability of8theMajuba
Bloemfontein
4 110 MW network.
national transmission
MPUMALANGA
ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commercial.
Richards
3 Bay
FREE STATE
1 Wind Facility
Bergville
Kenhardt Hendrina 2 000 MW
30 Witbank 9 Matimba 3 990 MW Hydro-electric 15 Gariep 360 MW
Upington 1 Arnot 2 352 MW 7 Lethabo Beaufort
3 708 MW Johannesburg32 Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
Nelspruit West
Peak demand 314 Kendal 4 2116 MW3 Renewable energy
Coal 10 Matla 3 600 MW 23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
Gas turbine28
Musina Pretoria 2 Duvha 3 600 MW 8 Majuba 4 110 MW
Bloemfontein
NORTHERN CAPE stations GAUTENG6 Kriel
26
4
3 000 MW14
LESOTHO
11 Tutuka 3 654 MW
Pietermaritzburg
16 Vanderkloof 240 MW
National grid Kenhardt 3 Witbank 1 MW
Hendrina 2 000 9 Matimba 3 990 MW
10 Matla 3 600LIMPOPO
NORTH WEST 15 Gariep
Hydro-electric 360 MW 6 Ermelo Wind FacilitySWAZI Durban
Pumped- storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1 000 MW
New build
NORTHERN CAPE GAUTENG
Johannesburg
4
4 2 Kendal 3 4 116 MW
Coal
Kleinsee MW Springbok
LESOTHO MOZAMBIQUE
Pietermaritzburg 16 Vanderkloof 240 MW 16
Nuclear
Vereeniging 10
12
23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility
LAND 3 MW KWAZULUDistribution
Wind Facility 5 Koeberg 1 940 MW
NATALHydro-electric 29 First18 Palmiet
26 13
6 Kriel 14 3 000 MW 11 Tutuka 3 654 MW 7 Standerton 400 MW Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW
NORTH
LIMPOPOWEST
9
Saldanha Durban20 Falls 6 MW
Ermelo SWAZI New build 26 Kusile 4 800 MW
KWAZULU-
21 6 15
Nuclear 24
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Vereeniging 23 11 8
Return-to-service
Volksrust stations
10 East London 30 Second Falls 11 MW
Springbok MOZAMBIQUE WESTERN CAPE LAND Lephalale Pumped storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1De000
Tzaneen AarMW
Africa’s power sector
Kleinsee
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising
NATALSouth
5 Koeberg
16 12 1 940 MW Port Shepstone
Gas turbine
5 13 Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW 19 Acacia
31 Colley Wobbles 42171MW
MW
9 Hydro-electric (Distribution) Standerton 7
Polokwane
18 Palmiet 400 MW Pumped storage scheme
(Operating) 24 19
11
15 Phalaborwa Coal 12 Camden 1 510 MW 26 Kusile 4 800 MW 20 Port Rex
32 Ncora 2171
MWMW 25 Ingula 1 332 MW
Newcastle
(RTS)
Lephalale Tzaneen De Aar Return-to-service
8
Volksrust stations George Port Shepstone
PortWelkom
13 Grootvlei 1 200 MW These hydro-electric power stations fall1 within
21 Ankerlig 338 MW the Distribution
Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the
19Elizabeth
Eskom power stations
Cape Town Gas turbine Acacia 171 MW 14 KomatiPumped940 MW scheme
storage 22 Gourikwa
distribution network in that area. 746 MW
Grabouw 22 Mthatha
Polokwane 18
12 Camden 1 510 MW Thabazimbi The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few minutes Wind
of Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW
Limpopo
(New build) Phalaborwa NAMIBIA Coal Mossel Bay 20 Port Rex 171 MW
EASTERN CAPE
The return-to-service (RTS) stations were25mothballed
Ingula in 1990
1 332
and MW
25
ZIMBABWE
27 Vredendal are
BOTSWANA 13Newcastle
Grootvlei 1 200 MW 21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing demand for
start-up, making them ideally suited to supply power during peak
Eskom power stations
Bela Bela 17 return-to-service project for Camden power station periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency
Welkom 14 Komati 940 MW electricity. The Ladysmith 29 to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
Oranjemund Mthatha 22 Gourikwa 746 MW
ZIMBABWE Base load stations
EASTERN CAPE MPUMALANGA
Thabazimbi ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commercial. Richards Bay
27 25 Cape Agulhas
The return-to-service (RTS) stations were mothballed in 1990 and are
Upington FREE
The peaking stations STATE
can generate electricity within a few minutes of Wind Facility
Bergville 27 Sere Wind Facility 10030 MW
Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
Renewable energy
Vredendal Beaufort West power during peak 32
ctric start-up, making Nelspruit
them ideally suited to supply
Bela Bela in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing demand for
electricity. The return-to-service
17
Ladysmith 28 project for Camden power station
Pretoria
periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency
29 to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
Peak demand stations 31 1 Arnot 2 352 MW 7 Lethabo 3 70
Bloemfontein 2 Duvha 3 600 MW 8 Majuba 4 11
MPUMALANGA
orage scheme ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commercial.
Richards Bay 1 Wind Facility Musina
Upington FREE STATE Beaufort West
Bergville Kenhardt
Johannesburg 32
Witbank 30 Hydro-electric 15 Gariep
Solar
360 MW
28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW 3 Musina
Hendrina 2 000 MW 9 Matimba 3 99
Renewable energy 23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
Distribution
Figure 1-1:Pretoria
Map Eskom Bloemfontein
power stations
Peakand
demand major transmissionWindlines (source: Eskom, 2022)
Nelspruit
e 28 NORTHERN stations
CAPEGAUTENG LESOTHO
Issued by: Generation Communication Department February 2013
26
4
2 31 3
14
16 Vanderkloof 240 MW
Pietermaritzburg 4 Kendal 4 116 MW Coal 10 Matla 3 60
6 Kriel 3 000 MW 11 Tutuka 3 65
NORTH WEST
1
Saldanha Facility Durban
rid Kenhardt Witbank Hydro-electric 15 Gariep 21 360 MW 6 Ermelo SWAZI
-
20
New build Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW
Johannesburg 2 3 Springbok 16 Vanderkloof
Vereeniging
23
240 MW
WESTERN
10
CAPE
23 Klipheuwel
LAND Wind Facility 3 MW KWAZULU
Distribution
Pumped storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1 000 EastMW
London LIMPOPO 30 Second Falls 11 MW Nuclear
THERN
ity CAPE GAUTENG 26
4
14
Kleinsee LESOTHO Pietermaritzburg 5
7
13
Standerton
1612
NATAL
18 Palmiet 400 MW Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW 31 Colley Wobbles MOZAMBIQUE
42 MW 5 Koeberg 1 940 MW
WEST Saldanha 21 6 Ermelo SWAZI Durban
Pumped storage scheme -17 Drakensberg 1 000 MW
19 20
8 New build
15
Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW 26 Kusile 9 4 800 MW 32 Ncora 2 MW
LIMPOPO Return-to-service stations
ting Solar Power (CSP) Vereeniging 23 10
KWAZULU
11
13 WESTERN CAPE
16 LAND 12
East
DeLondon
Aar Legend
Volksrust George
Gas turbine Port Elizabeth
30 Second Falls
Port Shepstone
11 MW 24
Lephalale
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution
DivisionTzaneen
in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the
NATAL 18 Cape 19 Acacia 31 Colley 171 Wobbles
MW
5 Town 42 MW
ctric (Distribution) 7 Standerton Palmiet 400 MW Grabouw Coal 2224 Medupi 4 788 MW Pumped storage scheme distribution network in that area.
MO
18
Limpopo
19 Mossel Bay4 800 MW
26 Kusile 20 Port Rex 32 Ncora 171 MW 2 MW 25 Ingula 1 332 MW Polokwane
11 15
8 Coal-fired (Operating)
Newcastle These21 hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution Phalaborwa Coal 12 Camden 1 510 MW
De Aar Volksrust George Ankerlig 1 338 MW
Gas turbine Welkom Port19Shepstone
Port Elizabeth 171 MW
Acacia Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the 13 Grootvlei 1 200 MW
Cape Town
Grabouw 22 Coal-fired (RTS)
Pumped storage scheme Mthatha 22 Gourikwa
distribution 746area.
network in that MW 9
Legend
18 Wind Facility 27 Sere WindThabazimbi
Facility 100 MW 14 Komati 940 MW
Limpopo
NAMIBIA Mossel Bay 20 Port Rex 171 MW The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few minutes of
EASTERN CAPE
25
Legend
Newcastle 27 Vredendal Cape
Agulhas 25 Ingula 1 332 MW 24
21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW Coal-fired (New build) start-up, making them ideally suited to supply power during peak The return-to-service (RTS) stations were mothballed in 199
periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency
Welkom 17 BOTSWANA in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing de
Tzaneen
Mthatha 22 Gourikwa 746 MW Ladysmith to29ensure stability of the national transmission network. Bela Bela
Lephalale electricity. The return-to-service project for Camden powe
The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few minutes of Nuclear
Richards Bay
Anglo American UpingtonCape AgulhasEASTERN CAPE FREE making STATE
25
Beaufort
duringWest
Bergville Wind Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW
Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100MPUMALANGA MW 32
30 ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commer
start-up, them ideally suited to supply power peak
Renewable energy
Figure 1-1: Map Eskom power stations and major transmission lines (source: Eskom, 2022)
31
periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency Hydro-electric Nelspruit
Ladysmith
Coal-fired (Operating)
17
28
to ensure stability of the national transmission network. Issued by: Generation
29 Communication Department February 2013 Polokwane Peak demand stations
Richards Bay Bloemfontein Pretoria Phalaborwa
FREE STATE
SouthBeaufort 32West
Bergville
Kenhardt Pumped Solar
storage scheme 30
28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
Wind Facility
Witbank
1
Hydro-electric 15 Gariep 360 MW
Renewable energy 32
23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
Distribution
skom power stations NORTHERNand
Generation Communication Department February 2013 CAPE major Coal-fired transmission
(RTS) lines (source:GasEskom,
LESOTHO turbine
31
Pietermaritzburg
2022) Johannesburg
GAUTENG 26
4
2 3 16 Vanderkloof 240 MW
Mpumalanga
Bloemfontein Saldanha Wind Facility 14
Universal Coal
Durban Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW
21
National grid - New build NORTH WEST 20
einsee Springbok LESOTHO Pietermaritzburg WESTERN
23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility
CAPE
3 MW KWAZULU 23
Distribution East London 30 Second Falls Vereeniging11 MW
Ermelo
Thabazimbi SWAZI
LAND
10
6
Pumped storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1 000 MW
DurbanCoal-fired (New build)
16
NATAL
5 Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW 31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW 12
Wind Facility 13
Glencore Standerton 18 Palmiet 400 MW
New build 19 Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW 26 Kusile 4 800 MW 32 Ncora 2 MW 7
- BOTSWANA Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabiliseBelathe Bela
20
KWAZULU
15
East London ConcentratingPort Solar Power (CSP)
30 Second Falls 11 MW These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution 11
N CAPE De Aar George Shepstone
Port Elizabeth
8
Sasol NATAL Nuclear
Cape Town Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW 31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW Pumped storage scheme distribution network in that area. Volksrust
Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising South Africa’s power sector
Grabouw 22 Gas turbine 19 Acacia 171 MW
Legend
MPUMALANGA
Hydro-electric (Distribution)
18
Limpopo
26 Kusile 4 800 Mossel
MW Bay 32 Ncora 2 MW 25 Ingula 1 332 MW 20 Port Rex 171 MW
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution Newcastle
George PortElizabeth
Shepstone Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the 21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW
Exxaro
22 Hydro-electric Port
Pumped storage scheme
33 5
Wind Facility
Mthatha
27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW
distribution network in that area. Welkom Nelspruit 22 Gourikwa 746 MW
Limpopo
Mossel Bay 1 332 MW 25 Ingula
27
Vredendal
Anglo American EASTERN CAPE 1 NAMIBIA 31
Cape Agulhas
Pretoria The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few mi
start-up, making them ideally suited to supply power duri
25
MC MiningMthatha Pumped storage scheme Wind Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW Oranjemund
29
Ladysmith
Witbank
periods.
1 They also assist in regulating the system voltage and fr
to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
17
Agulhas
EASTERN CAPE South 32 Beaufort West
7 29 2 30 Solar
30
28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
32
FREE STATE Bergville Richards Bay
Figure Seriti 1-1: Map Eskom power stations and major transmission lines (source: 17 Eskom, Upington
2022) 31 Johannesburg 2 Renewable energy
Gauteng
3
29
Gas turbine Issued by: Generation Communication Department February 2013
3 4 GAUTENG 26
4
Mpumalanga
28
32 Universal Coal 30
Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
15 14 Kenhardt
Bloemfontein
14 Wind Facility
10 12
Eskom power stations
Distribution
nd major Canyon transmission
Coal lines (source: Eskom, 2022) NORTH WEST
31
23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
28 8Hydro-electric 29CAPE
NORTHERN ZIMBABWE Base load stations SWAZI
Ermelo
GlencoreNational grid
LESOTHO Pietermaritzburg 6
9Falls
13
Mpumalanga Vereeniging
Saldanha
16 24
21 20 First 6 MW 10
Durban 1NewArnot build 2 352 MW 7 Lethabo 3 708
LAND
23
Distribution 11 KWAZULU -
sector
East London
Wescoal
30 Second Falls 11 MW
Assessing
5 WESTERN CAPE the co-benefits of decarbonising
20 19 Sasol Wind Facility Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW 25 Kleinsee
18
South 20
Springbok
Africa’s power
31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW
32 Ncora 2 MW NATAL 7
Musina 13
212Duvha 3 600 MW
Coal
Standerton 34 Hendrina 2 00024MW Medupi
8 Majuba 4 110
4 788
16
9 MW
Matimba 3 990
East London
George
30 Second Falls 11 MW
32 19 These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution Kendal 4 11626MW Kusile Coal 4 800 10 MW
Matla 3 600 15
( ) 2 MW
Port Elizabeth Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are usedDe
to stabilise
Aar the 6 Kriel 3 000 MW 11 Tutuka 3 654
Mossel BayConcentrating Solar Power 32 NcoraCSP
31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW 11
Exxaro
Cape Town Port Shepstone
33 5 8 Pumped storage scheme
Grabouw 22 distribution network in that area.
Legend 6 LIMPOPO
18
Limpopo
Nuclear
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution
Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the 1 31 MOZAMBIQUE Volksrust 25 Ingula
5 Koeberg 1 940 MW
1 332 MW
Port Elizabeth
MC Mining Hydro-electric (Distribution)
distribution network in that area.
33 5
9
26
7 29 2 30 17
Limpopo
Mthatha
Anglo American Cape Agulhas
31 Legend Wind Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW 24
1 27 Vredendal EASTERN CAPE Lephalale 27 Tzaneen Return-to-service stations
Newcastle
Seriti
Gauteng 3 4
Eskom power stations
Coal-fired (Operating) Polokwane 29
2 30
Coal 12 Camden 1 510 MW
14
Phalaborwa
South 32 7 29 10 15
ZIMBABWE Welkom Base load stations
Gauteng Free State
12 8
30
power stations and major Canyon transmission
Coal lines (source: Eskom, 17 Coal-fired2022) (RTS)
28
Beaufort West Solar 13 Grootvlei
14 Komati
1 200 MWSolar Power (CSP) 10
28 Concentrating
940 MW
32
31
9 Musina
1 Arnot 2 352 MW 7 Lethabo 3 708 MW
NAMIBIA 3 4
n Department February 2013
Mpumalanga
Thabazimbi
Universal Coal 14 Coal-fired (New build) 16 24 13 2 Duvha 3 600 MW 8 Majuba 4 110 MW 25 The return-to-service (RTS) stations were mothballed in 1990
lines (source: Eskom,Wescoal 2022) 10 15 28 12 8
Nuclear 25 20 11 BOTSWANA Bela Bela 3 Hendrina 2 000 MW 9 Matimba 3 990 MW in the process
Distribution
electricity.
of being recommisioned due to the growing dem
The return-to-service project for Camden power
9Saldanha 18
4 Kendal 4 116 MW
6 MPUMALANGA
Coal 10 Matla 317 600 MW ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commerc
Glencore
Mpumalanga
Oranjemund
25
16 24
20
13
11
Hydro-electric
32
WESTERN CAPE
19
LIMPOPO East London
21
Pretoria
23
Kriel
Nuclear
3 000 MW
Nelspruit
11 Tutuka 3 654 MW Ladysmith
Hydro-electric 29 First Falls
Bergville Peak demand stations
30 Second Falls
6 MW
11 MW
FREE STATE
20
Sasol 18 Pumped storage scheme 5 31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW 1
Upington 6
MOZAMBIQUE Witbank 5 Koeberg 1 940 MW Hydro-electric 15 Gariep 360 MW
32 19 Gas turbine
Johannesburg
GAUTENG
19
9
32 Ncora 2 MW
16 Vanderkloof 240 MW
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Dist 4
2 3
Legend 24 26
George
Exxaro 28 Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stab 14
33
Cape Town
Grabouw 5 Lephalale
NORTH TzaneenPort Elizabeth
WEST Return-to-service stations
6 26
National grid
31
Bloemfontein Vereeniging 18
Ermelo SWAZI 22 distribution network in that area. 6
19 1Matia Kenhardt
Mossel Bay
1 Landau 7 Khutala 13 Izimbiwa 25 New Largo Polokwane Phalaborwa 31 Elandspruit
10
27 LAND Pumped storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1 000 MW
Coal-fired (Operating) Wind Facility Coal 12 Camden 1 510 MW 12
MC Mining
13
Standerton 18 Palmiet 400 MW 7
26 33 5Coal-fired (RTS) 13 Grootvlei 1 200 MW
2 Greenside 8 Klipspruit 31 build) Impunzi NORTHERN CAPE
Concentrating Solar Power
72029Exxaro Coal 2 30
(CSP)
Central New Vaal Colliery Khanysia The return-to-service
14LESOTHO
Komati 940 MW Pietermaritzburg 11
GautengFree State
1 14 26 32
8
Seriti Coal-fired (New 27 Hydro-electric (Distribution)
17 Cape Agulhas Thabazimbi Volksrust
(RTS) stations were mothballed in 1990 and are Gas turbine 19 Acacia 171 MW
14Grootgeluk 3 4 BOTSWANA Bela Bela in the process of being recommisioned due to the growing demand for
Durban
20 Port Rex 171 MW
29 2 30
KWAZULU-
electricity. TheNewcastle
return-to-service project for Camden power station
3 Kleinkopie Wolvekrans Nuclear
Tweefontain 1521 New Denmark Vanggatfontein
Canyon Coal 97 Figure Free State 1-1: Map Eskom
17 Kleinsee 15 power stations10and major transmission 12 8 lines 27(source: Eskom,
MPUMALANGA Welkom33
2022)
ended on 31 March 2010 with the entire station fully commercial. 21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW
28
ng
Springbok 22 Gourikwa 746 MW
Hydro-electric
9
14 3 4
Nelspruit
Mpumalanga
16 Peak demand stations
16 24 NAMIBIA13
Issued by: Generation Communication Department February 2013
NATAL
The peaking stations can generate electricity within a few min 25
Pretoria
4 Goedehoop Wescoal 10 10 15 Kangala 12 8Pumped storage16 schemeGoedgevonden
25 22 Makhado 20 11 Hakhano Witbank
28Johannesburg Hydro-electric
start-up, making them ideally suited to supply power durin
periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and fre
1
28
15 Gariep 360 MW 17
Ladysmith to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
Gas turbine 9
Oranjemund
Mpumalanga 18 16 Vanderkloof 240 MWRichards Bay 2
15
FREE STATE
3
13
Bergville
16
4
GAUTENG 26
5 Mafube 24 Block 19
25 11 North Complex National grid 17 Twistdraai 32 23 Vele NORTH WEST 29 DePhalanndwa
Upington
Renewable energy 14
20 11 Aar Vereeniging Ermelo SWAZI
23Bloemfontein Pumped storage scheme 17 Drakensberg 1 000 MW
28
Port Shepstone10
6
LAND
18
Wind Facility
19
Wind Facility 6 Kenhardt 13 12
6 Isibonelo Umcebo Leeuwpan Kriel Singani
18 Palmiet 400 MW
11232Landau 7 Khutala 18 13 Izimbiwa
24 19 Matia 30
Standerton
25 New Largo 31 Elandspruit 23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
7
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) NORTHERN CAPE LESOTHO Pietermaritzburg
11 8
6 26 33 5 22
Volksrust Durban
New build
KWAZULU 32 -20Khanysia
Gas turbine 19 Acacia 171 MW
Khutala 2 Greenside 13 Izimbiwa 8 Klipspruit 1 19 Matia
Hydro-electric (Distribution)
31 14 Impunzi Kleinsee
25 27 New
Springbok
Largo20 Exxaro31 Coal Central
Elandspruit 26 New Vaal Colliery Port Rex 171 MW 16
33 5
Newcastle NATAL Mthatha 21 Ankerlig 1 338 MW
Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW
2 30 Welkom 26 Kusile 4 800 MW 15
1
Klipspruit 31 3 Kleinkopie 14 Impunzi 29
9 7Wolvekrans 20 Exxaro Coal Central 15 Tweefontain 26 New Vaal Colliery 21 Grootgeluk 32 Khanysia 27 New Denmark start-up, Vanggatfontein
22 Gourikwa 746 MW
27
Free State
2717 Vredendal 33canPortgenerate
EASTERN CAPE
De Aar Shepstone
NAMIBIA The peaking stations electricity within a few minutes of
Gauteng
25
2 Figure 1-2: Coal mining areas in South Africa (source: Minerals Council South Africa, 2021)
Pumped storage scheme
3 4
making them ideally suited to supply power during peak
30 Oranjemund14
periods. They also assist in regulating the system voltage and frequency 25 Ingula 1 332 MW
17
9 4 Goedehoop 10 15Kangala Goedgevonden Makhado
Ladysmith
Wolvekrans 15 Tweefontain 21 Grootgeluk 27 New Denmark 33 Vanggatfontein HakhanoRichards Bay
to ensure stability of the national transmission network.
16 Upington 22 FREE Bergville 28
e 17 10 12 8 17 29
28 STATE
4 3 4 16 24Block 13 9 Mthatha
Renewable energy 30 Wind Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW
Kangala 12 8 5 Mafube 16 Goedgevonden 11 North Makhado Complex Twistdraai 28 Hakhano 23 Vele 29 EASTERN Phalanndwa CAPE
Vredendal 28 27
25 2220 11 17 Kenhardt Beaufort
BloemfonteinWest 32 Wind Facility
28 9
31
23 Klipheuwel Wind Facility 3 MW
29
13 18 NORTHERN CAPE LESOTHO Pietermaritzburg 30
24 20
North Block11Complex 6 Isibonelo 17 Twistdraai 12 32Umcebo 19 Vele 18 Leeuwpan 29 Phalanndwa 24 Kriel 30 Singani
Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100
Beaufort West 32
23 Durban
New build
31
8 Kleinsee Springbok KWAZULU-
6 Kriel
16
19 25 New Largo NATAL
Coal 24 Medupi 4 788 MW
Umcebo Landau 7 Khutala 18 Leeuwpan 1324 Izimbiwa 19 Matia 30 Singani 31 Elandspruit Distribution
Limpopo
26 Kusile 15 4 800 MW
Saldanha
26
De Aar Hydro-electric 29 First Falls 6 MW
6
Greenside Saldanha
Port Shepstone 21
23
20
2 Izimbiwa 8 19Klipspruit Matia 14 Impunzi
New21Largo 20 31Exxaro Elandspruit CoalWESTERN Central21 CAPE26 New Vaal Colliery 32 Khanysia20
Pumped storage scheme
2527
East London 30 Second Falls 11 MW
5 25 Ingula 1 332 MW 31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW
23
Figure 1-2: Coal mining areas in South Africa (source: Minerals Council South Africa, 2021) East London
WESTERN CAPE
19 32 Ncora 2 MW
Kleinkopie
3 Impunzi Wolvekrans
9 20 26 Tweefontain
15 Grootgeluk
Vaal Colliery 21 32 27 New Denmark 33 Vanggatfontein
Free
27
State Exxaro Coal Central New Khanysia
17
Mthatha George
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distr
5 Port Elizabeth Wind Facility 27 Sere Wind Facility 100 MW Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabi
mining areas in South Africa (source: Minerals Council South Africa, 2021)
Vredendal 27 Cape Town
Grabouw 18 EASTERN CAPE
22 distribution network in that area.
Limpopo
Mossel Bay
19
Goedehoop 10 21Kangala 27 Goedgevonden Makhado Hakhano
29
4 Tweefontain Grootgeluk 16 New Denmark 22 33 Vanggatfontein 28
Beaufort West
George
32
31
30
17 Solar 28 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 100 MW
Cape Agulhas Port Elizabeth
Mafube
5 Goedgevonden North
11 22 Block Complex
Makhado 17 Twistdraai
28 Cape Town
Hakhano Grabouw23 Vele 22 29 Phalanndwa
18
Mossel Bay Distribution
Isibonelo
6 Twistdraai Umcebo
12 23 Vele 18 Leeuwpan
Phalanndwa
29 Saldanha
Figure Kriel stations and major
1-1: Map Eskom24power 21 30 Singani
23 transmission lines (source: Eskom, 2022)
Hydro-electric 29 First Falls
Issued by: Generation Communication Department February 2013
20 6 MW
East London 30 Second Falls 11 MW
5 WESTERN CAPE 31 Colley Wobbles 42 MW
a Leeuwpan 13 24 Kriel
Izimbiwa 30 Singani
19 Matia 19 25 New Largo 31 Elandspruit 32 Ncora 2 MW
Cape Agulhas
George
Port Elizabeth
These hydro-electric power stations fall within the Distribution
Division in the Eastern Cape operating unit and are used to stabilise the
Cape Town
Matia
ruit 25 New Largo
14 Impunzi 31 Elandspruit
20 Exxaro Coal Central
Grabouw 18
26 NewMosselVaal Colliery
22
32 Khanysia
distribution network in that area.
Limpopo
Bay
Figure 1-2: Coal mining areas in South Africa (source: Minerals Council South Africa, 2021)
Exxaro Coal Central
krans 26 New Vaal Colliery
15 Tweefontain 32 Khanysia
21 Grootgeluk 27 New Denmark 33 Vanggatfontein
frica (source: Minerals Council South Africa, Legend 2021)
Cape Agulhas
17
Grootgeluk
a IssuedNew
16 Goedgevonden
27 Denmark
by: Generation Communication 22 Makhado
Department 33 2013
February Vanggatfontein 28 Hakhano
17
Figure 1-1: Map Eskom power stations and major transmission lines (source: Eskom, 2022)
Mpumalanga
Makhado
Block Complex Anglo American
23 Vele 29 Phalanndwa 28 Hakhano
17 Twistdraai
Issued by: Generation Communication Department February 2013
Vele
bo South
29 Phalanndwa 24 Kriel 32
18 Leeuwpan 30 Singani
Kriel 30 Singani
Universal Coal
1
33
31
5 Mpumalanga
Glencore
Legend
Sasol 7 29 2 30 17
g areas in South Africa (source: Minerals Council South Africa, 2021)
Anglo American Exxaro
14 3 4 17
1233 8
Gauteng 10 15
Council South Africa, 2021) 28 5
16 24 131 31 9
South 32 MC Mining 17 25 20 11
18 7 29 2 30 17
Universal Coal Seriti 32 19
14 3 4 Gauteng Mpumalanga
Glencore Canyon Coal 10615 28 12 8
16 24 13 9
Sasol Wescoal 26 25 27 20 11
18
Exxaro
1
33
31
5 32 19
Free State
MC Mining 6
29
7 26 2 30
Seriti 17
Figure 1-2: Coal mining areas in South Africa (source: Minerals
10 15
3 4
14 Council South Africa, 2021)
12 8
27 Gauteng
Canyon Coal 28 17
Wescoal 25
16 24
20
13
11
9
Free State
18
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