Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Livestock Value Chain Actors on Climate Smart Agriculture/Livestock (CSA/L) in Kajiado County, Kenya
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Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics &
Sociology
39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
ISSN: 2320-7027
Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of
Livestock Value Chain Actors on Climate Smart
Agriculture/Livestock (CSA/L) in Kajiado County,
Kenya
Mary W. Thongoh1, H. M. Mutembei2*, J. Mburu3 and B. E. Kathambi1
1
Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies (WMI), University of Nairobi, Kenya.
2
Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
3
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author MWT managed the Research
design, data collection and manuscript preparation. Authors HMM, JM and BEK prepared the
manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJAEES/2021/v39i430568
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), India.
Reviewers:
(1) Waleed El Said El Sayed Mohamed Abou El Amaim, Egypt.
(2) I. Shakuntala Devi, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University,India.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/68508
Received 06 March 2021
Original Research Article Accepted 11 May 2021
Published 15 May 2021
ABSTRACT
The livestock sector is a major contributor to food security and is mainly practiced by the rural poor
but faces climate related threats. While there are many natural occurrences impacting the average
global temperature and consequently livestock production, human activities in the sector continue to
be a main contributing factor to climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions. However
there has been little attention paid to integration of climate smart initiatives into livestock production
and beyond into the value chains especially in ASALs where 80% of livestock production is found. A
mixed method approach was used to evaluate KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) of the
Livestock value chain actors (MSMEs). Linking Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) to MSMEs within
the livestock sector value chains is imperative to producers’ engagements within the livestock value
chain, reducing climate risks and increasing resilience. The study revealed that actors relate climate
change to weather variability, extreme weather conditions and drought and CSA/Livestock as a
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: muiaceke@gmail.com;
Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
concept is not well understood; there is a general knowledge of climate change albeit with low
understanding on its relationship with livestock, and concern among the value chain actors on the
impacts of climate change on productivity and the willingness to take part in actions aimed at
protecting the environment and mitigating climate change. There is need to provide context-based
CSA technologies, innovation, and management practices (TIMPs) tailored to pastoral livestock
production and ASALs value chains, strengthening of peer-to-peer learning and improving extension
services to increase awareness, trainings and enhance adoption of CSA since most actors interact
with extension officers, and with each other along the chains.
Keywords: Climate Smart Agriculture/Livestock (CSA/L); Technology, Innovations, and Management
Practices (TIMPs); climate smart value chains; climate change; knowledge; practices;
attitude; MSMEs.
1. INTRODUCTION order to mitigate against negative effect on
climate from keeping of large herds of livestock
Livestock production impacts heavily on climate by farmers thereby leading to land degradation,
change by being the world's largest user of land and high methane GHG emissions, the aspect of
directly through grazing and indirectly through knowledge, attitudes and practices amongst the
consumption of fodder and feed grains while at livestock value chain actors need to be
the same time producing 14.5 percent of addressed [1,12,13].
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions [1]. In
Kenya livestock production is carried out mainly Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach
in the climate change sensitive rural arid and that helps to guide actions needed to transform
semi-arid (ASAL) villages that occupy over 85% and reorient agricultural systems to effectively
of the land mass [2-4]. Kajiado county of Kenya support development and ensure food security in
is part of these ASAL areas where there are a changing climate through -coordinated actions
untapped opportunities for integrating climate among different actors in the value chain towards
smart within livestock value chain to achieve climate resilient pathways [14,15]. Agricultural
triple wins of improved productivity, enhanced value chains mainly consist of micro, small to
resilience and reduction of greenhouse gas medium enterprises (MSMEs) while in some
emissions [4]. ASALs there are only micro and small
enterprises. However little has been done to pay
The practice of livestock production in Kajiado attention on integration of climate smart
has been pastoralism that is dependent on initiatives into MSMEs within the livestock value
migrating large herds of cattle, sheep and chain [14,16,17].
goats(shoats) into open grasslands which have
currently been threatened by ballooning human Sustainability of climate smart initiatives are
population and shifts of land use towards urban highly dependent upon knowledge, attitudes and
settlement [5,6]. Since livestock production is key practices of the actors on the same [18]. Studies
to Kenyan economy and survival of many people have shown that these attributes influence the
living in ASAL communities, it is prudent that behaviour of the actors involved in such
climate smart initiatives are integrated into its initiatives in the way they interphase and interact
value chain for sustainability [1,7,8]. Value chain with regulating institutions [19]. Such attributes
consist of range of activities necessary to are built through experience, formal training and
transform raw materials into product or services social cues. Personal attitude and psychological
in this case from livestock farms to red meat factors such as environmental identity and values
consumers, including all men, women and [20] are also important. In livestock value chain
business that add value at each step. Value for instance, the actors would embrace climate
chains can boost productivity, rural incomes, smart skills practices that ensure maximum
reduce poverty, improve food security and yields and profitability [21,22].
address climate change challenges if well
integrated and efficient [9]. This paper discusses the importance of
understanding actors’ knowledge, attitude and
CSA need to be integrated into production, practices of the livestock value chain actors on
marketing and processing sectors of the livestock climate smart initiatives in order to integrate the
in order to achieve sustainability [10,11,4]. In same in decisions of managing Micro, small and
135Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
medium enterprises (MSMEs) within the chain. practices can only result from social behavior
Understanding and integrating such decisions that promotes environmental sustainability [25].
into the value chain will lead to addressing To effectively understand climate change in
climate change threats, impacts and resilience relations to livestock production, awareness/
on livestock production in ASAL areas for education is an essential element of the global
sustainability [23]. response to climate change [26]. Climate change
education helps individuals comprehend and
2. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL address the impact of global warming.
BACKGROUND Furthermore, it encourages changes in their
attitudes and behavior and helps them adapt to
The Livestock value chain in ASALs is composed the climate change-related trends as a strategy
of several actors of which majority are Micro, in building resilience for sustainable futures [27-
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) who 29].
play an important role in the whole value chain
[14]. MSMEs consist of businesses whose staff Fig. 2, shows that propagating sustainability
establishment range from 1-99 employees, values require building value chain actors’
MSMEs span over many sectors of the Kenyan requisite skills (knowledge, attitude and
economy, they operate both formally and/or practices) and desire for meaningful
informally [4]. behavior change; in this case the farmer who
rears the livestock, the traders and transporter
Previous authors have used social network and who buys the livestock, the processor of the
institutional theory to argue out a case of failed livestock, the distributor and retailer of the
sustainability values in a society [24]. Institutional product (beef and shoats that make the red
theory outlines a deeper and more adaptable meat value chain). Actors hence acquire the
aspects of social structure whereby the pride behavior of integrating sustainability
processes by which values are built by practices within the livestock value chain
institutions that establish schemes, rules, norms, by integrating CSA TIMPs and obeying
and routines, which then become accepted as relevant laws. Such climate smart behavior
authoritative guidelines for social behavior [24]. would then take a shape of sustained actor
decisions and actions (the mission and goals of
Social behavior is shaped by awareness, the transformed value chain), which would then
knowledge, and accepted and repeated practices become institutionalized to realize desired
in a social group. Sustainable climate smart benefits [30].
Fig. 1. The Livestock Value Chain system; Adapted from Daniel et al., 2018
136Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
Awareness
of sustainable
Full Integration & institutionalisaton of practics such as
sustainable practices & CSA TIMPs into the value CSA TIMPs
chains.
Realization of benefits
Improved productivity & incomes, adaptation
and migitigation of climate change
Adoption of change Knowledge
New sustainable practices, & of context based CSA TIMPs and
behaviours. sustainable practices
peer to peer influence
compliance with laws & regulations Capacity for change
Building
Livestock value chain actors' capacity & desire
to practice sustainable practies such as CSA
TIMPs.
Introduction of incentives & support
Taking of personal responsibility
Fig. 2. AKCAIR conceptual model by the author
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS felling, charcoal burning, over harvesting of sand,
risking loss of bio-diversity, pollution and loss of
2.1 Study Area aesthetic value. Flash floods are a common
menace during long rains season mainly
This study was conducted in four out of the six because of erosion and lack of vegetation cover
sub counties in Kajiado County, Kenya by taking [31].
into consideration the culture of the inhabitants
(Fig. 3). It is situated between Longitudes 360 5’ 2.2 Research Design
and 370 5’ East and between Latitudes 10 0’ and
30 0’ South. The county covers an area of A cross-sectional survey was done [32] and use
21,900.9 square kilometres (Km2). The current of questionnaire to carry out in depth interviews
Kajiado county integrated development plan [31] of actors (input suppliers, pasture and livestock
indicates pastoralism as a major economic producers, traders, processors, slaughter house
activity in the county with major stocks being workers, distributors and retailers of meat and
cattle, sheep and goats. Livestock trade, and consumers, and key informant interviews.
products such as milk, beef and chevon, hides Besides, personal observation during site visits
and skins form the main part of household to livestock keepers, livestock traders, market
incomes. The CIPD is focused on improving rural outlets and processors was carried out.
incomes and food security, through enhanced
livestock productivity, value addition on 2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
agricultural and livestock produce. Kajiado being
an ASAL is characterized by prolonged periods Both quantitative and qualitative data were
of abnormally low rainfall and shortage of water, collected on actors’ knowledge, attitude and
negatively impacting the ecosystem and practices. The data and information captured
agriculture hence the local economy which is processes of production, distribution and
highly dependent on pastoralism. Some of the marketing. Informants included input suppliers,
areas have been highly degraded by illegal tree producers, traders, middlemen, processors,
137Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
Kajiado
County
Fig. 3. The map of the study areas- map of Kenya showing Kajiado County
and distributors/retailers, consumer and livestock value chain in Kajiado. This is not
stakeholders in the extended and enabling value unique since adoption precedes integration, all
chains (extension officers, bankers, insurance factors that create an efficient value chains
agencies, and microcredits, central and county where every actor achieves maximum
government, government agencies and productivity may not be in place especially
development partners) and from research bearing in mind that the red meat value chain is
institutions and universities. Following Mugenda underdeveloped in Kenya and specifically in
and Mugenda et al. (2010) and Mutisya and ASALs [34].
Barker [33], a sample size of 459 respondents
were sampled across the value chain. Context Most actors are in some way aware on the
and thematic analysis were used for qualitative concept of value chain, this was supported by the
data analysis while the quantitative data was aggregate score of the Likert items in Fig. 4
analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for below which indicated an agreement level of
Social Sciences (SPSS) and reported in tables, 80.2% on value chain concept awareness.
frequencies, charts and graphs. Statistical Creating more efficient value chain calls for
inferences were also made from regression, chi- involvement and knowledge of the value chain
square and differences observed in various concept of many actors from livestock farmers,
actors using the 95% confidence interval traders, transporters, processors, distributors and
(P=0.05). retailer and the input suppliers because engaging
all the actors can improve value chain
3. RESULTS performance [9] and hence the incomes of the
actors.
3.1 Knowledge of the Value Chain
Concept Retailers are the butcheries, eateries, kiosks,
Nyama choma (meat roasting) joints while
Table 1 show that other than the actor’s feeling distributors are those who buy meat from
that they do not have the support to effectively processors (slaughter houses) and sell to
participate in the livestock value chain, all of butcheries and nyama choma joints, and the bulk
them significantly felt not integrated into the of their business being to schools, hotels and
livestock value chain in Kajiado (P= .04) even institutions.
though they are aware that they are part of the
138Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
Table 1. Actor awareness of the livestock Value Chain concept
Parameter Agree % Disagree %
(Positive) (Negative)
a b
I believe I am part of the red meat business/value chain in Kajiado 5.5±.4 88±4.4
a b
I have a market/someone to sell my product/services 16.7±.8 75.6±3.9
The red meat value chain contributes to my income 16.4±.8a 76.2±3.8b
a b
I have access to necessary information I need to participate 17.9±.9 64.3±3.2
effectively in the value chain
a b
I believe I have the skills and experience to effectively participate in 14.3±.7 71.6±3.6
the value chain
I have the support/enablement to effectively participate in the value 57.5±2.9a 22.9±1.1b
chain
45 42.3%
40 37.9%
35
30
25
20
15
7.6% 8.9%
10
3.3%
5
0
Strongly Disagree Agree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Fig. 4. Knowledge on the Value Chain Concept
Table 2. Regression Coefficients of Model Factors on Awareness of Value Chain Concept
B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)
Step 1a Age of Respondents 0.25 0.129 3.788 1 0.052 1.284
Level of Education 0.124 0.122 5.031 1 0.031 1.132
Age of your business/activity (years) -0.822 0.12 47.11 1 0 0.439
Gender 0.76 0.278 4.499 1 0.046 0.468
Constant 4.629 0.782 35.074 1 0 102.428
At least 80% believe in media as the main source implies that the actors have heard of the concept
of awareness and knowledge on the value. of climate change. Climate change is associated
Regression results in Table 2 show that only with weather variability (50.4%), followed by
three factors affect the awareness of Value extreme weather (26.5%) and frequent droughts
Chain concept. These factors are level of (12.9%).
education (P= .031), age of the business
(P=.000) and gender (P= .046). Out of these 3.1.2 Knowledge on climate smart value
factors level of education and gender (more chain concepts
males) is associated with increased knowledge
on value chain while an increase in age of In testing the knowledge of actors on different
business is linked with diminished knowledge on concepts, results in Fig. 6 show that most actors
value chain concept. have heard of building resilience (34.8%) and
reducing poverty (31.1%). The actors on other
3.1.1 Understanding of climate change remaining concepts had awareness of less than
among the value chain actors 7%. Actors’ awareness on climate smart
agriculture and climate smart animal/livestock
Majority of the respondents (76%) were aware of agriculture were only at 5.3% and 6.1%
the climate change as shown in Fig. 5. This
139Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
respectively. This implies that most actors may poverty). This could be attributed to the fact that
not be aware about climate smart processors are located in urban towns within
livestock/agriculture as a stand-alone concept Kajiado county where they have access to
even though they were aware of climate change. information and they connect producers and
This observation might be unique and not traders to distributors and retailers, this makes
worrying for counties like Kajiado where climate them central to a lot of value chain information.
smart agriculture practices are rare within the
livestock value chain. Based on the high number 3.2 Attitude on the Climate Smart
of development actors in rural Kenya tackling the Livestock Value Chain Concept
subject of poverty it’s possible the actors may
have come across the concepts of resilience Table 3, presents results on the views of actors
building and poverty reduction but since climate about negative effect of their business activity on
smart agriculture is still a new concept there may the environment. As can be seen majority of the
not be many organizations teaching on the same actors (61%) believed that their business can
and especially in livestock/red meat value chains impact the environment negatively. About 71% of
since most of the focus has been on food crop the actors also revealed that they believed that
value chains [14,35]. their business should be involved in protecting
the environment. This is not surprising especially
A cross-tabulation results indicated that producer following the enactment of the environmental
of the value chain was more aware on reducing management act and the awareness campaign
poverty and building resilience. Similarly, ran by the NEMA (National Environment
middlemen/aggregators, distributors/retailers and Management Authority) and various NGOs,
consumers were equally aware on reducing though the awareness is not specific to the
poverty and building resilience as climate related livestock value chains.
concepts. On the other hand, input suppliers
were aware about increased productivity and Fig. 7 shows an overview of results on how
building resilience as climate change related actors’ business activities can impact the
concepts. As for the processors, they were community. It shows that most of the actors
relatively knowledgeable on the five constructs believed that their business can impact the
(climate smart animal/livestock agriculture, environment more than other aspects (reduce
increasing productivity, building resilience, poverty, quality of life, create jobs).
livelihoods/livelihoods protection and reducing
Weather variability/uncertain
50.40%
/unpredictable weather seasons.
Extreme weather/too hot/high
26.50%
temperatures/ low…
Frequent Droughts 12.90%
Little rain 5.90%
Floods /flash floods 4.30%
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00%
Fig. 5. Understanding of Climate change among value chain actors in Kajiado County
Table 3. Effects of value chain activities on the environment
Parameter Yes (%) No (%)
Do you believe that businesses/ your activities/ have any negative 39.5±2a 60.5±3b
impact on the environment?
Should your business/ your activities/actions be involved in 71.1±3.6 28.9±1.4
protection of environment?
140Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
40.0%
34.8%
35.0% 31.1%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0% 6.8% 6.1% 6.1% 5.3%
5.0% 3.0% 2.3% 2.3% 1.5% 0.8%
0.0%
Fig. 6. Knowledge on climate Smart Value Chain concepts
45% 42%
40%
35%
30%
25% 22%
20%
20% 16%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Improve the Improve quality of life Create jobs Reduce poverty
environment
Fig. 7. The positive social impacts the value chain activities can have on the community
3.3 Existing MSME Practices in Climate sustainable practices among staff and
Smart Agriculture and Livestock stakeholders (11%), reuse or recycling of
Value Chains in Kajiado County materials (10%) and having environment days
like cleaning or tree planting days (10%).
The results in Table 4 shows actors used
different sustainable practices and the usage of Cross-tabulation on the relationship between
the different sustainable practices ranged Technologies/Innovations and Extended Value
between 8% and 12%. Chain Actors revealed that financial institutions
and associations/cooperatives adopted
Fig. 8 shows the technologies and practices measures geared towards risk management
employed by the value chain actors in their such as insuring of business and setting aside
activities were having an emergency fund (13%), emergency funds. And indicated that for enabling
insuring businesses against weather effects value chain, the County government adopted
(13%) having an awareness/knowledge on measures geared towards reducing risks while
multi-lateral agencies adopted measure that
141Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
would enhance sustainability and mitigate Amongst the retailers who do not use cold
against risks. storage facilities, most reported that they did not
need storage facilities (37.8%) and that it was
3.3.1 Use of cold storage facilities among expensive (21.8%). Non-importance of cold
value chain actors storage facilities was also supported by 14.5%
who reported that all meat is sold before end of
Findings on use of cold storage facilities day and 12.6% who buy meat buy enough for
demonstrated that majority of retailers (57%) do consumption on a given day. Meat being an
not use cold storage facilities. 43% of those who expensive food in Kenya, there is hardly any
use cold storage facilities, mainly used deep waste. Table 6 shows that meat waste was
freezer/fridge as shown in Table 5. mainly used for dog food production.
Table 4. Sustainable practices, technologies or innovations used
Parameter Practiced by (%)
Livestock insurance/emergency fund 12±.6a
a
Water harvesting for livestock 12±.6
a
Crop and livestock mix 11±.55
Adaptive breeds /animal breeding/appropriate breeds/animal genetic resources 11±.55a
a
Manure and composting 10±.5
Keeping a variety of livestock 10±.5a
a
Reduce/reuse/recycling e.g., Biogas 9±.45
a
Weather warning/agro- weather systems 9±.45
a
Grassland management and restoration/Pasture management 8±.4
a
Better feeds and feed supplements 8±.4
Confidence Interval (CI) = 95%
14% 13% 13%
12% 11% 10% 10% 10%
10% 9%
8% 7%
6% 5% 5% 4%
4%
4%
2%
0%
Fig. 8. Climate Smart technologies in use by the Value Chain Actors
Table 5. Type of storage facility
Cold storage facility Frequency Percent
Traditional cooler/Charcoal cooler 2 1
Deep freezer/Fridge 195 99
Total 197 100
142Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
Table 6. Meat waste disposal mechanism
Handling meat wastes Frequency Percent
Food to dogs/sold to dog owners as dog food 44 75%
Disposing off with other wastes 13 22%
Disposing for paid collection 1 2%
In making ornaments 1 2%
Total 59 100%
3.3.2 Meat Wastes handling mecha- chains, and there has also been a low
nisms/Practices among the Value chain understanding of the relationship between
actors climate change and livestock production
[26,13,25].
Table 6 shows, about 75% of actors used meat
waste as dog food while the hooves and horns Awareness and knowledge can help the actors
are used in making ornaments, sold to those who appreciate and address the impact of global
sell traditional artefacts and jewelry. At abattoirs warming on their activities. Knowledge of all the
offal are given to workers, who sell them or use aspects of the value chain is key in adopting
them for making traditional dishes popular with CSA (technologies, innovations and
locals and what is not cooked is sold as dog food management practices) TIMPs [37], the concept
or disposed off with other waste. of the value chain can act as an entry point to
knowledge on climate change, related concepts,
4. DISCUSSIONS CSA and CSA TIMPS. Furthermore, knowledge
encourages changes in attitudes and behavior
The Livestock value chain in ASALs is composed and helps actors adapt to the climate change-
of several actors who play an important role in related trends as a strategy in building resilience
the whole value chain [14]. Majority of the actors for sustainable futures [27-29].
in this study had enterprises with less than 10
employees (80.8%), hence most of them can be The level of climate change awareness if linked
categorized as micro enterprises and they to value chain productivity and livelihood
operate both formally and/or informally [4]. protection can be used to effectively engage the
actors/MSMEs to adopt CSA TIMPS within the
Most of the actors in the study were aware of the value chain [13,38] as a means to develop
value chains concept and its contributions to their climate smart value chains by mitigating the
livelihoods, they were conscious that they effects of climate change on productivity and
interact with other actors, exchanging and getting incomes.
value within the livestock ecosystem. Majority of
the respondents were aware of the climate The transaction and agency theory, states that
change implying they have heard the term habits, norms and institutions play a significant
climate change. The actors mainly associated role in directing human behavior (practices) and
Climate change with three factors, namely; that individuals will only be willing to adopt a new
weather variability, extreme weather and practice or technology if they are able to perceive
frequent droughts. This suggests that climate the benefit it comes with [39-41]. Hence
change to most actors is a weather index factor increasing awareness of climate change and
but were not aware of climate smart agriculture CSA is not enough the awareness/education
(5.3%) as a concept [36]. The actors did not efforts much also sell the benefit of CSA
effectively understand climate change in relations knowledge and its application and implications to
to livestock value chain, implying that awareness the actors.
is essential in responding to climate change [26].
The low understanding can be attributed to the Collectively as a chain there is fair appreciation
fact that CSA as a concept is still at its nascent of climate change related concepts even though
years having first been launched during the individually at the actor level there are noticeable
Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security gaps. The context and perceptions, attitude and
and Climate Change in 2010 [1]. Equally knowledge of CSA and TIMPs along the value
knowledge of CSA in the livestock sector would chains can determine various levels of
be low because more emphasis have previously understanding and adaptation to climate change
been placed on crops than livestock value [42] and hence actors/MSMEs can be leveraged
143Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
to disseminate information to each other based The usage of different CSA practices among the
on their knowledge level. value chain actors was very low which implies
that adoption of technology and use of
Understanding how the social systems that innovations in livestock production in Kajiado is
includes level of education, age and gender still very low and this can be related to the
affects awareness is critical in the application, findings on low awareness on CSA among the
adoption and scaling of CSA TIMPs among the actors. Climate change education can encourage
value chain actors [43,38,44]. The three critical changes in attitudes and behavior and helps in
factors affecting the knowledge level on the value adoption of climate change-related trends as a
chain concept were; level of, age of the business, strategy in building resilience for sustainable
gender and education. Most of the respondents futures [27,29].
were youths (65.2%), and male, 72.3%
suggesting that the livestock value chain is male The demand for meat in Kenya is driven by
dominated, this is because the livestock keeping population growth, increasing economic welfare,
and trading is culturally and by gender roles a growing middle class and urbanization, in
mainly a male role and livestock production Nairobi alone, the demand for meat is expected
requires economic capacity of which women are to double by 2030 [53]. Consequently, more
at a disadvantage especially in the pastoralist meat waste is likely to be generated from the
community [45]. sector across the value chains actors hence the
need to strengthen proper waste management
Value chains and social networks do not only practices amongst the MSMEs [1, 14] as the red
exchange products but also information and meat value chain develops [54].
knowledge and due to their higher level of
education and thus awareness, input suppliers, 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA-
consumers and end customers can be leveraged TIONS
as key source of information on CSA and CSA
TIMPS to other actors within the value chain. 5.1 Conclusion
Since training on related topics to climate smart
agriculture can influence the actors' likelihood to
The concept of Climate Smart
adopt technologies, there is a possibility of
Agriculture/Livestock is not well understood
leveraging existing knowledge on reducing
among the value chain actors hence the difficulty
poverty and building resilience to improve CSA
in adoption of CSA TIMPS. This is attributed to
awareness [46]. To effectively transfer CSA
the concepts being at a formative stage, lack of
knowledge and information there is need to find
extension officers in the value chain alongside
innovative ways to tailor the CSA information and
the nature of operations amongst the
modes of transmission to the actors’ level of
actors/MSMEs especially the producers who are
literacy. Availability of extension officers is also
pastoralists and nomads, and the fact that
very critical to promoting adoption and new
livestock value chains, especially in ASALs, are
innovation such as CSA TIMPs [47] and will
still very underdeveloped and fragmented.
effectively compliment sources such as media,
Equally previous research and efforts on CSA
workshop and training.
and CSA TIMPS was mainly focused on
agriculture crop production and related value
The activities in the value chain have both direct
chains and neglecting livestock value chains
and indirect effects on the environment,
hence there is limited TIMP specifically tailored
moreover, Livestock sector is an emitter of
to livestock production and specifically to the
GHGs, this includes carbon monoxide, methane
unique pastoral value chains.
and nitrous oxide from livestock farming [48]. It is
therefore of critical importance that sustainable
On the positive, the value chain actors are
ways are put in place to ensure that production is
concerned about the impacts of climate change
maintained at an optimum level while the
on their activities and are consequently aware of
environment is safeguarded [49-51] and the
the impacts their activities have on the
findings that majority of the respondents believe
environment hence willing to take part in
that their business affects the environment and
initiatives aimed at ensuring environmental
are consequently willing to be involved in the
protection as well as curbing climate change
protection of the environment is a step forward in
risks and finally, the actors have incorporated
building sustainable and climate resilient
various sustainability strategies but mainly for
livestock value chains [52,4].
144Thongoh et al.; AJAEES, 39(4): 134-148, 2021; Article no.AJAEES.68508
cost reduction, mitigate against economic loss whom this research would not have been
and compliance with county regulations not possible.
necessarily for environmental and social
protection or as a result of personal COMPETING INTERESTS
responsibility.
Authors have declared that no competing
Livestock sector will continue to grow at a faster interests exist.
rate hence the phrase, “Livestock revolution” and
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