NICKELM Critical nickel: providing sustainable solutions - Nickel Institute
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NICKEL
MAGAZINE
T HE M AG A ZINE DE VOT ED TO NICK EL A ND I T S A PPLIC ATIONS
NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021
Critical nickel:
providing sustainable solutions
Carbon capture Clean energy Wind power in
and storage What role does nickel play? the Arctic
EDITORIAL:
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
“Secure global net-zero by mid-century and keep 1.5 degrees within reach”
SOURCE: IEA(2021)THE ROLE OF CRITICAL MINERALS IN CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITIONS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
is the call of the November 2021 COP26 climate change summit in Glasgow.
Government policy changes, investment dynamics and consumer choices are
increasingly driving a major overhaul in the energy systems and technologies
that power the world.
While energy demand from oil, gas
CASE STUDY 22 Change in energy demand by type
KWANSOO E&C CO. LTD
in 2020 relative to 2019 and coal fell by 5% during 2020
compared with 2019, the energy
TEMBURONG BRIDGE 5%
demand from new energy systems,
such as renewables remained
“Stronger actions are required to counter
the upward pressure on emissions from
0 mineral production, but the climate
resilient. Considering 2020 was a
advantages of clean energy technologies
At 30 km (19 miles) in length, the Temburong Bridge is one of the longest year when most economic sectors remain clear.”
over-sea bridges in south east Asia and is the largest infrastructure project -5% showed no growth or contraction — The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean
ever undertaken by the Government of Brunei.The bridge spans a part of
due to the Covid19 pandemic, a Energy Transitions International Energy
Brunei Bay and connects the Brunei-Muara District with the Labu Forest Agency
-10% 1% growth in the renewables sector
Reserve on the eastern shore. Before the bridge was opened in March 2020, Total Oil Coal Gas Nuclear Modern
vehicles were forced to drive through a part of Sarawak, Malaysia when
Renewables paints a positive outlook.
traveling between these two districts.The bridge has reduced travel time Despite needing energy to produce, nickel is one of the minerals that plays a
from two hours to about 40 minutes.The Sultanate of Brunei foresees that critical enabling role in the energy transition required to reduce CO2 emissions.
Opened in March 2020, the this massive US$1.6 billion project will lead to an increase in tourism to the Its unique properties facilitate the successful deployment of the spectrum of
Temburong Bridge in Brunei beautiful Labu Forest Reserve.
clean energy technologies such as geothermal, batteries for EVs and energy
Darussalam spans part of Brunei Construction of the bridge, which box-girder structures. In order to storage, hydrogen, wind, concentrating solar power and nuclear. And as
PHOTO BY JUSTIN BULOTA, © TUGLIK ENERGY
Bay. It consists of massive viaducts started in 2014, was carried out by greatly extend service life in this nickel-enabled greener energy becomes more available, the carbon footprint
and two cable-stayed navigation the Daelim-Swee Joint Venture of tropical marine environment, the
bridges. Stainless steel rebar was of nickel production is also being reduced.
South Korea and the China State use of stainless steel reinforcing bar
selected for critical parts of the Construction & Engineering Corp. (rebar) was specified for critical In this edition of Nickel we take a close look at exactly where nickel is and its
reinforced concrete structures. Their formidable task involved the parts of the reinforced concrete critical role in four of the technologies which will be part of the mix of solu-
Strong and corrosion-resistant construction of a 12 km (7.5 miles) structures. This requirement led to tions for decarbonisation.
stainless steel rebar is now in wide land viaduct to traverse the man- the selection of a reported total of
use to extend the service lifetimes of Often a little nickel goes a long way in emissions-reducing technologies,
grove swamps of the Labu Forest approximately 3,500 tons of stainless Cover: One of two wind turbines at the
important concrete structures like helping provide sustainable solutions to help us get to net-zero.
Reserve, a long marine viaduct steel rebar, including rebar made Glencore Raglan Mine with the Northern
bridges, which must endure harsh and two navigation bridges. These from Type 304 (UNS S30400) and Clare Richardson Lights (Aurora Borealis).
environments. spectacular bridges are cable-stayed, Type 2304 (S32304). Editor, Nickel
22 || NICKEL,
NICKEL, VOL.
VOL. 36,
36, Nº
Nº 2,
2, 2021
2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 3
NICKEL
A surprising tail
NOTABLES
CONTENTS While it’s not unusual to find various metals in the dust tails of comets,
nickel and iron have now been found in cold comets far from the Sun.
02 Case study no. 22 What’s unusual about this? Solid metals don’t normally ‘sublimate’
(become gaseous) in cold temperatures. Polish astronomers first identified
Temburong Bridge
nickel vapour in the tail of the icy interstellar comet 2I/Borisov in 2019.
03 Editorial Now Belgian astronomers J. Manfroid, D. Hutsemékers and E. Jehin have
identified similar gaseous nickel in cold solar system comets, suggesting a
Sustainable solutions
possible organometallic origin. These vapours have been detected in comets
04 Nickel notables
more than 480 million kilometres from the Sun, triple the Earth-Sun distance.
06 Wind and water
Nickel in clean energy
BALLYMORE PROPERTIES LIMITED
10 The Northern Lights project
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
Carbon capture and storage
13 Nickel alloys
A clearer solution
‘C’ Family of alloys
Dive in
JOONDONG KIM FROM INCHEON NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SMARTTIRECOMPANY.COM
14 Technical Q&A
Architecture studio HAL has
Tea staining created a ten-storey (35 metre)
high transparent swimming
15 New publications
pool that also acts as a bridge
between two buildings at the
15 UNS details
Embassy Gardens development in
Battersea, London. Named Sky
16 King Abdulaziz Center
Pool, the 25 metre-long swimming
World culture pool is made from acrylic panels,
allowing swimmers to enjoy sweeping
views of the neighbourhood,
Nickel magazine is published by Nickel Institute
including the Thames.
Mars to Earth
www.nickelinstitute.org
Dr. Hudson Bates, President
Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless
Clare Richardson, Editor It’s a brilliant idea with a bright future. Glass with invisible solar panels steel tubs anchor the pool to
communications@nickelinstitute.org that generate electricity. In a recent study published in the Journal of The Smart Tire Company, Los Angeles, California, is set to introduce Shape each building. The tubs are
Contributors: Parul Chhabra, Gary Coates, Richard Matheson, Power Sources, Professor Joondong Kim and his colleagues at Incheon supported on bridge bearings
Geir Moe, Kim Oakes, Frank Smith, Benoît Van Hecke,
Memory Alloy Radial Technology (SMART) for bicycles. This revolutionary
National University, Korea, detailed their latest invention: fully transpar- allowing the structure to respond
Odette Ziezold new technology has evolved from shape memory alloy tires developed for
ent solar cells that can be integrated into windows, buildings, or even to the buildings’ movement
Design: Constructive Communications the next generation of Mars rovers and other Space Exploration Vehicles.
mobile phone screens. Abundant and easily manufactured nickel oxide is and support the weight of the
Material has been prepared for the general information of These tires incorporate the advanced material, advanced nickel-titanium
the reader and should not be used or relied upon for specific playing a pivotal role. water. Two 38 mm diameter
applications without first securing competent advice. While material, Nitinol (UNS N01555), a shape memory alloy (SMA) that’s elastic yet
the material is believed to be technically correct, Nickel Until now, solar cells tended to be opaque, limiting their use. Professor high strength spring-tensioned
Institute, its members, staff and consultants do not represent strong to handle the extreme challenges NASA faces on Mars, including no
or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and Kim and his team developed an innovative technique, zeroing in on the stainless steel rods run under
assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection roads and extreme temperatures that can reach -100 °C.
with the information herein. heterojunction, which comprises thin films of materials responsible for the pool to connect the two tubs
ISSN 0829-8351 absorbing light. To make the junction, the researchers chose nickel oxide, Back on Earth, the patented load-bearing design takes advantage of to reduce loads on the acrylic
a semiconductor known to have high optical transparency. By combining the unique properties of the SMAs, as these special metals can expand, structure. The result is not only
Printed in Canada on recycled paper by Hayes Print Group
titanium dioxide and nickel oxide semiconductors, they generated an contract, bend or unbend at a very rapid rate. Expected to be on the a marvel of architecture and
Cover: Photo by Justin Bulota, © Tugliq Energy
Stock image credits: pg. 3 iStock©Petmal, efficient, transparent solar cell. Says Prof. Kim, “These transparent market by 2022, the company claims they will be a life-of-the-bike tire that engineering; it is an amazing
pg.7 iStock©Burben_Images, pg. 8 Shutterstock
©encikmohdfirdaus , pg. 13 iStock©typo-graphics photovoltaic cells could have various applications in human technology.” shouldn’t ever need replacing, just occasional retreading. sight to look up and see.
4 | NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 5
alloys like C-22 (N06022), but most a hundred tons of nickel in the alloys
others can use lower alloyed materials. used. These materials, all in their
Take for example, the Hellisheiði correct application, provide corrosion
Power Station in Iceland, near the resistance, strength and clean surfaces
capital Reykjavik, ranked as the sixth for excellent heat transfer, resulting in
WIND AND WATER largest geothermal power plant in the cost-effective service.
world. It produces 303 MW of electric- Hydro-electric power
ity and 400 MW of thermal energy used
NICKEL IN CLEAN ENERGY
Hydro-electric power is presently the
to heat homes and businesses, carried largest source of renewable electricity.
by a 19.5 km long pipe to the city. The Capacity is expected to grow 70 % by
wells bring up water at a temperature 2040, mostly in the Asia Pacific region, Some of the geothermal waters
of around 200 °C with a low amount according to the IEA. It will remain an are very corrosive as they
of chloride and some hydrogen important renewable energy source contain high amounts of chlorides
sulphide. The materials used in the for the future. There will be more plants and hydrogen sulphide. This
system range from typical carbon steel but in addition, older plants will require is where the use of nickel-
casing alloys through various types of
refurbishment and efficiency improve- containing alloys is critical.
Even small quantities of In its recent flagship report, The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy stainless steels to high nickel alloys.
ments offering the opportunity for
nickel in an application can Transitions, the International Energy Agency documents the expected needs of Even titanium is needed for certain
current technology to be incorporated
make a big difference to different metals and minerals to enable low carbon-emitting technologies to critical components. Some of the key
for longer life and greater energy
replace existing non-sustainable electrical generation methods.The report shows components where nickel is found
successful deployment. production.
the importance of nickel (high, medium, low) for some of the clean technologies. are the turbines, condensers, heat
exchangers, pumps and piping systems Most hydro-electric power systems
Even a small amount of nickel can be pressurised hot water over about 150 °C have dams that feed turbines to
which use, for example, stainless steels
Clean Energy Importance critical in delivering resilience and is brought up in pipes to the surface Types 630 (S17400), 316L (S31603), generate the electricity. Nickel is
Technology of Nickel enabling successful deployment of where it drives turbines to generate various duplex alloys, 6 %Mo (S31254) used in these systems for some key
Solar Photo-Voltaic Low clean technologies. Take hydro-elec- electricity and then cools. The now and nickel alloy 625 (N06625). In the components and it looks like nickel
tric for example. Even though nickel is lower temperature water is sent through power plant there may be as much as
Concentrating Solar Moderate will play an even greater role in the
Power (CSP) indicated to be of low importance pipes for district heating systems and
(low quantity) in hydro-electric, its use subsequently returned to the source
Wind Moderate
is critical in weldability of turbine to be naturally reheated. One of the
Hydro-electric Low blades and in the long life of other main advantages of geothermal is that
Bioenergy Low components used in dam gates. In the energy obtained is reliable and
Geothermal High some applications, we can even say available all the time, unlike solar or
Nuclear Moderate that nickel is essential for these wind. Geothermal energy production
technologies. While the IEA report today is quite limited, perhaps only
EVs and Battery High
Storage discusses only electrical power 16 GW capacity, limited to places
generation, some other clean technol- where the water sources are relatively
Hydrogen High
ogies result in energy in the form of close to the earth’s surface, typically
heat. The production of biofuels is a less than three kilometres deep. The
case in point, relying heavily on the capital cost of a geothermal power
use of nickel in the form of stainless plant tends to be higher than other
steels. In fact, much of the energy mix sustainable technologies, however the
requires nickel in one form or another, costs can be justified by the continuous
and all the clean energy technologies operation of the system.
use nickel. Here we take a closer look The quality of the water or steam varies
at what nickel is doing in three of the considerably depending on location.
clean energy technologies: geother- Some of the waters are very corrosive as
mal, hydro-electric and wind power. they contain high amounts of chlorides
Geothermal and hydrogen sulphide. This is where
Heat from deep within the earth can be the use of nickel-containing alloys is
used to generate electricity as well as critical. Some of the installations, such
for heating homes and other buildings. as the Salton Sea project in California,
The concept is simple – steam or make extensive use of nickel-base
6 | NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 7
future. At the heart of the power plant to where 10 MW and larger turbines
is the generator, which consists of a are being offered today. Larger wind
turbine (runner) driven by flowing turbines result in lower intensity of
water under pressure, with a moving material use, meaning less material per
Hydropower is the largest
rotor containing magnets inside a MW of energy is used, an important
source of renewable electricity.
fixed stator with copper wire windings sustainability criterion. Here nickel is
And the most durable turbines also playing a critical role.
which then produces electricity.
are made from nickel-
Usually, the turbine is made from Nickel use is most often associated
containing stainless steel. nickel-containing stainless steel. It with stainless steels, and in wind
needs both corrosion and cavitation turbines, many safety-critical features
resistance. Turbines vary in size but such as ladders, control panels and
are often very large, and their ability fasteners will indeed use stainless steel
to be welded and be weld-repaired is alloys. But the main use of nickel in
critical to material selection. For these wind power will be small quantities
reasons, the most durable turbines are to increase the strength and improve
made from nickel-containing martensi- the toughness of low alloy steels.
tic and austenitic stainless steels such Many alloying elements will increase
410NiMo (UNS S41500), EN 1.4488 (no the strength and hardness of steel,
UNS), Type 304 (S30400) and their but nickel is one of the few that also
cast equivalents. improves toughness – the ability to
Stators are also large and here the non- absorb mechanical energy without
magnetic qualities of nickel-containing fracturing – which is critical to wind
austenitic stainless steel is key to their turbine operation.
JUSTIN BULOTA
performance, particularly alloys such The gearbox of a turbine contains the
as XM-19 (S20910). most critical moving parts. A gearbox
With increasing water pressures and for an 8 MW turbine can weigh 86 tons.
Wind power in the Arctic
volumes, other system components can If something major fails, replacing
be lowered in weight and increased parts or even the whole gearbox
in durability with nickel. High strength on a land-based wind turbine is a
low alloy (HSLA) steels remain a great very costly exercise, but for offshore Providing electric power and heat with a sophisticated energy storage
installations, the costs and downtime to remote sites in northern Canada system that includes lithium-ion bat-
candidate for future development of
can be enormous. Thus, reliability
penstocks (large diameter pipes that is always a challenge, especially if teries. Integration of the wind turbine
and long life are essential factors in
feed water to the turbine). Penstocks there are no roads to the site. Such and diesel energy systems was also
making wind power economically
can be up to 10 m in diameter. Higher
feasible. The weight of the gearbox is is the case for the Raglan Mine, a mandatory. These first steps were
strength steel reduces weight and Each turbine allows savings
also important, as the structure must nickel mine owned by Glencore in very successful, proving the concept,
has the advantage of increasing the of over 3,600 tons of CO2
support the weight of the nacelle, Nunavik, which encompasses the and now studies are underway to
internal diameter. Nickel in these alloys annually and requires
where the gearbox is located, in the northern third of the province of
promotes martensite formation needed potentially install two new 3 MW wind about 2,000 kg of nickel
strongest of wind conditions. A one
to obtain the high strength. Nickel has Quebec. A large supply of diesel fuel turbines. Each turbine allows savings
kilogram weight reduction in the
the added advantage of improving is brought in by sea during a short
nacelle can save as much as 10 kg of over two million litres of diesel
weldability of the penstock materials.
of material in the support structure. shipping season. The winters are dark annually resulting in the reduction of
These advantages, lower cost, lower
Design is critical, but so is alloy selec- and bitterly cold, so having heat and 3,600 tons of carbon dioxide. Nickel
steel usage and improved efficiency,
tion. Much of the steel in the gearbox power is absolutely essential. Wind
are key to the future of this important contributes to the success. In each
We often refer to nickel as the today contains nickel, as much as 2 %
renewable sector. energy is one of the few potential wind turbine, about 2,000 kgs of
‘hidden metal.’ In wind turbines, for certain components. Even higher
Wind Power nickel alloy steels are being suggested alternative sources of energy. But nickel are used. Applications relying
it is indeed hidden, but it is
The use of wind to generate energy has as turbine sizes as high as 20 MW are can that technology work safely in on nickel in the nacelle area include
also an enabler of reliable and
accelerated recently to where nearly being considered. Components that extreme Arctic conditions including
cost-efficient energy generation. bearings, shafts, gears and hydraulic
750 GW of capacity exists worldwide. today contain no nickel may in the blizzards? components, and in other areas for
The cost of energy from wind turbines future contain about 0.5 %, in order
has gone down while the size of to decrease weight and increase Two wind turbines were constructed fasteners, control cabinet housings
individual turbines has increased reliability. and installed in 2014 and 2018, along and many other components.
8 | NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 9
Permanently stored
CO2 received and temporarily stored
Exported via pipeline offshore
Permanently stored resevoir
(2,500-3000 metres
THE NORTHERN LIGHTS PROJECT Transport below seabed)
Compressed CO2
transportd by ship
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE CO2 Capture
Capture from
Liquid CO2
TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS
industrial plants
Compressed and
temporarily stored
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a vital part of decarbonising society.
One such process involves the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from large
industrial plants, transported in pipelines or ships, and deposited, generally Liquid CO2
NORTHERN LIGHTS
underground, to prevent it from entering the atmosphere. It has a role to play
in energy transition because renewable energy sources alone will not meet
international 2050 energy and climate targets and completely stop greenhouse
gas emissions. Firstly, there is the (slow) speed at which greening the energy for food and beverage applications liquid gas ensures a constant flow into The proposed maritime CCS
or fuel mix is taking place. Secondly, carbon dioxide can be emitted for and pressurised products such as the pipeline and the seabed and is value chain from emission
reasons unrelated to energy consumption, such as in the production of cement. fire extinguishers. Nickel is essential preferable to a start-stop feed which to subsea storage.
Places where carbon dioxide can be (atmospheric) and semi-refrigerated for strength and toughness in these would occur without this onshore
EQUINOR
safely stored are not generally in the (semi-pressurised). Liquid CO2 can thick-walled pressure vessels at below terminal.
areas where it is produced. Offshore only exist at a combination of low zero temperatures. As part of the first phase of opera-
storage – despite its complexity – temperature and pressures well above About Northern Lights tions, Northern Lights is building
seems to be gaining over onshore atmospheric pressure. Hence, a CO2 Despite the challenges, CCS projects two dedicated 130 m long, 7,500 m3
storage, which is often resisted by cargo tank should be of the pres- are beginning to materialise. Northern capacity CO2 carriers. These will take
local residents. To bridge the distance sure-type or semi-refrigerated. Lights is the transport and storage captured and liquefied CO2 from
between the place of emission and The semi-refrigerated type, including component of the Longship project, several emitters and transport it to the
the place of storage, two options the few existing CO2 carriers, is promoted and supported by the onshore storage site before it is piped
are available: shipping by vessel or designed to take into consideration the Norwegian government, which 100 kilometres offshore and 2,600 m
A fleet of dedicated CO2
transportation by pipeline. Shipping is combined conditions of temperature includes capture of CO2 from indus- beneath the seabed for permanent
transport vessels will be
more economical at low volume and and pressure necessary for cargo gas trial sources in the south-eastern part storage. The first phase aims at
required for maritime CCS
long distance, while pipelines are the to be kept as a liquid. Ship designers of Norway (Brevik and Oslo). When gradually storing up to one and a
to reach its full potential.
most viable option for large volumes prefer this type as it enables larger and it starts operations in 2024, Northern half million tons per year under the
at distances below 700 km. Also, in less expensive ships to be built. The Lights, owned by Equinor, Shell and seabed, which is the amount the two
an emerging activity, such as CCS, cargo tank must operate at around Total, will be the first-ever cross- ships can transport annually.
shipping requires less capital expendi- -54 °C / 6 bar to -50 °C / 7 bar. This is border, open-source CO2 transport Essential nickel
ture, making it the preferred option to near the ‘triple point’ of CO2, where and storage infrastructure network. Because very few dedicated CO2
ship the initially low volumes of CO2 gas, liquid and solids coexist, but the It will ship captured CO2 to an carriers exist, the design of the two
to the few available storage facilities. technology is not currently at the point onshore terminal on the Norwegian Northern Lights carriers required
How to build a carbon dioxide ship? where this design can be implemented west coast and, from there, transport engineers and the shipping classi-
There are three types of tank struc- efficiently and safely. Currently CO2 it by pipeline to an offshore subsur- fication societies to agree on the
tures for liquid gas transport ships: carriers operate at higher pressure and face storage location in the North Sea. construction material for the onboard
fully pressurised, low temperature around -20 °C. They carry liquid CO2 This intermediate onshore storage of pressure vessels. It had to be easy to
10 | NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 11
fabricate and capable of accommo- line pipe steel (similar to API 5L
dating high pressure and low temper- X65) with 0.50 % nickel. With most
ature. The result was the selection of the length having a thickness of
of a 50 mm thick, up to 2.50 % Ni about 16 mm, this represents about
pressure vessel steel P690QL2 (EN
10028-6 type 1.8888). Two pressure
13,000 tons of steel and 65 tons of
nickel. NICKEL ALLOYS: WORKHORSE
‘C’ FAMILY NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS
vessels on each ship operate at 15 bar • Managing such a long pipeline in an
and -26 °C, safely away from the triple offshore environment requires a set
point. This represents about 3,000 tons of ancillary tubes that are bundled
of steel containing 75 tons of nickel. into an ‘umbilical.’ The small tubes
The CCS value chain further inside the umbilical carry the
consists of: hydraulics for remote operation of
• Onshore storage: 12 pressure vessels valves and other chemicals. These In the early 1930s, the first Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, known as alloy C (UNS N10002), was
introduced. It was an optimisation of the Ni-Cr alloys which had good resistance
with a total capacity of 8,250 m3. tubes with a wall thickness of only
to oxidising acids, such as nitric acid, and Ni-Mo alloys with superior resistance
CO2 emitted from sites in South Nickel is again needed to cope 1.42 mm are hard to access once
to reducing acids, such as hydrochloric acid. This combination resulted in an
East Norway will be shipped to with pressure and low temperature. installed and must resist seawater.
alloy family with exceptional corrosion resistance in a wide variety of severe
an onshore temporary storage The entire tank farm represents For resilience they are fabricated
corrosive environments typically encountered in chemical and petrochemical
facility before being transported 2,000 tons of pressure vessel steel from Type 2507 (S32750) super
processing, exceeding that of stainless steels which had been discovered in 1913.
by pipeline to offshore subsea P460ML1 (EN 10028-5) and P355NL1 duplex stainless steel. 35 km of
In the mid-1960s, advances in both power plants. These units needed to
PENTICTON FOUNDRY
storage in the North Sea. (EN 10028-3) containing up to 0.50% an umbilical with four 2507 tubes
nickel. represents about 10 tons of nickel. melting technology (namely the be resistant to the corrosive acids
development of argon-oxygen formed by the flue gases. Alloy C-276
• A 100 km 323.8 mm outside diameter According to the Northern Lights decarburisation) and corrosion was used in many of these critical
pipeline keeps the CO2 in the liquid model, CCS will start to deliver science (knowledge of the influence applications. Also, at this time alloy
phase. This again means pressure its promise by 2024. About 150 to of minor element additions) led to C-4 (N06455) designed for the
and low temperature. It runs on 200 tons of nickel are essential to the development of alloy C-276 European chemical industry, was
the seabed, to reach the offshore capture and store 1.5 million tons (N10276), a low-carbon, low-silicon introduced.
location from where the CO2 is of CO2 per year this way. To achieve wrought version of alloy C. Alloy The early 1980s saw the introduction
injected into a geological reservoir, climate goals with CCS and other C-276 is now an industry standard for of Alloy 22, with a higher chromium
2.6 km under the seabed. The technologies, nickel is clearly an use in chemical and petrochemical content increasing corrosion resist-
pipeline is made of DNV 450 FPDS essential component. processing. ance in oxidising media. In the 1990s
The 1970 United States Clean Air Act this was followed by Alloy 59
led to the widespread adoption of (N06059), Alloy 686 (N06686) and
Onshore facility at
NORTHERN LIGHTS Naturgassparken near flue gas desulfurisation technology, C-2000® (N06200), with additional 90 years after the introduction
Bergen mostly in the form of wet scrubbing improvements in corrosion resist- of alloy C, the C family of nickel-
PROJECT MAP Fortum Oslo Varme units, to reduce sulfurous gas emis- ance that expanded the range of base alloys finds extensive use
waste-to-energy plant sions from the nation’s coal-fired more demanding applications. in applications such as pollution
Norway control, petrochemical/chemical,
Offshore subsea storage Typical composition of the C family alloys production of various acids, metal
location in the North Sea processing, and pharmaceutical.
Norcem
Alloy (UNS) Decade Ni Cr Mo W Cu Fe
cement factory introduced
C (N10002) 1930s Bal. 16 16 4 - 6
C-276 (N10276) 1960s Bal. 16 16 4 - 5
Northern Lights consortium
is handling transportation and storage C-4 (N06455) 1970s Bal. 16 16 - 2
22 (N06022) Mid 1980s Bal. 21 13 3 - 3
59 (N06059) Early 1990s Bal. 23 16 - -
ASK AN EXPERT FAQ FROM NEW PUBLICATIONS
THE NICKEL INSTITUTE
Stainless steel infrastructure: studies that the total cost of owner-
a lifetime of savings explains how ship over the life of a stainless steel
TECHNICAL ADVICE LINE
the unique properties of nickel-con- asset can be highly competitive,
taining stainless steel make it a despite its higher initial investment
cost-effective choice of material for cost compared with less durable
a wide range of structural appli- alternatives. Available for download
cations. It demonstrates through from the Nickel Institute website.
a selection of international case nickelinstitute.org
Geir Moe P.Eng. is the Technical
Inquiry Service Coordinator at
the Nickel Institute. Along with
other material specialists situated
around the world, Geir helps
Q
Q: The stainless steel railing outside our building is showing
rusty spots after a couple of years. Was the wrong grade of
stainless steel installed?
A: This is likely atmospheric corrosion related to the presence of salts
Refreshed INCO publications
Twenty-eight significant technical
publications, originally produced by
INCO, and maintained by the Nickel
relevant today. This high-quality
technical information will give
practitioners confidence in working
with nickel-containing materials
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re-published. The digital quality of wide range of applications. This
OF NICKEL-CONTAINING NO ALLOYS
242
containing materials seeking OF N NO 242
when local conditions (such as temperature, relative humidity and pres-
technical support. The team is on the guides has been improved and information is of value to materials
ence of corrosive substances on the surface) are too aggressive for that
hand to provide technical advice all publications are searchable. The specifiers, welders, fabricators and
stainless steel alloy in its installed condition. The potential for staining Dist
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free of charge on a wide range original publications were written engineers, and is available for free
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of applications such as stainless by experts in their field and the download from the Nickel Institute
Produced by
INCO NICKEL
INCO INSTITUTE
from rinsing by rain allowing concentration of corrosive substances.
steel, nickel alloys and nickel information they provide is still very website. nickelinstitute.org
Also, horizontal and rougher surfaces can more easily retain corrosive
plating to enable nickel to be used
with confidence. substances, thus smoother surfaces and surfaces that can easily drain
UNS DETAILS
https://inquiries.nickelinstitute.org/ are less susceptible to corrosion. Chemical compositions (% by weight) of the alloys and stainless steels
mentioned in this issue of Nickel.
Type 304L (UNS S30403) is typically suitable away from the seashore
and in areas not exposed to road salts. Otherwise 316L (S31603) is UNS Al C Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo N Nb Ni P S Si Ti V W
usually adequate, however there are some coastal areas where more
NICKEL
N01555 - 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 - - - 0.025 54.0- - - - bal - -
pg 5 max max max max max max 57.0
corrosion-resistant grades, such as 2205 (S32205) and super duplex
O N L I N E
N06022 - 0.015 2.5 20.0- - 2.0- 0.50 12.5- - - bal 0.02 0.02 0.08 - 0.35 2.5-
(S32750 or S32760) may be required. pg 7 max max 22.5 6.0 max 14.5 max max max max 3.5
N06625 0.40 0.10 - 20.0- 5.0 0.50 8.0- 3.15- bal 0.015 0.015 0.50 0.40
An appropriate stainless steel alloy pg 7 max max 23.0 max max 10.0 4.15 max max max max
is a low maintenance material but S17400 - 0.07 - 15.00- 3.00- bal 1.00 - - 0.15- 3.00- 0.040 0.030 1.00
WWW.NICKELINSTITUTE.ORG pg 7 max 17.50 5.00 max 0.45 5.00 max max max
is not always maintenance-free. S20910 - 0.06 - 20.5- - bal 4.00- 1.50- 0.20- 0.10- 11.5- 0.040 0.030 0.75 - 0.10- -
SUBSCRIBE to Nickel magazine free of charge and pg 8 max 23.5 6.00 3.00 0.40 0.30 13.5 max max max 0.30
receive a printed copy or an e-mail notice when a Natural rain washing may be
S30400 - 0.08 - 18.0- - bal 2.00 - - - 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 - - -
new issue is published. www.nickelinstitute.org pg 2, 8 max 20.0 max 10.5 max max max
sufficient, otherwise manual
READ Nickel magazine online in several languages. S30403 - 0.030 - 18.0- - bal 2.00 - - - 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 - - -
washing may be needed. pg 14 max 20.0 max 12.0 max max max
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/
S31254 - 0.020 - 19.5- 0.50- bal 1.00 6.0- 0.18- - 17.5- 0.030 0.010 0.80 - - -
SEARCH BACK ISSUES of Nickel magazine from our
Tea staining is discussed pg 7 max 20.5 1.00 max 6.5 0.22 18.5 max max max
online archive, going back to 2009. in greater detail in the NI S31603 - 0.030 - 16.0- - bal 2.00 2.00- - - 10.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00 - - -
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/ pg 5, 7, 14 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.0 max max max
publication Stainless Steels S32205 - 0.030 - 22.0- - bal 2.00 3.00- 0.14- - 4.50- 0.030 0.020 1.00 - - -
FOLLOW US on Twitter @NickelInstitute pg 14, 16 max 23.0 max 3.50 0.20 6.50 max max max
in Architecture, Building and
S32304 - 0.030 - 21.5- 0.05- bal 2.50 0.05- 0.05- - 3.0- 0.040 0.040 1.00 - - -
JOIN US on LinkedIn –
Construction – Guidelines for pg 2 max 24.5 0.60 max 0.60 0.20 5.5 max max max
visit the Nickel Institute’s page
S32750 - 0.030 - 24.0- - bal 1.20 3.0- 0.24- - 6.0- 0.035 0.020 0.80 - - -
FROM PUBL 11 024 BY TMR
Corrosion Prevention (11 024) pg 12, 14 max 26.0 max 5.0 0.32 8.0 max max max
WATCH nickel-related videos on
the Nickel Institute YouTube channel available for download from the S32760 - 0.030 - 24.0- 0.50- bal 1.00 3.0- 0.20- - 6.0- 0.030 0.010 1.00 - - 0.50-
pg 14 max 26.0 1.00 max 4.0 0.30 8.0 max max max 1.00
www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute
Nickel Institute website: S41500 - 0.05 - 11.5- 0.50- bal - 0.50- - - 3.5- 0.030 0.03. 0.60 - - -
pg 8 max 14.0 1.00 1.00 5.5 max max max
nickelinstitute.org/library
14 | NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 NICKEL, VOL. 36, Nº 2, 2021 | 15
KING ABDULAZIZ CENTER
FOR WORLD CULTURE
Located in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the Center was designed by architects
from Snøhetta of Norway and was completed in 2017. Resembling five
smooth ‘boulders’ randomly piled together, this spectacular building complex
contains libraries, educational facilities, exhibition halls, theaters, museums,
a mosque, and dining facilities. At the lowest point in the Center, an exhibit
acknowledges oil as the historical foundation of the Kingdom’s economic
prosperity. History gives way to the present at ground level where the Great
Hall showcases the best of world cultural experiences. The future is then
contemplated and forecast in the 90 m (295 ft) high Knowledge Tower.
The boulders are covered with and clean appearance. Each tube
closely-spaced stainless steel tubes section is unique and was bent to fit
to create a veil that stands proud of its precise position using a computer-
the building’s weather-proof panels. controlled machine. If placed end-to-
©SNØHETTA
Fabricated by Seele of Germany, end, the 93,000 plus tube sections,
the tubes (7.6 mm diameter x 2 mm
weighing over 1,000 tons, would
The ‘boulders’ are covered wall thickness) are made of duplex
Alloy 2205 (UNS S32205) stainless have a total length of 360 km
with closely-spaced stainless
steel. This alloy, containing 5.5 % (220 miles). The tubes help to keep
steel tubes to create a veil that
nickel, was selected for its excel- the building cool by shading the
stands proud of the building’s
lent strength, ductility, long-term exterior surfaces and by reflecting
weather-proof panels.
abrasion and corrosion resistance, and conducting away heat.
16 NICKEL,
| NICKEL,VOL.
VOL.36,36,NºNº2,2,2021
2021
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